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AP Human Geography Unit 7 Study online at quizlet.com/_1b3ere 1. Agglomeration The spatial grouping of people or 13. Concentric Zone A model describing urban land uses activities for mutual benefit. Model as a series of circular belts or rings around a core central business 2. Barriadas Squatter settlements found in the district, each ring housing a distinct periphery of Latin American cities. Ex. type of land use. Shelters 14. Counterurbanization Net migration from urban to rural 3. Basic Sector Those products or services of an urban areas in more developed countries. economy that are exported outside the Ex: Immigration city itself, earning income for the community. 15. Decentralization Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an 4. Blockbusting A process by which real estate agents organization's hierarchy. Ex: Europe convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of 16. Deindustrialization The cumulative and sustained fear that persons of color will soon move decline in the contribution of into the neighborhood. Ex. 1950s manufacturing to a national economy. 5. CBD (Central The nucleus or "downtown" of a city, Business District) where retail stores, offices, and cultural 17. Early Cities Cities of the ancient world. Ex: 3500- activities are concentrated, mass transit 1200BC systems converge, and land values and 18. Economic Base The manufacturing and service building densities are high. Ex. (Basic/Nonbasic) activities performed by the basic Skyscrapers sector of a city's labor force; functions 6. Census Tract Small country subdivisions delineated of a city performed to satisfy by the US Census Bureau as areas of demands external to the city itself relatively uniform population and, in that performance, earning characteristics, economic status, and income to support the urban living conditions. population. 7. Central-Place A deductive theory formulated by 19. Edge City Distinct sizable nodal concentration of Theory Walter Christaller to explain the size retail and office space of lower than and distribution of settlements through central city densities and situated on reference to competitive supply of the outer fringes of older goods and services to dispersed rural metropolitan areas; usually localized populations. by or near major highway intersections. 8. Christaller German geographer credited with developing central place theory. 20. Emerging Cities A city currently without much population but increasing in size at a 9. City A multifunctional nucleated settlement fast rate. with a central business district and both residential and nonresidential land 21. Ethnic An area within a city containing uses. Neighborhood members of the same ethnic background. 10. Colonial City A city that was deliberately established or developed as an administrative or 22. Gated Community A restricted access subdivision or commercial center by colonial or neighborhood, often surrounded by imperial powers. Ex. United States a barrier, with entry permitted only for residents and their guests; usually 11. Commercialization The transformation of an area of a city totally planned in land use and into an area attractive to residents and design, with "residents only" tourists alike in terms of economic limitations on public streets and activity. Ex. Ft. Lauderdale parks. 12. Commuter Zone The outer most zone of the Concentric 23. Gateway City Cities that, because of their Zone Model that represents people geographic location, act as ports of who choose to live in residential entry and distribution centers for suburbia and take a daily commute in large geographic areas. the CBD to work. Ex: Emigrants 24. Gentrification The movement into the inner portions of 38. Megalopolis/Conurbation A large, sprawled urban American cities of middle and upper income complex with contained open, people who replace low income populations, nonurban land, created rehabilitate the structures they occupied, through the spread and joining and change the social character of of separate metropolitan areas. neighborhoods. When capitalized it refers to the coastal northeastern United 25. Ghetto A forced or voluntarily segregated residential States from Maine to Virginia. area housing a racial, ethnic, religious minority. 39. Metropolitan Area In the United States, a large functionally integrated 26. Globalization A reference to the increasing interconnection settlement area comprising one of all parts of the world. or more whole county units and 27. High-Tech An area along a limited-access highway that usually containing several Corridors houses offices and other services associated urbanized areas. with high-tech industries. Ex: Silicon Valley 40. Multiple Nuclei Model A model of the internal structure 28. Hinterland The market area or region served by an of cities in which social groups urban center. are arranged around a 29. Indigenous A center of population, commerce, and collection of nodes of activities. City culture that is native to a country. Ex: CBD 41. Multiplier Effect The direct, indirect, and induced 30. In-Filling Building on empty parcels of land within a consequences of change in an checkerboard pattern of development. Ex: activity. Vacancy 42. Neighborhood The area or region around or 31. Informal That part of a national economy that involves near some place or thing. Sector productive labor not subject to formal 43. Network Cities Two or more nearby cities, systems of control or payment. Money that potentially or actually isn't regulated by the government; drug complementary in function, that money, money from chores and odd jobs. cooperate by developing 32. Infrastructure The basic structure of services, installations, transportation links and and facilities needed to support industrial, communications infrastructure agricultural, and other economic joining them. development. 44. Nonbasic Sector A sector in which workers are 33. Inner City The older, central part of a city with crowded responsible for the functioning neighborhoods in which low-income live. Ex: of the city itself. North America 45. Planned Communities Any community that was 34. Invasion and Process by which new immigrants to a city carefully planned from its Succession move to and dominate or take over areas or inception and is typically neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant constructed in a previously groups. Ex: Puerto Ricans undeveloped area. 35. Lateral Commuting that occurs between suburban 46. Postindustrial City A stage of economic Commuting areas rather than towards the central city. development in which service Ex: Home to work activities become relatively more important than goods 36. Medieval Cities that developed in Europe during the production. Cities Medieval Period and that contain unique features such as extreme density of 47. Primate City A country's leading city, development with narrow buildings and disproportionately large and winding streets, an ornate church that marks functionally more complex than the city center, and high walls surrounding any other; a city dominating an the city center that provided defense against urban hierarchy composed. attack. 37. Megacities Cities with over 10 million people in population. Ex: New York City 48. Racial Steering Refers to the practice in which real estate 59. Symbolic Landscape that depicts symbols. brokers guide prospective home buyers Landscape towards or away from certain 60. Tenement An apartment building, especially one neighborhoods based on their race. meeting minimum standards of 49. Rank-Size Rule An observed regularity in the city-size sanitation, safety or maintenance up distribution of some countries. In a rank- keep. size hierarchy, the population of any given 61. Threshold/Range In economic geography and central town will be inversely proportional to its place theory, the minimum market rank in the hierarchy; that is the nth- needed to support the supply of a ranked city will be 1/nth the size of the product or service. largest city. 62. Town A nucleated settlement that contains a 50. Redlining A process by which banks draw lines on a central business district but that is small map and refuse to lend money to and less functionally complex than a purchase or improve property within city. boundaries. 63. Underclass A group in society prevented from 51. Restrictive Provision in a property deed preventing participating in the material benefits of Covenants sale to a person of a particular race or a more developed society because of a religion; loan discrimination; ruled variety of social and economic unconstitutional. characteristics. 52. Sector Model A model of the internal structure of cities 64. Underemployment Employed at a job that does not fully in which social groups are arranged use one's skills or abilities. around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business 65. Urban Function Services that are provided in a certain district (CBD). urban area. 53. Segregation A measure of the degree to which 66. Urban Growth The rate at which an urban area grows. member of a minority group are not Rate Significance: It lets geographers know uniformly distributed among the total the fastest growing urban areas and population. analyze their growth. 54. Settlement Nucleated: a compact, closely packed 67. Urban Hearth Area An area, like Mesopotamia or the Nile Form settlement sharply decorated from Valley, where large cities first existed. (Nucleated, adjoining farmlands; Dispersed: 68. Urban Heat Island A metropolitan area which is Dispersed,
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