Hoofstuk 4 Kommunikasieweë – Menslike Waterspore in Die Verlede

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Hoofstuk 4 Kommunikasieweë – Menslike Waterspore in Die Verlede Hoofstuk 4 Kommunikasieweë – menslike waterspore in die verlede In die Koepel-omgewing speel die Vaalrivier ’n wesentlike rol. Die driwwe waar mense reeds eeue lank die rivier oorsteek, is deel van ’n netwerk van kommunikasieroetes tussen noord en suid. Gevolglik kan daar gekonstateer word dat die driwwe ’n mikroterrein is waar die natuur- en die menslike kultuurgeskiedenis mekaar ontmoet. Die teenwoordigheid van die Vaalrivier en die berglandskap in die Koepel het aanvanklik die inwoners se kommunikasie met die buitewêreld in ’n groot mate gestrem. Die interaksie tussen mens, rivier en unieke omgewing sal teen die agtergrond van die driwwe, transport- en posroetes beskou word. Verder sal grenskwessies, eilande en hul strategiese posisie, asook diamant-delwerye in die Vaalrivier, veral in die omgewing van Parys, bespreek word. Die noodsaaklikheid van water in die daaglikse bestaan van die Koepel se boerende gemeenskap sal aan die hand van die mens se vrees wat geassosieer word met droogte (te min water), vloede (te veel water), volksweerkunde (die noodsaaklikheid van water), asook die besondere rol van die bonatuurlike (om water te wys), uiteengesit word. Die hidrosfeer (wateromgewing) van die Vaalrivier speel selfs in die vrees vir spoke, die onbekende en die gelowe rakende die waterslang ’n besondere rol. Kommunikasieroetes Driwwe Soos reeds aangetoon, was die Koepelarea sedert die Laat-Steentydperk deel van menslike migrasieroetes in suidelike Afrika. Vroeër jare was die Vaalrivier gedurende die reënseisoen egter konstant in vloed. Dit het vir die inwoners van die area ’n probleem geskep, aangesien dit hulle kontak met die naburige nedersettings, soos dorpe en markte, grootliks gestuit het. Daar was gevolglik teen die einde van die 1850’s reeds verskeie versoeke van privaat persone aan die regering van die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (Z.A.R.) in Potchefstroom om op die 193 een of ander plek langs die Vaalrivier ’n vlot (pont) op te rig.1 Hierdie versoeke is ’n aanduiding van die toenemende verkeer tussen die Boererepublieke en die aangrensende state of kolonies. Vanaf 1858 is verskeie vlotte op die Vaalrivier opgerig.2 Daar was toe reeds gereelde togryers, in diens van handelaars, wat heen en weer tussen Potchefstroom en verskillende kusdorpe met transportwaens die paaie stof getrap het, en gevolglik het transportry in daardie dae ’n nuwe beroep aan inwoners van Potchefstroom verskaf. Driwwe was ’n soort pypleiding (‘conduit’), ’n neksus in die weg, wat mense in transito bymekaar gebring het aan die rand van ’n waterversperring. Ofskoon dit nie altyd beskryf is nie, was hierdie oorbruggingspunte belangrike ontmoetingsplekke. Die voertuie wat vroeë reisigers gebruik het, byvoorbeeld groot en swaargelaaide ossewaens of ligte verewaens was ook aangewese op redelik gelyk en maklik deurgaanbare driwwe. Andersins moes hulle staatmaak op driwwe waar daar ’n vlot was om veilig oor die rivier te kom. Die bruikbaarheid van die Vaalrivier se driwwe was ook gedurende die reënseisoen aan die elemente van vloedwaters uitgelewer en gevolglik by tye onbegaanbaar. Hierteenoor was reisigers wat te perd deur die rivier moes gaan, heelwat meer beweeglik en kon redelik maklik aan die ander kant van die stroom uitkom. Die ontwikkeling van handel- en mynbou-aktiwiteite in die binneland het verkeer laat toeneem. Handelaars en prospekteerders van die suide wat letterlik in die dampkringinvloed van diamante, goud en steenkool beweeg het, was op driwwe aangewese om oor die Vaalrivier te kom. In 1884 is daar selfs melding gemaak van nie minder nie as 33 driwwe in die Potchefstroom-distrik.3 Gevolglik kan ’n mens aflei dat die Vaalrivier by verskillende driwwe (Kaart 16) in die studiegebied oorgesteek is. Te min water was egter, net soos te veel water, ook ’n probleem. Gedurende die droogte van 1889 was verskeie ossewaens by die driwwe gestrand, omdat daar nie meer weiding vir hulle osse was nie.4 Gedurende droë seisoene het die oewerbewoners gesien waar ’n moontlike lae oorgang deur die rivier of drif was, gewoonlik een waar daar klipplate was sodat wawiele nie sou vasval nie. Andersins is daar klippe op ’n geskikte plek gepak om ’n drif of oorgang te vorm en ook ’n wal op die oewer uitgegrawe, sodat die ossewaens 1 A.N. Pelzer, Geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek (1): wordingsjare, p. 178. 2 G.N. van den Bergh, “The influence of British traders on early Potchefstroom, 1852-1877” in Historia, 54(2), Nov. 2009, p. 44. 3 G.A. Leyds, A history of Johannesburg, the early years, p. 301. 4 G.A. Leyds, A history of Johannesburg, the early years, p. 303. 194 met gemak die drif kon oorsteek.5 Sommige jare het die Vaalrivier egter in vloed afgekom en dan is al die gepakte klippe weer meegesleur. Die belangrikste driwwe sal vervolgens (van wes na oos) bespreek word. Kaart 16: Die Vaalrivierdriwwe onder bespeking:6 1. Skandinawiëdrift, vroeër Coquisdrift, later Forssmans/Erasmusdrift 2. Feest- en Grootedrift/Dewets-/Schoemansdrift (1) 3. Welkom-/Botha’sdrift 4. Schoemansdrift (2) 5. Venterskroondrift 6. Die posman se drif 7. Vanvurensdrift/Schurwedraaidrift/Barnardsdrift/Duplessisdrift 8. Kommandodrift 9. Rensburgsdrift 10. Oudedrift/Twisdrift en Doppiesdrift 11. Dekocksdrift en die minder bekende Viljoensdrift 12. Lindequesdrift 5 GPA, MO2, S.L. Jansen van Rensburg (81), Helena 2011.02.05. 6 Skets: T. Prinsloo, volgens Union of South Africa Map of the Transvaal, Dec. 1902, L.T. Nel, The geology of the country around Vredefort, 1927. 195 Die meeste trekgroepe het gedurende 1838-1839 na Natal afgetrek, ander het onder leiding van A.H. Potgieter noord van die Vaalrivier gevestig, en verskeie emigrant-boere het nadat grond van Makwana geruil is (Junie 1838) in die Winburg-streke agtergebly.7 Die Voortrekkergroepe wat vanaf die Modderrivier noordwaarts tot aan die Vaalrivier (die eertydse Winburg-streek) gaan woon het, het ’n eie staatkundig onafhanklike bestaan gevoer.8 Teen 1839 het die Natalse Volksraad plase in hierdie omgewing toegeken en vir plaaslike bestuur voorsiening gemaak deur ’n landdros aan te stel, en ook heemrade, kommandante en veldkornette te verkies.9 Verder het die Potchefstroomse Adjunkraad (33 Artikels) oor dié streke gesag gevoer.10 Hierdie twee republieke (Potchefstroom en Winburg) is deur die Vaalrivier geskei en driwwe is gebruik om oor die rivier te kom. Daar was ’n posverbinding tussen hierdie republieke, maar die pos is soms oopgemaak en het menigmaal nie die bestemming bereik nie.11 Volgens die 33 Artikels van 1844, klousule 24, was dit teen die wet om iemand anders se pos oop te maak, en selfs strafbaar met ’n boete.12 Op 3 Februarie 1848 is die hele gebied van die Vrystaat egter onder Britse soewereiniteit geplaas, met die Vaalrivier as die noordelike grens.13 Gedurende hierdie Britse tydperk (vanaf 1848 tot en met die sluiting van die Bloemfonteinse konvensie 1854) is die Oranjerivierkolonie in vier magistraats-distrikte gedeel, naamlik Bloemfontein, Winburg, Vreeddorp en Smithfield.14 Die Koepelplase in die studie-area benede die Vaalrivier wat teen 1849 toegeken is, het binne die Vreeddorp-, later die Vaalrivier-distrik geval. Ná 1854 is die naam na Harrismith- 7 M.C.E. van Schoor, Die nasionale en politieke bewuswording van die Afrikaner in migrasie en sy ontluiking in Transgariep tot 1854, in Argiefjaarboek van die Suid-Afrikaanse Geskiedenis, 1963(2) p. 83. 8 O.C. Fourie, Die Administrasie van die Oranje-Vrystaat tot 1859, in Argiefjaarboek vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Geskiedenis, 1963(2) p. 167. 9 M.C.E. van Schoor, Die nasionale en politieke bewuswording van die Afrikaner in migrasie en sy ontluiking in Transgariep tot 1854, in Argiefjaarboek van die Suid-Afrikaanse Geskiedenis, 1963(2) p. 83. 10 9 April 1844, J.H. Breytenbach & H.S. Pretorius (reds.), Notule van die Volksraad van die Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek, 1844-1850 in Suid-Afrikaanse Argiefstukke, Z.A.R., 1, pp. 3-9. 11 E. Rosenthal & E. Blum, Runner and Mailcoach, p. 28. 12 E. Rosenthal & E. Blum, Runner and Mailcoach, p. 27. 13 O.C. Fourie, Die Administrasie van die Oranje-Vrystaat tot 1859, in Argiefjaarboek vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Geskiedenis, 1963(2), p. 168. 14 O.C. Fourie, Die Administrasie van die Oranje-Vrystaat tot 1859, in Argiefjaarboek vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Geskiedenis, 1963(2), p. 168. 196 distrik verander.15 Sir Harry Smith het in 1848 die posverbindingstelsel verbeter en ’n posvervoerkontrakteur, aanvanklik ’n persoon met ’n possak te perd, het pos weekliks vanaf Bloemfontein na Mooirivierdorp vervoer.16 As die pos laat was, is ’n boete uitgereik, maar as die rivier vol was, is die vertraging aanvaar.17 Die oudste aanduiding van ’n pad oor die Vaalrivier was die wapad oor Schoemansdrift (op die plaas Welkom), die pad oor die drif op Van Vuren se plase Schurwedraai en Koedoeslaagte (1851),18 en die driwwe by Parys. Ons kan aanneem dat die poskoets dan ook hierdie roetes sou gebruik het. Teen 1886 het die hooftransportroete van die Vrystaat na Transvaal tussen Kroonstad en Potchefstroom, verskuif en oor die Vaalrivier in die westelike deel van die Koepel- omgewing, gegaan.19 Hierdie pad is ter wille van weiveld, nie altyd eenders gery nie, sodat daar van sowel Skandinawiëdrift of Skandinaviadrift (wat net buite die studie-area val), as Groote- en Schoemansdrift verder stroomop gebruik gemaak is. Skandinawiëdrift (1)20 was aanvanklik bekend as Coquisdrift (moontlik ’n Griekwanaam).21 Die naam het ná 1840 verander na Forssmansdrift (aan die noordekant van die rivier) en Erasmusdrift (aan die suidekant).22 Die pad oor die Vanvurensdrift is gevolglik nie meer gebruik nie. Die Vaalrivierdriwwe is vroeër na die eienaar van die plaas waar die drif is, vernoem. Oscar Wilhelm Alric Forssman, ’n sakeman van Potchefstroom wat teen 1873 die eerste geskeduleerde passasierkoetsdiens in die Transvaal begin het,23 het moontlik die plaas aan die Transvaalse kant, en ’n Erasmus die grond aan die Vrystaatkant besit, vandaar die 15 O.C.
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