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PDF): Microscopic Features That Form in a Mineral When It Is Subjected to High Shock Pressure of at Least 100 Kilobars (10 Gpa) A The authors wish to express their appreciation and gratitude to the many colleagues, in South Africa and abroad, who have collaborated with them over several decades of research on Vredefort and the Witwatersrand, and research on other impact structures in southern Africa. Although these contri butions are too numerous to be listed individually, the following people (in alphabetical order) were particularly helpful: Richard Armstrong, Dion Brandt, Wayne Colliston, Burkhard Dressler, John Hancox, Herbert Henkel, Sandra Kamo, Alex Kisters, Christian Koeberl, Cristiano Lana and Gary Stevens. Martin Tuchscherer and Frank Wieland also contributed a number of photographs. Billy Bisschoff and Martin Brink introduced the authors to several of the most spectacular sites in the Vredefort Mountain Land. Uwe Reimold is indebted to Louis Nicolaysen for initially affording him the opportunity to work on the Vredefort Dome. None of this work would have been possible without the generous permission by the landowners in the area of the Vredefort Dome to carry out geological investigations on their properties. Gratitude is also due to the National Research Foundation of South Africa, the University of the Witwatersrand, the Barringer Family Fund and the National Geographic Society for research grants that enabled the authors to make a contribution towards the understanding of the southern African impact structures and their use for education and heritage preservation; and the Bergland Conservancy for their enthusiastic efforts to conserve the most scenic region in the Vredefort Dome. Many wonderful people in the dome region afforded the authors their hospitality and made work in Vredefort a pleasure, on numerous occasions. Christian Koeberl and Terence “Spike” McCarthy provided the authors with thorough reviews of earlier drafts of this manuscript; they are thanked for their many hours of reading and numerous constructive comments. A number of images acknowledged as “Courtesy of NASA’s Earth Observatory” have been included. These images are the property of NASA and were reproduced with permission of NASA’s Earth Observatory. Their highly instructive and informative website can be accessed at http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/. The authors are most grateful for permission to utilise these images. Tokai University, Japan (Research and Information Centre/EDC) kindly provided permission to use two satellite images. The Lunar and Planetary Institute (Houston) allowed the inclusion of several images from their Space Science Reference Guide. Other contributors of visual material used in this book are acknowledged in the respective figure captions, but the authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the copyright holders/ owners for support of this project. The Director of the National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, is thanked for providing a list of species present in the dome area (from the PRECIS database of the Institute). The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation in publishing this book is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the National Research Foundation. Financial support from the Barringer Crater Company, De Beers, Ferret Mining and Environmental Services (Pty) Ltd., Geological Society of South Africa and the University of the Witwatersrand that contributed to producing the first two editions of this book at an affordable price, is gratefully acknowledged. The support of the Chief Executive Officer of the Council for Geoscience for this entire project, and his agreement to co-publish the Third Edition are much appreciated by the authors. Without the assistance of these institutions, this book would never have been published. Springer Publishers of Berlin and Heidelberg — especially Earth Science Editor Chris Bendall — are thanked for their keen interest to publish this edition and to make it available in South Africa at a subsidised cost. Thanks are also due to the copy editors, layout artist, photographers and the artists who drafted and redrafted the figures, as well as all those colleagues who granted permission to use their photographs or artwork. This book is University of the Witwatersrand Impact Cratering Research Group Contribution No. 118. 278 B Sources cited in and related to the text, as well as some further reading providing an entry to all aspects of Vredefort research, on the other South African impact structures, and related topics. Sources suitable for the non-specialist are given in italics. A Institution Press, Washington D.C. and London, Acocks, J.P.H., 1988. Veld Types of South Africa 215 pp. (3rd ed.). Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of Bisschoff, A.A., 2000. The Geology of the South Africa, 57. Vredefort Dome. Geological sheets 2627CA, Allaby, A. and Allaby, M., 1996. Oxford Concise CB, CC, CD, DA, D and 2727AA, AB, BA, Dictionary of Earth Sciences. Oxford Univ. 1:50 000 scale. Council for Geoscience, Press, Oxford, 410 pp. Pretoria. Alvarez, W., 1998. T. Rex and the Crater of Doom. Boeyens, J.C.A., 2000. In Search of Kadit shwe ne. Vintage Books, Random House Inc., New York, S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull., p. 55, pp. 3–17. 185 pp. Boon, J.D. and Albritton, C.C. Jr., 1936. Meteorite Amery, L.S. (ed.), 1906. Times History of the Craters and their Possible Rela tion ship to War in South Africa (Vol. IV). Sampson, Law 'Cryptovolcanic Struc tures'. Field and Lab., Marsten & Co., London, pp. 414–433. 5(1), pp. 1–9. Anonymous, 1973. Standard Encyclopaedia of Boon, J.D. and Albritton, C.C. Jr., 1938. South Africa (Vol. 8). Nasou, Cape Town, Established and Supposed Examples of Me te- pp. 61–62, and 351. o ritic Craters and Structures. Field and Lab., Anonymous, 1973. Standard Encyclopaedia of 6, pp. 44–56. South Africa (Vol. 9). Nasou, Cape Town, Bulpin, T.V., 2001. Discovering Southern Africa. 129 pp. Tafelberg, Cape Town, pp. 640–641. Anonymous, 1973. Standard Encyclopaedia of South Africa (Vol. 5). Nasou, Cape Town, C pp. 113, 115, and 117. Cairncross, B. and Dixon, R., 1995. Minerals of Anonymous, 1973. Standard Encyclopaedia of South Africa. Geol. Soc. S.A., Johannesburg, South Africa (Vol. 11). Nasou, Cape Town. 290 pp. Anonymous, 1983. Forced Removals in South Carter, N.L., 1965. Basal Quartz Defor mation Africa, the Transvaal. The Surplus Peoples Lamellae — a Criterion for Recog nition of Project, University of Natal, Vol. 5. Im pac tites. Amer. J. Sci., 263, pp. 786– 806. Cattermole, P., 2000. Building Planet Earth. B Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge/U.K., Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A. (eds), 1980. Glossary 283 pp. of Geology, 2nd Edition. American Geological Chadwick, B., Claeys, P. and Simonson, B., 2000. Institute, Falls Church, Virginia, 749 pp. New Evidence for a Large Palaeo pro te rozoic Beatty, J.K. and Chaikin, A. (eds), 1990. The New Impact: Spherules in a Dolomite Layer in the Solar System, 3rd Edition. Sky Pub lish ing Ketilidian Orogen, South Green land. J. Geol. Corporation, Cambridge, Massa chus setts/ Cam- Soc. Ld., 158, pp. 331–340. bridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K., 326 pp. Chao, E.C.T., Shoemaker, E.M. and Madsen, Bevan, A. and De Laeter, J., 2002. Meteorites — a B.M., 1960. First Natural Occurrence of Coe- Journey through Space and Time. Smithso nian site. Science, 132, pp. 220–222. Bibliography 279 Chapman, C.R. and Morrison, D., 1994. Impacts the Southern Part of the Vredefort Dome on the Earth by Asteroids and Co m ets: Area. Part I: Communities of the Plains, Assessing the Hazard. Nature, 367, Riverbanks and Islands. South African Journal pp. 33–40. of Botany, 56, pp. 631—636. Christopher, A.J., 1976. Southern Africa: Stu dies Du Preez, P.J. and Venter, H.J.T., 1990b. The in Historical Geography. Archon Books, Phytosociology of the Woody Vegetation in Dawson, pp. 201–202. the Southern Part of the Vredefort Dome Corner, B., Durrheim, R.J. and Nicolaysen, L.O., Area. Part II: Communities of the Hills. 1990. Relationships Between the Vredefort South African Journal of Botany, 56, Structure and the Wit waters rand Basin pp. 637—644. Within the Tectonic Frame work of the Du Toit, A.R., 1954. Geology of South Africa. 3rd Kaapvaal Craton as Interpre ted from Regional edition. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 611 pp. Gravity and Aeromag ne tic Data. Tectono- physics, 171, pp. 49–61. E Eglington, B.M. and Armstrong, R.A., 2004. D Th e Kaapvaal Craton and Adjacent Orogens, Daly, R.A., 1947. The Vredefort Ring Struc ture of Southern Africa: A Geochronological Database South Africa. J. Geol., 55, pp. 125–145. and Overview of the Geological Development of Deacan, H.J. and Deacan, J., 1999. Human the Craton. South African Journal of Geology, Beginnings in South Africa: Uncovering the 107, pp. 13–22. Secrets of the Stone Age. David Phillips Publ., Eloff, S.J., 1984. 'n Evaluering van die Grond- Cape Town, 214 pp. gebruikspatroon in die Vredefort koepel Noord De Jager, O.C., 2003. Moments in the History of the van die Vaalrivier. M.Sc. thesis (unpubl.), Transvaal Section of the Vredefort Dome, from a University of Potchef stroom, 221 pp. Philatelic Perspective. The South African Philatelist (October), pp. 133, 135, 137, 139, F 140, 142, and 147. French, B.M., 1998. Traces of Catastrophe. Lunar Dietz, R.S., 1946. The Meteoritic Impact Origin and Planetary Institute, Houston, 120 pp. of the Moon's Surface Features. J. Geol., 54, French, B.M. and Nielsen, R.L., 1990. Vredefort pp. 359–375. Bronzite Granophyre: Chemical Evidence for Dietz, R.S., 1947. Meteorite Impact Sug gested by Origin as a Meteorite Impact Melt. the Orientation of Shatter Cones at the Tectonophysics, 171, pp. 119–138. Kentland, Indiana, Distur bance. Science, 105 French, B.M. and Short, N.M., 1968. Shock (2715), pp. 42–43. Meta morphism of Natural Materials. Mono Dietz, R.S., 1959.
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