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Lamina papyracea The viscerocranium (facial skeleton) consists of 15 irregular bones: 3 single bones centered on or lying in the midline (mandible, ethmoid, and vomer) and 6 bones occurring as bilateral pairs (maxillae; inferior nasal conchae; and zygomatic, palatine, nasal, and lacrimal bones). Several bones of the cranium (frontal, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones) are pneumatized bones, which contain air spaces, presumably to decrease their weight. The ethmoid bone is exceedingly light and spongy, and cubical in shape; this bone is situated at the anterior part of the base of the cranium, between the two orbits, at the roof of the nose, and contributes to each of these cavities. The ethmoid bone consists of four parts: a horizontal or cribriform plate, forming part of the base of the cranium; a perpendicular plate, constituting part of the nasal septum; and two lateral masses or labyrinths. • Cribriform plate: Contains many olfactory foramina. The olfactory nerves pass through these foramina. Note: Damage to this area typically results in the loss of sense of smell. • Perpendicular plate: The crista galli is a midline projection from the perpendicular plate that serves as an attachment for the falx cerebri. • Lateral masses (right and left) project downward from the cribriform plate. They contain the ethmoid sinuses and the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone (lamina papyracea). The lamina papyracea forms the paper-thin medial wall of the orbit. The superior and middle nasal conchae are scroll-like projections that extend medially from the lateral masses into the nasal cavity. 1. Each ethmoidal sinus is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior ethmoidal air Notes cells. 2. The superior wall or roof of the orbit is formed almost completely by the orbital plate of the frontal bone. Posteriorly, the superior wall is formed by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone..

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Skeletal System
1 Name___________________________________ Date____________________________________ Laboratory Report Skeletal system: Axial skeleton and bony landmarks: Review each bone and landmark/s during lab. Skull- Cranial Bones: Frontal Bone supraorbital foramen frontal sinuses supraorbital margins glabella Parietal Bones sagittal suture coronal suture squamous suture lambdoid suture Temporal Bones zygomatic process mandibular fossa external auditory meatus mastoid process styloid process internal acoustic meatus carotid canal jugular foramen Occipital Bone: foramen magnum external occipital protuberance nuchal lines (superior and inferior) occipital condyle hypoglossal canal condylar canal Sphenoid: sella turcica tuberculum sellae dorsum sellae hypophyseal fossa greater wing lesser wing optic foramen superior orbital fissure pterygoid processes Foramen associated with the sphenoid: foramen ovale foramen lacerum* foramen rotundum foramen spinosum *found between sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones Ethmoid Bone: crista galli cribiform plate perpendicular plate cribiform/olfactory foramina superior nasal conchae/turbinates middle nasal conchae/turbinates 2 Skull- Facial Bones: Nasal Bones Palatine Bones Inferior Nasal chonchae/turbinates Vomer Maxillae: Intermaxillary suture Infraorbital foramen alveolar processes incisive foramen Zygomatic Bones temporal arch zygomaticofacial foramen Lacrimal Bones lacrimal fossa Mandible body rami angle condyloid process coronoid process mandibular foramen mental foramen alveolar process mandiubular condyles mandiubular notch Orbits (eye sockets) Formed by seven skull bones: 3 cranial; 4 facial: Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Zygomatic Maxillae Lacrimal Palatine Associated structures include: optic foramen superior orbital fissure inferior orbital fissure Bones associated with the skull Hyoid Bone: greater cornu lesser cornu body Auditory Ossicles: Malleus Incus Stapes 3 1. Label the following illustration of the skull (anterior view): 4 2. Label the following illustration of the skull (midsagittal view): 5 3.
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Morfofunctional Structure of the Skull
N.L. Svintsytska V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine Public Institution «Central Methodological Office for Higher Medical Education of MPH of Ukraine» Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukranian Medical Stomatological Academy» N.L. Svintsytska, V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 2 LBC 28.706 UDC 611.714/716 S 24 «Recommended by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine as textbook for English- speaking students of higher educational institutions of the MPH of Ukraine» (minutes of the meeting of the Commission for the organization of training and methodical literature for the persons enrolled in higher medical (pharmaceutical) educational establishments of postgraduate education MPH of Ukraine, from 02.06.2016 №2). Letter of the MPH of Ukraine of 11.07.2016 № 08.01-30/17321 Composed by: N.L. Svintsytska, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor V.H. Hryn, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor This textbook is intended for undergraduate, postgraduate students and continuing education of health care professionals in a variety of clinical disciplines (medicine, pediatrics, dentistry) as it includes the basic concepts of human anatomy of the skull in adults and newborns. Rewiewed by: O.M. Slobodian, Head of the Department of Anatomy, Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Bukovinian State Medical University», Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor M.V.
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A New Radiological Classification for the Risk Assessment of Anterior Skull
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A new radiological classifcation for the risk assessment of anterior skull base injury in endoscopic sinus surgery Baharudin Abdullah 1*, Shiun Chuen Chew1, Mohd Ezane Aziz2, Norasnieda Md Shukri1, Salina Husain3, Sng Weirong Joshua4, De Yun Wang4 & Kornkiat Snidvongs5 Keros and Gera classifcations are widely used to assess the risk of skull base injury during endoscopic sinus surgery. Although, both classifcations are useful preoperatively to stratify risk of patients going for surgery, it is not practical to measure the respective lengths during surgery. In this study, we aimed to propose a new radiological classifcation (Thailand-Malaysia-Singapore (TMS)) to assess the anatomical risk of anterior skull base injury using the orbital foor (OF) as a reference. A total of 150 computed tomography images of paranasal sinuses (300 sides) were reviewed. The TMS classifcation was categorized into 3 types by measuring OF to cribriform plate and OF to ethmoid roof. Most patients were classifed as TMS type 1, Keros type 2 and Gera class II, followed by patients classifed as TMS type 3, Keros type 1 and Gera class 1. TMS has signifcant correlation with Keros classifcation (p < 0.05). There was no signifcant correlation between Keros and Gera classifcations (p = 0.33) and between TMS and Gera classifcations (p = 0.80). The TMS classifcation has potential to be used for risk assessment of skull base injury among patients undergoing ESS. It serves as an additional assessment besides the Keros and Gera classifcations. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has an overall complication rate of 0.5% with the specifc complications of cere- brospinal fuid leak, orbital injury, haemorrhage requiring surgery, blood transfusion and toxic shock syndrome at 0.09%, 0.09%, 0.10%, 0.18%, and 0.02%, respectively1.
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Lab Manual Axial Skeleton Atla
1 PRE-LAB EXERCISES When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the axial skeleton, which consists of the bones that form the axis of the body. The axial skeleton includes bones in the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage, as well as the auditory ossicles and hyoid bone. In addition to learning about all the bones of the axial skeleton, it is also important to identify some significant bone markings. Bone markings can have many shapes, including holes, round or sharp projections, and shallow or deep valleys, among others. These markings on the bones serve many purposes, including forming attachments to other bones or muscles and allowing passage of a blood vessel or nerve. It is helpful to understand the meanings of some of the more common bone marking terms. Before we get started, look up the definitions of these common bone marking terms: Canal: Condyle: Facet: Fissure: Foramen: (see Module 10.18 Foramina of Skull) Fossa: Margin: Process: Throughout this exercise, you will notice bold terms. This is meant to focus your attention on these important words. Make sure you pay attention to any bold words and know how to explain their definitions and/or where they are located. Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the axial skeleton. As you explore these bones in Visible Body’s app, also locate the bones and bone markings on any available charts, models, or specimens. You may also find it helpful to palpate bones on yourself or make drawings of the bones with the bone markings labeled.
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Lab Week 7 Part 1 Radius and Ulna
11/7/2018 Lab Week 7 Part 1 Radius and Ulna Part 1 Activities 1. Observe bones and structures from list 2. Bones of the Forearm worksheet in packet 3. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs worksheet in packet Part 2 Femur, Tibia, & Fibula 1 11/7/2018 Part 2 Activities 1. Observe bones and structures from list 2. Bones of the Lower Limbs worksheet in packet 3. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs worksheet in packet Functions of the Skull • Support • Movement Part 3 • Protection Skull Notes may be found in your packet: SS 27-28 The Skull The Skull 22 bones, 2 groups 2. Facial bones (14 bones) 1. Cranial bones (8) • Framework of face • Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity • Cavities for special sense organs of sight, taste, and • Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles smell • • Provide support Openings for air and food passage • Sites of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression 2 11/7/2018 Sutures Bones of cranium (cranial vault) • Immovable joints Coronal suture – Become more complex with age Squamous • Fontanelles suture – Soft regions of connective tissue holding bones together at birth • Permits – Brain growth Lambdoid Facial suture bones – Entry into birth canal Occipitomastoid – Normally replaced by bone by about 1 year of age suture Cranial and facial divisions of the skull Foramina Sinuses • Allow passage of blood vessels and nerves • Cavities lined with mucous membranes & ciliated epithelium – • About 85 named openings (foramina, canals, Frontal sinus – Sphenoidal sinus fissures) – Maxillary
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MBB: Head & Neck Anatomy
MBB: Head & Neck Anatomy Skull Osteology • This is a comprehensive guide of all the skull features you must know by the practical exam. • Many of these structures will be presented multiple times during upcoming labs. • This PowerPoint Handout is the resource you will use during lab when you have access to skulls. Mind, Brain & Behavior 2021 Osteology of the Skull Slide Title Slide Number Slide Title Slide Number Ethmoid Slide 3 Paranasal Sinuses Slide 19 Vomer, Nasal Bone, and Inferior Turbinate (Concha) Slide4 Paranasal Sinus Imaging Slide 20 Lacrimal and Palatine Bones Slide 5 Paranasal Sinus Imaging (Sagittal Section) Slide 21 Zygomatic Bone Slide 6 Skull Sutures Slide 22 Frontal Bone Slide 7 Foramen RevieW Slide 23 Mandible Slide 8 Skull Subdivisions Slide 24 Maxilla Slide 9 Sphenoid Bone Slide 10 Skull Subdivisions: Viscerocranium Slide 25 Temporal Bone Slide 11 Skull Subdivisions: Neurocranium Slide 26 Temporal Bone (Continued) Slide 12 Cranial Base: Cranial Fossae Slide 27 Temporal Bone (Middle Ear Cavity and Facial Canal) Slide 13 Skull Development: Intramembranous vs Endochondral Slide 28 Occipital Bone Slide 14 Ossification Structures/Spaces Formed by More Than One Bone Slide 15 Intramembranous Ossification: Fontanelles Slide 29 Structures/Apertures Formed by More Than One Bone Slide 16 Intramembranous Ossification: Craniosynostosis Slide 30 Nasal Septum Slide 17 Endochondral Ossification Slide 31 Infratemporal Fossa & Pterygopalatine Fossa Slide 18 Achondroplasia and Skull Growth Slide 32 Ethmoid • Cribriform plate/foramina
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Compact Bone Spongy Bone
Spongy bone Compact bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 (b) Flat bone (sternum) (a) Long bone (humerus) (d) Irregular bone (vertebra), right lateral view (c) Short bone (talus) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) Diaphysis Distal epiphysis (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Trabeculae of spongy bone Osteon (Haversian Perforating system) (Volkmann’s) canal Blood vessel continues into medullary cavity containing marrow Blood vessel Lamellae Compact bone Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Periosteum Periosteal blood vessel (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Lamella Osteocyte Canaliculus Lacuna Central Bone matrix (Haversian) canal (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Osteon Interstitial lamellae Lacuna Central (Haversian) canal (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Articular cartilage Hyaline Spongy cartilage bone New center of bone growth New bone Epiphyseal forming plate cartilage Growth Medullary in bone cavity width Bone starting Invading to replace Growth blood cartilage in bone vessels length New bone Bone collar forming Hyaline Epiphyseal cartilage plate cartilage model In an embryo In a fetus In a child © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Bone growth Bone grows in length because: Articular cartilage 1 Cartilage grows here. Epiphyseal plate 2 Cartilage is replaced by bone here. 3 Cartilage grows here. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Bone remodeling Growing shaft is remodeled as: Articular cartilage Epiphyseal plate 1 Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts here. 2 Bone is added (appositional growth) by osteoblasts here. 3 Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts here. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Hematoma External Bony callus callus of spongy bone New Internal blood callus vessels Healed (fibrous fracture tissue and Spongy cartilage) bone trabecula 1 Hematoma 2 Fibrocartilage 3 Bony callus 4 Bone remodeling forms.
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Level I to III Craniofacial Approaches Based on Barrow Classification For
Neurosurg Focus 30 (5):E5, 2011 Level I to III craniofacial approaches based on Barrow classification for treatment of skull base meningiomas: surgical technique, microsurgical anatomy, and case illustrations EMEL AVCı, M.D.,1 ERINÇ AKTÜRE, M.D.,1 HAKAN SEÇKIN, M.D., PH.D.,1 KUTLUAY ULUÇ, M.D.,1 ANDREW M. BAUER, M.D.,1 YUSUF IZCI, M.D.,1 JACQUes J. MORCOS, M.D.,2 AND MUSTAFA K. BAşKAYA, M.D.1 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin; and 2Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Florida Object. Although craniofacial approaches to the midline skull base have been defined and surgical results have been published, clear descriptions of these complex approaches in a step-wise manner are lacking. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the surgical technique of craniofacial approaches based on Barrow classification (Levels I–III) and to study the microsurgical anatomy pertinent to these complex craniofacial approaches. Methods. Ten adult cadaveric heads perfused with colored silicone and 24 dry human skulls were used to study the microsurgical anatomy and to demonstrate craniofacial approaches in a step-wise manner. In addition to cadaveric studies, case illustrations of anterior skull base meningiomas were presented to demonstrate the clinical application of the first 3 (Levels I–III) approaches. Results. Cadaveric head dissection was performed in 10 heads using craniofacial approaches. Ethmoid and sphe- noid sinuses, cribriform plate, orbit, planum sphenoidale, clivus, sellar, and parasellar regions were shown at Levels I, II, and III. In 24 human dry skulls (48 sides), a supraorbital notch (85.4%) was observed more frequently than the supraorbital foramen (14.6%).
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(Frontal Sinus, Coronal Suture) Parietal Bone
Axial Skeleton Skull (cranium) Frontal Bone (frontal sinus, coronal suture) Parietal Bone (sagittal suture) Sphenoid Bone (sella turcica, sphenoid sinus) Temporal Bone (mastoid process, styloid process, external auditory meatus) malleus incus stapes Occipital Bone (occipital condyles, foramen magnum) Ethmoid Bone (nasal conchae, cribriform plate, crista galli, ethmoid sinus, perpendicular plate) Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Bone (hard palate, palatine process, maxillary sinus) Palatine Bone Nasal Bone Vomer Bone Mandible Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column (general markings: body, vertebral foramen, transverse process, spinous process, superior and inferior articular processes) Cervical Vertebrae (transverse foramina) Atlas (absence of body, "yes" movement) Axis (dens, "no" movement) Thoracic Vertebrae (facets on body and transverse processes) Lumbar Vertebrae (largest) Sacral Vertebrae 5 fused vertebrae) Coccyx (3 to 5 vestigial vertebrae, body only on most) Bony Thorax Ribs (costal cartilage, true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs, facets) Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid Process Appendicular Skeleton Upper Limb Pectoral Girdle Scapula (acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity, spine) Clavicle Upper Arm Humerus (head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, olecranon fossa) Forearm Radius Ulna (olecranon process) Hand Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Lower Limb Pelvic Girdle Os Coxae (sacroiliac joint, acetabulum, obturator foramen, false pelvis, difference between male and female pelvis) Ilium (iliac crest) Ischium (ischial tuberosity) Pubis (pubic symphysis) Thigh Femur (head, neck) Patella Lower Leg Tibia Fibula Foot Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges.
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Terminology List for Skeleton
Terminology Lists for Skeletal System Anatomy Bone Tissue: periosteum, haversian canal, Volkmann’s canals, lamellae, canaliculi, lacunae, osteocytes, endosteum Cartilage Tissue: hyaline cartilage: matrix, lacunae, chondrocytes Types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular Typical long bone: epiphyses, diaphysis, medullary cavity, articular cartilage, periosteum, endosteum, spongy bone, compact bone, trabeculae, yellow marrow, red marrow Fontanels: frontal (anterior), occipital (posterior), sphenoid, mastoid fontanels Axial skeleton General Skull Features: sutures: sagittal, coronal, squamous, lambdoidal; orbits; zygomatic arch Bones & Markings of the Skull: frontal: sinus, supraorbital margin parietal temporal: zygomatic process, mastoid process, styloid process, petrous portion, mandibular fossa, carotid canal, jugular foramen, external auditory (=acoustic) meatus, internal auditory (=acoustic) meatus occipital: foramen magnum, occipital condyles sphenoid: sella turcica, greater wing, lesser wing, sinus, optic foramen, orbital fissures ethmoid: crista galli, cribriform plate, olfactory foramina, perpendicular plate, superior and middle nasal conchae, sinus maxilla: alveoli in alveolar margin, palatine process, inferior orbital fissure, sinus mandible: body, ramus, condylar process, mandibular foramen, coronoid process, alveoli in alveolar margin, mental foramen, mandibular notch palatine zygomatic: temporal process, zygomatic arch lacrimal: lacrimal canal nasal inferior nasal conchae vomer hyoid bone Bones & Markings of the Vertebral
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1 1 Foramina of Skull
FORAMINA OF SKULL: PART ONE © 2019zillmusom The skull is rigidly structured to protect the brain but has many foramina (openings) for passage of nerves (nn.), arteries (aa.) and veins (vv.); knowledge of the foramina of the skull is ESSENTIAL to understanding head and neck anatomy. The foramina are listed below according to how one can view them on a skull. Each entry indicates the bone the foramen is in, the areas it connects and structures that pass through it; many foramina are doubly listed as they can be seen from the inside or outside of the skull. I. FACE 1. Supraorbital notch or foramen - in frontal bone; connects orbit and forehead; contains Supraorbital n., a. and v. 2. Infraorbital foramen - in maxillary bone; connects orbit and face; contains Infraorbital n., a. and v. 3. Mental foramen - in mandible; connects mandibular canal to face; contains Mental n., a. and v. II. CALVARIUM AND CRANIAL VAULT 1. Parietal foramen - in parietal bone on either side of sagittal suture; connects; diploe in bone to scalp; contains Emissary veins. III. INTERIOR OF SKULL 1. Olfactory foramen - located in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone in anterior cranial fossa; connects anterior cranial fossa and nasal cavity; contains branches of Olfactory nerve (fila olfactoria) (I). 2. Optic foramen and canal - located at base of Lesser wing of sphenoid bone in middle cranial fossa; connects middle cranial fossa to orbit; contains Optic nerve (II) and Ophthalmic artery. 3. Superior Orbital fissure - located between Greater and Lesser wings of Sphenoid bone in Middle Cranial fossa; connects middle cranial fossa and orbit; contains Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI) nerves and Ophthalmic division of Trigeminal nerve (V1) and Ophthalmic veins.
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Bone Handout”)
The Skeletal System (“Bone Handout”) Bone Markings - as in Table 6.1, know categories, names, descriptions and categories of bone markings Common Fractures - as in Table 6.2, identify type from pictures The Axial Skeleton Skull Cranial bones frontal (supraorbital foramen) parietal temporal (mastoid process, external auditory(acoustic) meatus, styloid process, zygomatic process, stylomastoid foramen) occipital (foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, occipital condyles) sphenoid (optic canal, superior orbital fissure, sella turcica, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum , greater wings, lesser wings) ethmoid (olfactory foramina) Relevant Figures: 7.4, 7.6, 7.7a, 7.9 Facial bones nasal maxilla (infraorbital foramen, inferior orbital fissure) zygomatic mandible (mental foramen, body, ramus, mandibular condyle) lacrimal (lacrimal fossa) palatine inferior nasal conchae vomer Relevant Figures: 7.4, 7.6, 7.7a Sutures coronal sagittal lambdoid squamous Relevant Figures: 7.4, 7.5 Paranasal Sinuses frontal sphenoidal maxillary ethmoidal Relevant Figures: 7.15 Fontanels anterior posterior sphenoidal mastoid Relevant Figures: 7.28 Hyoid bone Relevant Figures: 7.17 1 Vertebrae Parts of a “typical vertebra” using thoracic as example body vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral foramen) intervertebral foramen transverse process spinous process superior articular process inferior articular process Divisions of vertebral column cervical (transverse foramina) thoracic (transverse costal facet - for tubercle of rib, superior and inferior costal
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