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Home , Base earth station, Coast earth station, Feeder link, Port operations service, Ship earth station

§ 2.1 47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–05 Edition)

Subpart M—Advance Approval of (c) The following terms and defini- Subscription TV Transmission Systems tions are issued: Accepted Interference. 1 Interference at ADVANCE APPROVAL PROCEDURE a higher level than defined as permis- 2.1400 Application for advance approval sible interference and which has been under part 73. agreed upon between two or more ad- ministrations without prejudice to Subpart N—FCC Procedure for Testing other administrations. (RR) Class A, B and S Emergency Position Indicating Radiobeacons (EPIRBs) Active Satellite. A satellite carrying a station intended to transmit or re- GENERAL transmit radiocommunication signals. 2.1501 Introduction. (RR) 2.1503 Test environment. Active Sensor. A measuring instru- 2.1505 Test instrumentation and equipment. ment in the earth exploration-satellite service or in the ENVIRONMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL TEST by means of which information is ob- PROCEDURES tained by transmission and reception 2.1507 Test frequencies. of radio waves. (RR) 2.1509 Environmental and duration tests. Adaptive System. A 2.1511 Measurements of radiated emissions. 2.1513 Measurements of modulation charac- radiocommunication system which teristics. varies its radio characteristics accord- 2.1515 Spectral measurements. ing to channel quality. (RR) Administration. Any governmental de- DATA RECORDING/REPORTING REQUIREMENTS partment or service responsible for dis- 2.1517 Data recording/reporting require- charging the obligations undertaken in ments. the Constitution of the International FIGURE 1 TO SUBPART N—MEASUREMENT SITE Telecommunication Union, in the Con- FIGURE 2 TO SUBPART N—TYPICAL AUDIO vention of the International Tele- WAVEFORM communication Union and in the Ad- FIGURE 3 TO SUBPART N—EXAMPLE OF IDEAL ministrative Regulations. (CS) EPIRB SPECTRUM FIGURE 4 TO SUBPART N—EXAMPLE OF EPIRB Administration. Any governmental de- CARRIER COMPONENT partment or service responsible for dis- charging the obligations undertaken in AUTHORITY: 47 U.S.C. 154, 302a, 303, and 336, unless otherwise noted. the Convention of the International Telecommunication Union and the SOURCE: 28 FR 12465, Nov. 22, 1963, unless Regulations. (CONV) otherwise noted. Aeronautical Earth Station. An Earth EDITORIAL NOTE: Nomenclature changes to station in the fixed-satellite service, part 2 appear at 63 FR 54077, Oct. 8, 1998. or, in some cases, in the aeronautical mobile-satellite service, located at a Subpart A—Terminology specified fixed point on land to provide a for the aeronautical mo- § 2.1 Terms and definitions. bile-satellite service. (RR) (a) Where a term or definition ap- Aeronautical . A radio- pears in this part of the Commission’s communication service between speci- Rules, it shall be the definitive term or fied fixed points provided primarily for definition and shall prevail throughout the safety of air navigation and for the the Commission’s Rules. regular, efficient and economical oper- (b) The source of each definition is ation of air transport. (RR) indicated as follows: Aeronautical . A station CS—Annex to the Constitution of the in the aeronautical fixed service. (RR) International Telecommunication Aeronautical Mobile Off-Route (OR) Union (ITU) Service. An aeronautical CV—Annex to the Convention of the ITU 1 The terms permissible interference and ac- FCC—Federal Communications Com- cepted interference are used in the coordina- mission tion of frequency assignments between ad- RR—ITU Radio Regulations ministrations.

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intended for communications, includ- than a , located ing those relating to flight coordina- on board an aircraft. (RR) tion, primarily outside national or Allocation (of a frequency band). Entry international civil air routes. (RR) in the Table of Frequency Allocations Aeronautical Mobile Route (R) Service. of a given frequency band for the pur- An aeronautical mobile service re- pose of its use by one or more terres- served for communications relating to trial or space radiocommunication safety and regularity of flight, pri- services or the radio astronomy service marily along national or international under specified conditions. This term civil air routes. (RR) shall also be applied to the frequency Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Off-Route band concerned. (RR) (OR) Service. An aeronautical mobile- Allotment (of a radio frequency or radio satellite service intended for commu- frequency channel). Entry of a des- nications, including those relating to ignated frequency channel in an agreed flight coordination, primarily outside plan, adopted by a competent con- national and international civil air ference, for use by one or more admin- routes. (RR) istrations for a terrestrial or space Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Route (R) radiocommunication service in one or Service. An aeronautical mobile-sat- more identified countries or geo- ellite service reserved for communica- graphical area and under specified con- tions relating to safety and regularity ditions. (RR) of flights, primarily along national or Altitude of the Apogee or Perigee. The international civil air routes. (RR) altitude of the apogee or perigee above Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Service. A a specified reference surface serving to mobile-satellite service in which mo- represent the surface of the Earth. bile earth stations are located on board (RR) aircraft; survival craft stations and Amateur-Satellite Service. A radio- emergency position-indicating radio- communication service using space beacon stations may also participate in stations on earth satellites for the this service. (RR) same purposes as those of the amateur Aeronautical Mobile Service. A mobile service. (RR) service between aeronautical stations Amateur Service. A radio- and aircraft stations, or between air- communication service for the purpose craft stations, in which survival craft of self-training, intercommunication stations may participate; emergency and technical investigations carried position-indicating radiobeacon sta- out by amateurs, that is, by duly au- tions may also participate in this serv- thorized persons interested in radio ice on designated distress and emer- technique solely with a personal aim gency frequencies. (RR) and without pecuniary interest. (RR) Aeronautical Radionavigation-Satellite Amateur Station. A station in the Service. A radionavigation-satellite amateur service. (RR) service in which earth stations are lo- Assigned Frequency. The centre of the cated on board aircraft. (RR) frequency band assigned to a station. Aeronautical Radionavigation Service. (RR) A radio-navigation service intended for Assigned Frequency Band. The fre- the benefit and for the safe operation quency band within which the emission of aircraft. (RR) of a station is authorized; the width of . A in the band equals the necessary band- the aeronautical mobile service. width plus twice the absolute value of the frequency tolerance. Where space NOTE: In certain instances, an aeronautical stations are concerned, the assigned station may be located, for example, on frequency band includes twice the max- board ship or on a platform at sea. (RR) imum Doppler shift that may occur in . A mobile earth relation to any point of the Earth’s station in the aeronautical mobile-sat- surface. (RR) ellite service located on board an air- Assignment (of a radio frequency or craft. (RR) radio frequency channel). Authorization . A mobile station in given by an administration for a radio the aeronautical mobile service, other station to use a radio frequency or

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radio frequency channel under speci- Community Reception (in the broad- fied conditions. (RR) casting-satellite service). The reception . An earth station of emissions from a space station in in the fixed-satellite service or, in the broadcasting-satellite service by some cases, in the land mobile-satellite receiving equipment, which in some service, located at a specified fixed cases may be complex and have anten- point or within a specified area on land nae larger than those for individual re- to provide a feeder link for the land ception, and intended for use: (1) by a mobile-satellite service. (RR) group of the general public at one loca- . A land station in the tion; or (2) through a distribution sys- . (RR) tem covering a limited area. (RR) Broadcasting-Satellite Service. A radio- Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). communication service in which sig- Time scale, based on the second (SI), as nals transmitted or retransmitted by defined in Recommendation ITU–R space stations are intended for direct TF.460–6. reception by the general public. NOTE: For most practical purposes associ- NOTE: In the broadcasting-satellite service, ated with the ITU Radio Regulations, UTC is the term direct reception shall encompass equivalent to mean solar time at the prime both individual reception and community re- meridian (0° longitude), formerly expressed ception. (RR) in GMT. (RR) Broadcasting Service. A Coordination Area. When determining radiocommunication service in which the need for coordination, the area sur- the transmissions are intended for di- rounding an earth station sharing the rect reception by the general public. same frequency band with terrestrial This service may include sound trans- stations, or surrounding a transmitting missions, television transmissions or earth station sharing the same other types of transmission. (CS) bidirectionally allocated frequency Broadcasting Station. A station in the band with receiving earth stations, be- broadcasting service. (RR) yond which the level of permissible in- terference will not be exceeded and co- Carrier Power (of a radio transmitter). ordination is therefore not required. The average power supplied to the an- (RR) tenna transmission line by a trans- mitter during one radio frequency Coordination Contour. The line enclos- cycle taken under the condition of no ing the coordination area. (RR) modulation. (RR) Coordination Distance. When deter- Characteristic Frequency. A frequency mining the need for coordination, the which can be easily identified and distance on a given azimuth from an measured in a given emission. earth station sharing the same fre- quency band with terrestrial stations, NOTE: A carrier frequency may, for exam- or from a transmitting earth station ple, be designated as the characteristic fre- sharing the same bidirectionally allo- quency. (RR) cated frequency band with receiving Class of Emission. The set of charac- earth stations, beyond which the level teristics of an emission, designated by of permissible interference will not be standard symbols, e.g., type of modula- exceeded and coordination is therefore tion, modulating signal, type of infor- not required. (RR) mation to be transmitted, and also if Deep Space. Space at distance from appropriate, any additional signal the Earth equal to, or greater than, characteristics. (RR) 2×106 kilometers. (RR) . An earth station Differential Global Positioning System in the fixed-satellite service or, in (DGPS) Station. A differential RNSS some cases, in the maritime mobile- station for specific augmentation of satellite service, located at a specified GPS. fixed point on land to provide a feeder Differential Radionavigation for the maritime mobile-satellite Service (Differential RNSS) Station. A service. (RR) station used for the transmission of Coast Station. A land station in the differential correction data and related . (RR) information (such as ionospheric data

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and RNSS satellite integrity informa- tended to facilitate search and rescue tion) as an augmentation to an RNSS operations. (RR) system for the purpose of improved Emission. Radiation produced, or the navigation accuracy. production of radiation, by a radio Direct Sequence Systems. A spread transmitting station. spectrum system in which the carrier NOTE: For example, the energy radiated by has been modulated by a high speed the local oscillator of a radio receiver would spreading code and an information data not be an emission but a radiation. (RR) stream. The high speed code sequence dominates the ‘‘modulating function’’ Equivalent Isotropically Radiated and is the direct cause of the wide Power (e.i.r.p.). The product of the spreading of the transmitted signal. power suppled to the antenna and the Duplex Operation. Operating method antenna gain in a given direction rel- in which transmission is possible si- ative to an isotropic antenna. (RR) multaneously in both directions of a Equivalent Monopole Radiated Power telecommunication channel. 3 (RR) (e.m.r.p.) (in a given direction). The prod- Earth Exploration-Satellite Service. A uct of the power supplied to the an- radiocommunication service between tenna and its gain relative to a short earth stations and one or more space vertical antenna in a given direction. stations, which may include links be- (RR) tween space stations in which: Equivalent Satellite Link Noise Tem- (1) Information relating to the char- perature. The noise temperature re- acteristics of the Earth and its natural ferred to the output of the receiving phenomena is obtained from active antenna of the earth station cor- sensors or passive sensors on earth sat- responding to the radio-frequency noise ellites; power which produces the total ob- (2) Similar information is collected served noise at the output of the sat- from air-borne or earth-based plat- ellite link excluding the noise due to forms; interference coming from satellite (3) Such information may be distrib- links using other satellites and from uted to earth stations within the sys- terrestrial systems. (RR) tem concerned; Experimental Station. A station uti- (4) Platform interrogation may be in- lizing radio waves in experiments with cluded. a view to the development of science or technique. NOTE: This service may also include feeder links necesary for its operation. (RR) NOTE: This definition does not include amateur stations. (RR) Earth Station. A station located ei- ther on the earth’s surface or within Facsimile. A form of telegraphy for the major portion of earth’s atmos- the transmission of fixed images, with phere and intended for communication: or without half-tones, with a view to (1) With one or more space stations; their reproduction in a permanent or form. (RR) (2) With one or more stations of the Feeder Link. A radio link from an same kind by means of one or more re- earth station at a given location to a flecting satellites or other objects in space station, or vice versa, conveying space. (RR) information for a space radio- Effective Radiated Power (e.r.p) (in a communication service other than for given direction). The product of the the fixed-satellite service. The given power supplied to the antenna and its location may be at a specified fixed gain relative to a half-wave dipole in a point, or at any fixed point within given direction. (RR) specified areas. (RR) Emergency Position-Indicating Radio- Fixed-Satellite Service. A radio- beacon Station. A station in the mobile communication service between earth service the emissions of which are in- stations at given positions, when one or more satellites are used; the given 3 In general, duplex operation and semi-du- position may be a specified fixed point plex operation require two frequencies in or any fixed point within specified radiocommunication; simplex operation may areas; in some cases this service in- use either one or two. cludes satellite-to-satellite links,

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which may also be operated in the required at the input of a loss free ref- inter-satellite service; the fixed-sat- erence antenna to the power supplied ellite service may also include feeder to the input of the given antenna to links for other space radio- produce, in a given direction, the same communication services. (RR) field strength or the same power flux- Fixed Service. A radiocommunication density at the same distance. When not service between specified fixed points. specified otherwise, the gain refers to (RR) the direction of maximum radiation. Fixed Station. A station in the fixed The gain may be considered for a speci- service. (RR) fied polarization.

Frequency Assignment Subcommittee NOTE: Depending on the choice of the ref- (FAS). A subcommittee of the Inter- erence antenna a distinction is made be- department Radio Advisory Committee tween: (IRAC) within NTIA that develops and (1) Absolute or isotropic gain (Gi), when executes procedures for the assignment the reference antenna is an isotropic an- and coordination of Federal radio fre- tenna isolated in space; quencies. (FCC) (2) Gain relative to a half-wave dipole (Gd), when the reference antenna is a half-wave Frequency Hopping Systems. A spread dipole isolated in space whose equatorial spectrum system in which the carrier plane contains the given direction; is modulated with the coded informa- (3) Gain relative to a short vertical an- tion in a conventional manner causing tenna (Gv), when the reference antenna is a a conventional spreading of the RF en- linear conductor, much shorter than one ergy about the frequency carrier. The quarter of the wavelength, normal to the frequency of the carrier is not fixed but surface of a perfectly conducting plane changes at fixed intervals under the di- which contains the given direction. (RR) rection of a coded sequence. The wide General Purpose Mobile Service. A mo- RF bandwidth needed by such a system bile service that includes all mobile is not required by spreading of the RF communications uses including those energy about the carrier but rather to within the Aeronautical Mobile, Land accommodate the range of frequencies Mobile, or the Maritime Mobile Serv- to which the carrier frequency can hop. ices. The test of a frequency hopping system Geostationary Satellite. A geosynchro- is that the near term distribution of nous satellite whose circular and direct hops appears random, the long term orbit lies in the plane of the Earth’s distribution appears evenly distributed equator and which thus remains fixed over the hop set, and sequential hops relative to the Earth; by extension, a are randomly distributed in both direc- geosynchronous satellite which re- tion and magnitude of change in the mains approximately fixed relative to hop set. the Earth. (RR) Frequency-Shift Telegraphy. Teleg- Geostationary Satellite Orbit. The orbit raphy by frequency modulation in in which a satellite must be placed to which the telegraph signal shifts the be a geostationary satellite. (RR) frequency of the carrier between pre- Geosynchronous Satellite. An Earth determined values. (RR) satellite whose period of revolution is Frequency Tolerance. The maximum equal to the period of rotation of the permissible departure by the centre Earth about its axis. (RR) frequency of the frequency band occu- Government Master File (GMF). NTIA’s pied by an emission from the assigned database of Federal assignments. It frequency or, by the characteristic fre- also includes non-Federal authoriza- quency of an emission from the ref- tions coordinated with NTIA for the erence frequency. bands allocated for shared Federal and non-Federal use. (FCC) NOTE: The frequency tolerance is expressed Hybrid Spread Spectrum Systems. Hy- in parts in 106 or in hertz. (RR) brid spread spectrum systems are those Full Carrier Single-Sideband Emission. which use combinations of two or more A single-sideband emission without types of direct sequence, frequency suppression of the carrier. (RR) hopping, time hopping and pulsed FM Gain of an Antenna. The ratio, usu- modulation in order to achieve their ally expressed in decibels, of the power wide occupied bandwidths.

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Inclination of an Orbit (of an earth sat- tive on the main committee, all other ellite). The angle determined by the subcommittees and ad hoc groups. plane containing the orbit and the (FCC) plane of the Earth’s equator measured Interference. The effect of unwanted in degrees between 0° and 180° and in energy due to one or a combination of counter-clockwise direction from the emissions, radiations, or inductions Earth’s equatorial plane at the ascend- upon reception in a radio- ing node of the orbit. (RR) communication system, manifested by Individual Reception (in the broad- any performance degradation, mis- casting-satellite service). The reception interpretation, or loss of information of emissions from a space station in which could be extracted in the ab- the broadcasting-satellite service by sence of such unwanted energy. (RR) simple domestic installations and in International Telecommunication Union particular those possessing small an- (ITU). An international organization tennae. (RR) within the United Nations System Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) where governments and the private (of radio frequency energy) Applications. sector coordinate global telecom net- Operation of equipment or appliances works and services. The ITU is designed to generate and use locally headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland radio-frequency energy for industrial, and its internet address is www.itu.int. scientific, medical, domestic or similar (FCC) purposes, excluding applications in the Inter-Satellite Service. A field of telecommunications. (RR) radiocommunication service providing Instrument Landing System (ILS). A links between artificial satellites. (RR) radionavigation system which provides Ionospheric Scatter. The propagation aircraft with horizontal and vertical of radio waves by scattering as a result guidance just before and during landing of irregularities or discontinuities in and, at certain fixed points, indicates the ionization of the ionosphere. (RR) the distance to the reference point of . An earth station landing. (RR) in the fixed-satellite service or, in Instrument Landing System Glide Path. some cases, in the mobile-satellite A system of vertical guidance em- service, located at a specified fixed bodied in the instrument landing sys- point or within a specified area on land tem which indicates the vertical devi- to provide a feeder link for the mobile- ation of the aircraft from its optimum satellite service. (RR) path of descent. (RR) Land . A mobile Instrument Landing System Localizer. earth station in the land mobile-sat- A system of horizontal guidance em- ellite service capable of surface move- bodied in the instrument landing sys- ment within the geographical limits of tem which indicates the horizontal de- a country or continent. (RR) viation of the aircraft from its opti- Land Mobile-Satellite Service. A mo- mum path of descent along the axis of bile-satellite service in which mobile the runway. (RR) earth stations are located on land. Interdepartment Radio Advisory Com- (RR) mittee (IRAC). A committee of the Fed- Land Mobile Service. A mobile service eral departments, agencies, and admin- between base stations and land mobile istrations that advises NTIA in assign- stations, or between land mobile sta- ing frequencies to Federal radio sta- tions. (RR) tions and in developing and executing . A mobile station policies, programs, procedures, and in the land mobile service capable of technical criteria pertaining to the al- surface movement within the geo- location, management, and use of the graphical limits of a country or con- spectrum. The IRAC consists of a main tinent. committee, subcommittees, and sev- Land Station. A station in the mobile eral ad hoc groups that consider var- service not intended to be used while in ious aspects of spectrum management motion. (RR) policy. The FCC serves as a member of Left-Hand (or Anti-Clockwise) Polarized the Frequency Assignment Sub- Wave. An elliptically or circularly-po- committee and as Liaison Representa- larized wave, in fixed plane, normal to

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the direction of propagation, whilst ships; survival craft stations and emer- looking in the direction of propagation, gency position-indicating radiobeacon rotates with time in a left hand or stations may also participate in this anti-clockwise direction. (RR) service. (RR) Line A. Begins at Aberdeen, Wash- Maritime Mobile Service. A mobile ington running by great circle arc to service between coast stations and ship the intersection of 48° N., 120° W., stations, or between ship stations, or thence along parallel 48° N., to the between associated on-board commu- intersection of 95° W., thence by great nication stations; survival craft sta- circle arc through the southernmost tions and emergency position-indi- point of Duluth, Minn., thence by great cating radiobeacon stations may also circle arc to 45° N., 85° W., thence participate in this service. (RR) southward along meridian 85° W., to its Maritime Radionavigation-Satellite intersection with parallel 41° N., thence Service. A radionavigation-satellite along parallel 41° N., to its intersection service in which earth stations are lo- with meridian 82° W., thence by great cated on board ships. (RR) circle arc through the southernmost Maritime Radionavigation Service. A point of Bangor, Maine, thence by radionavigation service intended for great circle arc through the southern- the benefit and for the safe operation most point of Searsport, Maine, at of ships. (RR) which point it terminates. (FCC) . A transmitter in the Line B. Begins at Tofino, B.C., run- aeronautical radionavigation service ning by great circle arc to the intersec- which radiates vertically a distinctive tion of 50° N., 125° W., thence along par- pattern for providing position informa- allel 50° N., to the intersection of 90° tion to aircraft. (RR) W., thence by great circle arc to the Mean Power (of a radio transmitter). intersection of 45° N., 79°30′ W., thence The average power supplied to the an- by great circle arc through the north- tenna transmission line by a trans- ernmost point of Drummondville, Que- mitter during an interval of time suffi- bec (Lat. 45°52′ N., Long 72°30′ W.), ciently long compared with the lowest thence by great circle arc to 48°30′ N., frequency encountered in the modula- 70° W., thence by great circle arc tion taken under normal operating through the northernmost point of conditions. (RR) Compbellton, N.B., thence by great cir- Meteorological Aids Service. A radio- communication service used for mete- cle are through the northernmost point orological, including hydrological, ob- of Liverpool, N.S., at which point it servation and exploration. (RR) terminates. (FCC) Meteorological-Satellite Service. An Line C. Begins at the intersection of earth exploration-satellite service for 70° N., 144° W., thence by great circle meteorological purposes. (RR) arc to the intersection of 60° N., 143° Mobile Earth Station. An earth station W., thence by great circle arc so as to in the mobile-satellite service intended include all of the Alaskan Panhandle. to be used while in motion or during (FCC) halts at unspecified points. (RR) Line D. Begins at the intersection of Mobile-Satellite Service. A radio- ° ° 70 N., 138 W., thence by great circle communication service: ° ′ ° arc to the intersection of 61 20 N., 139 (1) Between mobile earth stations W. (Burwash Landing), thence by great and one or more space stations, or be- ° ′ circle arc to the intersection of 60 45 tween space stations used by this serv- ° N., 135 W., thence by great circle arc ice; or ° ° to the intersection of 56 N., 128 W., (2) Between mobile earth stations by ° thence south along 128 meridian to means of one or more space stations. Lat. 55° N., thence by great circle arc to the intersection of 54° N., 130° W., NOTE: This service may also include feeder thence by great circle arc to Port links necessary for its operation. (RR) Clements, thence to the Pacific Ocean Mobile Service. A radiocommunication where it ends. (FCC) service between mobile and land sta- Maritime Mobile-Satellite Service. A tions, or between mobile stations. (CV) mobile-satellite service in which mo- Mobile Station. A station in the mo- bile earth stations are located on board bile service intended to be used while

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in motion or during halts at unspec- handling and mooring instructions. ified points. (RR) (RR) Multi-Satellite Link. A radio link be- Orbit. The path, relative to a speci- tween a transmitting earth station and fied frame of reference, described by a receiving earth station through two the centre of mass of a satellite or or more satellites, without any inter- other object in space subjected pri- mediate earth station. marily to natural forces, mainly the NOTE: A multisatellite link comprises one force of gravity. (RR) up-link, one or more satellite-to-satellite Out-of-band domain (of an emission). links and one down-link. (RR) The frequency range, immediately out- side the necessary bandwidth but ex- National Telecommunications and In- formation Administration (NTIA). An cluding the spurious domain, in which agency of the United States Depart- out-of-band emissions generally pre- ment of Commerce that serves as the dominate. Out-of-band emissions, de- President’s principal advisor on tele- fined based on their source, occur in communications and information pol- the out-of-band domain and, to a lesser icy issues. NTIA manages Federal use extent, in the spurious domain. Spu- of the radio spectrum and coordinates rious emissions likewise may occur in Federal use with the FCC. NTIA sets the out-of-band domain as well as in forth regulations for Federal use of the the spurious domain. (RR) radio spectrum within its Manual of Out-of-band Emission. Emission on a Regulations & Procedures for Federal frequency or frequencies immediately Radio Frequency Management (NTIA outside the necessary bandwidth which Manual). (FCC) results from the modulation process, Necessary Bandwidth. For a given but excluding spurious emissions. (RR) class of emission, the width of the fre- Passive Sensor. A measuring instru- quency band which is just sufficient to ment in the earth exploration-satellite ensure the transmission of information service or in the space research service at the rate and with the quality re- by means of which information is ob- quired under specified conditions. (RR) tained by reception of radio waves of Non-Voice, Non-Geostationary Mobile- natural origin. (RR) Satellite Service. A mobile-satellite serv- Peak Envelope Power (of a radio trans- ice reserved for use by non-geo- mitter). The average power supplied to stationary satellites in the provision of the antenna transmission line by a non-voice communications which may transmitter during one radio frequency include satellite links between land cycle at the crest of the modulation en- earth stations at fixed locations. velope taken under normal operating Occupied Bandwidth. The width of a conditions. (RR) frequency band such that, below the Period (of a satellite). The time elaps- lower and above the upper frequency ing between two consecutive passages limits, the mean powers emitted are of a satellite through a characteristic each equal to a specified percentage point on its orbit. (RR) Beta/2 of the total mean power of a Permissible Interference.3 Observed or given emission. predicted interference which complies with quantitative interference and NOTE: Unless otherwise specified by the CCIR for the appropriate class of emission, sharing criteria contained in these the value of Beta/2 should be taken as 0.5%. [ITU Radio] Regulations or in ITU–R (RR) Recommendations or in special agree- ments as provided for in these Regula- On-Board Communication Station. A tions. (RR) low-powered mobile station in the mar- itime mobile service intended for use Port Operations Service. A maritime for internal communications on board mobile service in or near a port, be- a ship, or between a ship and its life- tween coast stations and ship stations, boats and life-rafts during lifeboat or between ship stations, in which mes- drills or operations, or for communica- sages are restricted to those relating to tion within a group of vessels being towed or pushed, as well as for line 3 See footnote under Accepted Interference.

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the operational handling, the move- . A radiodetermination system ment and the safty of ships and, in based on the comparison of reference emergency, to the safety of persons. signals with radio signals reflected, or retrainsmitted, from the position to be NOTE: Messages which are of a public cor- respondence nature shall be excluded from determined. (RR) this service. (RR) (RACON). A trans- mitter-receiver associated with a fixed . A coast station in the navigational mark which, when trig- port operations service. (RR) gered by a radar, automatically re- Power. Whenever the power of a radio turns a distinctive signal which can ap- transmitter, etc. is referred to it shall pear on the display of the triggering be expressed in one of the following radar, providing range, bearing and forms, according to the class of emis- identification information. (RR) sion, using the arbitrary symbols indi- Radiation. The outward flow of en- cated: (1) Peak envelope power (PX or pX); ergy from any source in the form of (2) Mean power (PY or pY); radio waves. (RR) (3) Carrier power (PZ or pZ). Radio. A general term applied to the use of radio waves. (RR) NOTE 1: For different classes of emission, Radio Altimeter. Radionavigation the relationships between peak envelope power, mean power and carrier power, under equipment, on board an aircraft or the conditions of normal operation and of no spacecraft or the spacecraft above the modulation, are contained in ITU–R Rec- Earth’s surface or another surface. ommendations which may be used as a guide. (RR) NOTE 2: For use in formulae, the symbol p Radio Astronomy. Astronomy based on denotes power expressed in watts and the the reception of radio waves of cosmic symbol P denotes power expressed in deci- origin. (RR) bels relative to a reference level. (RR) Radio Astronomy Service. A service in- . A radiodetermination volving the use of radio astronomy. system based on the comparison of ref- (RR) erence signals with radio signals re- Radio Astronomy Station. A station in flected from the position to be deter- the radio astronomy service. (RR) mined. (RR) Radiobeacon Station. A station in the Protection Ratio. The minimum value radionavigation service the emissions of the wanted-to-unwanted signal of which are intended to enable a mo- ratio, usually expressed in decibels, at bile station to determine its bearing or the receiver input determined under direction in relation to radiobeacon specified conditions such that a speci- station. (RR) fied reception quality of the wanted Radiocommunication. Telecommuni- signal is achieved at the receiver out- cation by means of radio waves. (CS) put. (RR) (CV) Public Correspondence. Any tele- Radiocommunication Service. A service communication which the offices and as defined in this Section involving the stations must, by reason of their being transmission, emission and/or recep- at the disposal of the public, accept for tion of radio waves for specific tele- transmission. (CS) communication purposes. Pulsed FM Systems. A pulsed FM sys- tem is a spread spectrum system in NOTE: In these [international] Radio Regu- which a RF carrier is modulated with a lations, unless otherwise stated, any radio- fixed period and fixed duty cycle se- communication service relates to terrestrial radiocommunication. (RR) quence. At the beginning of each trans- mitted pulse, the carrier frequency is Radiodetermination. The determina- frequency modulated causing an addi- tion of the position, velocity and/or tional spreading of the carrier. The other characteristics of an object, or pattern of the frequency modulation the obtaining of information relating will depend upon the spreading func- to these parameters, by means of the tion which is chosen. In some systems propagation properties of radio waves. the spreading function is a linear FM (RR) chirp sweep, sweeping either up or Radiodetermination-Satellite Service. A down in frequency. radiocommunication service for the

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purpose of radiodetermination involv- Radiotelegram. A telegram, origi- ing the use or one of more space sta- nating in or intended for a mobile sta- tions. This service may also include tion or a mobile earth station trans- feeder links necessary for its own oper- mitted on all or part of its route over ation. (RR) the radiocommunication channels of Radiodetermination Service. A radio- the mobile service or of the mobile-sat- communication service for the purpose ellite service. (RR) of radiodetermination. (RR) Radiotelemetry. Telemetry by means Radiodetermination Station. A station of radio waves. (RR) in the radiodetermination serviice. Radiotelephone Call. A telephone call, (RR) originating in or intended for a mobile Radio Direction-Finding. Radio- station or a mobile earth station, determination using the reception of transmitted on all or part of its route radio waves for the purpose of deter- over the radiocommunication channels mining the direction of a station or ob- of the mobile service or of the mobile- ject. (RR) satellite service. (RR) Radio Direction-Finding Station. A Radiotelex Call. A telex call, origi- radiodetermination station using radio nating in or intended for a mobile sta- direction-finding. (RR) tion or a mobile earth station, trans- Radiolocation. Radiodetermination mitted on all or part of its route over used for purposes other than those of the radiocommunication channels of radionavigation. (RR) the mobile service or the mobile-sat- ellite service. (RR) Radiolocation Land Station. A station Radio Waves or Hertzian Waves. Elec- in the radiolocation service not in- tromagnetic waves of frequencies arbi- tended to be used while in motion. (RR) trarily lower than 3,000 GHz, propa- Radiolocation Mobil Station. A station gated in space without aritificial in the radiolocation service intended to guide. (RR) be used while in motion or during halts Reduced Carrier Single-Sideband Emis- at unspecified points. (RR) sion. A single-sideband emission in Radiolocation Service. A radio- which the degree of carrier suppession determination service for the purpose enables the carrier to be reconstrituted of radiolocation. (RR) and to be used for demodulation. (RR) Radionavigation. Radiodetermination Reference Frequency. A frequency hav- used for the purposes of navigation, in- ing a fixed and specified position with cluding obstruction warning. respect to the assigned frequency. The Radionavigation Land Station. A sta- displacement of this frequency with re- tion in the radionavigation service not spect to the assigned frequency has the intended to be used while in motion. same absolute value and sign that the (RR) displacement of the characteristic fre- Radionavigation Mobile Station. A sta- quency has with respect to the centre tion in the radionavigation service in- of the frequency band occupied by the tended to be used while in motion or emission. (RR) during halts at unspecified points. (RR) Reflecting Satellite. A satellite in- Radionavigation-Satellite Service. A tended to reflect radiocommunication radiodetermination-satellite service signals. (RR) used for the purpose of radio- Right-Hand (or Clockwise) Polarized navigation. This service may also in- Wave. An Elliptically or circularly-po- clude feeder links necessary for its op- larized wave, in which the electric field eration. (RR) vector, observed in any fixed plane, Radionavigation Service. A radiod- normal to the direction of propagation, etermination service for the purpose of whilst looking in the direction of prop- radionavigation. (RR) agation, rotates with time in a right- . An automatic radio hand or clockwise direction. (RR) transmitter in the meteorological aids . Any service usually carried on an aircraft, radiocommunication service used per- free ballon, kite or parachute, and manently or temporarily for the safe- which transmits meteorological data. guarding of human life and property. (RR) (RR)

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Satellite. A body which revolves alternatively in each direction of a around another body of preponderant telecommunication channel, for exam- mass and which has a motion primarily ple, by means of manual control. 5 (RR) and permanently determined by the Single-Sideband Emission. An ampli- force of attraction of that other body. tude modulated emission with one side- (RR) band only. (RR) Satellite Link. A radio link between a Software defined radio. A radio that transmitting earth station and a re- includes a transmitter in which the op- ceiving earth station through one sat- erating parameters of frequency range, ellite. A satellite link comprises one modulation type or maximum output up-link and one down-link. (RR) power (either radiated or conducted), Satellite Network. A satellite system or the circumstances under which the or a part of a satellite system, con- transmitter operates in accordance sisting of only one satellite and the co- with Commission rules, can be altered operating earth stations. (RR) by making a change in software with- Satellite System. A space system using out making any changes to hardware one or more artificial earth satellites. components that affect the radio fre- (RR) quency emissions. Secondary Radar. A radiodetermin- Spacecraft. A man-made vehicle ation system based on the comparison which is intended to go beyond the of reference signals with radio signals major portion of the Earth’s atmos- retransmitted from the position to be phere. (RR) determined. (RR) . A radio- Semi-Duplex Operation.4 A method communication service concerned ex- which is simplex operation on one end clusively with the operation of space- of the circuit and duplex operation at craft, in particular space tracking, the other. (RR) space telemetry, and space tele- Simplex Operation.4 Operating method command. in which transmission is made possible NOTE: These functions will normally be alternatively in each direction of a provided within the service in which the telecommunication channel, for exam- space station is operating. (RR) ple, by means of manual control. Space Radiocommunication. Any radio- . A mobile earth communication involving the use of station in the maritime mobile-sat- one or more space stations or the use ellite service located on board ship. of one or more reflecting satellites or (RR) other objects in space. (RR) Ship Movement Service. A safety serv- Space Research Service. A radio- ice in the maritime mobile service communication service in which space- other than a port operations service, craft or other objects in space are used between coast stations and ship sta- for scientific or technological research tions, or between ship stations, in purposes. (RR) which messages are restricted to those Space Station. A station located on an relating to the movement of ships. object which is beyond, is intended to Messages which are of a public cor- go beyond, or has been beyond, the respondence nature shall be excluded major portion of the Earth’s atmos- from this service. (RR) phere. (RR) Ship’s Emergency Transmitter. A ship’s Space System. Any group of cooper- transmitter to be used exclusively on a ating Earth stations and/or space sta- distress frequency for distress, urgency tions employing space radio- or safety purposes. (RR) communication for specific purposes. . A mobile station in the (RR) maritime mobile service located on Space Telecommand. The use of radio- board a vessel which is not perma- communication for the transmission of nently moored, other than a survival signals to a space station to initiate, craft station. (RR) modify or terminate functions of Simplex Operation. Operating method equipment on a space object, incuding in which transmission is made possible the space station. (RR)

4 See footnote under Duplex Operation. 5 (See footnote under Duplex Operations.)

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Space Telemetry. The use of telemetry specified frequencies, time signals, or for transmission for a space station of both, of stated high precision, intended results of measurements made in a for general reception. (RR) spacecraft, including those relating to Standard Frequency and Time Signal the functioning of the spacecraft. (RR) Station. A station in the standard fre- Space Tracking. Determination of the quency and time signal service. (RR) orbit, velocity or instanteneous posi- Station. One or more transmitters or tion of an object in space by means of receivers or a combination of transmit- radiodetermination, excluding primary ters and receivers, including the acces- radar, for the purpose of following the sory equipment, necessary at one loca- movement of the object. (RR) tion for carrying on a radio- Special Service. A radio- communication service, or the radio communication service, not otherwise astronomy service. defined in this Section, carried on ex- clusively for specific needs of general NOTE: Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently utility, and not open to public cor- or temporarily. (RR) respondence. (RR) Spread Spectrum Systems. A spread Suppressed Carrier Single-Sideband spectrum system is an information Emission. A single-sideband emission in bearing communications system in which the carrier is virtually sup- which: (1) Information is conveyed by pressed and not intended to be used for modulation of a carrier by some con- demodulation. (RR) ventional means, (2) the bandwidth is Survival Craft Station. A mobile sta- deliberately widened by means of a tion in the maritime mobile service or spreading function over that which the aeronautical mobile service in- would be needed to transmit the infor- tended solely for survival purposes and mation alone. (In some spread spec- located on any lifeboat, life-raft or trum systems, a portion of the infor- other survival equipment. (RR) mation being conveyed by the system Telecommand. The use of tele- may be contained in the spreading communication for the transmission of function.) signals to initiate, modify or terminate Spurious domain (of an emission): The functions of equipment at a distance. frequency range beyond the out-of- (RR) band domain in which spurious emis- Telecommunication. Any transmission, sions generally predominate. (RR) emission or reception of signs, signals, Spurious Emission. Emission on a fre- writings, images and sounds or intel- quency or frequencies which are out- ligence of any nature by wire, radio, side the necessary bandwidth and the optical or other electromagnetic sys- level of which may be reduced without tems. (CS) affecting the corresponding trans- Telegram. Written matter intended to mission of information. Spurious emis- be transmitted by telegraphy for deliv- sions include harmonic emissions, ery to the addressee. This term also in- parasitic emissions, intermodulation cludes radiotelegrams unless otherwise products and frequency conversion specified. (CS) products, but exclude out-of-band emis- NOTE: In this definition the term teleg- sions. (RR) raphy has the same general meaning as de- Standard Frequency and Time Signal- fined in the Convention. Satellite Service. A radiocommunication Telegraphy.5 A form of telecommuni- service using space stations on earth cation in which the transmitted infor- satellites for the same purposes as mation is intended to be recorded on those of the standard frequency and arrival as a graphic document; the time signal service. transmitted information may some- times be presented in an alternative NOTE: This service may also include feeder links necessary for its operation. (RR) 5 A graphic document records information Standard Frequency and Time Signal in a permanent form and is capable of being Service. A radiocommunication service filed and consulted; it may take the form of for scientific, technical and other pur- written or printed matter or of a fixed poses, providing the transmission of image.

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form or may be stored for subsequent Unwanted Emissions. Consist of spu- use. (CS) rious emissions and out-of-band emis- Telemetry. The use of telecommuni- sions. (RR) cation for automatically indicating or [49 FR 2368, Jan. 19, 1984, as amended at 50 recording measurements at a distance FR 25239, June 18, 1985; 51 FR 37399, Oct. 22, from the measuring instrument. (RR) 1986; 52 FR 7417, Mar. 11, 1987; 54 FR 49980, Telephony. A form of telecommuni- Dec. 4, 1990; 55 FR 28761, July 13, 1990; 56 FR cation primarily intended for the ex- 42703, Aug. 29, 1991; 58 FR 68058, Dec. 23, 1993; 62 FR 26242, May 13, 1997; 65 FR 60109, Oct. 10, change of information in the form of 2000; 66 FR 50840, Oct. 5, 2001; 68 FR 74330, speech. (CS) Dec. 23, 2003; 70 FR 23039, May 4, 2005; 70 FR Television. A form of telecommuni- 46583, Aug. 10, 2005] cation for the transmission of tran- sient images of fixed or moving ob- Subpart B—Allocation, Assign- jects. (RR) ment, and Use of Radio Fre- Terrestrial Radiocommunication. Any quencies radiocommunication other than space

radiocommunication or radio astron- SOURCE: 49 FR 2373, Jan. 19, 1984, unless omy. (RR) otherwise noted. Terrestrial Station. A station effecting terrestrial radiocommunication. § 2.100 International regulations in force. NOTE: In these [international Radio] Regu- The ITU Radio Regulations, edition of lations, unless otherwise stated, any station is a terrestrial station. (RR) 2004, have been incorporated to the ex- tent practicable in Subparts A and B of Time Hopping Systems. A time hopping this part. system is a spread spectrum system in [70 FR 46583, Aug. 10, 2005] which the period and duty cycle of a pulsed RF carrier are varied in a § 2.101 Frequency and wavelength pseudorandom manner under the con- bands. trol of a coded sequence. Time hopping (a) The radio spectrum shall be sub- is often used effectively with frequency divided into nine frequency bands, hopping to form a hybrid time-division, which shall be designated by progres- multiple-access (TDMA) spread spec- sive whole numbers in accordance with trum system. the following table. As the unit of fre- Transponder. A transmitter-receiver quency is the hertz (Hz), frequencies facility the function of which is to shall be expressed: transmit signals automatically when (1) In kilohertz (kHz), up to and in- the proper interrogation is received. cluding 3 000 kHz; (FCC) (2) In megahertz (MHz), above 3 MHz, Tropospheric Scatter. The propagation up to and including 3 000 MHz; of radio waves by scattering as a result (3) In gigahertz (GHz), above 3 GHz, of irregularities or discontinuities in up to and including 3 000 GHz. the physical properties of the tropo- (b) However, where adherence to sphere. (RR) these provisions would introduce seri- ous difficulties, for example in connec- tion with the notification and registra- tion of frequencies, the lists of fre- quencies and related matters, reason- able departures may be made.

Metric Band Symbols Frequency range (lower limit Corresponding metric subdivision abbreviations number exclusive, upper limit inclusive) for the bands

4 ...... VLF ...... 3 to 30 kHz ...... Myriametric waves ...... B.Mam 5 ...... LF ...... 30 to 300 kHz ...... Kilometric waves ...... B.km 6 ...... MF ...... 300 to 3 000 kHz ...... Hectometric waves ...... B.hm 7 ...... HF ...... 3 to 30 MHz ...... Decametric waves ...... B.dam 8 ...... VHF ...... 30 to 300 MHz ...... Metric waves ...... B.m 9 ...... UHF ...... 300 to 3 000 MHz ...... Decimetric waves ...... B.dm

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