World Meteorological Organization Annual Report

Home , Coast earth station, Ship earth station

WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION 1985

WMO - No. 656

NOTE

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. CONTENTS

Foreword ...... XIII

List of abbreviations •••••.••••.••.••.....•..••...••..••••.•.••.•••••• XV

PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW

Introduction 1

General ...... 1

Second Long-term Plan •••.•.•.••.•..•..•••••..•.•...•.•....•.••..•.•.•• 1

Meeting of the presidents of technical commissions •••.•..•...•.....••. 2

Other activities •••.••...••••••.••.•...••.•.••.•.•.••.••••...••...•.•• 2

World ------Weather Watch .••••••••.••...••••.•.•••••..•••.....•.••.•..•.•••. 2

~oEIQ gl!.m~t~ ~r2gEa~~ ..••.•••.••...•.•.....••••••••...... •.••.•..••• 4

PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

!n!:r2d~:!c!:i2n ...•.••.•••...•...... •...... •.•...... •.•..•.•.....•..•.••. 12

!n!:egr~t~d_~_Sys!:e~ ~t!:!dy •....•.•.....•....•...... •...... •.•. 14

Conduct of ISS .•.••.•..•.•.•••..•....•..•.•.•..•..•.•...•....•...•.•.• 14

The draft WWW Plan •.•.•.•••..••••...•...•.....•..•....••..••.•....•.•• 15 IV CONTENTS

The draft WWW Implementation Programme ...... •...... •.•• 16

Optimized observing systems ...... 16

General 17

Review of the activities of WMO constituent bodies relating to the GOS 18

Implementation of the various components of the GOS 19

Surface-based sub-system ...... •... 19

Space-based sub-system ...... •••..•••...... ••...... -. . • ...... 25

General ....•...... •••.... 27

Publication of GDPS regulatory and guidance material...... 28

Activities of the CBS Working Group on the GDPS and the Working Group on Codes...... • • ...... • • • • 28

Regional activities related to the GDPS and codes ...... •.•• 32

Antarctic meteorology ...•.....•..•.•••...... •...... ••.• 32

General 32

Review of the activities of WMO constituent bodies relating to the GTS 33

Implementation of the Global Telecommunication System •..••..•••...... 35

Implementation of non-rea I-time monitoring surveys ...... 39

Annual global moni tor ing ...... •...••...•...... •.. 39

WWW operational information service ...... 43

Introduction ...... •...... •..• 43

General component ...•...•...... •...•...... 44

Regional component ...... •..•..••...... •...... ••...... •••...... 45 CONTENTS v

ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee 46

WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones ...... 47

RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Ocean...... 47

RA IV Hurricane Committee ...... 48

Co-operation with other organizations ...... 49

General ...... 49

Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation ...... 50

Activities of CIMO working groups 51

Organization of international and regional comparisons ...... 51

Third WMO Technical Conference on Instruments and Methods of Observation ...... •...... 52

Training Workshop for Instrument Specialists ...... 52

PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

Introduction ...... 53

------Overall co-ordination of the WCP ...... •...... 53

~o£IQ gl~m~t~ Qa~a_P£og:r~~e ...... 56

Plan for the WCDP ...... 56

WCDP implementation ...... 56

Data and exchange requirements ...... 57

Assistance to countries to improve/upgrade climate data management systems/services (national, sub-regional, regional) 57

DARE (data rescue) 58

CLICOM transfer of technology in climate data processing and user services ...... 58 VI CONTENTS

INFOCLIMA (referral information on climate data sources, data sets and station networks) ...... ••...... •...... ••...... 59

Climate system monitoring (CSM) ...... •.•.. 59

Reference global climate data set (CLIREF) ...... •...... • 59

~o!:l~ gl!.m~t~ ~P.el!.c~tiO!!s_P!:ogr~IIl!!!e ...... 60

WCAP - Food and WCAP - Water ...... 60

WCAP - Energy ..•...... ••...... •...... 60

Urban and building climatology ...... 62

Climate and human health ...... •...... •...... •...... 62

Climatic atlases ...... ••...•...... 63

World Weather Records •...... •••..•..•...... •...... 63

~o!:l~ glim~t~ ge~e~r~h_P!:ogr~~e ...... •..•...... 64

Introduction ...... •...... •.....•.... 64

Global climate analysis and model development ...... '...... • ...... 65

Research on climate processes •..•...... •...... 67

Study of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) ...... 68

World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) ...... ••....•...•....•..... 70

S'tudy of climate forcings ...... •...... •...•...... • 71

PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Introduction ...... •.. 74

General ...... 74

Short- and medium-range weather~prediction research ...... 75

Long-range weather forecasting research ...... 16

'!'r2pic~1_m~t~o!:o!og:y .•....•...... •...... 77 CONTENTS VII

CAS Working Group on Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution ...... 78

Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network (BAPMoN) ...... 79

Transport and dispension of atmospheric pollutants on different time and space scales ...... 79

Exchange of pollutants between various environmental compartments and integrated monitoring ...... 80

Support to the global ozone observing system •...... 80

Weather modification research ...... 80

§.uI2p2r:!:.i!!g_a~t!.vit!.e~ ...... •...... 81

Conference on the Results of the Global Weather Experiment and Their Implications for the World Weather Watch (Geneva, May 1985) ..•.•.•.• 81

Scientific Conference on the Results of the Alpine Experiment (ALPEX) (Venice, October 1985) ...•..•••.•...... •.•..•...••.•.••...•....•. 82

PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

Introduction ...... •...... 83

General ...... •...... •...... 83

Commission for Agricultural Meteorology 83

Medium-term missions in agrometeorology 84

Roving seminars ...... •...... 85

Symposium ...... •....•...... 85

Training course ...... 85

Workshops ...... 85

Seminar ...... 85

Co-operation with other international organizations ...... 86

Fisheries ...... •...... •...... 86

Regional activities in agrometeorology ...... •....•. 86 VIII CONTENTS

Drought and desertification •...... ••.....••...•...••. 87

Publications ...... •...... •...... •...... •...... 87

Introduction ...... ••...... •...... •. 88

Commission for Marine Meteorology ...... •...... 88

Marine meteorological services ...... •...... •...... 88

Marine climatology ...... ••.•...... •...... •••..•. 89

Marine t,elecommunications ...... •...•...... •...... •.... 89

Sea ice ...... •...... 90

Specialized education and training activities in the field of marine meteorology ...... 91

Techniques for marine observation and forecasting .....•••...... •..•. 91

Publ ica tions...... • ...... • . . • ...... • . . . . 92

The Second Long-term Plan 92

Contribution to the Ocean Observing Systems Development Programme ...•. 92

Drifting Buoy Co-operation Panel ...... •...... •..•.... 93

Ocean acti vi ties ...... •...... •...... •.... 93

Integrated Global Ocean Services System •...... •...... 93

General ...... •...... •...... 96

Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology...... 96

Regulatory material ...... •. 97

Guidance material ...... •. 97

World Area Forecast System (WAFS) ...... 97

Co-operation with lCAO ...... •...... 97

PART 6 - HYDROLOGY A~ WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME

Introduction 99 CONTENTS IX

Operational Hydrology Programme (OHP) •...... ••...••....•...... ••..... 99

Meetings of CHy working groups ....•...... •.•...... 99

Hydrological publications ...... •....•..•...... 100

Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS) ...... 100

Regional co-operation in hydrology 102

Tropical Cyclone Programme ...... •...... •.... 103

World Climate Programme ...... 103

go=oEe£a~iQn_witQ ~a~e£-£ela~eQ ErQg£a~~s_of QtQe£ in~e£n~tiogal Qrgagi~a~iQn~ ...... •...... 103

Co-operation with the International Hydrology Programme (IHP) of" Unesco 103

Co-operation with other international organizations ....•...... 104

PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME

---Introduction-- ...... 106

!:ellQw~hip~ ...... •...... •...... III

goll~bQr~tiog ~i~h_o~h~r_igt~rga~iQn~l_o£g~niz~tiogs_ig ~h~ fi~lQ Qf ~d!:!c~tiog ~nQ ~r~igi~g ...... 112

PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

------Introduction ...... 113

General ..•...... •...... 113

Projects implemented in 1985 .•...... •...... •...•••...•... 113 x CONTENTS

Sectoral advisers ...... ;...... ll3

General ll3

Sununary of contributions to the VCP . •...... • . . . . . • ...... ll3

Projects approved for circulation in 1985 (training projects excluded) 115

Status of implementation of VCP projects ...... •.... ll5

Expert services ...... •...... •.. 115

VCP training projects ...... •...... 116 gegu!a;: QU9g~t .....•...... •.•...... 116

!r!!s!:.-fll!!dy!.:oi eQt.§. ..•...•...... 116

Associate experts ...... ••...... •...... 116

Uni ted Nations Volunteers .•...... 117

Statistical data ...... •....•.. 117

PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

------Introduction ...... •...... •.•...... •...... ••.....• 124 geg iQn~l_ a.§.sQc.~a!:. iQn.§. •...... •.•••••...... •...... 124

Regional Association IV (North and Central America) ....•...... 124

Second Technical Conference on Management of Meteorological Services in Africa ...... 127

North Atlantic Ocean Stations ...... 128

~uQlic~tiO!!s_P!.:ogr~IIl!!!e ...... •...... 129

General ...... 129

Mandatory publications ...... •..... 129

Program.'lle-supporting publications •...... •...... 131 CONTENTS XI

Meetings held in 1985 132

Programme of meetings 132

Use of WMO conference facilities by other organizations or bodies ..... 132

------Public information ...... 133 General ...... •...... •...... 133

World Meteorological Day .•...... 133

Co-operation with the media ...... •...... 134

Film loan service 134

Other public information activities 134

PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

Composition of the Organization ...... •...... 136

Introduction .•...... •...... •...... 137

Relations with the United Nations and its subsidiary bodies ...... 138

Relations with other international organizations ...... •...... 139

Administration 140

Financial matters ...... 140

Staff matters ...... 143

* * XII CONTENTS

ANNEXES

I Members of the World Meteorological Organization 145

II Membership of the Executive Council and Officers of regional associations and technical commissions ...... 148

III Index of technical assistance provided in 1985 ...... 152

IV Technical assistance projects implemented in 1985 under UNDP and trust-fund arrangements ...... •...... 156

V Contributions to the WMO Voluntary Co-operation Programme

I Members' contributions to the WMO Voluntary Co-operation Programme in 1985 ...... •...... 200

II Members' contributions to the VCP on a bilateral basis in 1985 ...... •...... •...... 208

III UNEP contributions in support of VCP projects for the establishment of BAPMoN stations in 1985 ...... 210

VI Committees, panels of experts, working groups and rapporteurs of WMO constituent bodies •...... •...... 211

VII WMO publications issued in 1985 ...... 218

VIII Distribution of staff by nationality ...... •...... 223 FOREWORD

This Annual Report places on record an account of the many and varied activities carried out by the World Meteorological Organization during the year. At the same time, it serves as a document for the annual session of the Executive Council of the Organization.

The present report refers to activities during the year 1985, which was the second year of the present four-year financial period 1984-1987. The programme and budget for this period were established by the Ninth World Meteorological Congress, held in 1983.

The report follows the previous practice of commencing with a brief general review, which is contained in Part 1. This is followed by detailed information on the activities in each of the main programmes: the World Weather Watch (Part 2), World Climate Programme (Part 3), Research and Development Programme (Part 4), Applications of Meteorology Programme (Part 5), Hydrology and Water Resources Programme (Part 6), Education and Training Programme (Part 7), and Technical Co-operation (Part 8). The two remaining parts deal with other technical and supporting activities (Part 9) and external relations, legal and administrative matters (Part 10).

As in previous years, the report is illustrated with a number of photographs.

(G. O. P. Obasi) Secretary-General

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACC Administrative Committee on Co-ordination

ACCAD Advisory Committee for the World Climate Applications and Data Programmes

ACSAD Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands ACSAZADL

AGRHYMET Regional Training Centre for Agrometeorology and Operational Hydrology and their Applications (programme for the Sahelian countries)

AlREP Aircraft weather report

AIT Asian Institute of Technology

ALPEX Alpine Experiment

ANMET Antilles Meteorological Telecommunications Network

APT Automatic picture transmission

ASAP Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme

ASDAR Aircraft-to-satellite data relay

ASEAN Association of South-east Asian Nations

AVHRR Advanced very high resolution radiometer

BAPMoN Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network

BATHY Bathythermographic observation

B/UAN Baseline upper-air network

CAeM Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology

CAgM Commission for Agricultural Meteorology

CAL Computer-assisted learning

CARS Climate Applications Referral System

CAS Commission for Atmospheric Sciences

CBS Commission for Basic Systems

CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee

CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee XVI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CCCO Committee for Climate Changes and the Ocean

CCl Commission for Climatology

CEC Commission of the European Communities

CEMET Central American Meteorological Telecommunication Network

CES Coast earth station

CFCs Chloro-fluorocarbons

CHy Commission for Hydrology

CIE Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage

CIEH Comite Interafricaine d'Etudes Hydrauliques

CILSS Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel

CIMO Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation

CLICOM Climate computing

CLlREF Reference global climate data set

CMM Commission for Marine Meteorology

COSNA Composite Observing System for the North Atlantic

COS PAR Committee for Space Research

CRRH Comit~ Regional de Recursos Hidraulicos

CRS Climate Reference Station

CSM Climate system monitoring

DARE Data rescue

DCP Data-collection platform

DESCON Consultative Group on Desertification Control

DST Direct sounding transmission

EAMAC African School of Meteorology and Civil Aviation

EC Executive Council

ECA Economic Commission for Africa

ECE Economic Commission for Europe

ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XVII

ECMWF European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts

BEe European Economic Community

EGC Enhanced Group Call

EMEP Co-operative Programme for the Monitoring and Evaluation of Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (ECE)

ENOS European Network of Ocean Stations

ENSO El Nino/Southern Oscillation

ESA European Space Agency

ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FGGE First GARP Global Experiment (also known as the Global Weather Experiment)

FGl-IDSS Future Global Maritime Distress and Safety System

FINNIDA Finnish International Development Agency

FIT Funds in trust

GARP Global Atmospheric Research Programme

GATE GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment

GDPS Global Data-processing System

GEMS Global Environmental Monitoring System

GESAMP Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution

GMS Geostationary Meteorological Satellite

GMT Greenwich Mean Time

GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

GOS Global Observing System

GRID Global Resource Information Data Base (GEMS)

GTS Global Telecommunication System

HNRC HOMS National Reference Centre

HOMS Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme XVIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

HRM HOMS Reference Manual

HRPT High-resolution picture transmission lARA International Atomic Energy Agency lARS International Association of Hydrological Sciences

IAMAP International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics

IAPSO International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IUGG) lATA International Air Transport Association

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ICRISAT International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics

ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions

IDPSS lGOSS Data-processing and Services System

I FAD International Fund for Agricultural Development lGOSS Integrated Global Ocean Services System

IHP International Hydrological Programme

IMO International Maritime Organization

IMO International Meteorological Organization (predecessor WMO)

INFOCLlMA World Climate Data Information Referral Service

INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization

INTERPOLL Interchange of Pollutants between the Atmosphere and the Oceans

IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission lOS lGOSS Observing System

IPC International Pyrheliometer Comparison

IPF Indicative planning figures

IPM Informal Planning Meeting

IR Infra~red

IRRI International Rice Research Institute

ISCCP International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project

ISLPP lGOSS Sea-level Pilot Project in the Pacific Ocean LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XIX

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ISS Integrated WWW System Study

ITA lGOSS Telecommunications Arrangements

ITOS Improved TIROS Operational Satellite

ITPO International TOGA Project Office

ITU International Telecommunication Union

IUGG International Union for Geodesy and Geophysics

JIU Joint Inspection Unit

JOC Joint Organizing Committee

JPS Joint Planning Staff

JSC Joint Scientific Committee

LRCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

LTP Long-term Plan

MEDI Marine Environmental Data and Information Referral System

MEDPOL Long-term Programme for Pollution Monitoring and Research in the Mediterranean

METNO Advance telegraphic notification relating to the operation of the WWW

~S Marine Meteorological Services

MSC Meteorological Synthesizing Centres

Main Telecommunication Network

NAOS North Atlantic ocean stations

NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA

~C National Forecasting Centre

~C National Meteorological Centre

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

NRSE Interagency Group on New and Renewable Sources of Energy

~P Numerical weather prediction

OAU Organization of African Unity xx LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

OCAP Operating Consortium of ASDAR Participants

OHP Operational Hydrology Programme

OOSDP Ocean Observing Systems Development Programme

OPAS Operational assistance

OWS Ocean weather ship

OWSE Operational WWW Systems Evaluation

PEP Precipitation Enhancement Project

PLRF Programme on Long-range Forecasting Research

PSMP Programme on Short- and Medium-range Weather-prediction Research

RA Regional association

RB Regular budget

RMC Regional Meteorological Centre

RMTC Regional Meteorological Training Centre

RSMC Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre

RTH Regional Telecommunication Hub

SAC Scientific Advisory Committee (UNEP)

SADCC Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference

SATCC Southern African Transport and Communications Commission

SCOR Scientific Committee on Oce~nic Rese~rch

SES Ship earth station

SLTP Second WMO Long-term Plan

SOC Specialized Oceanographic Centre

TCDC Technical co-operation among developing countries

TCP Tropical Cyclone Programme

TECOMAC Technical Conference on Observation and Measurement of Atmospheric Contaminants

TEE Telecommunication and electronics expert

T.l!:MIA Training, education and mutual assistance (IGOSS)

TESAC Temperature, salinity and current observation LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XXI

TF Trust fund

TMP Tropical Meteorology Programme

TOGA Tropical Ocean and Global Atmospheric Study

TOPE}{ Typhoon Operational Experiment

TOVS TIROS operational vertical sounder

TSU Technical Support Unit

UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNDRO Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Co-ordinator

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

Unesco United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research

UNSO United Nations Sudano-Sahel ian Office

UNV United Nations Volunteer

UPS Uninterruptible power supply

UV Ultra-violet

VCA Voluntary contributions account

VCP Voluntary Co-operation Programme

VCP(ES) Voluntary Co-operation Programme (Equipment and Services)

VCP(F) Voluntary Co-operation Programme (Fund)

VIS Visible

VOS Voluntary observing ships

WAFS World Area Forecast System

WCAP World Climate Applications Programme

WCDP World Climate Data Programme

WCIP World Climate Impact Studies Programme

WCP World Climate Programme

WCRP World Climate Research Programme XXII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

WEC World Energy Conference

WEFAX Weather facsimile

WHO World Health Organization

WIFMA Advance telegraphic notification relating to the operation of the Marine Meteorological Services

WMC World Meteorological Centre

WMO World Meteorological Organization

WOCE World Ocean Circulation Experiment www World Weather Watch

XBT Expendable bathythermograph PAR T 1

GENERAL REVIEW

INTRODUCTION

General

The World Meteorological Organization operates on a four-year budgetary system and the year under review was the first year of the ninth financial period (1984-1987). The programme of activities of the Organization and the maximum expenditures for the period were approved by the Ninth World Meteorological Congress (Geneva, 1983). Being the second year of this four-year period, 1985 was one of considerable activity and consolidation.

The Executive Council held its annual session to review the Organization's acti vi ties since its previous session and to adopt the annual programme and budget for 1986. Following the decision of Ninth Congress, the presidents of the WMO technical commissions were again invited to take part in the Council session. On this occasion the Council conducted in~depth reviews, as requested by Ninth Congress, of the programmes of the Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology (CAeM) and the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS). Another item of importance considered by the Council was the long-term planning of the Organization's scientific and technical programmes.

Sessions of four other constituent bodies of the Organization were held, namely: the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation, the Commission for Basic Systems, Regional Association IV (North and Central America) and the Commission for Climatology. Such sessions, normally held at four-yearly intervals, are important events in the life of the Organization.

Second WMO Long-term Plan

The Executive Council Working Group on Long-term Planning held its second session in Geneva, from 28 February to 7 March 1985. This session laid down the main principles to guide the preparation of the SecondWMO Long-term Plan for the period 1988-1997. The thirty-seventh session of the Executive Council, in June 1985, endorsed those principles and in the following months the draft of the Second WMO Long-term Plan was completed.

The extraordinary session of the Commission for Basic Systems (CBS) (Hamburg, 21 October 1 November 1985), the ninth session of Regional Association IV (San Jose, 25 November - 6 December 1985) and the ninth session of the Commission for Climatology (CCI) (Geneva, 2-13 December 1985) discussed the contents of the Second WMO Long-term Plan and made specific suggestions for its further development. The draft plan will be reviewed in January 1986 by the third session of the EC Working Group on Long-term Planning.

Towards the end of 1985, the plan was circulated to Members and during the first few months of 1986 further inputs will be received from the sessions of Regional Associations V and III. In the light of inputs received, the thirty-eighth session of the Executive Council will provide guidance on the 2 PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW

finalization of the plan which will subsequently be submitted to Tenth Congress in 1987 for approval.

The main thrust of the plan is the modernization of the World Weather Watch (WWW) system and a number of improvements are envisaged in the area of Members' co-operative arrangements, to enable them to benefit from advanced technology. During 1985 negotiations were conducted in Africa, South America and South-East Asia to identify feasible plans for establishing Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in those Regions. These centres will make the benefits of using advanced technology accessible to a number of countries, which, on their own, would clearly not be able to bear the associated costs. If this undertaking is successful, the establishment of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres will bring about a major break-through in international co-operation in meteorology.

Meeting of the presidents of technical commissions

In accordance with the decision of the Executive Council that a meeting of the presidents of all the technical commissions should be held on an annual basis, the 1985 meeting was held in Geneva from 6 to 8 November under the chairmanship of Mr. Zou Jingmeng, Second Vice-President of WMO. A major item on the agenda was the review of the preparation of the Second WMO Long-term Plan. Proposals emanating from the meeting will be considered by the Council as appropriate.

Other activities

The following sections of the general review summarize the principal activities in the programmes of WMO during 1984. They are followed by a brief description of other technical and supporting activities and information on external relations and on legal and administrative matters. More detailed information on the activities referred to in Part 1 is contained in the subsequent parts of the report.

WORLD WEATHER WATCH

The World Weather Watch is the basic programme of WMO, providing support for nearly all the other programmes, in the fields of both applications and research, as well as for several international programmes undertaken jointly with other organizations. The essential elements of the WWW are the Global Observing System (GOS), whereby observational data are obtained; the Global Data-processing System (GDPS), which provides for the processing, storage and retrieval of observational data and makes available processed information; and the Global Telecommunication System (GTS), which provides the telecommunication facilities and arrangements for the rapid collection, exchange and distribution of observational and processed information.

The facilities offered by WMO were increasingly solicited, both by Members 1:0 enable them to fulfil their national and international responsibilities and by other programmes for operational support of their growing activities. PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW 3

The implementation and operation of the WWW were carried out along the lines set forth in the WWW plan for 1984-1987 adopted by Ninth Congress, which had decided to include two new and important features, namely the Integrated WWW System Study (ISS) and the Implementation Support Acti vi ty. The main object of the former is to provide for an improved and fully integrated WWW plan up to the year 2000, together with a detailed implementation programme. The object of the latter is to support Members in the establishment and operation of WWW facilities.

CBS took the leading role J.n the complex studies involved J.n this work, spanning the entire scope of the WWW, and was supported by WMO Members, other technical commissions, the regional associations, many experts and other international organizations concerned. The preparation of the draft WWW plan and the WWW implementation programme for the years 1986-1991 was completed. Important steps were also taken to set up the WWW Implementation Support Activity in accordance with the guidelines approved by Congress.

The facilities within the three essential components of the w~, namely the GOS, GDPS and GTS, were considerably upgraded in order to make available improved high-quality observations and products to Members, thereby assisting them in providing meteorological services required for the socio-economic development of their countries.

The meteorological satellite systems operated by certain Members and the European Space Agency (ESA) continued to provide valuable input into the GOS for extensive use by Members in their day-to-day operational work. Encouraging progress was made in the activities for the development of observing systems involving new technology in order to improve the global coverage of observational data, especially from the oceans and from other remote and data-sparse areas. In this connection, mention should be made of. the aircraft-to-satellite data relay (ASDAR) system for automatic meteorological observations from the wide-bodied commercial aircraft, the Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme (ASAP) for upper-air observations from merchant ships and drifting buoy systems. The introduction of these observing systems into the WWW as an integral part of the GOS appears promising and while some systems are in operational use at present, full implementation is expected in 1986-1987.

Activities relating to the GDPS progressed satisfactorily in both real-time and non-real-time services. Steps were taken wi thin the GDPS to develop standardized numerical weather-prediction (NWP) verification procedures and monitoring of the quality of observational data, on which recommendations were adopted by CBS/Ext. (85). A WMO bit-oriented exchange format FM 92-VIII Ext. GRIB (Gridded Binary) for exchange of processed data in the form of grid-point values was developed and adopted by CBS/Ext. (85).

Further improvement in the operation of the GTS was achieved through the upgrading of circuits, making them capable of high-speed data transmission, the use of multiplexed channels and the progressive automation of centres for handling increased volumes of traffic. In addition, the use of a satellite-based communication system is under study by CBS. The development of new telecommunication protocols and procedures for the mode of operation of telecommunication circuits, developed by CCITT and ISO, and their partial introduction into the GTS resulted in a considerable increase in its capacity and capability in some parts of the WWW system. 4 PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW

The WWW plan adopted by Congress includes prov1S10n for monitoring the operation of the WWW with a view to maintaining the effectiveness of this Programme on global, regional and national levels, and taking appropriate remedial measures to remove any deficiency. This activity was accordingly carried out with the participation of Members as necessary.

The Tropical Cyclone Programme (TCP) aims at establishing national and regionally co-ordinated systems to ensure that the loss of life, disruption of economic activity and damage caused by tropical cyclones are reduced to a m1n1mum. Its work is carried out in close relation to the WWW Programme, which provides the basic facilities for the detection, forecasting and warning of tropical cyclones. Ninth Congress reaffirmed that high priority should be given to the TCP. The major activities within the TCP are carried out through two intergovernmental bodies: the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee and the WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones; and two working groups of Regional Associations: the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean and the RA IV Hurricane Committee. An ESCAP/WMO Meeting on the Establishment of a Cyclone Council for the South Pacific, held in Vanuatu in February 1985, proposed that such a body be called the RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific, as a working group of Regional Association V and as the fifth regional tropical cyclone body of the TCP. The Executive Council (June 1985) welcomed this initiative and authorized the president of RA V to establish this working group.

The Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme, which is co-ordinated by the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO) and aims at ensuring high quality of observational data, also functions in close association with the WWW Programme. The Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation held its ninth session in Ottawa. The emphasis of the programme was on the organization and conduct of important global intercomparisons of instruments and on the planning and organization of a technical conference (TECIMO-III) and workshops to improve the transfer of knowledge in the field instruments and methods of observation. Within CIMO activities aimed at updating regulatory and guidance material and the development of algorithms for automated surface and upper-air measurements and of new standards for quality of data were maintained at a high level.

WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

The objectives of the World Climate Programme (WCP), which was accorded a high priority by Ninth Congress, are to aid nations in the application of climate information to human activities, to improve the knowledge of climate processes and to develop the capability to foresee changes of climate which may affect human activities.

The WCP has four components, namely: (a) the World Climate Data Programme (WCDP); (b) the World Climate Applications Programme (WCAP); (c) the World Climate Impact Studies Programme (WCIP); and (d) the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). WMO is responsible for the overall co-ordination of the entire Programme as well as for the planning and execution of the first two components. The responsibility for the WCIP rests with UNEP in collaboration with WMO, and the WCRP is conducted jointly by WMO and ICSU. The whole Programme has a wide scope and depends on co-operation with many international bodies, governmental and non-governmental. Ninth Congress approved the institutional arrangements for the overall co-ordination of the PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW 5

Programme, defined the priority activities within it and also assigned certain responsibilities to CCl together with CBS for activities within the WCDP and to the eCl for activities within the WCAP.

The planning and implementation of the different components of the WCP continued to make progress. The acti vi ties wi thin the WCDP, the obj ect of which is to ensure the timely availability of reliable climate data to support other activities within the WCP, included the preparation of statements of requirements for various types of data and their exchange, and expert missions to countries requiring assistance in improving their climate data management services. Further progress was made in the development of the project for the transfer of technology in the processing and application of climatological data through the provision of low-cost microcomputers (CLICOM). Likewise, progress was made in the development of the World Climate Data Referral Service (INFOCLIMA).

A noteworthy event was the convening of a joint UNEP/WMO/ICSU International Conference to assess the role of increased carbon dioxide and other radiatively active constituents of the atmosphere (Villach, Austria - October) .

The basic objectives of the WCRP are to determine to what extent climate can be predicted and the possible influence of man's' activities on climate. Achieving these objectives requires input from many scientific disciplines and, to assist in this, the WCRP is conducted jointly by WMO and the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), co-ordination and overall guidance being provided by the WMO/ICSU Joint Scientific Committee. Attention is now being focused on the implementation of the WCRP, and the Implementation Plan, describing in general the planned activities and stating the resource requirements for all components of the WCRP, was completed and distributed to Members at the end of 1985 for consideration at the national level prior to an intergovernmental planning meeting scheduled to take place in 1986. Other activities in 1985 included the continuing efforts at model development and global climate analysis, in particular the assessment of cloud prediction schemes and the representation of ocean-atmosphere interface fluxes in atmospheric general circulation models. Projects to assemble quality controlled, consistent global climatological sets of sea-surface temperature and precipitation have been established. In the study of climate processes, France has undertaken a first pilot field experiment collecting data on surface hydrology and land surface processes and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project continues according to plan. Much progress has been made in planning the international TOGA programme. The WMO Commission for Atmospheric Sciences has continued to support activities in the WCRP concerned with the study of climate forcings (including research on, and monitoring of, atmospheric carbon dioxide), studies on radiation codes used in climate models, aerosol sensi ti vi ty investigations and the global ozone research and monitoring project.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

The Research and Development Programme includes all activities related to increasing the understanding of atmospheric processes, as well as activities related to environmental conditions important for the well-being of mankind. Priority areas identified by previous Congresses were maintained by Ninth Congress. However, their order of significance was altered somewhat. 6 PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW

Specific fields of activity at present are: weather-prediction research, tropical meteorology, environmental pollution monitoring and research and weather-modification research. The responsibility for promoting and co-ordinating the research activities of Members in these fields lies with the CAS. The residual activities relating to the WMO/ICSU Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP) also form a part of the Research and Development Programme. As decided by Ninth Congress, these activities are gradually being assumed by the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences.

The year was marked by the organization of two international conferences preparing final assessments of two major activities of the Global Atmospheric Research Programme. One, the Conference on the Resul ts of the Global Weather Experiment and Their Implications for the World Weather Watch, took place in Geneva in May and highlighted the accomplishments of the Experiment in improving the understanding of the general circulation and the consequent impacts on weather prediction. The other, the Scientific Conference on the Results of the Alpine Experiment, took place in Venice in October.

The 1985 WMO Research Award for Young Scientists was conferred upon Dr. C. A. Sansigolo (Brazil) for his research paper entitled "Measurement of Transpiration and Biomass in a Tropical Pinus Caribbaea Plantation with Tritiated Water".

APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY

The applications of meteorology cover many fields and are reflected in practically all the programmes of WMO. Three fields of application which are particularly important, however, constitute three separate programmes grouped under a major Programme entitled the Applications of Meteorology Programme. The components of this major Programme are (a) the Agricultural Meteorology Programme, (b) the Marine Meteorology Programme, and (c) the Aeronautical Meteorology Programme.

The main objective of the Agricultural Meteorology Programme is to assist Member countries in organ~z~ng and strengthening their agrometeoro logical services so that optimum use is made of meteorological information and knowledge in agricultural production and protection. The programme is carried out in close co-ordination with the relevant activities under the WCP. The Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (CAgM) provides advice on different aspects of the programme and close collaboration is maintained with FAO and various other organizations.

The preparation of guidance material for the development of national agrometeorological services and the study of agrometeorological aspects of the protection of selected crops were initiated by CAgM during the year. Short-term consultants' missions to several countries to assess the current state of their agrometeorological services and to make recommendations for their development continued to be an important activity. Medium-term missions "lere arranged to provide assistance in the analysis and application of agrometeorological data and on-the-job training of staff. Seminars, symposia and training courses were also organized. PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW 7

In several countries in Africa roving seminars were organized on the analysis of rainfall-intensity data to assess soil erosion in semi-arid areas and the analysis of wind data to evaluate sand and dust transport.

The objective of the Marine Meteorology Programme is the promotion of marine meteorological services (MMS) over the high seas and coastal areas and the application of marine climatological information for planning marine activities. The Commission for Marine Meteorology (CMM) is responsible for keeping abreast of developments in this field and for making appropriate recommendations. Parallel with the marine activities co-ordinated by the Commission, certain other ocean-related activities are carried out within the joint IOC/WMO programme known as the Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS) .

The prov~s~on of marine meteorological information, including warnings to the user community by Members, was maintained at the usual level. The technical and financial implications of utilizing the maritime satellite communication systems operated by INMARSAT for the collection of world-wide ships I weather reports continued to be under study. A roving seminar on MMS was organized for Members of Regional Association I (Africa). The study of various technical problems in marine meteorology was continued by working groups of CMM. The first draft of a WMO Guide to Wave' Analysis and Forecasting was completed.

Support was provided for the establishment and first session of a Drifting Buoy Co-operation Panel, formed to enhance and promote international co-operative activities with regard to drifting buoys in support of a number of meteorological and oceanographic programmes.

Steady progress was made in the acti vi ties relating to IGOSS. This programme provides the major source of observations of surface and subsurface temperature, salinity and current observations made in the oceans of the world. About 42 000 reports containing these observations were exchanged on the GTS during the year. The fourth session of the Joint IOC/WMO Working Committee for IGOSS took place in Geneva during the year.

The Aeronautical Meteorology Programme aims at assisting Members in the planning, establishment and operation of aeronautical meteorological services required to ensure the safety, efficiency and economy of air navigation. The programme is carried out in close collaboration with ICAO and other relevant international organizations. The Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology is responsible, in co-operation with ICAO when appropriate, for making recommendations on matters relating to this programme.

Activities in this programme were carried out along the lines approved by Ninth Congress, which took into account, inter alia, the need to assist developing countries. Questions relating to regulatory material for meteorological services for aviation received particular attention. The preparation of two guides was in progress. Close co-operation was maintained with rCAO, particularly through participation in the work of a number of panels and study groups. 8 PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW

HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES

The emphasis of the Hydrology and Water Resources Programme is on the Operational Hydrology Programme (OHP), which includes such activities as: measurement of basic hydrological elements from networks of stations; collection, processing and publication of basic hydrological data; hydrological forecasting; and development of procedures and techniques for hydrological measurements for design purposes. These activities are essential in promoting world-wide co-operation in the evaluation of water resources and in helping to develop these resources to meet the needs of Members.

The OHP, as well as a large part of the programme of other activities in the field of hydrology and water resources, functions through the Commission for Hydrology (CHy). On the basis of the priority activities established by Ninth Congress, CHy, which held its seventh session in August/ September, elaborated a plan of implementation for the OHP. A major activity within the OHP is the Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS), which provides an efficient means of transfer of operational hydrological technology and an international framework for the integration of techniques for collecting and processing hydrological data. HOMS was launched into its second phase on the basis of the plan of implementation and schedule of activities for 1984 to 1991 as approved by the Commission, and continued to prove very effective in collecting available technology and in facilitating its organized transfer to meet the needs of Members. The number of HOMS National Reference Centres (HNRCs) and focal points increased from 78 to 86. The HOMS Reference Manual (HRM) now contains 366 components and the total number of requests for components increased from about 600 to over 700. A number of meetings were organized and seconded experts, many on the basis of technical co-operation among developing countries (TCOC), assisted HNRCs in several developing countries.

Regional working groups on hydrology continued to implement their respective assignments in co-operation with CHy. In addition, the hydrological components of other programmes and activities such as the World Climate Programme and the Tropical Cyclone Programme were supported under the Applications and Services to Water Resources Programme.

Close co-operation with the water-related programmes of other international organizations was maintained, in particular with the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) of Unesco.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

The education and training activities in meteorology and operational hydrology continued in accordance with the directives of Ninth Congress and were pursued as a matter of high priority. These activities cut across many other scientific programmes and in this way the Education and Training Programme continued to perform its co-ordinating role and to provide support to the other major Programmes.

A panel of experts established by the Executive Council continued to serve as the advisory body on all aspects of education and training activities. The Regional Meteorological Training Centres continued to play an important role. Fourteen training events were organized on topics covering different fields to meet the needs expressed by Members. Another thirty-five PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW 9

training events were co-sponsored or supported by the Organization. The total number of fellowships awarded and taken up during the year was 200. Financial assistance was also provided for 73 participants in various WMO-supported training events. Seven new training publications were issued, while eleven others were under preparation.

Following the directives of Ninth Congress, a comprehensive world-wide survey of Members I training requirements was undertaken during 1985. The results of this survey will be used for the planning and organization of the future education and training activities of WMO.

TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

The technical co-operation activities, through which assistance is rendered to developing countries, continued to be a much appreciated feature of the overall activities of the Organization. AS in previous years, assistance was provided through the United Nations Development Programme, the WMO Voluntary Co-operation Programme, trust-fund arrangements and the regular budget of the Organization.

The financial value of the assistance provided to 110 countries under the UNDP and trust-fund arrangements in 1985 is estimated at US $16.0 million. The corresponding figure for 1984 was about US $15.6 million. Thirty-nine large-scale projects were under execution during 1985. Several large-scale projects were directly related to the expansion and strengthening of national Meteorological and Hydrological Services, thus demonstrating the increasing realization of the importance of meteorology and operational hydrology in economic development by the developing countries. Special mention may also be made of the new project for assistance to drought-stricken countries in eastern and southern Africa and the continuing project for strengthening the agrometeorological and hydrological services of the Sahelian countries, including the establishment of a centre for training in, and applications of, agrometeorology and operational hydrology. Other large-scale projects were concerned with the evaluation of water resources, flood forecasting, meteorological services for agriculture, meteorological training and research and improvement of facilities for the detection and warning of tropical cyclones.

The Voluntary Co-operation Programme (VCP), which is maintained by voluntary contributions from Members, either in the form of equipment and services or in cash, continued to provide significant assistance, mainly for the WWW Programme and training activities. Ninth Congress decided to expand the scope of the VCP to support the activities within the World Climate Applications Programme related to food, energy and water.

Considerable assistance was rendered in 1985 by providing equipment and services for the development of observational and telecommunication facilities; many long-term fellowships for training were also awarded. The total number of countries which received assistance under the VCP in 1985 was 61. The number of VCP projects completed during the year was 5, while 90 projects were under implementation.

One of the greatest and most pressing needs of the Meteorological and Hydrological Services of the developing countries is the training of an adequate number of personnel. Through the long-term fellowship programmes of 10 PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW

the Organization, many Member countries are able to increase their professional staff in these Services. During 1985, a total of 582 students completed their studies or, at the end of the year, were still studying through fellowships awarded by WMO under various programmes. The number of students who began training under fellowships awarded in 1985 was 271.

REGIONAL ACTIVITIES

The regional activities were carried out mainly through the six regional associations; Africa, Asia, South America, North and Central America, South-West Pacific and Europe. Regional Association IV (North and Central America) held its ninth session in Costa Rica in November. Three regional offices, namely for (a) Africa (located in Bujumbura, Burundi), (b) the Americas (located in Asuncion, Paraguay), and (c) Asia and the South-West Pacific (located at the WMO Headquarters), continued to provide support for the activities of the corresponding regional associations.

OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

The Second Technical Conference on Management of Meteorological Services in Africa was held in Bujumbura, Burundi, in November. The objectives of the conference were the exchange of views and experiences in the management of Meteorological Services in Africa with a view to strengthening the Services through the introduction of new techniques and technologies.

The tenth session of the North Atlantic Ocean Stations (NAOS) Board was held in Geneva in August to review the functioning of the network. The Board adopted a revised scale of contributions to come into force on 1 January 1986 when the denunciation of the NAOS Agreement by Denmark, Finland, France, the Netherlands and Tunisia takes effect.

Public information activities were maintained at the usual level. The annual World Meteorological Day was celebrated with much success throughout the world on 23 March with the theme "Meteorology and public safety". The day is celebrated each year to mark the anniversary of the coming into force of the Convention of WMO and to focus public attention on the services rendered by meteorology and operational hydrology.

EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

The thirty-seventh session of the Executive Council examined inter alia a study prepared at its request by the Secretary-General concerning procedures for amending the Convention by a report on possible procedures for secret voting by correspondence.

The thirtieth International Meteorological Organization Prize was awarded to Sir Arthur Davies (UK), Secretary-General Emeritus of the Organization. The Prize was established to commemorate the International Meteorological Organization, the non-governmental organization which preceded the World Meteorological Organization. PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW 11

Throughout the year, close collaboration was maintained with the United Nations and its different organs as well as with the other organizations within the United Nations system and other governmental and non-governmental organizations as appropriate. PAR T 2

WORLD WEATHER WATCH

INTRODUCTION

The World Weather Watch (WWW), the basic Programme of WMO, is a fully co-ordinated world-wide system, the primary purpose of which is to make available, within the agreed system, meteorological and other environmental information required for both applications and research. In addition, WWW facilities are used in support of other WMO programmes and international programmes jointly established with WMO such as the Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS), a joint WMO/IOC programme, and the World Area Forecast System (WAFS), which is co-ordinated with ICAO.

The essential operational elements of the WWW are:

The Global Observing System (GOS); The Global Data-processing System (GDPS); The Global Telecommunication System (GTS).

The monitoring of the operation of the WWW constitutes an integral part of the WWW. The operational information service is an important support activity for Members and is designed to provide essential operational informa tion for the efficient operation of the overall WWW.

The salient activities relating to the WWW Programme conducted in 1985 are described in the following sections. Activities in two other fields closely connected with the WWW are described thereafter. The first relates to the Tropical Cyclone Programme for the mitigation of harmful effects of tropical cyclones; this programme is conducted in close association with the WWW Programme, which provides the basic facilities for the meteorological forecasting and warning systems. The second is the Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme for ensuring the high quality of observational data essential for several WMO programmes, particularly for the WWW.

One important feature of the WWW Plan for 1984-1987, the Integrated WWW System Study, was completed in 1985 with the formulation of the WWW Plan and Implementation Programme, which is part of the Second Long-term Plan of WMO.

Continuing priority was given in 1985 to regional implementation support activities and to contributing to education and training activities as an integral part of the WWW implementation support activity. These activities, together with the professional, scientific and technical support for the planning and implementation of relevant VCP projects, had a very important impact on WWW implementation. PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 13

COMMISSION FOR BASIC SYSTEMS (CBS)

One of the main responsibilities of the Commission for Basic Systems is to promote world-wide co-operation in the operation and further development of the WWW system in the light of new requirements and technological develop ments and to make recommendations to the Executive Council on relevant issues.

In 1985 activities relating to the work programme of the Commission were carried out by:

• The CBS Advisory Working Group: Tenth session (Geneva, 25 February - 1 March 1985); Eleventh session (Buenos Aires, 16-20 September 1985);

• The CBS Working Group on the GTS, through its Study Group on Operational Matters (Geneva, 24-28 June 1985);

• The Extraordinary Session of CBS (Hamburg, 21 October - 1 November 1985) ; and through several expert meetings.

Furthermore, implementation/co-ordination meetings were held in Maracay, Venezuela, for Region IV and in Buenos Aires, Argentina, for Region III, dealing with GTS matters. The regional Working Groups on Meteorological Telecommunications of Regions IV and V met in Mexico (11-15 March) and in Singapore (23-27 September 1985) respectively.

The main items of the extraordinary session of CBS were the discussion of the WWW Plan and Implementation Programme, the adoption of the GRIB code for the presentation of processed data in binary form, and the institution of mechanisms for the verification of numerical weather forecasts, as well as for the monitoring and quality control of observational data.

In addition to the meetings listed above, important activities of CBS relating to the WWW were conducted by correspondence, in particular by the Working Group on Codes and the Rapporteur on the Application of Improved Forecasting Methods and Required Technology for Operational Use.

The main activities in 1985 concentrated on the improvement of the efficiency and effectiveness of operations, the finalization of the draft www Plan and Implementation Programme, which will form part of the WMO Long-term Plan, and the initiation of Operational Weather Systems Evaluations (OWSE), focusing on the optimization of observing systems and telecommunication systems in specific regions.

Advances have been achieved in the introduction of new telecommuni cation protocols and procedures in conjunction with the deployment of modern message-switching facilities which resulted in a considerable increase of the GTS capacity in some parts of the system. In this connection, the development and adoption of codes for data representation in binary form will lead to a major improvement of the efficiency of the GTS.

Following the development of standard procedures for the verification of numerical weather forecasts, the evaluation of output products from various GDPS centres can now be instituted. Similarly, the quality control of 14 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

observational data has been organized as part of the global monitoring, the results of which are made available to Members with a view to improving the meteorological data base.

The Tropical Cyclone Programme (TCP) showed continuing progress in 1985. A number of projects aiming at the development of suitable methodology and transfer of technology resulted in valuable publications, thus providing guidance and assistance to Members in forecasting of tropical storms and disaster prevention. The regional component of the TCP has been enhanced and steps have been taken to form a fifth regional body - the RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific - within the framework of the TCP. Considerable emphasis was placed on the provision of training of personnel in specialized workshops and seminars carried out on a regional level.

Considerable activity can also be reported from the Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme aiming at the further standardization of measuring and observing techniques. Several instrument comparisons took place in 1985 with remarkable success. The training workshops for instrument specialists from RA I proved to be equally successful. A technical conference held in conjunction with the ninth session of CIMO stimulated the efforts of Members in the field of instrument development and improvement of meteorological-observing systems.

INTEGRATED WWW SYSTEM STUDY

Ninth Congress agreed that a WWW Plan to the year 2000 with an Implementation Programme for 1986 to 1991 should be completed through the Integrated WWW System Study (ISS) by mid-1985 for submission to CBS in late 1985. Congress also decided on the necessary ISS budgetary arrangements.

Congress had decided by Resolution 34 (Cg-IX) - WMO Long-term Plan - that long-term planning should be introduced into the total WMO system. The draft WWW Plan and Implementation Programme was therefore adjusted to the format of the Second WMO Long-term Plan (SLTP), 1988-1997, Part II, Volume 1, World Weather Watch Programme, and submitted, as requested by CongresS, to the extraordinary session of CBS in Hamburg (21 October - 1 November 1985) for consideration. CBS reviewed the draft text of the WWW Plan and Implementation Programme and approved it, with amendments, for final consideration by EC-XXXVIII and acceptance by Tenth Congress. The extraordinary session concluded that the ISS should be considered completed as foreseen by Congress.

Conduct of ISS

The activities of the ISS in 1985 were focused on the further refinement and on the completion of the draft text for the WWW Plan and Implementation Programme which were partly developed during 1984. This was mainly carried out as follows:

(a) The CBS Advisory Working Group, the Steering Committee for the ISS under the chairmanship of the president of CBS, met twice in 1985 (Geneva, 25 February - 1 March 1985 and Buenos Aires, 16-20 September 1985). It gave guidance for consolidating the ISS results achieved, reviewed the draft layout and texts of the WWW Plan and Implementation Programme and finally approved it for PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 15

submission to the extraordinary session of CBS. The president and the Advisory Working Group had close co-operation with other technical commission~, particularly the Commission for Climatology and the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation, and also with the EC Working Group on Long-term Planning;

(b) The WWW Department, in co-operation with other Departments of the WMO Secretariat and on behalf of the president of CBS and the Advisory Working Group of CBS, co-ordinated all ISS activities. The draft texts of the WWW Plan and Implementation Programme were further adjusted and refined in the light of the contributions and study results received. The findings of several meetings held in 1985, such as of the ICSU/WMO Conference of the Global Weather Experiment and Implications for the World Weather Watch (Geneva, 27-31 May 1985) have, in substance, been incorporated in the draft WWW Plan and Implementation Programme;

(c) Regional associations continued to give their support to the ISS through their presidents and through regional experts' meetings (in RA I, RA II/RA V and RA III). This contributed particularly to the formulation of implementation objectives and required activities for the Regional Implementation Programmes;

(d) A valuable contribution was provided by Members through the secondment of experts for the ISS:

(e) International organizations, such as the ECMWF, ESA and IGOSS, continued to support, in specific study areas, the ISS work programme.

The draft WWW Plan

The draft WWW Plan, within the Second WMO Long-term Plan, 1988-1997, Part II, Volume 1 - World Weather Watch Programme, gives the conceptual framework for the long-term development of:

• The WWW as an integrated system, providing Members with observational data, processed products and other meteorological information on both a real-time and a non-real-time basis;

• The Global Observing System, a composite surface- and space-based observing system, where observations from new systems, particu larly over the ocean areas, and improved data, measured by meteorological satellites, will become increasingly important;

• The Global Data-processing System, organized, as currently, on three levels, but with redefined functions at the regional level through the introduction of Regional/Specialized Meteorological Centres with geographic and/or activity specializations;

• The Global Telecommunication System, providing new techniques and technology with, particularly, increased satellite communications in many parts of the world; 16 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

The WWW data management, including monitoring, to co-ordinate, • manage and monitor the flow and storage of data and products, and to ensure the quality and timely access by Members; • The WWW implementation support activity, to provide guidance and support for implementation and operation of the WWW, with a strong training component;

The WWW implementation co-ordination, to ensure the timely • achievement of the WWW implementation objectives through co-ordinated activities by Members and WMO bodies.

The draft WWW Implementation Programme

The WWW Implementation Programme gives for three time periods namely, prior to 1988, 1988 to 1991 and 1992 to 1997:

• Global WWW implementation objectives and required activities;

• Implementation objectives and activities defined separately for each WMO Region and for the Antarctic;

• Specific implementation objectives for the time period 1988-1997, consolidated in timeline charts and classified as WWW projects and tasks.

Optimized observing systems

During the Organizing Meeting for the Operational World Weather Watch Systems Evaluation - North Atlantic (OWSE-NA), held from 29 April to 3 May 1985 in Geneva, the Committee on the OWSE-NA (CONA) was formed. Planning for the OWSE-NA (1 January 1987 - 31 December 1988) is proceeding and some components (e. g. the Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme (ASAP» are being implemented. The results of the OWSE-NA will be of two basic kinds: (1) operational evaluations of the systems themselves and (2) scientific evaluations of the value of the data for analyses and forecast services. A Scientific Evaluation Group has been formed and firm plans for evaluations have been made. Seconded experts, consultants and Secretariat staff have been involved in all of these activities.

Implementation of individual observing systems has begun following the general guidelines provided in the ISS. The major items are as follows,

(a) Planning for the operational phase of the Aircraft-to-Satellite Data Relay (ASDAR) programme was advanced by the organization of the Operating Consortium of ASDAR Participants (OCAP) in March 1985. Twelve Members currently belong to OCAP. A delay in the introduction of operational ASDARs was encountered when the contracting company was reorganized and the work was transferred to one of its subsidiaries. The programme remains technically sound and work is progressing according to the new schedule. Operational ASDAR flight units are now expected to be deployed in 1987 rather than 1986. Five prototype systems continue in operation and six pre-production versions of the operational flight units are expected to be in use in late 1986; PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 17

(b) ASAP proceeded with a meeting in December 1985 which formally inaugurated the ASAP Co-ordinating Committee (ACe). The ACC had been endorsed earlier by EC-XXXVII. Eight Members are participating in the planning and two additional Members are considering taking an active part. Up to l3 ASAP systems are expected to be put into service on the North Atlantic by mid-1987, with an additional three to five systems in use on the North Pacific. In addition to the ACe Organizing Meeting, three working group meetings were held in 1985 to outline the performance characteristics of the ASAP equipment and to develop the implementation programme;

(c) Following endorsement of the baseline upper-air network (B/UAN) by EC-XXXVII, the president of CBS and a seconded expert from Australia undertook to prepare a proposal which was considered at CBS/Ext. (85) and adopted after suitable modification. (Note: the term "benchmark" was changed to "baseline" by EC-XXXVII) . CBS/Ext. (85) established the guidelines for operation of the B/UAN, which include the appropriate incorpora tion of the results from the CIMO radiosonde intercomparisons. The next steps are to conduct field trials of from six months to a year, and, if these are successful, to adopt plans for phased implementation of the B/UAN.

GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM

General

The Global Observing System is composed of a variety of meteorological observing networks combining different methods, techniques and facilities for making observations on a world-wide scale within the framework of the WWW.lt was established to provide world-wide meteorological and related environmental observations required by Members for operational and research purposes. The system is designed to be flexible and evolutionary in nature so that the combination of specific observational elements may be adapted to advances in technology and changes in requirements. The concept of developing the GOS further by combining existing elements with new ones - sometimes still in the process of being tested for future use through the Integrated WWW System Study - does not aim at a new observing system but rather at improving the present system. The principle that proven existing systems should not be eliminated until the replacement systems have themselves been observationally tried and tested is the main consideration on which the development of new elements of the GOS is based.

Together with the other basic elements of the WWW, namely the Global Data-processing System and the Global Telecommunication System, the GOS also provides support for other international programmes. It is convenient in the planning and co-ordination of the system to consider it on the three levels used to classify observational data requirements: global, regional and national. The GOS is a composite system comprising the surface-based and the space-based (satellite) sub-systems. The former is composed of the regional basic synoptic networks, other observational networks of stations on land and at sea, aircraft meteorological observations, climatological stations, agricul tural meteorological stations and special stations. The latter is 18 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

composed of the near-polar-orbiting and geostationary meteorological satellites.

The GOS provides quantitative as well as qualitative information. The quantitative information, derived from instrument measurements, specifies the physical state of the atmosphere by providing values of parameters such as atmospheric pressure, humidity, air temperature and wind velocity. The qualitative information aims rather at describing phenomena by providing information on the state of the sky, the forms of clouds and the types of precipitation. In the framework of the Integrated WWW System Study, the study of an optimized observing system was considered by CBS as deserving the highest priority among the other study areas identified, and has consequently been allocated to the Working Group on the Global Observing System. This study, known as Study Area 1, has been divided into three categories of study to be undertaken in steps and each study within these categories given a priority estimation. The purpose of the study of an optimized observing system is to permit the experience gained during the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) to be of benefit to all Members of WMO by providing them with a scientific and technical basis for use in future improvements in the Global Observing System (see also paragraphs relating to the Integrated WWW System Study above).

Review of the activities of WMO constituent bodies relating to the GOS

The planning of the GOS and the overall co-ordination of its implementation are part of the main functions of the Commission for Basic Systems. The regional associations also play an active part in the development and co-ordination of some elements of the GOS, such as the regional basic synoptic networks of surface and upper-air synoptic stations. On the basis of the WWW plan, as developed further by CBS, the regional associations and the EC Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology, Members take appropriate measures to set up and operate the observing systems on their territories or make arrangements for observations to be made in extra territorial areas such as the oceans and Antarctica.

The Working Group on the Global Observing System was constituted to carry out specific tasks assigned to it by the Commission. To cope with its future programme the working group decided at its fourth session (December 1984) to establish a Study Group on OWSEs, to re-establish the Study Group on the Manual and the Guide on the GOS and to appoint a Rapporteur on Monitoring and Quality Control of Observational Data and three rapporteurs to deal with various aspects of new observing techniques. As no sessions of the Working Group on the GOS or its study groups were held in 1985, its work was conducted mainly by correspondence. The conclusions and recommendations of the fourth session of the working group were submitted to the Extraordinary Session (1985) of CBS for adoption. The members of the Study Group on the Manual and the Guide on the GOS prepared contributions to the revised version of the Guide on the GOS, the final version of which should be ready by the end of 1986 in time for submission to the ninth session of the Commission. A meeting of the Study Group on OWSEs will be held in 1986. The Rapporteur on Moni toring and Quality Control of Observational Data gave a report on the results of real-time monitoring at the Extraordinary Session (1985) of CBS.

The Expert Meeting on the GOSiGDPSiGTS Integration and Implementation Co-ordination for 1986-1991 (April, 1985) stressed the fact that criteria for design of the regional basic synoptic networks, as part of the composite GOS, PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 19

should be developed as guidance for regional associations in improving their surface and upper-air networks, particularly in Regions I and III. In view of the experience of WMCs, some RMCs and the ECMWF in this particular field, the WMO Secretariat requested their contributions to the studies of the upper-air network in Regions I and III and suggestions regarding criteria for the design of an optimized regional upper-air network for these Regions, taking into account the availability of satellite data and data from new observing systems such as ASDAR and ASAP. This material would be very useful for further preparation of guidance for regional associations in improving their upper-air networks.

Implementation of the various components of the GOS

Detailed information on the state of implementation of the various components of the GOS is given in WMO Publication No. 639 - World Weather Watch: Twelfth Status Report on Implementation. However, for ease of reference, some information, based on the replies to the inquiry on the state of implementation of the World Weather Watch conducted by the Secretariat among Members as well as on supplementary material provided by Members specifically for the updating of WMO Publication No. 9 on a half-yearly basis, is given below.

Surface-based sub-system

Regional basic synoptic networks

The most recently published information on the surface and upper-air stations comprising the regional basic synoptic networks is provided in the Twelfth Status Report on Implementation of the WWW referred to above. However, Table I gives the level of implementation of these networks as at 1 June 1985 based on more recent information made available by Members. It shows for each standard time of observation the number of observations made and the degree of implementation of the basic synoptic network expressed as a percentage of the number of observations required, as well as the level of the implementation expected by the end of the financial period 1984-1987.

The average level of implementation of surface and upper-air observations is practically the same as that for 1984, despite the fact that the required number of upper-air observations is slightly higher.

Networks of observing stations

Apart from the surface and upper-air observing stations constituting the regional basic synoptic networks, the surface-based sub-system also includes a network of observing stations intended to supplement the observa tions made at the stations of the regional basic synoptic networks. These stations are established to meet particular needs on a national basis. There were 5 457 observing stations of this kind in 1985, of which 509 also made pilot-balloon observations. It is to be noted that among these stations the number of automatic weather stations shows a constant increase over the past few years. There are now 301 automatic weather stations in operation.

All of these surface and upper-air observing stations, including those belonging to the regional basic synoptic networks, also record meteorological 20 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

parameters for climatological purposes. However, to ensure that Meteorological Services had early access to the minimum amount of recent climatological information on a world-wide basis, reports of monthly values of a number of meteorological data from a selection of observing stations were exchanged each month on the GTS. This exchange concerns 1 732 surface stations issuing CLIMAT reports and 507 upper-air stations issuing CLIMAT TEMP reports. The number and the locations of these stations are kept unchanged as far as possible, in order to maintain the necessary uniformity in the series of the data collected for the preparation of climatological summaries and records.

TABLE I

Level of implementation of the regional basic synoptic networks as at 1 June 1985

Upper-air observations Type of observation Surface observations Radiowind Radiosonde

Hours of observation 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 0000 0600 1200 1800 0000 1200 (GMT)

Requested number of 4046 4046 4046 4046 4046 4046 4046 4046 1001 614 999 614 90B 906 observations

Number of observations 3591 3471 3590 3510 3774 3503 36BB 3412 759 256 B02 268 729 719 made

Level of implementation B9 B6 B9 B7 93 87 91 B4 76 42 BO 44 80 79 (%)

Level expected by the end of 91 B8 92 89 95 BB 94 B6 80 54 84 52 B4 B3 1987 (%)

Table II illustrates the general development of the observing system over the past ten years.

It is gratifying to note that, over the ten-year period, the number of surface observing stations, in particular automatic weather stations, has increased substantially. The same also applies to radiowind and radiosonde PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 21

observing stations. The number of stations making upper-wind observations by optical means continues to decrease as this method of observation is gradually being replaced by radiowind observations. On the other hand, the number of ships recruited to make surface observations also shows an increase, while those recruited to make upper-air observations remain low in number. However, in the latter field, an improvement is expected with the future prospects offered by the ASAP system (see paragraphs relating to the ISS above).

TABLE II

General development of the observing system over the past ten years

(a)

1975 1985 Total number of stations making: 0000 0600 1200 1800 0000 0600 1200 1800

Surface observations 6665 7175 7491 6874 6840 7361 7885 7215

Pilot-balloon observations 515 559 607 484 403 509 497 395

Radiowind observations 739 299 780 297 795 281 858 291

Radiosonde observations 737 27 727 17 762 23 772 21

(b)

Total number of stations making: 1975 1985

Surface observations (manned stations) 9266 9503

Surface observations (automatic stations) 35 301

Pilot-balloon observations 607 509

Radiowind observations 780 858

Radiosonde observations 737 772 22 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

Table II (cont.) (c)

Total number of stations making observations 1975 1985

CLIMAT reporting stations 1567 1732

CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations 521 507

Selected ships recruited (surface observations) 4542 4875

Supplementary ships recruited ( " " ) 2040 1480

Auxiliary ships recruited ( " " ) 690 l363

Ships carrying out pilot-balloon observations 2 1

Ships carrying out radiowind observations 11 19

Ships carrying out radiosonde observations 27 36

Ocean weather stations

The regional basic synoptic networks of Regional Association IV (North and Central America) and Regional Association VI (Europe) include four fixed ocean weather stations operating in the Atlantic Ocean under the North Atlantic Ocean Stations. (NAOS) Agreement. Norway continued to operate a research vessel at 71°30'N, 19°00'E in the Barents Sea.

North Atlantic Ocean Stations system

Full programmes of surface and upper-air observations, as specified in the NAOS Vessel Manual, were carried out on a continuous basis at the four ocean weather stations in the North Atlantic, operated by France, the Netherlands, Norway, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United Kingdom. In addition, a wide variety of oceanographic observations were made by the NAOS ships outside the regular NAOS programme, and some of the NAOS ships made ornithological observations and co-operated in plankton research.

The tenth session of the NAOS Board (Geneva, 27-30 August) reviewed the reports submitted by the Operating Parties on their experiences with the new mode of manning the NAOS stations in 1984-1985. The Board noted that this new mode was functioning satisfactorily and that no major problems had arisen. PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 23

The future of NAOS after 1986 as part of the Global Observing System was a subject of discussion at the session and the Board received a report on the status of the planning for the Operational WWW System Evaluation - North Atlantic (OWSE-NA) and the decisions of EC-XXXVII. Major concern was expressed on the future observing systems in the North Atlantic after the likely termination after 1988 of the NAOS Agreement. There was unanimous agreement that a11 efforts should be made to establish a sui table fo11ow-up system before the end of 1988 on the basis of vigorous national efforts. The Board noted that the possibility of maintaining fixed ocean weather ship stations after the termination of the NAOS Agreement was left open by the Operating Parties.

Mobile ship stations

Detailed information regarding ships recruited by Members in the framework of the WMO Voluntary Observing Ships Scheme is contained in the 1985 edition of WMO Publication No. 47 - International List of Selected, Supple mentary and Auxiliary Ships. The scheme now comprises forty-nine Members. These Members contribute 4 875 selected ships, 1 480 supplementary ships and 1 363 auxiliary ships, making a total of 7 718 ships recruited.

The number of ships' weather reports exchanged over the GTS continued to increase over the year. However, many observing ships still suffered from inadequate ship-to-shore marine telecommunication facilities in some sea areas and experienced difficulties in clearing their weather reports. Efforts to improve this situation were pursued, in particular through the increased use of space communication techniques (e.g. INMARSAT, data collection through polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites).

Aircraft

Observations made on board aircraft are of great importance for both World Weather Watch and research purposes. The collection and distribution of AI REP reports, through a system of co-operation between the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and WMO, continued to work effectively. As a complement to the AI REP system, the ASDAR system, in which measurements are made automatically on selected wide-bodied commercial jet aircraft and relayed through the geostationary meteorological sate11ites to ground stations, has been developed and is expected to be integrated into the Global Observing System when operational (see paragraphs relating to ISS above).

Ground weather radar stations

Observations from weather radar constitute one of the best means of studying sma11- and mesoscale cloud/precipitation systems. One of the main purposes of radar observations is to detect thunderstorms and follow their development. These observations are also essential for the effective and reliable detection, tracking, forecasting and warning of dangerous weather phenomena such as tropical cyclones and tornadoes. It should be noted in this connection that, in some countries, systems combining the output of radar networks and the information received from geostationary satellites are already being used operationally or are in an advanced stage of development. Radar observations provide both qualitative and quantitative information which 24 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

can be used to advantage in the fields of synoptic meteorology, aeronautical meteorology and hydrology, particularly for the provision of improved quantitative forecasts of specific elements such as rainfall quantity and distribution. More than five hundred radar stations used for synoptic purposes were being operated by Members.

Drifting buoys

The number of drifting-buoy reports (DRIBU) transmitted over the GTS had increased significantly compared with 1984, due in some measure to the commencement of the TOGA drifting-buoy programme. Table III shows the record for a six-month period.

It will be seen that the number of drifting buoys transmitting DRIBU reports, although more than twice the monthly average for 1984, is still small compared with the total number handled by Service Argos. Action to encourage those deploying drifting buoys to submit reports from their buoys for real-time transmission was therefore continued (see section on Marine Meteorology Programme in Part 5).

Other stations

In addition to the stations referred to in the preceding paragraphs, Members operate meteorological stations for various other purposes. In the framework of the surface-based sub-system they operate background air pollution monitoring stations which constitute the BAPMoN network, radiation stations, ozone stations, climatological stations, agricultural meteorological stations, and tide-gauge stations. They also operate atmospherics detection systems to locate distant thunderstorms and use meteorological rockets to measure meteorological parameters above the 10 hPa level. Finally, to meet specific requirements, they operate stations for measurements in the planetary boundary layer.

TABLE III

The number of drifting-buoy reports (DRIBU) over a six-month period

Number of drifting Number of drifting Number of DRIBU reports Month buoys handled by buoys transmitting transmitted on the GTS Service Argos DRIBU reports in 24 hours

April 1985 333 110 815

May 1985 357 118 I 843

June 1985 353 133 907

July 1985 401 126 842

August 1985 384 132 1037

September 1985 381 129 893 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 25

Measurements made by rockets are indispensable for a better knowledge of the atmosphere at very high levels, as well as for the calibration and interpretation of data obtained from satellites. Tide-gauge observations are made to monitor variations in the sea-level and storm surges; the stations at which such observations are made are normally linked to a warning centre by reliable means of communication. Total ozone measuring stations and ozone sounding stations serve as the basis for the determination of the long-term trends in the global ozone content and for other relevant research studies.

Space-based sub-system

Operational meteorological satellites

In accordance with the WWW plan for 1984-1987 two complementary satellite systems continued to provide valuable input into the daily operation of the Global Observing System during 1985. These systems are composed of meteorological satellites of two types:

(a) Polar-orbiting satellites (800-1 000 km near-polar orbit) ,com prising the METEOR-2 system (USSR) and NOAA series TIROS-N (USA). Each of these systems provides for two operational satellites in orbit at any time,

(b) Geostationary operational satellites (in geosynchronous orbit at 36 000 km), comprising six satellites at the following locations over the Equator:

1400E - operated by Japan

74°E - operated by India

700E - to be operated by the USSR (not yet launched)

0° - operated by the European Space Agency

75°W - operated by the USA

135°W - operated by the USA

The third generation of the USA polar-orbiting operational satellite system continued to provide data for operational and research purposes in 1985. After 11 months of silence, NOAA-8 has been recovered and was returned to service on 1 July 1985, as the primary operational morning (descending) satellite. The next satellite of the series NOAA-F (called NOAA-9) was launched into afternoon orbit in December 1984 and replaced NOAA-7. The official launch date for NOAA-G (NOAA-I0 once it achieves orbit) was November 1985. However, launch-pad conflicts and the receovery of NOAA-8 caused a postponement until February 1986. Data from the TIROS operational vertical sounder (TOVS) and the advanced very-high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) were made available to all Members with satellite-receiving equipment through direct sounding transmission (oST), automatic picture transmission (APT) and high-resolution picture transmission (HRPT) services. In addition, the TIROS satellites continued to be used in the Argos data-collection and location missions. TOVS data, including raw radiances and sea-surface temperatures, were distributed over the GTS in the SATOB, SARAn and SATEM code forms and 26 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

other ways. The current series of advanced TIROS-N satellites is expected to be continued throughout the early 1990s.

The METEOR-2 meteorological satellite system, normally with two satellites in orbit, continued to form the basis of the USSR polar-orbiting operational satellite service, providing visible (VIS) and infra-red (IR) images of cloud as well as of snow and ice cover. They also provided cloud-top temperatures and heights as well as temperatures and values of outgoing long-wave radiation and reflected solar radiation, data which were processed and distributed over the GTS in pictorial and other forms. The present METEOR-2 series is to continue for at least the next few years. In respect of the next generation of polar-orbiting series, consideration is being given to increasing the altitude to provide more adequate observational coverage in the tropical belts. Other changes being considered include a higher resolution for the imaging sensors, especially for those with direct broadcast capability, and the use of microwave sensors for obtaining all weather observations of ice and snow cover.

Orbital prediction information as well as information on the operation of onboard sets of instruments from both USA and USSR polar-orbiting meteorological satellites was distributed on the GTS in the form of TBUS (USA APT PREDICT) and FANAS (USSR orbital prediction) messages on a routine basis.

As far as the geostationary meteorological satellites are concerned, the spacecraft of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series continued to provide both high- and low-resolution (WEFAX) imagery by direct transmission and relay of information from data-collection platforms (DCPs). Difficulties with the GOES-5 spacecraft in mid-1984 made it necessary for the USA to revert to a single spacecraft operation for image data until GOES-G and H become available in 1986. The USA moved the GOES-6 spacecraft to 98°W and this spacecraft is expected to operate between 98°W and 108°W until 1986. The series also provided upper-wind observations based on cloud movement in the form of SATOB bulletins distributed over the GTS and a limited service relaying weather charts from the World Meteorological Centre (WMC) Washington. Another geostationary meteorological satellite located at 107°W, known as GOES-Gentral, was in operation in the picture-dissemination mode (WEFAX) .

The Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite GMS-3 took over Earth-observing operations from GMS-2 in September 1984, to provide both high and low-resolution visible and infra-red imagery, as well as data collection and dissemination services for data from DCPs. The GMS-4 project will start from the 1985 fiscal year with the first launch in 1989. The main missions of GMS-4 will be the same as those for GMS-3.

The European Space Agency (ESA) geostationary satellite METEOSAT-2 continued to provide a full service of high- and low-resolution visible and infra-red imagery as well as information on upper-winds based on cloud movement and distributed over the GTS as SATOB bulletins. However, the data collection mission also continued to be carried out by the first operational satellite in this series, METEOSAT-1, which is still in orbit. The satellite programme is now operated within the framework of the EUMETSAT organization created in 1983.

The Indian multipurpose national satellite INSAT-1B was launched and became operational in October 1983. Quantitative processed satellite data, 1985 - Twenty-five years of meteorologi cal satellites

Image of a cut-off cyclone over the- eastern Pacific, taken by TIROS I on 4 April 1960 (Photo: US Weather Bureau)

A recent full disk image over the Indian Ocean received from INSAT (Photo: India Meteoro logical Department) Launching of the first radiosonde at Leticia, Colombia (Photo: HIMAT)

Computer room at the RMC of Douala, Cameroon PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 27

i.e. wind-vector data, were exchanged on the GTS. Satellite INSAT-1C is already being built and should be launched in about 1986.

Both polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites continued to be complementary in the frequency and areal coverage of observations, collection and relay of in situ observations and dissemination of data by direct broadcast. During the year the space-based sub-system made it possible to obtain a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative information concerning the state of the atmosphere and the Earth's surface, which was used extensively in the operational work of most Members. Further progress was achieved in satellite-data applications in such vital fields as environmental warning services, determining ocean conditions (including sea-ice monitoring) and hydrological and agricultural conditions.

During 1985 implementation of the WWW publication programme on satellite aspects and the distribution of information on various summaries of satellite-related activities in countries concerned were continued.

Co-ordination of geostationary meteorological satellites

WMO continued its participation in the co-ordination of geostationary meteorological satellites (CGMS). The CGMS-XIV meeting in Tokyo in May 1985 emphasized the planning for the expected increases in use of the data-collection system during the remainder of the decade.

GLOBAL DATA-PROCESSING SYSTEM

General

The specifications and details of the organization and functions of the Global Data-processing System are given in Volume I of the Manual on the GDPS (WMO-No. 485) (Annex IV to the Technical Regulations) and are summarized in the WWW plan 1984-1987. Details on methods used in real-time operations of GDPS centres are found in the Guide on the GDPS (WMO-No. 305).

The purpose of the GDPS is to co-ordinate the data-processing activities of Members in order to make available all the processed information they require for both real-time and non-real-time applications in an effective and efficient manner. The GDPS should allow access to products and processed information prepared on the basis of recent advances in atmospheric science, using powerful numerical computer methods. Each Member, employing sui table transmission techniques through the GTS, should have real-time access to GDPS products and thereby benefit from participation in the WWW. Access to information in the non-real-time mode should allow an effective exchange of delayed information for Members to meet their requirements as regards observational and processed information.

The GDPS is organized as a three-level system, namely WMCs and RMCs, at the global and regional levels respectively, and NMCs, which carry out GDPS functions at the national level. In general, real-time functions of the system involve pre-processing of data, analysis and prognosis, including derivation of appropr~ate meteorological parameters. The non-real-time functions include collection, quality control, storage and retrieval and cataloguing of observational data and processed information for operational and special applications as well as for research. 28 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

The system of WMCs and RMCs is kept under review by CBS and, as appropriate, by regional associations which, in order to ensure that the necessary steps are taken to fill any gaps in the system and to avoid any undesirable redundancy, make appropriate recommendations to the Executive Council. Detailed information on the implementation of the GDPS is given in the Twelfth Status Report on Implementation of the WWW (WMO-No. 639).

Publication of GDPS regulatory and guidance material

Supplement No. 1 to the Guide on the GDPS dealing with Chapter 4, Section 3, and Chapter 6 was published and issued in August 1985.

The Guide on the Automation of Data-processing Centres was published and issued in June 1985.

Three reports were published and issued under the Global Data processing Report Series, namely:

No. 2 New Trends in Data Representation;

No. 3 The Application of Improved Forecasting Methods and Regional Technology for Operational Use;

No. 4 Developments in Forecasting in the Tropics, Projected Developments in NWC Methodology and Techniques in the Tropics (and Sub-tropics).

Reports under the Global Data-processing Report Series will be replaced by a new series, WWW Technical Reports, covering all fields of v-rww operations as from January 1986.

A new International Cloud Atlas (Volume II) was in the process of being printed at the end of the year. It will be published in 1986.

Supplement No. 4 to the Manual on the GDPS, concerning the updated text pertaining to Region II (Asia) in Volume II, was issued in March 1985 and Supplement No. 5 was prepared for publication.

Supplement No. 6 to the Manual on Codes, Volume II, arising out of national coding practices notified by Members, was issued in July 1985 and Supplement No. 7 was prepared for publication.

Supplement No. 1 to the Manual on Codes, Volume I, was prepared for publication as a result of the termination as from 31 December 1985 of the use of the bar as a unit of pressure, the deletion of code form FM 48-V ARMET and notification of national practices regarding the coding of certain elements in reports, analyses or forecasts for international exchange.

Activities of the CBS Working Group on the GDPS and the Working Group on Codes

Working Group on the GDPS

As no session of the Working Group on the GDPS was held in 1985, the following work was mainly conducted by correspondence: PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 29

(a) The conclusions and recommendations of the sixth session of the CBS Working Group on the GDPS were submitted to the extra ordinary session (1985) of CBS for adoption;

(b) The Guide and Manual on the GDPS were reviewed and updated;

(d) The Rapporteur on Optimum Use of Observational Data in Data Assimilation Schemes at GDPS Centres submitted his report enti tIed "Use of meteorological observation in numerical weather prediction". This report was prepared for publication;

(e) An inquiry was carried out by the Rapporteur on Monitoring Procedures on the GDPS. A report on this subj ect was being prepared; moreover:

(f) A survey concerning the availability and documentation of meteorological software available for exchange was conducted by the Secretariat. The results of this survey were being analysed and compiled into a publication, in accordance with the recommendation of the Working Group on the GDPS;

(g) The WMO/CAS NWP Data Study and Intercomparison Project was continued in 1984 under the WWW Programme. The results of the WMO/CAS NWP Data Study and Intercomparison Project for Forecasts for the Northern Hemisphere in 1984 were published and issued in September 1985;

(h) A study concerning the formula(e) used by high-level stations for reduction of pressure by various Members was carried out. The results were submitted to the eleventh session of the CBS Advisory Working Group which recommended that either station-level pressure be exchanged by all stations and/or that standardization of pressure-reduction methods be undertaken urgently. These recommendations were referred to CBS/Ext. (85);

(i) A study regarding the presentation of weather information to users, in particular to mass media, was initiated by the Secretariat and an invited expert. This study is scheduled to be completed by the coming year.

Working Group on Codes

As no session of the Working Group on Codes was held in 1985, the following tasks were undertaken by correspondence:

ODAS code

The Study Group on Urgent Code Matters (December 1983) had further reviewed the ODAS code and recommended its adoption. In a subsequent exchange 30 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

of op~n~on by the full working group, some members made comments expressing some reservations. These comments, together with the proposed ODAS code, were submitted to the CBS/Ext. (85) for consideration.

Review of present and past weather code tables

The Study Group on Urgent Code Matters established a mechanism for general revision of code table 4677 (ww - present weather) and consequently code table 4561 (W1W z - past weather) and development of an international code table for special phenomena to replace the different regional code tables for SpSpspsp. This task is still continuing within the Working Group on Codes.

Revision of the structure of the Manual on Codes, Volume I

The study group also developed a recommendation for implementation of step I of the revision of the structure of the Manual on Codes, Volume I, in accordance with Recommendation 8 (CBS-VIII). However, implementation of Recommendation 8 (CBS-VIII) has been deferred by the tenth session of the Advisory Working Group of CBS pending further study by the CBS Working Group on Codes at its next session (1986) as to the extent of its implementation in the light of new developments in bit-oriented formats.

Broadening the use of N = /

The working group had an exchange of opl.nl.on on broadening the usage of N = / to eliminate problems experienced on offshore oil-drilling rigs and at some airport observatories at night where many lights on the superstructure may prevent an observer from discerning the sky at night, hence preventing an estimation of the cloud cover. The changes as accepted by the working group were included in the proposed amendments to SYNOP code submitted to CBS/Ext. (85) for consideration.

Possible future modifications of the TEMP code

The working group discussed suggestions for possible future modifi cations of the TEMP code - PM 35-VI, including the possible combination of Parts A and C and Parts Band D.The majority of members of the working group did not favour this combination unless it can be demonstrated that the proposed combination will not lead to significant delays in the receipt of data up to 100 hPa.

Reporting of present weather (ww) and past weather (W1W z ) by automatic

stations

At the request of the CBS Working Group on the GDPS, the Working Group on Codes had an exchange of opinion on the extension of code table 4677 for ww and 4561 for W1Wz, based on proposals included in CBS-VIII/Document 31. The majority of Members raised strong opposition to this proposal on the PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 31

grounds that it was too restrictive. Consequently, the chairman assigned to a small group of members the task of developing a new proposal which was submitted to CBS/Ext. (85) for consideration.

Expanded CAgM data requirements from WWW

During its thirty-sixth session, the Executive Council requested the Commission for Basic Systems to take the necessary action with a view to meeting, as far as practicable, the requirements stated by the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology. These requirements were a subject of exchange of op~n~on among members of the Working Group on Codes and proposals were submitted to CBS/Ext. (85) for a decision on the proposed amendments to SYNOP.

TRACKOB code and modifications to TESAC

The IGOSS Joint IOC/WMO Meeting of Experts on IGOSS Operations and Data Exchange (September 1984) made proposals for a code to report data along a ship's track and proposed some modifications to code PM 64-V TESAC. These proposals, after an exchange of opinion, were formulated and submitted to CBS/Ext. (85) for consideration.

The eleventh session of the CBS Working Group on the GTS proposed that the use of RIGG by stations located at sea on drilling rigs and the use of ILAT by stations located at sea on oil- or gas-production platforms be replaced by the group Albwnbnbnb. The chairman of the Working Group on Codes endorsed this proposal. This aspect is included in proposed modifications of regulations of SYNOP submitted to CBS/Ext. (85).

Indication of units of wind speed in aeronautical codes

The chairman of the Working Group on Codes participated in the development and discussion of proposals for indicating units of wind speed used or expected to be used in aeronautical figure codes as requested by ICAO and endorsed by the Executive Council. The substance of the proposals as contained in Recommendation A (84-CBS) - Rev. 1 was submitted as Recommen dation 7.2/5 (CBS/Ext. (85» for consideration by the Commission.

Exchange formats for data and products

The tenth session of the CBS Advisory Working Group requested the Secretary-General to convene an expert meeting on observational data representation to consider inter alia the further development of the GRIB form.

An Expert Meeting on Observational Data Representation to develop principles on bit-oriented techniques for representation, exchange and storage of observational data was held in Geneva from 2 to 6 September 1985. Its conclusions, which included proposals for further extension of the GRIB form, were submitted to CBS/Ext. (85) for consideration. 32 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

Regional activities related to the GDPS and codes

The RA III Meeting of Experts to Co-ordinate the Needs for Products from WMCs and RMCs was held in Brasilia from 2 to 6 September 1985. The meeting reviewed the requirements in respect of collection, exchange and dissemination of observational data and processed products. It also considered the draft WWW Plan for the GDPS to the year 2000 and the Regional WWW (GDPS) Implementation Programme for 1986-1991.

The third session of the RA VI Working Group on Co-ordination of Requirements for Data in GRID Code Form was held in Geneva from 25 to 29 November 1985. The session considered the exchange of products in GRID/GRIB/GRAF/WINTEM code forms in order to meet the requirements of Members in the Region, in particular regarding the World Area Forecast System (WAFS) products.

The chairman of the RA VI Working Group on the Exchange of Warnings of Hazardous Weather Phenomena prepared a report entitled "Organization and development of the exchange of warning messages in Europe". This report was circulated to the members of the working group for comments and is to be submitted to the next session of Regional Association VI for consideration.

The regional Rapporteurs on Codes discussed a proposal by the Regional Association IV rapporteur on a possible approach to the general revision of code tables for present and past weather. This task will be further reviewed by the full Working Group on Codes at its next meeting.

The Regional Association I Rapporteur on Codes is currently reviewing codes for regional collection of AGRHYMET data, with a view to their possible standardization and adoption.

Antarctic meteorology

With effect from 1 July 1985, new index numbers with block 89 were allocated to certain stations in the Antarctic in accordance with Conclusion No. 1 of the meeting on Antarctic Data Telecommunication Arrangements (Geneva, 20~22 June 1983).

GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

General

The Global Telecommunication System is an important component of the World Weather Watch Plan for 1984-1987, adopted by Ninth Congress, and should provide for the efficient flow of meteorological data and information to meet the agreed WWW system requirements in a timely and reliable way. It should ensure that all Members have access to all the data and information available in a cost-effective manner in the system to satisfy their requirements. The GTS has been established primarily to provide communication services for the rapid and reliable collection, exchange and distribution of required observational data, particularly GOS data, and processed information from WMCs, RMCs and NMCs operating within the GDPS of the WWW as well as other specialized centres such as WAFS centres, ECMWF, etc. to meet the needs of Members for operational purposes and those research purposes which necessarily involve the exchange of information in real time or quasi-real time. PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 33

The GTS is organized on a three-level basis, namely:

(a) The Main Telecomrciunication Network (MTN);

(b) The regi-onal meteorological telecommunication networks;

The GTS is internationally supported by the telecommunication functions of the following centres:

(a) World Meteorological Centres;

(b) Regional 'relecommunication Hubs (RTHs);

(d) National Meteorological Centres.

In accordance with the decisions of Cg-IX, the Integrated System Study of the WWW has been carried out by various WMO constituent bodies, the Commission for Basic Systems and regional associations with a view to developing a new WWW plan to the year 2000, which will meet increasing requirements of Members. Details of the WWW-2000 are given in separate paragraphs (see paragraphs under the WWW Plan). However, the new plan will not create a new era. The GTS will retain its main structure and functions. New modern telecommunication technology will be progressively implemented in a cost-effective way.

Review of the activities of WMO constituent bodies relating to the GTS

Global aspects

The extraordinary session of the Commission for Basic Systems (Hamburg, October-November 1985) adopted recommendations which were based on those adopted by the eleventh session of the CBS Working Group on the Global Telecommunication System (Geneva, October-November 1984) concerning amendments to the Manual on the GTS. The session of the working group decided that a meeting of the Study Group on Operational Matters should be held in order to finalize the GTS procedures for the exchange of meteorological messages in alphanumeric and binary forms, digital facsimile transmissions, routeing procedures, etc., prior to the extraordinary session of the CBS.

The first session of this study group was thus held in Geneva in June 1985. It agreed upon the amendments of the Manual on the GTS which were embodied in the recommendations adopted by CBS/Ext. (85). These recommen dations will be submitted to the thirty-eighth session of the Executive Council for consideration and possible adoption.

Collaboration with ITU and ISO

Close collaboration was maintained with the International Telecommuni cation Union (ITU) and the International Organization for Standardization 34 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

(ISO) wi th a view to introducing new teleconununication techniques into the GTS. Studies carried out by ITU and ISO were kept under continuous review by WMO representatives at various meetings of the two organizations.

The VIIIth CCITT Plenary Assembly (Malaga-Torremolinos, October 1984) adopted the amendment to CCITT Reconunendation F.l concerning Operational Provisions for the International Public· Telegram Service. The amendments included deletion of meteorological. telegrams from the obligatory classes. The Secretary-General of WMO pointed out to the Secretary-General of ITU that this decision was not correct since the ITU Telegraph Regulations .maintain that meteorological telegrams are classed as obligatory in its Article 4. The above deletion was made inadvertently. Following legal advice by CCITT and given the mandatory nature of the Telegraph Regulations, it was decided to reinsert the OBS class of service in Reconunendation F.l.

Regional aspects

The regional meteorological teleconununication plans for all six Regions were kept under constant review by the respective regional associations through their Working Groups on Meteorological Teleconununications, in order to update the plans to. meet the requirements of Members for both observational data and processed information.

The fifth session of the RA IV Working Group on Meteorological Teleconununications (Mexico D.F., March 1985) reviewed the RA IV regional meteorological teleconununication plan for the WWW and developed reconunendations for amendments to this plan. It also examined the operational state of the regional meteorological teleconununication network in Region IV. In particular, the implementation of the improved ANMET and CEMET was considered by the experts attending this session. The reconunendations and conclusions of this session were submitted to the ninth session of Regional Association IV in San Jose (Costa Rica, December 1985) for consideration. The Association adopted two resolutions in this respect, based on the reconunendations of the working group.

The sixth session of the RA V Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications (Singapore, September 1985) examined various tele conununicatjon matters in Region V - South-West Pacific. Brunei and Solomon Islands, which had recently become Members of Regional Association V, sent their teleconununication experts to this session. The session adopted reconunendations for amendments to the RA V regional meteorological teleconununication plan. These reconunendations will be submitted to the ninth session of Regional Association V, scheduled for early 1986, for consideration and possible adoption.

With a view to assisting RA III Members in upgrading the regional meteorological teleconununication network in South America, two implementation/ co-ordination meetings were held in Region III, one in Maracay in August and another in Buenos Aires in September.

The first of these implementation/co-ordination meetings discussed various problems concerning the implementation and upgrading of the regional circui ts between the RTH Maracay and the associated NMCs. It also developed reconunendations for the necessary co-ordination, the establisllil1ent of transmission schedules and the necessary action to implement the regional circuits concerned at the earliest possible date. PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 35

The second implementation co-ordination meeting dealt with the RTHs Brasilia and Buenos Aires and the associated NMCs and examined the plans of the Members concerned to upgrade the relevant centres and circuits. Recommendations and conclusions adopted by this meeting will be sent to the Members concerned for their consideration and necessary action.

The joint RA II/RA V Workshop on Modern Telecommunication Techniques was held in Jakarta from 30 September to 4 October 1985. The workshop dealt with practical aspects of the GTS operation and future development of the GTS to the year 2000. Participants attending this. workshop discussed future developments in the field of meteorological telecommunications taking into account new telecommunication technology applicable to the GTS.

Implementation of the Global Telecommunication System

The Twelfth Status Report on Implementation of the WWW was issued in 1984. This report contains detailed information on the implementation of the GTS, which is based on the replies from Members received before the end of July 1984. The implementation of the GTS plan has progressed since this date. The configuration and present operational status of the GTS as of 30 November 1985 is shown in the diagram on page 37. Some important points concerning it are given in the following paragraphs.

The Main Telecommunication Network

The present Main Telecommunication Network consists of 21 circuits, all of which were in operation. In particular, nine circuits, Melbourne Tokyo-Washington-Bracknell-Paris-Offenbach-Prague, Offenbach-Beijing-Tokyo and Offenbach-Jeddah, were operating at 9600 bitls using either 4800/2400/2400 bit/s or 4800/4800 bit/so Two circuits, Moscow-New Delhi and Tokyo-New Delhi, were operating at 2400 bit/s and three circuits, Moscow-Prague, Moscow-Sofia and Prague-Sofia, were operating at 1200 bit/so The remalnlng seven circuits are operating on single or multi-channels of 50/75 bauds at present. The latter circuits will be upgraded in the near future.

As regards the automation of telecommunication centres, the WMCs Melbourne, Moscow and Washington and the RTHs Beij ing, Bracknell, Dakar, Jeddah, Nairobi, New Delhi, Paris, Prague, Sofia and Tokyo are equipped with automatic switching systems. The three remaining RTHs, Brasilia, Buenos Aires and Cairo, will be automated in the very near future.

Regional meteorological telecommunication networks

The regional meteorological telecommunication networks for the six Regions consist of 276 point-to-point circuits, of which 236 circuits have been established. Thirty-seven circuits are operating at data-signalling rates higher than 1200 bit/so In particular, eight circuits are now operating wi th V. 29-4800/2400/2400 bi tis multiplexing. Table IV overleaf provides a summary of the implementation of point-to-point circuits called for in the GTS plan; including the MTN. As can be seen from the table, 170 out of 236 implemented circuits are 'operating via satellite/cable. In addition, eight circuits use a micro-wave radio relay system. These l7B circuits are considered as reliable. 36 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

As regards RTH radio broadcasts, 27 RTT broadcasts and 23 radio-facsimile broadcasts were operating to disseminate observational data and processed information between GTS centres. Twelve RTHs and 21 NMCs are already automated.

National meteorological telecommunication networks

The national meteorological telecommunication networks are essential parts of the GTS, through which each NMC can collect observational data from individual observing stations and distribute meteorological information to all stations in its territory to meet the requirements of users.

Observational data from about 80 per cent of the stations included in the regional basic synoptic networks were collected within 45 minutes of the observation times at the NMCs concerned. However, further improvement in this respect will be needed in order to reach full implementation of the national meteorological telecommunication networks in all countries.

TABLE IV

Summary of the implementation of point-to-point circuits called for in the GTS plan

Number of point-to-point circuits

Established circuits Recommended in the plan Satellite/Cable Radio/HF/VHF/UHF Total

Main Telecom- munication Network 21 20 1 21

Region I 75 16 43 59

Region II 45 26 7 33

Region III 16 4 6 10

Region IV 31 30 - 30

Region V 13 11 2 13

Region VI 51 46 5 51

Inter-regional circuits 24 17 2 19

Total 276 170 66 236 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 39

MONITORING OF THE OPERATION OF THE WWW

Plan for monitoring the operation of the WWW

The object of monitoring the operational performance of the WWW is, in particular, to facilitate co-ordination and co-operation between Members and centres with a view to maintaining efficiency and effectiveness of the operation of the WWW at the global, regional and national levels. It should be mentioned that the operation of the three main elements of the WWW, namely the GOS, GDPS and GTS, is so inter-related that the independent monitoring of each element would be impractical. The monitoring activities relating to the three elements (GOS, GDPS and GTS) are therefore closelyco-ordinated.

The present monitoring plan contained in the Manuals on the GOS, GDPS and GTS was revised by the extraordinary session of "CBS in 1985. The revised version now includes procedures for quality control of "observational data and verification of NWP products.

Implementation of non-real-time monitoring surveys

Specific monitoring on a smalcler scale

With a view to identifying exact levels or areas in which deficiencies in the operation of the WWW exist and to remedy these deficiencies as quickly as possible, specific monitoring surveys on a smaller scale were carried out for the following:

(a) The zones of responsibility of the RTHs Brasilia, Buenos Aires and Maracay (13-27 May);

(b) The zones of responsibility of the RTHs Brazzaville, Lusaka and Nairobi (3-7 July);

(d) The exchange of bulletins containing processed information (products) on the MTN (2-6 September).

The result of these specific monitoring surveys indicated that there was a serious deficiency in the availability of observational data at different centres. Members concerned were therefore requested to take urgent action to ensure the reliable distribution of observational data amongst the relevant centres.

Annual global monitoring

SYNOP, TEMP and PILOT reports

The results of annual global monitoring carried out in October each year indicate that the global average availability of SYNOP and TEMP data at the centres located on the Main Telecommunication Network reached 75 per cent of the expected number of reports. As regards PILOT data, availability did not attain 50 per cent, primarily because optical pilot-balloon observations are seriously affected by adverse weather conditions. Tables V and VI 40 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

indicate the daily average number of SYNOP and TEMP reports received by MTN centres during a 15-day monitoring period in 1983, 1984 and 1985.

SHIP reports

The daily average number of ships' weather reports has exceeded 4 500 since 1983. According to the results of monitoring carried out in 1983, 1984 and 1985, the daily average number of reports available for global exchange has increased constantly. The results of these surveys are summarized in Table VII.

AlREP reports

The global monitoring .carried out in 1983, 1984 and 1985 indicated continuous growth, the daily average number of AI REPs available at a given MTN centre for global exchange reaching 3 000, as shown in Table VIII.

TABLE V

Daily average number of SYNOP reports available at an MTN centre

Date of Region monitoring I II III IV V VI Total

October 1983 1088 2520 762 1220 910 1034 7534

October 1984 1002 2466 739 1218 882 1053 7360

October 1985 888 2389 699 1039 871 1022 6908

TABLE VI

Daily average number of TEMP reports available at an MTN centre I Date of I Region I I monitoring I I II III IV V VI Total :I I I ! October 1983 I 49 453 37 249 68 247 1103 I

October 1984 I 52 475 32 271 69 236 1135 I I I October 1985 50 460 28 245 71 249 1103 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 41

TABLE VII

Daily average number of SHIP reports available at an MTN centre

Date of Region monitoring I II III IV V VI Total

October 1983 17 591 13 2329 259 1432 4641

October 1984 25 756 18 2482 302 1348 4931

October 1985 209 763 6 2083 291 1576 4928

TABLE VIII

Daily average number of AI REPs available at an MTN centre

Date of Region monitoring I II III IV V VI Total

October 1983 4 556 27 1369 244 709 2909

October 1984 12 667 7 1416 291 809 3202

October 1985 52 642 10 1694 231 856 3485

CLlMAT and CLlMAT TEMP reports

Monthly summaries of surface and upper-air data coded in CLlMAT (FM 7l-VI) and CLlMAT TEMP (FM 75-VI) are exchanged globally over the GTS. The present monitoring plan includes routine checks on the global exchange of CLlMAT and CLlMAT TEMP reports, which are carried out in October each year. Many GTS centres transmit these messages on the fifth day of each month. A special monitoring survey on the availability of CLlMAT and CLlMAT TEMP reports at the MTN centres was carried out in October 1985. The results of this survey, given in Table IX, were very encouraging and showed the efficiency of the GTS for real-time dissemination of climatological data. 42 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

TABLE IX

Monitoring results of exchange of CLlMAT/CLlMAT TEMP reports

Number of CLlMAT NUMBER OF CLlMAT NUMBER OF CLlMAT NUMBER OF CLlMA'I Region reporting reports received TEMP reporting TEMP reports stations (% reception) stations received (%) ! ,I I I I 155 58 (37.4) 37 6 (16.2) i , ! II 309 230 (74.4) 113 82 (72.6) 1 , ! III 221 153 (69.2) 41 8 (19.5) ! i (67.9) 2 (2.9) i IV 112 76 69 I I V 231 89 (38.5) 60 38 (63.3) VI 239 215 (90.0) 94 76 (80.9)

Total 1267 821 (64.8) 414 212 (81.2)

NOTE: The figures in brackets are the percentage of expected reports received.

BATHY/TESAC reports

BATHY/TESAG t'epot'ts at'e also exehan~ecl ~loeally on the GTS. Annual global monitoring carried out in October every year includes a check of the reception of BATHY/TESAC reports at the GTS centre. The results of monitoring carried out in October 1985 indicated that the daily average number of BATHY and TESAC reports exchanged over the GTS reached 124.

Processed information including satellite data

Annual global monitoring carried out in October included a check on the exchange of satellite data bulletins and GRID code bulletins on the GTS. The results of monitoring showed that the daily average number of bulletins containing satellite data exchanged on the GTS exceeded 3 000 and the number of GRID code bulletins exceeded 1 000. It should be mentioned, however, that bulletins of both types are exchanged efficiently on certain GTS circuits operating at data-signalling rates of 1200/2400/4800/9600 bit/so It would be difficult to handle these bulletins without a computer. It is obvious that the exchange of large volumes of information over the GTS will be a major factor in the future development of the GTS. PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 43

WWW OPERATIONAL INFORMATION SERVICE

As in the previous year, the operational information service continued to provide WMO Members and WWW centres with detailed and up-to-date information on facilities, services and products made available 1n the everyday operation of the WWW. The timely dissemination of this information is becoming increasingly important, as regards the progressive automation of WWW centres. Information on the WWW implementation and plans of Members was made available to WWW Members and WMO bodies as requested by Congress.

The operational information was distributed in the form of printed publications and supplements thereto, magnetic tapes, monthly letters on the operation of the WWW and the MMS, and telegraphic notifications over the GTS circuits (METNO and WIFMA messages).

Data- and text-processing techniques continued to be utilized for the speedy and accurate processing of the operational information, four inter active terminals being used to this effect. More detailed information on the supplement service may be found in Part 9.

TROPICAL CYCLONE PROGRAMME

Introduction

Ninth Congress (Geneva 1983) reaffirmed that it attached high priority to the Tropical Cyclone Programme (TCP) which has as its ultimate objective the establishment of national and regionally co-ordinated systems to ensure that loss of life and damage caused by tropical cyclones are reduced to a m1n1mum. In 1984 the Executive Council adopted a critical appraisal of the TCP. It agreed that the TCP has been a significantly successful programme and decided that there should be a phased enhancement starting in 1985. It was also agreed that there should be a shift in emphasis towards improving the capabilities of the Meteorological and Hydrological Services in order to provide better forecasts and more effective warnings, with substantial improvements at the interface with the user. The appraisal included a statement of priorities for the medium term within the enhanced programme. These priorities cover various aspects of assistance to Members, the promotion of regional activities and enhanced institutional support.

In response to the request of Regional Association II made at its eighth session, and to meet the need for support to the early stages of the phased enhancement of the TCP, the Executive Council, at its thirty-seventh session (Geneva, June 1985), agreed that the programme should draw to a greater extent on other WMO programmes, particularly as regards the training of personnel. It invited its Panel of Experts on the VCP and appealed to VCP donor Members to provide increased VCP support for the attainment of the goals of the programme. The Council requested the Secretary-General to propose for the tenth financial period increased WMO support for the programme.

Another development of importance during the past year has been the preparation of a draft long-term plan for the TCP for the ten~year period 1988 t.o 1997 as part of the WMO long-term planning process. The draft has been prepared, taking into account the ideas contained in the TCP plan of action and the appraisal of the TCP, and in consultation, to the extent possible, with the regional tropical cyclone bodies. The consultation·process is continuing. 44 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

The TCP comprises two components, a general component concerned with methodology and transfer of technology and a regional component devoted to the activities of regional tropical cyclone bodies within the programme. Its main elements are meteorological and hydrological elements and disaster prevention and preparedness. Details of the work being carried out are given in annual status reports issued by the Secretariat. The latest report, the eleventh in the series, gave information on developments up to 30 June 1985. The information presented here summarizes that given in the eleventh status report and covers additionally further activities and developments under the TCP in the second half of 1985.

General component

The main activities under the general component comprise the publication of manuals and reports, which provide information and guidance to Members and thus assist them in the increased application of scientific knowledge and technological developments for the improvement of the warning and disaster prevention and preparedness systems.

The principal steps taken during the year have been the continuation of activities under a number of projects. Previously, reports had been prepared and distributed under Projects Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12 and 15 and Project No. 11 had been successfully completed. Further action on these projects, such as the updating of publications when significant new information becomes available and the preparation of additional reports under Project No. 15, will be taken as appropriate. One current example is that of the publication "Human response to tropical cyclone warnings and their content" (Proj ect No. 12); steps are now being taken to incorporate some new information into this loose-leaf publication. Information on Projects Nos. 4, 9, 13, 14 and 15 is given in the following paragraphs.

Project No. 4 - Radar - aims at providing guidance information to assist Members in selecting and installing storm-warning radar equipment and in making the best use of it in tropical cyclone tracking, forecasting and warning. A report prepared by an expert from the USA, in consultation with experts designated by Australia, France, Japan and the WMO Commission for InstFuments and Methods of Observation .(elMO) , and entitled "Weather radars for monitoring tropical cyclones", was distributed to Members in early 1985.

Following the review made under Project No. 9 of the draft text of a publication on "Tropical cyclone warning systems" it was felt that there was a need to complete and update the available information. This work is being actively carried out by a group of experts, designated by Hong Kong and the Philippines, under the leadership of Australia. It is expected that a revised version of this important report will be available in draft form by mid-1986 and that publication will follow later the same year.

The main aim of Project No. 13 - Regional Aspects of Storm-surge Prediction (Caribbean, Central America and Eastern Pacific) - is to compile storm-surge atlases for specific locations to assist in the prediction of storm-surge height, evacuation decision making and the provision of planning advice for development and land use. The USA has offered to provide training facilities for one or two qualified persons in the preparation of atlases using a sophisticated tedmique (the SLOSH model>. The subject was discussed by the RA IV Hurricane Committee during its seventh session, in May 1985, which PART 2- WORLD WEATHER WATCH 45

decided that it should seek information on recent experiences with storm-surge projects in Mexico and Puerto Rico before proceeding further with the project.

,Continued progress has been made towards the implementation of Project No. 14 - Public Information and Education - which is being executed jointly by WMO, UNDRO and LRCS with the participation of the USA. Two experts, one of whom served as a consultant, first with WMO and LRCS and then later with UNDRO, the other being provided by the USA as a seconded expert to WMO, are assisting the joint board established by WMO, UNDRO and LRCS to formulate a report on the project. A first draft of the report was completed in the latter part of the year.

Project No. 15 - Typhoon Operational Experiment (TOPEX) - forms part of the programme of activities of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. Nine reports in the TOPE}{ series had been distributed prior to 1985. During the past year TOPE}{ Report No. -10, "Second operational experiment - Reports of the International Experiment Centre and of the typhoon-tracking experiments" , was distributed and two other reports, "TOPEX evaluation meeting" and "Activities under the hydrological component of TOPEX", were issued and distributed.

A report on the Seminar on the Application of Radar Data to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting, including lectures, training material and case studies presented at the seminar held in Bangkok in November/December 1983, was issued in early 1985 in the TCP series as report No. TCP-19 and distributed to Members participating in the TCP. This is the third report on training events published in the TCP series, the other two being the reports on the Workshops on the Use of Satellite Data for Cyclone Detection and Forecasting held in Mexico City (1980) and Bangkok (1982).

A WMO International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones was held in Bangkok from 25 November to 5 December 1985. It was organized as part of the activities relating to the WMO Tropical Meteorology Programme~ including research aspects of the -TCP. Its main obj ecti ve was to examine the current knowledge of tropical cyclones as well as forecasting and research trends from an integrated international perspective.

Regional component

The main thrust of the regional component continues - to be focused on the efficient operation of tropical cyclone early warning systems, including warnings of associated phenomena such as storm surge and floods and of the relevant disaster prevention and preparedness organization. The work has been carried out through two intergovernmental groups, the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Commi ttee and WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones and two working groups of regional associations, the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Ocean and the RA IV Hurricane Committee.

Following a reconunendation of the eighth session of Regional Association V (Melbourne 1982), a meeting of thirteen countries in the South Pacific was organized jointly by ESCAP and WMO in Vanuatu in February 1985 to consider the formation of a regional tropical cyclone body for the South Pacific and adjacent areas. The meeting proposed that such a body, to be called the RA V Tropical Cyclone Conunittee for the South Pacific, be established within the framework of the TCP and as a working group of Regional 46 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

Association V. The meeting drew up proposed terms of reference of the committee and a provisional outline programme of which the main elements are:

• Preparation of a curreqt operational plan;

• Review of current meteorological services. and cyclone warning systems,.to identify deficiencies;

• Preparation of a development programme to overcome deficiencies and to achieve improvements in the system.

In June 1985 the Executive Council welcomed this initiative and the president of Regional Association V, with the authorization of the Council, decided to establish the committee, thus bringing to five the number of regional tropical cyclone bodies to carry out the work under the regional component. Prepara tions have been made for a session of the committee to be held in early 1986.

ESCAP/WMO TyPhoon Committee

As a follow-up to TOPEX, an Expert Meeting on Planning Regional Operational Co-operation for the Typhoon Area was held in Tokyo in August 1985. It provided a concept for a Regional Co-operation Programme among members of the Typhoon Committee, which was adopted by the eighteenth session of the Typhoon Committee, held in Beijing in October 1985. At the same time the Committee proposed that this new high-level Regional Co-operation Programme should be elaborated by a planning meeting for submission to an extraordinary session of the Committee in early 1986. It was agreed that it should aim at the modernization and upgrading of the capabilities of the individual NMCs, strengthening of the telecommunication links and . a co-ordinated system with the establishment of a Regional Specialized' Meteorological Centre (RSMC) in Tokyo, Japan. The Committee also requested the preparation of a Typhoon Committee Operational Manual on the basis of the TOPEZ Operational Manual.

Work on post-TOPEZ operational activities was carried out effectively wi th intensified surface and radar observations, and further progress on meteorological research activities was reported by the co-ordinator of research activities under the meteorological component.

Following a feasibility study supported by UNDRO in association with UNDP and WMO on the establishment of a Regional Disaster Management Centre, it is expected that the training centre will be established at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in Bangkok in 1986.

An Expert Group Meeting on the Improvement of Disaster Prevention Systems. based on Risk Analysis of Natural Disasters related to Typhoons and Heavy Rainfall took place in Bangkok in July 1985. On the basis of the recommendations made by the meeting, the Typhoon Committee decided that. a project on the preparation of a manual and guidelines for flood-risk analysis, as well as of information material on comprehensive flood-loss prevention and management, should be included in the Committee's work programme.

The Committee made a strong request that the vital services of the Telecommunication· and Electronics Expert (TEE) should be continued for a further year to assist its members in maintaining their electronic and telecommunication equipment as well as in. the training of personnel. PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 47

WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones

At its twelfth session, held in Karachi in March 1985, the Panel on Tropical Cyclones took a number of important decisions. The panel considered a draft of a Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, based on the work of a rapporteur appointed by its previous session, giving particular attention to the many concepts and features in it. The panel agreed th.at the main purpose of the operational plan should be to provide for the most effective internationally co-ordinated tropical cyclone warning system for the region, using existing facilities, through regional co-operation. It recognized that the plan would serve as a valuable informa tion source, particularly for operational services. The panel gave particular attention to a number of arrangements and procedures in the plan which were new or concisely defined for the first time. It agreed inter alia upon arrangements for exchange of data, analyses, forecasts and advisory messages, on standard terminology, cyclone classification and the meanings of terms used in such exchanges. Decisions were taken on wind-speed averaging and a system of identification of tropical cyclones. The panel adopted the operational plan and requested the Secretary-General to publish it within theTCP series.

The panel reviewed its technical plan and made a number of changes to it. The most important change was the addition of an outline plan for the development and implementation of a storm-surge project for its region.

It was agreed by the panel that its Technical Support Unit (TSU) should remain located within the panel area and, in continuation of the established principle of rotation among member countries, it decided that the TSU should be relocated from Colombo to Dhaka. The transfer took place in the second half of 1985.

A UNDP evaluation mission, carried out in early 1985, reported very favourably on the effectiveness of the UNDP support to the panel. The panel expressed its appreciation to UNDP, not only for the extension of its support to cover the years 1985 and 1986, but additionally for an increase over the original allocation for that period.

RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Ocean

The seventh session of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee, held in Mauritius in 1985, reviewed its technical plan and implementation programme as we.ll as the Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for its Region. It recommended changes to the operational plan, including changes to the sections on terminology used in the Region, observatory programmes, satellite data reception, exchange of forecasts and telecommunications to update and in some cases strengthen the plan and hence the cyclone warning system.

Although there have been some significant recent advances and development regarding the telecommunications facilities and arrangements in the Region, the Committee appointed a rapporteur to document in detail the existing and planned links as a starting point towards co-ordinated and effective planning for further improvements. In the meantime it requested resumption of the facsimile broadcasts within the Region. It initiated steps for the collection of information on requirements of its Members and on facilities available in the Region as a basis for provision of assistance to its Members through TCDC and similar arrangements. While expressing appreciation to its Members for the efforts being made to improve the systems 48 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

and to the various donors for assistance received, particularly through VCP, the Co~mittee recognized that further external assistance would be essential. It identified group training requirements and other requirements for assistance to its Members in the implementation of its technical plan. The Committee requested the Secretary-General to update and resubmit the project document relating to the improvement of the cyclone warning system to UNDP as well as to other donors, such as the European Development Fund, for funding.

The Committee expressed its appreciation for the successful holding in 1984 of two seminars, one on the utilization of satellite data and radar meteorology and the other on disaster prevention and preparedness, as part of its programme of acti vi ties. It endorsed the recommendations made by both seminars, including one for an exchange programme for tropical cyclone forecasters. The Committee developed a detailed plan for 1986 and 1987.

The Committee proposed the establishment in its Region of a tropical cyclone warning centre to provide advisories to the national centres and requested the Secretary-General to carry out a study and to develop this concept further. The session also expressed the need for the Committee and its Members to be kept informed of research results applicable to the improvement of operational tropical cyclone forecasting in the Region. In the field of disaster prevention and preparedness it proposed the establishment of a focal point to liaise with national authorities, to collect and disseminate information and to formulate recommendations and proposals for submission to the Committee.

RA IV Hurricane Committee

Continued good progress can be reported in the activities of the RA IV Hurricane Committee. On the basis of the recommendations of the seventh session of the Committee (Caracas, Venezuela, May 1985) a number of changes· were made to the RA IV Hurricane Operational Plan (WMO Publication No. 524) and to the Committee's technical plan and its implementation programme. These changes provide for strengthening of the co-operative and co-ordinated arrangements for hurricane warnings and for further planning of the development of cyclone tracking and forecasting and for risk assessment, flood forecasting and disaster preparedness and prevention, respectively, in the Region.

Changes to the operational plan included provision of up to 72-hour forecast positions in extended outlooks to be added to the marine advisories, increase in the frequency of some other advisory messages and deployment of drifting buoys in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The Committee agreed on continuation of the programme of satellite rainfall estimation, recently introduced on a trial basis.

The Committee reviewed its own goals and participated in the WMO long-term planning for the TCP. It agreed ·on a hurricane climatology project for severe hurricanes of years prior to the nineteenth century and supported a proposal for monitoring of flood-forecasting systems.

The Committee endorsed in principle a proposal aimed towards modernization of the Meteorological. Services to strengthen the hurricane warning system and including an advanced satellite programme. This proposal included satellite reception and auxiliary equipment, expected to be available in the mediui" term at much lower prices than at present, and minicomputer hardware and software at some centres, and would rely on the upgrading of the PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 49

ANMET and CEME'l' telecommunications circuits which is now in progress. The Committee requested the Secretariat to develop the proposal further for consideration by its eighth session.

Co-operation with other organizations

In accordance with the wishes of the WMO Congress, close co-operation with other international organizations active in disaster mitigation has continued. Thus there has been close consultation with ESCAP, UNDP, UNDRO and LRCS. on a variety of matters of common concern. The main items include ESCAP's co-sponsorship of the Typhoon Committee and the Panel on Tropical Cyclones, UNDP's invaluable support, through regional projects, for the programmes of those two bodies as well as UNDRO and LRCS involvement in the disaster prevention and preparedness element of the TCP. Special mention may be made of UNDRO and LRCS involvement in TCP Project No. 14. The close co-operation with the Pan-Caribbean Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Project should also be mentioned.

INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF OBSERVATION PROGRAMME

General

The Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme is aimed at achieving a high level of standardization of meteorological observations and for this purpose providing guidance for the performance of meteorological instruments and methods of observation.

Ninth Congress adopted a WMO Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme and also modified the terms of reference of the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation,. which is responsible for keeping abreast of developments in the field of this programme and making appropriate recommendations.

The main programme components include:

(a) Provision of input into ongoing WMO programmes, particularly the WWW, including the Integrated WWW System Study;

(b) Promotion of new instrument development and evaluation of instruments;

(c) Studies of instrumentation for improved methods of meteor ological surface and upper-air observations and development of suitable criteria for standard algorithms to achieve higher data quality;

(d) Evaluation of improved remote-sensing techniques with a view to introducing them into operational observation networks;

(e) Development of performance characteristics for instruments, particularly automatic instruments, on the basis of user requirements;

(f) Organization ·of international and regional instrument comparisons; 50 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

(g) Definition of calibration requirements and methods;

(h) Provision of technical input for education and training (training seminars and training material) and guidance on instrument maintenance';

(i) Updating of the fifth edition of the WMO Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation;

(j) Exchange of information and experience on the operation of new instruments and new methods of observation through technical conferences.

During 1985 important efforts were made to implement the programme on a global level by CIMO and on a regional level through regional associations. The organization of intercomparisons, workshops and other training acti vi ties was carried out by the Secretariat, which also undertook the co-ordination of instrument matters with other WMO programmes and activities with other international organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation

At the invitation of the Government' of Canada, the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO) held its ninth session at the Government Conference Centre in Ottawa from 15 to 26 July 1985. The participants included 82 delegates from 50 Member countries, orte delegate from a non-Member country, and representatives of five other international organizations.

Professor G. O. P. Obasi, WMO Secretary-General, thanked the Canadian Government on behalf of the Organization for hosting the session of CIMO and for the excellent facilities provided. He recalled that Ninth Congress had strengthened CIMO's terms of reference to enable it to contribute more effectively to the various WMO programmes.

The Commission examined the work of its six rapporteurs and six working groups. It then reviewed the observational requirements of WMO bodies and programmes and the programme on instruments and methods of observation contained in the Second Long-term Plan (1988-1997), and proceeded to define a work plan for the next inter-sessional period. To accomplish this, seven working groups and eight rapporteurs were appointed.

The main thrust of the programme will be standardization of observing methods for surface and upper-air data so as to meet requirements for operations and research. The activities may be grouped into four main areas: evaluating observing systems and meteorological instruments; sponsoring international (or regional) instrument comparisons; preparing or updating regulatory and guidance material; promoting studies on data compatibility. Within the Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme, there was a strong training component for meteorological personnel of all four classes. elMO would be the main responsible body for the general and global aspects of the pr.ogramme, but regional associations would be much involved in regional aspects. PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 51

CIMO working groups will concentrate on the preparation of standard algorithms for automatic weather stations and automated upper-air measure ments, as well as on automated quality-control procedures. Furthermore, they will assist in updating the WMO Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation and in preparing other regulatory and guidance·material relating to standardized methods for all types of meteorological observations, using both conventional instruments and new technology.

Rapporteurs will ensure that the work of the Commission is adequately co-ordinated with other WMO programmes in the fields of aerodrome meteorological instrumentation, ozone measurements,. radiosonde data compati bility, standardized precipitation corrections, specifications for wind gustiness, operational hygrometry and the indirect sensing of the atmosphere.

The Commission considered technology transfer mechanisms in the field of meteorological instruments and methods of observation, to meet the needs better of Meteorological and Hydrometeorological Services in developing countries.

Finally, a list of instrument comparisons was proposed in the light of the Second Long-term Plan; decisions were also taken on the most effective way to continue and complete ongoing tasks in respect of expanded instrument intercomparisons under the aegis of WMO.

Professor S. Huovila (Finland) was re-elected president and Dr. J. Kruus (Canada) was re-elected vice-president of the Commission.

Activities of CIMO working groups

The second session of the Working Group on Instruments and Methods of Observation for Surface Data was held in Hamburg from 18 to 22 March 1985. The working group analysed the work done by the members since its first session and prepared its report to be submitted to CIMO-IX. In particular, the working group prepared several draft recommendations for consideration by CIMO-IX concerning the further development of algorithms for automatic weather stations, performance characteristics for sensors and surface meteorological instruments, a new instrument development inquiry and several publications for the Instrument and Observing Methods series as guidance material on such subjects as data reduction algorithms, selecting instruments for use in developing countries and inexpensive automated data acquisition.

Organization of international and regional comparisons

Following the decisions of the thirty-fifth session of the Executive Council, the WMO International Radiosonde Comparison, Phase II, was carried out successfully at the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Wallops Island, from 4 February to 15 March 1985 with participating teams from Australia, Finland, India and the USA. More than 100 balloons were released. Each balloon carried five radiosondes. A high-precision tracking radar was used to provide independent height and wind data. The mean bursting altitude was about 32 km and more than 60 per cent of the soundings reached the 10 hPa level. The two phases of the International Radiosonde Comparison have provided by far the largest data set ever on the relative performance of operational radiosondes and associated systems. 52 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

At its thirty-sixth session (June 1984), the Executive Council decided to carry out the Sixth WMO International Pyrheliometer Comparison (IPC-VI) in 1985. At the invitation of Switzerland, IPC-VI was implemented at the World Radiation Centre in Davos from 1 to 18 October 1985. More than 40 experts in the field of radiation measurements with 52 Angstrom pyrheliometers and absolute radiometers from all regions participated. The results were evaluated by an International Organizing Committee which was set up in agreement with the president of CIMO.

Third WMO Technical Conference on Instruments and Methods of Observation (TECIMO-III)

The Third WMO Technical Conference on Instruments and Methods of Observation (TECIMO-III) was held at the Government Congress Centre in Ottawa from 8 to 22 July 1985. TECIMO-III, as well as the exhibition of meteorological instruments (EXPO-CIMO 1985), was opened by the Deputy Secretary-General of WMO, Mr. D. Smith. Fifty-five papers were presented on quality control, sensors, calibration comparison and maintenance, obser vational systems, new technology and methods of observation. TECIMO-III was attended by 117 participants and 26 exhibitors, many representing groups of manufacturers. The EXPO-CIMO 1985, organized by the Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada, which was extended to the first week of the ninth session of the Commission, gave the participants of TECIMO-III and CIMO-IX the opportunity to familiarize themselves with the latest developments in instrument manufacturing and industrial development in the field of meteorological instruments and observing systems. Thus TECIMO-III also stimulated efforts in the production of meteorological instruments, improving their accuracy, stability and reliability.

Training Workshop for Instrument Specialists

At its thirty-sixth session, the Executive Council approved the holding of an RA I Training Workshop for Instrument Specialists and recommended that this workshop should be conducted in English and French separately. At the kind invitation of the United Kingdom and in agreement wi th the president of RA I r the workshop in EngUsh was held at the UK Meteorological Office, Shinfield Park, Reading, from 21 to 25 October 1985. Seventeen instrument experts from 15 Members of RA I participated in this workshop.

At the kind invitation of Tunisia, and in agreement with the president of RA I, the workshop in French was held at the National Meteorological Service of Tunisia from 25 to 29 November 1985. Twenty-three technicians from 23 Members at the level of instructors of Class III and Class IV participated in this workshop.

The two workshops were aimed at improving· the operational use of meteorological instruments. Significant time was therefore spent on practical work such as the handling, maintenance and calibration of instruments. The programme also included introductory lectures on several types of conventional instruments and on the practice of measurements, including some aspects of the effective use of automatic weather stations at meteorological stations and at airports or remote locations. PAR T 3

WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION

Ninth Congress decided that the World Climate Programme (WCP) should continue to constitute one of the major programmes of WMO and should receive high priority. The objectives of the WCP remain as follows:

(a) To aid nations in the application of climate information in the planning and management of human activities;

(b) To improve the knowledge of climate processes, both natural and man-made;

(c) To develop the capability to foresee future changes of climate, both natural and man-made, which may significantly affect man's activities and to warn nations of such changes.

The World Climate Programme has a very wide scope and its detailed planning and implementation depend on co-operation with many other international bodies, governmental and non-governmental. WMO is responsible for the overall co-ordination of the entire WCP, which has four components:

(a) World Climate Data Programme (WCDP);

(b) World Climate Applications Programme (WCAP);

(d) World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).

The primary responsibility for the planning and execution of the WCDP and WCAP is borne by WMO. As regards the other two components, UNEP has accepted responsibility for the WCIP in close collaboration with WMO, while the WCRP is conducted jointly by WMO and ICSU under a formal agreement between the two organizations.

OVERALL CO-ORDINATION OF THE WCP

Ninth Congress decided that the co-ordination of the WCP should be arranged through:

(a) Annual review and guidance by the Executive Council,

(b) Meetings, when approved by the Executive Council, of:

(i) The executive heads of international organizations involved in the WCP; 54 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

(ii) The WMO Advisory Committee for the WCDP and WCAP (ACCAD);

(iii) The chairmen of the three bodies, namely ACCAD, the WMO/ICSU Joint Scientific Committee (JSC) and the UNEP Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC).

The Executive Heads of WMO, UNEP and ICSU met in March 1985 to discuss plans for the International Assessment Conference on CO 2. The chairmen of the three WCP Advisory Committees also met, as did the Advisory Committee for Climate Applications and Data, to provide advice to the Executive Heads. A report on all of these meetings was provided to the Executive Council in June.

INTERNATIONAL ASSESSMENT CONFERENCE ON CO 2 AND OTHER GREENHOUSE GASES

A joint UNEP/WMO/ICSU conference was convened in Villach (Austria) from 9 to 15 October 1985, with scientists from twenty-nine developed and developing countries, to assess the role of increased carbon dioxide and other radiatively active constituents of the atmosphere (collectively known as greenhouse gases and aerosols) on climate changes and associated impacts. The other greenhouse gases reinforce and accelerate the impact due to carbon dioxide alone. As a result of the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, it is now believed that in the first half of the next century a rise of global mean temperature greater than any as yet in man's history could occur.

The conference reached the following conclusions and recommendations:

(a) Many important economic and social decisions are being made today on long-term projects - major water-resource management activities such as irrigation and hydro-power; drought relief; agricultural land use; structural designs and coastal engineering projects; and energy planning - all based on the assumption that past climatic data, without modification, are a reliable guide to the future. This is no longer a good Qssumption s~nce ~he ~ncreasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are expected to cause a significant warming of the global climate in the next century. It is a matter of urgency to refine estimates of future climate conditions to improve these decisions.

(b) Climate change and sea-level rises due to greenhouse gases are closely linked with other major environmental issues, such as acid deposition and threats to the Earth's ozone shield, mostly due to changes in the composition of the atmosphere resulting from man's activities. Reduction of coal and oil use, as well as energy conservation, undertaken to reduce acid deposition, will also reduce emissions of greenhouse gases; a reduction in the release of chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs) will help protect the ozone layer and will also slow the rate of climate change.

(c) While some warming of climate now appears inevitable due to past actions, the rate and degree of future warming could be profoundly affected by governmental policies on energy conservation, use of fossil fuels, and the emission of some greenhouse gases. PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 55

COMMISSION FOR CLIMATOLOGY

The ninth session of the Commission for Climatology was held in Geneva from 2 to 13 December 1985. There were 88 participants at the session, including representatives from 48 countries, 11 international organizations and the president of the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology.

In accordance with the Commission's terms of reference, the major items on the agenda of the session concentrated on the aspects of data and applications. The agenda also included climatological aspects of drought and desertification, as well as general supporting activities relevant to all the scientific technical subjects, such as education and training, publications, long-term planning, and national climate programmes. Great interest was expressed by the delegates in the CLICOM project (involving the transfer of technology on microcomputer hardware, software and training for climate data processing and applications) and in the Climate System Monitoring Proj ect (which provides relevant information on important climatic variations).

In respect of climatological station networks and data, recommendations were made aiming at the formal establishment of a global network of reference climatological stations, the further development of the World Climate Data Information Referral Service (INFOCLIMA) and the preparation by Members of national handbooks on climate data sources, and the free exchange of selected data between Members for research purposes (safeguarding at the same time the interests of Members against the unauthorized use of data for commercial purposes).

Proposals were made for updating the existing plans for WMO action in applications to energy and to urban and building- and health-related activities. The session considered that, to improve the· usefulness of application activities, national Meteorological Services should develop capacities for extensive implementation of professional knowledge incorpor ating the modern use and interpretation of data. For these user-oriented activities, meteorologists have to understand the problem from the users' point of view; with a view to achieving mutual understanding, professional dialogues should be established and maintained continuously. Much emphasis was placed also on the importance of publicizing the applications of meteorological/climatological data and knowledge. As regards applications, the session also considered the areas in which new approaches could be used, such as specialized short-term weather forecasts for operational activities and climate predictions for planning activities. In the absence of reliable climate predictions, the Commission agreed that statistical/probabilistic approaches should be developed, using data collected by remote-sensing techniques combined with conventional data and knowledge of atmospheric sciences. The session also agreed that ideas about the scale of values had changed since the UN Conference on the Environment (Stockholm, 1972) and that, therefore, in considering the potential benefits from applications, emphasis should be laid on human well-being and environmental/ecological aspects, as well as on the more traditional economic benefits.

The Commission confirmed the usefulness of regional climatic atlases, particularly in view of the requirements of many developing countries. It agreed, however, with the view expressed by the Commission for Marine Meteorology that the need for the preparation of a Marine Climatic Atlas as part of the WMO World Climatic Atlas project had substantially diminished 56 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

since data to meet specific needs can be made readily available in computerized climate data banks.

A series of actions by WMO and its Members were recommended to promote education and training in climatology. These include development of the WMO training library, visits and exchanges of climatologists between Members, provl.sl.on of more fellowship training, and the nomination of climatologists for the WMO Research Award for Young Scientists. Suggestions were also made to develop further and improve the Organization's publication programme in the fields of activity of CC1, and arrangements were made within the Commission for the preparation of the relevant publications.

The Commission reviewed the draft of the relevant parts of the Second WMO Long-term Plan (1988-1997). While offering some comments and proposals for specific amendment, the Commission agreed with the main thrust of the plan. It was considered that the establishment of national climate programmes by Member countries, as recommended at the Commission's preceding session, could be an efficient means of promoting the implementation of the objectives of the World Climate Programme as set out in the Long-term Plan.

The session was saddened by the sudden death of one of its most illustrious participants, Professor H. E. Landsberg, (USA), who had been president of the Commission between 1969 and 1978. The Commission decided that in the programme of scientific lectures at its future sessions, a special lecture should be delivered in memory of Professor Landsberg.

To carry out its work programme till the tenth session, the Commission established four working groups and appointed a number of rapporteurs, the full list of whom is given in Annex VI.

WORLD CLIMATE DATA PROGRAMME

Plan for the WCDP

By Resolution 17 (Cg-IX), Ninth Congress approved the plan for the WCDP, which has been published as WCP Report No. 59. The purpose of the WCDP is to ensure timely access to reliable climate data which are exchangeable in acceptable format to support climate applications, impact studies and research. The plan for the WCDP defines climate system data identified requirements for climate data organization; critically reviews existing data management systems; and proposes action required for improvement.

WCDP implementation

In close collaboration with WMO technical commissions and other international organizations, WCDP activities address the following major action areas:

• Review, collect and consolidate data requirements;

• Assist countries to improve and upgrade climate data management systems/services (national, sub-regional/regional, global/ international) including data processing, quality control and archiving/retrieval, data inventories/catalogues, and user services; PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 57

• Transfer technology in climate data management, processing and user services - with emphasis on microcomputer system specifica tions, computer software, and training (CLICOM);

• Collect, consolidate and disseminate information on climate data sources World Climate Data Information Referral System (INFOCLlMA) ;

Climate system monitoring: collect, consolidate and disseminate • information on significant climatic events, fluctuations and changes within (or affecting) the atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere-Iand surface climate system;

• Promote development of global and regional data sets for climate monitoring, applications, diagnosis and research and impact assessments.

Data and exchange requirements

Close co-ordination has been maintained with CCI, CBS and other technical commissions regarding climate data requirements. EC-XXXVI concurred with the joint CC1-CBS proposal to increase, on a priority basis, the exchange of CLlMAT data from one to ten stations per 250 000 km 2 in order to meet the requirements of the WCRP for the collection and preparation of monthly rainfall maps for the globe. CBS noted that this requirement could be met in most countries by simply designating existing synoptic stations as CLlMAT stations, without the need to initiate any new observing stations. Further, in response to CAgM and FAO requi rements, EC-XXXVI requested CBS to take action to improve the six-hourly exchange of precipitation data via the GTS; CBS reported that this need could be met if parts of Section 3 of SYNOP were made mandatory and exchanged globally. EC-XXXVII suggested further studies in implementation feasibility. As regards the exchange of climatological data (delayed mode, processed/archived data), EC-XXXVI felt that the exchange between national Meteorological Services should pose no problems and should be unrestricted. EC-XXXVI also urged CC1 to develop policies to guide the provision of climatological data to users (in general). EC-XXXVI suggested that the subject of policies in the provision of climatological data to users be discussed at CC1-IX. Effective co-ordination with CBS and regional associations is required for the above requirements to be implemented.

Assistance to countries to improve/upgrade climate data management systems/services (national, sub-regional, regional)

Wi thin the WCDP, considerable emphasis has been placed on assisting countries to co-ordinate climate data management activities through, for example, the scheduling of co-ordination meetings (at the request of countries) aimed towards upgrading or establishing sub-regional/regional centres. Examples are: (a) Co-ordination Meeting for· a West African Data Bank (Geneva, April 1982) (WCP-No. 23); (b) Co-ordination Meeting on South-east Asian Climate Data Management and User Services (Bangkok, November/ December 1982) (WCP-No. 32); (c) RA IIIIIV Workshop on Data Management for the Americas (Brasilia, April 1983) (WCP-No. 57); (d) Climate Data Management and User Services Co-ordination Meeting for SADCC (Southern Africa) Countries (Harare, November 1983) (WCP-No. 65); (e) Co-ordination Meeting of the Steering Group of theRA I Working Group on Climate Data Management - Data Management in Africa (Niamey, October 1984) (to be published). 58 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

Directed at assisting countries in modern climate data management, the WCDP has undertaken, in collaboration with technical commissions, the preparation of technical guidance material such as: Planning Guidance for the World Climate Data System, 1982 (WCP-No. 19); Guidelines on Climate Data Organization and Formats (WCP-No. 31); Optimal Climate Data Utilization (WCP-No. 25); Beneficial Uses of Climate (WCP-No. 39); Guidelines on the Quality Control of Climate Data (to be published); Guidelines on the Operation and Management of Climate Data Centres (to be published); Review on the State of Technology for Obtaining Representative Annual Average Precipitation Estimates (to be published).

DARE (data rescue)

A data-rescue project proposal was developed in 1985 to microfilm/microfiche rapidly deteriorating manuscript records in countries to prevent the further loss of original (often the only copy) climate data records. Assuming sufficient donor support and international (e. g. UNDP) assistance, the project will be phased over five years beginning in 1986.

CLICOM transfer of technology in climate data processing and user services

The CLICOM project of the WCDP is aimed at achieving computerized climate data management, processing and user services at all Meteorological Services within ten years. A CLICOM project description was circulated to Members in November 1985. Recent advances in microcomputer technology and user-friendly software make it possible for climate data entry, processing and standard user services to be handled in a simple, automated manner similar to that used for text or word processing: this is one of CLICOM's aims. EC-XXXVII considered CLICOM to be a significant project offering a solution to many problems faced by countries. Over the last two years substantial WCDP effort has been directed towards the development of CLICOM computer systems and software together with donor countries. The development and testing of prototype CLICOM systems will be completed in 1985. Implementation will begin in 1986, with support from donor countries and other international organi zations (e.g. UNDP). Included will be training components for countries receiving CLICOM systems, and training seminars/workshops on climate data management at the regional level. A first example of the latter was scheduled for RA II/V countries in 1985. CLICOM training seminars/workshops are planned for RA III/IV in 1986, and proposed for RA I in 1987.

While the primary emphasis of CLICOM is on automated climate data processing and user services, a key component involves the transfer of technology of comprehensive models that utilize climate and associated geophysical data in the preparation of products for the management and planning of natural resources. The software for natural resource modelling and management will be tested on a pilot basis in 1986.

The first CLICOM Regional Training Seminar (RA II/V) was held in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 21-25 October 1985. The seminar included hands-on experience with microcomputer systems which contained CLICOM software (climate data management and applications). . PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 59

INFOCLIMA (referral information on climate data sources, data sets and station networks)

A primary requirement in national/regional and international projects in climate research, applications and impact studies is the need for concise information on the availability (where and in what media) of data sources, sets and summaries, and on station networks (including period of operation and other basic station history information). Based on data-set descriptions from over 80 data centres, an INFOCLIMA catalogue of climate system data sets was distributed to Members in 1985 (WCP-No. 101). The input information formats developed under INFOCLIMA for the computerized storage of easily retrievable information will be the basis for a guide to using INFOCLIMA and for developing national referral services. Additional INFOCLIMA catalogues will be published in 1986; updating is planned every two years thereafter. Information collected, on the basis of Resolution 15 (EC-XXX), from over 100 countries is presently being summarized in standard format for the preparation of the WMO Inventory of Climatological and Radiation Stations. Processing for Latin America and the Caribbean is nearly completed.

Climate system monitoring (CSM)

Notable climate system anomalies have occurred over the last several years. The recent 1982-83 El Nino/Southern Oscillation, one of the strongest in the century, was associated with significant economic disruption through prolonged wet periods and floods in some areas and severe droughts in others. Economic impact is estimated at US $10-20 billion. The CSM activity of the WCDP is aimed at assisting Meteorological Services to obtain synthesized information products on climatic events from large centres (e.g. WMCs which have the facilities to analyse global data fields), and at facilitating the interpretation of anomalous climatic events at the SUb-synoptic or regional scale in the context of changes occurring elsewhere. It is envisaged that access to such climate system monitoring information .. will improve the image of national Meteorological Services at the governmental level through the ability to provide services which depend on normally inaccessible global or multi disciplinary data.

A CSM monthly bulletin has been issued regularly since July 1984. The first scientific review, entitled "The global climate system - A critical review (1982-1984)", was distributed in June 1985. Also envisaged is the issue once a year of summaries containing simple text and graphical material (including time series of selected indices and area-averaged parameters) which provide an insight into the atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere-land surface climate system.

Reference global climate data set (CLIREF)

A specific project was initiated (in the fourth quarter of 1985) to promote the establishment of a global Climate Reference Station (CRS) network and data sets containing long time-series data. from the CRS network (i. e. a reference global climate data set) for:

• Assessing climate change (mean state and/or variability);

• Studying the effects (temperature, precipitation distribution) of C02 and other greenhouse gases; 60 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

• Climate anomaly monitoring; Establishing diagnostic relationships, e.g. El Nino/Southern • Oscillation (ENSO) and droughts (Africa, Australia, South-east Asia); floods (Latin America, North America); extended weather anomalies (Americas, Eurasia, monsoon regions);

• Studying relationships between global fluctuation and local weather events;

• Climate prediction model development and verification;

• Reliable ground-truth reference for the composite observing system (including satellite remote sensing); and

• Providing a basis for the development of a surface-based calibration network.

An outline project proposal, developed jointly between the CCI Rapporteur on Climatological Network Design, the RA IV Rapporteur on Climatological Time Series and other experts (Climate Research Unit; University of East Anglia, UK; National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA) was submitted to CCI-IX for consideration.

WORLD CLIMATE APPLICATIONS PROGRAMME

The purpose of the WCAP is to promote applications of existing climate information and knowledge to various areas of human activities. The priority areas of applications are food, water and energy but it has been felt necessary and efforts have been made to increase the usefulness of the WCAP in other areas such as urban and building climatology, climate and human health, transportation, tourism and economic benefits.

WCAP - Food and WCAP - Water

The activities within the WCAP in the areas of food production and water resources were carried out through the Agricultural Meteorology Programme and the Hydrology and Water Resources Programme and are therefore described under those sections.

WCAP - Energy

In the field of energy-related activity, 1985 has been a transition period. Through this year the main objective was to specify and disseminate to Members the potential benefits of energy-meteorology. This kind of activity was continued in 1985, but the experience gained has permitted the beginning of a focus on: (a) international agreements on operational methods; and (b) training activities. In this connection, a technical conference and a first training seminar are planned in 1986.

Activities in 1985 included the following:

Two short-term missions of experts were organized. The first one, requested by the Hydrometeorological Service of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, was devoted to solar radiation. The second one, requested PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 61

by the Meteorological Service of the Republic of Korea, dealt mainly with the assessment of wind-energy resources. This increases the number of this type of short-term mission organized since late 1981 to a total of 28.

The following two Technical Notes were published: "Meteorological and hydrological aspects of siting and operation of nuclear power plants Volume I: Meteorological aspects" (TN No. 170); and the Spanish version of "Meteorological aspects of the utilization of wind as an energy source" (TN No. 175). The French ve rs ion of TN No. 175 and the French and Spani sh versions of TN No. 172 ("Meteorological aspects of the utilization of solar radiation as an energy source") have been edited and are -ready for printing.

A report on the "Use of satellite methods for solar energy· resource assessment - Part I: Latin America" was prepared by Dr. I. Galindo, Mexico. This report (as well as others to be prepared for Africa and for Asia and the Pacific) focuses on concrete proposals for the use of satellite information for solar energy resource assessment following upon the scientific and technical analysis of the question included in the report "Meteorological satellite evaluation of solar energy resource" (WCP No. 80) by Mr. N. Beriot (France) . A report on "Presentation of meteorological information to energy users" was submitted by Dr. G. Gotschmann and Dr. J. Kolbig (German Democratic Republic) . The final version of the report "Statistical methods for spatial interpolation in climatology" was prepared by Dr. G. der Megreditchian (France). Comments and additions for inclusion into CARS/Solar energy - Wind energy were received from Members.

A meeting to plan a pilot project on meteorological aspects of wind energy was held in Algiers <15-17 April 1985). Participants from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia analysed the ways and means to build a sub-regional atlas of the wind-energy resources by adapting the methods developed in the Commission of the European Communities. The WMO Executive Council agreed on the collaboration of WMO in such a pilot project if funds could be made available from other agencies. Under UNDP funding expertise and training related to the project were provided by the Riss6 National Laboratory (Denmark).

Co-operation with international organizations in the UN system was maintained. WMO is a member of the Interagency Group on New and Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE) that co-ordinates the activities of the different organizations of the UN system in this field, with particular reference to activities aimed at meeting the objectives of the Nairobi Programme of Action adopted by the UN Conference on NRSE (Nairobi, Kenya, 1981). WMO took part in a planning meeting of the UNITAR Centre on Small Energy Resources (Rome, 10-12 April 1985).

Collaboration with international organizations outside the UN system was also maintained. WMO worked with the Commonwealth Science Council (CSC), which is developing a project on meteorological data for solar and wind-energy applications; WMO participated in a meeting devoted to International Collaboration on Daylight Availability Measurements organized by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) (Lausanne, 13 September 1985); contacts were maintained with the World Energy Conference (WEC) with a view to preparing the WMO contribution to the XIIIth Congress of WEC, to be held in Cannes (France) in 1986. 62 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

Urban and building climatology

The CCI Working Group on Urban and Building Climatology held its first session in Geneva from 20 to 23 May 1985. Two invited experts, Professors B. Givoni and T. R. Oke, attended the session, which discussed various problems associated with the application of climatology, in particular the situation in developing countries. Special attention was devoted to the vulnerability of rapidly growing cities in low latitudes with respect to natural and/or man-made climate-related disasters. The amelioration of climate-related effects in rapidly growing uban slums and squatter settlements was recognized as one of the most· important - but also most difficult - tasks. Transfer of mid-latitude technology and planning methods, without consideration of local climate and other conditions, could be inappropriate or unrealistic in many situations in the tropics. The importance of education and training. of both climatologists and building professionals was repeatedly emphasized.

One of the important tasks of the working group was to prepare proposals for WMO action, based on the conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Conference on Urban Climatology and its Applications with Special Regard to Tropical Areas, held in Mexico, DF, from 26 to 30 November 1984. These newly proposed actions supplement those included in the WMO Plan of Action in Urban and Building Climatology approved by EC-XXXVI in June 1984.

The group also reviewed results of the work of some of its rapporteurs, including:

• Guidance material on the calculations of climatic parameters used for building purposes (English translation), by Professor N. V. Kobysheva;

• The economic and social benefit of urban and building climatology, by Dr. J. Kolbig;

• Draft on meteoroJ.-OgiGal info·I'mation I'squirsd for- t>uildi-ng~r-e-.lated activities, by Dr. J. Kolbig;

• Note on some aspects of urban climate studies in the tropics, by Professor E. Jauregui; and

• The first outline of a· report on the impact of climate on buildings.

Climate and human health

During 1985 the interest in climate and human health was especially shown in connection with the situations in big cities. On the basis of the outcome of the Technical Conference on Urban Climatology and its Applications with Special Regard to Tropical Areas (see above), a new project on Climate and Human Health was prepared for incorporation in the WMO Plan of Action in Urban and Building Climatology. The World Health Organization and UNEP also plan their activities in the same direction and this will be reflected in their contribution to the WMO/WHO/UNEP Symposium on Climate and Human Health, which should take place in the USSR in late 1986. PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 63

Climatic atlases

Within the World Climatic Atlas project, co-ordinated by CC1, activities continued in Regions I (Africa), III (South America), IV (North and Central America) and VI (Europe) for the preparation and/or publication of new material for the respective regional climatic atlases.

In Region I, the processing of data for maps of mean temperature and precipitation amount continued in the Egyptian Meteorological Authority.

Manuscripts of maps for publication as Volumes II of the respective regional climatic atlases are now available in Regions III and IV as follows:

Region III: 40 maps (mean annual and monthly vapour pressure, cloud amount and sea-level pressure, and mean annual range of temperature);

Region IV: 39 maps (mean annual and monthly vapour pressure, cloud amount and sunshine duration).

The possibility of publishing these volumes using funds from interested international organizations and Members is . being actively investigated.

In Region VI, manuscripts of annual and monthly maps of atmospheric pressure, vapour pressure, cloud amount and relative sunshine duration are ready for publication as Volume II of the regional climatic atlas. Negotiations started with a view to publishing this volume on a commercial basis, taking into account the relevant decisions of the thirty-second session of the Executive Council.

World Weather Records

An important CC1-re1ated project is the long-standing WMO-sponsored publication, undertaken by the USA, of ten-yearly issues of World Weather Records containing, for each year of the decade, monthly and annual means of station pressure, sea-level pressure and temperature, and monthly and annual amounts of precipitation. During 1985 the last two volumes for the period 1961-1970, i.e. those for Region I (Africa) and Region II (Asia), were published. At the same time, in Regions III (South America), IV (North and Central America) and VI (Europe), the collection and processing of data for the period 1971-1980 were completed with the assistance of Argentina, the USA and the Federal Republic of Germany acting as regional collectors. Substantial progress was also made for the regional collection and processing of the 1971-1980 data in Regions II (Asia) and V (South-West Pacific), where India and New Zealand assumed the role of regional collectors.

WORLD CLIMATE IMPACT STUDIES PROGRAMME

The UNEP Governing Council approved the concentration of WCIP activities in the areas of the methodology of climate-impact assessments, the assessment of the socio-economic impact of climate changes due to mankind IS production of greenhouse gases, and the impact of climate variations (especially drought) on national food-production systems. Action on all of these major activities of the WCIP is being undertaken by UNEP. 64 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

WORLD CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME

Introduction

The WCRP is the main scientific component within the World Climate Programme, with the objectives of determining to what extent climate can be predicted and the possible influence of man's acti vi ties on climate. The programme encompasses studies of the global atmosphere, oceans, sea and land ice, and land surface, all of which playa vital role in the Earth's climate system.

Since climate variations can be observed on all time scales of interest from months to decades or centuries, the programme is organized according to three successive scientific goals or streams of climate research, each corresponding to different time scales. The first stream aims at establishing the physical basis for the prediction of weather anomalies on time scales of one to two months. This goal requires observing the initial value of the ocean surface temperature field which has a controlling influence on weather and climate, and making progress· in the ability to predict the relati vely rapid changes of the land-surface boundary conditions, e. g. the amount of stored soil water and evaporation. Further improvements are also needed in the prediction of precipitation and extended clouds and the formulation of radiative transfer algorithms in the presence of clouds. The second stream aims at predicting the variations of the global climate over periods from several months to several years, which are particularly evident in the tropical regions. The largest contribution to the variations of the global atmosphere which may be predictable on interannual time scales is now seen to be the influence of the oceans, especially the tropical oceans in which large~scale circulation and temperature anomalies can be forced by remote atmospheric events and propagate along the Equator. The scientific strategy for the second stream is therefore based on studying and, eventually, modelling the coupled atmosphere-ocean system using a truncated version of oceanic dynamics restricted to the tropical part of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Finally, the third stream aims at characterizing the variations of the atmospheric climate over periods of several decades and assessing the potential response of climate to either natural or man-made i.nfluenGe-s, SUGh as the inGrease of the GonGent.ration of at.mospheriG Gar-bon dioxide. As the global ocean is a key element in the response to the climate system on such time scales, a major oceanographic programme is planned to observe the time-dependent world ocean circulation and model the coupled global atmosphere and ocean system.

Tackling the complex range of problems involved in the WCRP requires input from many scientific disciplines and co-operation between governmental and non-governmental organizations and scientists is a hallmark of the programme. This co-operation is crystallized in an agreement between WMO and ICSU, under the terms of which the overall responsibility for planning and co-ordination of the WCRP is undertaken by a WMO/ICSU Joint Scientific Committee (JSC). Several other international organizations participate in the implementation of the WCRP, notably the Unesco Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), as well as many organizations in the ICSU family, such as the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (IAMAP), the Committee for Space Research (CaSPAR) and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCaR). The co-ordination with roc and SCaR is arranged through their joint Committee on Climatic Changes and the Ocean (CCCO). Several specific contributions are also made by the WMO Commission for PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 65

Atmospheric Sciences. The day-to-day work is carried out by a small number of full-time staff, jointly appointed by WMO and .ICSU, who develop and organize the detailed plans and activities and ensure co-ordination of the WCRP with the work in the other components of the World Climate Programme.

In 1985, the JSC held one session, its sixth, reviewing the extensive range of activities in the WCRP, as described in the following paragraphs. In addition, attention was given to the request of the Executive Council at its thirty-sixth session to organize a first intergovernmental Informal Planning Meeting as soon as practical to bring together representatives of all agencies ready to participate in the implementation of the WCRP. It was agreed that the preparation of this meeting should be based on a statement of the resource requirements for the first phase of the WCRP, taking the form of one document describing generally the planned activities and expressing the needs for all components of the WCRP which could be well enough defined for that purpose. The plan has now been completed and was submitted to Members at the end of the year for consideration at the national level prior to the Informal Planning Meeting being organized to take place in Geneva, 12-16 May 1986.

Another specific item considered at the sixth session of the JSC was the possible impact of nuclear war on weather and climate. Plausible assumptions lead to the conclusion that large-scale fires resulting from a major nuclear exchange could be expected to inject massive amounts of dark smoke into the atmosphere such that most sunlight would be prevented from reaching the ground. Existing model computations indicate that a significant cooling would result over the continental areas of the northern hemisphere for a period of several weeks. However, existing uncertainties about the meteorological processes causing the transport, diffusion, scavenging and alteration of smoke particles mean that reliable conclusions cannot be reached on the effect of this amount of smoke beyond a few weeks in the northern hemisphere and that firm conclusions cannot be reached regarding the tropics and southern hemisphere at any time after a nuclear war in the northern hemisphere. No reliable assessment can be made, either, of the potential effect of the release of a smaller amount of smoke into the atmosphere.

Global climate analysis and model development

The development of atmospheric general ciculation models is an essential objective for all streams of the WCRP, either standing alone with specified boundary forcings for long-range weather prediction or as a component of comprehensive climate models with interactive oceans and cryosphere, for the second and third streams. Such development of climate modelling is an ongoing activity involving a large number of scientific institutions and operational weather-prediction centres in individual countries or regional organizations such as the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Activity is proceeding on the basis of numerical experiments and the intercomparison of model results on the one hand, and the validation of global fields against observations on the other. In addition, numerical prediction teams, climatologists and experts on observational techniques are working together for the planning and implementation of several global climate data projects, al.ml.ng at the acquisition and analysis of observational data to produce consistent fields of significant atmospheric and interface quantities. Such quality-controlled, consistent global climatological data sets are high-priority requirements for all streams of the WCRP, but the most demanding application is the further refinement of atmospheric general circulation models as needed for the 66 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

development of long-range weather prediction based on atmospheric and boundary-layer dynamics and thermodynamics (i.e. the first stream).

In 1985, cloud-prediction schemes and the estimation of ocean atmosphere fluxes in atmospheric models were particular foci of attention. For the former aspect, it has been shown that there is considerable variability in the cloud algorithms used by different groups, but that, with tuning, and provided the resolution of the models is sufficient, they are capable of representing cloud systems associated with major synoptic or general circulation features fairly well. However, some specific cloud types, notably boundary-layer cloud and high cirrus, are not usually well simulated. It has also been found that cloud algorithms were not transportable from one model to another because there were systematic differences in the relative humidities. Therefore, as a development of this study, an assessment is being undertaken of the systematic variations of relative humidities in different atmospheric models in analyses, forecasts and climate simulations.

The estimation of ocean-atmosphere interface fluxes in atmospheric models from analyses is of particular importance as these fluxes cannot be directly measured. It is essential that the treatment of the ocean-atmosphere interface in numerical models be improved to give representative values, as well as enabling the required developments in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. Therefore, as a first step, a programme of assessment of surface fluxes of momentum, sensible and latent heat and net radiation at the ocean/atmosphere interface as currently estimated by atmospheric models is being undertaken by comparing fields of these interface quantities from operational analyses of the ECMWF and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office for a given period. Significant differences have been found, likely to be important for driving ocean models, particularly in the tropics, apparently resul ting from different formulations of the surface exchange computation, systematic model differences, and different treatment of or adjustment to observations during data assimilation. Possible reasons for the differences are being studied in detail and the comparison is being extended to include results from other models and other periods. In addition, the data requirements, i.e. type and spatial and temporal coverage, to validate model estimates of surface fluxes are being considered. Also in connection with ocean-atmosphere interaction, the sensitivity of the atmospheric circulation to sea-surface temperature anomalies as simulated by experiments with numerical models continues to be a subject of much interest. A workshop took place at NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, in December at which the latest results from such experimentation were reviewed. Agreement in the simulated response by a range of different models was found with effects such as those observed in tropical circulation and rainfall patterns. In mid-latitudes, the response, although not negligible, represented only a small fraction of overall variability and depended on the exact location of the sea-surface temperature anomaly. However, it was encouraging that, in forecast experiments by several groups to as far as 90 days, the inclusion of the observed sea-surface temperature anomaly reduced the rate of drift of the model climate to an unrealistic state and that, in the second month of the forecast, a small but significant return in skill was noticeable. The proceedings of the workshop, including a summary of the main conclusions and extended abstracts of the presentations, will be published during 1986.

The two most important quality-controlled consistent global climatological data sets necessary for refinement of atmospheric models are sea-surface temperature and precipitation. In particular, precipitation is a PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 67

measure of the release of latent heat by condensation of water vapour, one of the main energy sources driving the atmospheric circulation. Furthermore, the space/time distribution of rainfall directly affects human activities and is the most obvious indicator of climate change. In 1985, there was progress in implementing or establishing projects to assemble the required data sets:

(a) Global sea-surface temperature projects: The USA Climate Analysis Centre began work as the WCRP Global Sea-Surface Temperature Data Centre in January, using a technique which blends information from Voluntary Observing Ships, drifting buoys, and operational polar-orbiting satellite visible and infra-'-red radiometers into monthly mean sea-surface temperature fields on a 200 x 200 krn z grid. The fields are being archived in the World Data Centres for Meteorology.

(b) Global precipitation climatology project: Over land, raingauge measurements could provide adequate precipitation information. Over the oceans, however, there are few reliable ground-based measurements and practical methods of estimating precipitation from satellite measurements must be developed for WCRP purposes. A workshop on large-scale precipitation data sets for the WCRP was held in the USA in July and a global precipitation climatology project was proposed for implementation in 1987. Data from satellite visible/infra-red and microwave radiometers and land-bas~d raingauges will be used, together with ocean ground-truth measurements, to produce time and space averages of rainfall over the globe.

Research on climate processes

The achievements of numerical prediction for short- to medium-range weather forecasting are based, to a large' extent, on exploiting the predictability inherent in the initial dynamic state of the atmosphere. Long-range weather prediction and climate studies require, in addition, realistic representations of the exchanges of energy and water resulting from a variety of physical processes in the atmosphere-ocean-ice-land surface system. Numerical experimentation and tuning of adjustable model parameters, which were successful in achieving the objectives of short-'- to medium-range weather forecasting, cannot be exploited to such advantage in the domain of climate prediction because of the excessive number of significant degrees of freedom and the scarcity of well-documented independent climate events which could be used for adjustment. Thus, a series of specific process studies is being undertaken, leading to improved parametric representations of relevant properties and/or fluxes. Intercomparisons of model resul ts against large-scale or global fields of relevant parameters, detailed investigations of individual processes observed in the course of intensive field studies, or a combination of both, are also involved. Specific activities are currently as follows:

(a) Study of surface hydrology and land-surface processes: The formulation of land-surface atmosphere exchange fluxes on spatial scales reaching up to several hundred kilometres requires field studies over several large areas representative of the major climate types. A first pilot investigation is now being undertaken by France, aimed at studying the hydrological balance and evaporation over an area, typical of the size represented by 68 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

a grid point in a general circulation model, in southern France. Data collection began in April and will continue for two years, including a special observational period from May to July 1986 during which the USA and several European countries will participate and additional observing systems will be implemented.

(b) International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project: A comprehensive climatology of the global distribution of clouds is considered essential to permit comparison between reality and the cloud fields which are generated by atmospheric circulation models, to aid the formulation of the cloud-radiation feedback and to provide the basic data for diagnostic studies of the present climate. First priority has been given to examining the effect of cloudiness on the radiative energy budget of the climate system through the implementation of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) in July 1983. Data from all available satellites are being processed in delayed mode and global radiance data sets are being produced. The first cloud retrievals were becoming available by the end of 1985. The ISCCP has attached considerable attention from the scientific community and a number of national research projects to exploit the data for research on cloud-radiation interaction are being undertaken.

(c) Research programme on sea ice and climate: Sea ice is believed to play a significant· role in the fluctuations of the climate system on time scales of seasons and longer. On a global scale, the most important area of sea ice is that surrounding the Antarctic continent and a sui table observational study in this region would require broadly based international collaboration. A working group on sea ice and climate has been established by the JSC to formulate a strategy in the context of the WCRP and to consult with relevant bodies regarding the planning of appropriate activities in polar regions. The first meeting of the working group took place in Munich in November at which the availability of sea-ice data, outstanding problems in determining atmospheric forcing on sea ice, parameterization of internal sea-ice processes and the current status of observational programmes were considered.

Study of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA)

The international TOGA programme is focused on the study of the upper tropical ocean and overlying atmosphere in order to understand and eventually to predict the evolution of tropical ocean perturbations and the global atmospheric response. The overall aims of TOGA encompass the objectives which were formulated for the Monsoon Climate Programme, i.e. to determine the nature of the long-period fluctuations of the monsoon and their relationship to the planetary-scale circulation, and to understand the mechanisms which determine the inter-annual variability of monsoons and the predictability of their variations. TOGA formally began in 1985 and is planned to continue for a ten-year period, the first three years corresponding to a build-up phase when the various observing and data-management activities are being progressively initiated, AS well· as depending on progress in global climate PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 69

analysis and model development and research into climate processes as described above, TOGA requires the following specific activities:

(a) An oceanographic observation component aimed at· describing the month-to-month variability of the temperature, .circulation and pressure fields of the upper layer of the tropical oceans in the latitude band between about 200N and 200S over a ten-year period;

(b) In addition to the World Weather Watch observing and data-processing systems, a limited number of supplementary atmospheric observations and data-collection activities, aimed at describing overall the month-to-month variations of the general circulation of the atmosphere and to characterize the response to forcing by tropical oceans; in particular, the upgrading of the number of vertical wind soundings in the tropics and a special effort for collecting additional. tropical wind observations in a delayed mode are necessary;

(c) An air-sea interaction measurement component aimed at providing a ten-year data set of month-to-monthvariations of the fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture across the air-sea interface;

(d) An ocean modelling component aimed at the development of tropical ocean models, and data-analysis techniques for specify ing initial values for numerical prediction;

(e) An atmospheric modelling component to assess the sensitivity of the atmospheric regime to ocean forcing on time scales of several months to several years and to couple atmospheric models with the ocean.

During the year, the Scientific Plan for the international TOGA programme describing in detail the scientific background and the basis for the activities proposed was finalized and has now been published (WCRP Publications Series No.3). Following this, considerable progress has been made in defining the implementation of the range of observational and data-processing activities required for TOGA, including air-sea interface data collection, tropical sea-level and ocean sub-surface data proj ects. The details of these and the other projects necessary have been included in the first draft of the Implementation Plan for TOGA which has now also been produced.

The preparation and organization of the implementation of the detailed plans for the various observational and data-processing components of TOGA are the charge of the International TOGA Project Office (ITPO), staffed by personnel seconded from Canada, France, India and the USA. The ITPO, which formally began work only in November 1984, is, in addition to producing the Implementation Plan for TOGA, exploring how best the various projects required may be undertaken. ITPO also distributes a quarterly newsletter "TOGA Topics" providing the meteorological and oceanographic communi ties with recent information on the status and operation of TOGA and has prepared an attractive coloured brochure for circulation to government officials and administrators' describing the scientific background of and practical benefits that would be achieved by success in the programme .. 70 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)

The objective of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) is to determine and understand the world ocean circulation and its relation to climate, with emphasis on:

• The large-scale average heat and freshwater fluxes and their annual/interannual variations;

• . The variations of the space-averaged ocean circulation over time periods of months to years and the statistics of smaller-scale motioIls;

• The volume and location of water mas.ses with a ventilation time scale of ten to one hundred years.

The WOCE is based on the use of new techniques for observing the oceans, including measurements from satellites, to collect a global synoptic ocean data set, and using high-resolution mathematical models of the ocean circulation in the global domain. Because of the lead time involved in the development of new satellite systems, the field phase of the WOCE is expected to begin in the early 1990s and to continue for about five years (1990-1995). The WOCE data management and scientific exploitation phase will continue for several more year~. The major components of the WOCE are:

(a) An ocean circulation modelling programme aimed at combining the WOCE observational data into a dynamically consistent description. of the. world ocean. Ul timately these models are expected to serve for climate predictions as required for the third stream of the WCRP;

(b) An oceanographic satellite observing system including at least one altimetric satellite mission for measuring the ocean surface topography with appropriate accuracy and one satellite measuring the . surface wind or wind stress for the duration of the WOCE inten§ive observing period.

(i) Global hydrography from research vessels and ships of opportunity to provide both a climatological temperature salini ty data base plus continent-to-continent, top-to-bottom hydrographic sections;

(ii) Global chemical surveys of the concentration of chemical tracers which may serve to· characterize the integrated transport by the ocean c.irculation;

(iii) A basin-scale ocean current velocity measurement programme relying upon the development of sub-surface drifting floats and the use of remote acoustic sounding techniques.

During 1985, an· international WOCEPlanning Office was established in the United Kingdom and major resources required by WOCE were identified for inclusion in the Implementation Plan for the WCRP. PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 71

Study of climate forcings

The aim of the activities in the WCRP. under this heading is to investigate the potential response of climate to changes of the Earth environment or external factors. In fact, climate may be affected by a variety of influences such as the distribution of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols or the concentration of various atmospheric gases. Many such parameters are not strictly determined by the internal dynamics and thermodynamics of the climate system, and can be modified by unconnected natural events such as volcanic eruptions or by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuel or the release of chlorofluorocarbons. The study of the predicted or potential influence of these factors _ on climate has been combined with that of purely external influences, for example, the variation of the solar radiation flux. Activities include detailed investigations of the physical processes by which a factor can affect climate, leading to a quantitative formulation of the sensitivity of the relevant climate variables (in general, energy fluxes) to changes of that particular factor. These investigations are closely co-ordinated with the overall activities of CAS and are conducted as specific tasks of CAS in support of the WCRP. Studies in progress at present include the following:

(a) The role of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other trace greenhouse gases in climate variations: The participation of the WCRP in the overall effort to understand the relationship between the greenhouse gases and climate lies essentially in providing a valid physical basis and understanding for assessing the sensitivity of physical climate parameters to possible increases in the amounts of these gases in the atmosphere, or a specified variation of their rate of release into the atmosphere-ocean-biosphere system. A further evaluation and expert study of the latest information emerging in respect of these problems has been undertaken under the auspices of the JSC. The findings were reported at the joint WMO/UNEPIICSU Conference on the potential impacts of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and the other gases, which took place in Villach, Austria, in October. The main conclusions were as follows:

(i) Based on the results of the most advanced experiments with general circulation models, a global mean temperature rise of 3 ± 1.5°C can be expected in the first half of the next century as a' result of the increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases;

(ii) Regional-scale changes in climate have not yet been modelled with confidence. However, there are indications that warming may be enhanced in high latitudes (during late autumn and winter); annual mean runoff _may increase in high latitudes; summer dryness may become more frequent over the continents at middle latitudes in the northern hemisphere; and in tropical regions convective rainfall in currently moist regions and potential evapotranspiration will probably increase; 72 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

(iii) It is estimated that the predicted global warming would lead to a sea-level rise of several decimetres. A sea-level rise in the upper portion of the range (120 em) would have major direct effects on coastal areas and estuaries. A catastrophic collapse of the west Antarctic ice sheet and hence a much larger rise in sea-level is not expected during the next century.

On the basis of the foregoing, the conference prepared a statement on the impact of these effects and made a series of recommendations to governments on action that should be taken. Recommendations relevant to the WCRP included proposals for long-term monitoring of radiatively important constituents (including aerosols), in addition to carbon dioxide, solar irradiance and sea-level.

(b) Carbon dioxide monitoring: A WMO Project on Research and Monitoring of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide is being implemented. Under this programme, continuous measurements of CO 2 concentrations are reported from approximately 15 stations; spot measurements based on analysis of flask samples are also reported from another 20 stations around the globe. Calibration standards are prepared and circulated jointly by the WMO Carbon Dioxide Central Laboratory at Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, and NOAA at Boulder, Colorado.

(c) Intercomparison of radiation codes in climate models: While the basic physical processes of absorption, emission and scattering involved in radiative transfer are well understood, there is no universally accepted set of values of the optical coefficients nor a consensus on optimal radiation transfer codes to be used for climate model computations. Furthermore, there is a general lack of adequate observations to verify the accuracy of these radiation codes. For these reasons, the WMO Commission for Atmospheric Sciences, the US Department of Energy and the IAMAP International Radiation Commission are jointly organ~z~ng a programme for the Intercomparison of Radiative Codes in Climate Models (ICRCCM). Resul ts of long-wave radiation computations for a series of specified clear-sky atmospheric profiles were obtained in 1984 and the ICRCCM has now been extended to include calculations for the long-wave component in the presence of specified cloud (with simple optical properties) and the short-wave case. The results from this new intercomparison should be available in the first half of 1986.

(d) Aerosol sensitivity studies: Aerosols playa significant part in the overall radiation balance, and are likely to be especially important in the estimation of long-term climate variation because of the effect of a change, natural or man-induced, in aerosols, or sudden dramatic events such as volcanic eruptions. Activities are therefore promoted in order to examine the incorporation of aerosols into the radiation codes of munerical general circulation models, as well as the sensitivity of climate simulations to a more realistic geographical and vertical distribution of different types of aerosol. PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 73

(e) Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Proj ect: Ozone plays an important part in the stratospheric radiation budget, and thus monitoring ozone amounts and its possible long-term variation is essential in understanding the full climate system and evaluating the potential impact of ozone changes on climate and the biosphere. The international Dobson spectrophotometer network is the main component of the global ozone observing system, consisting of about 70 active stations, mostly concentrated in the northern hemisphere. Both the total amount of ozone in the atmosphere above the station and its vertical distribution can be measured. The WMO Global Ozone Research and Moni toring Project aims at maintaining, improving and expanding atmospheric ozone measurements. The collected data are published by the World Ozone Data Centre operated jointly by WMO and the Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada. As part of the Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, WMO has conducted intercomparisons of ozone-monitoring instruments, including Dobson spectrophotometers, and promoted the automation of those instruments. A world primary standard for the latter has been established as well as several regional and national secondary standards. PAR T 4

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION

The Research and Development Programme consists of the activities related to promoting the understanding of atmospheric processes and to increasing the ability to predict the atmospheric circulation as well as activities related to environmental conditions important to the well-being of mankind. These activities cover the fields of weather-prediction research, tropical meteorology, environmental pollution monitoring and research, and weather modification.

The residual activities related to the Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP), sponsored jointly by WMO and ICSU, also form an important component of the Research and Development Programme.

Within the Research and Development Programme, responsibility for promoting and co-ordinating research activities of WMO Members and for arranging for the exchange of relevant information lies with the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS).

WEATHER-PREDICTION RESEARCH

General

The seventh session of the CAS Advisory Working Group (Honolulu, August 1985), in considering the two programmes on weather-prediction research, attached special importance to their contribution to Members' weather- forecasting and other operational activities. It particularly recommended that a statement be prepared on the state of the art of weather prediction on all time scales so as to allow Members to have a solid basis for their decisions on the matter.

The theme of weather prediction on all time scales was singled out for consideration by the 1985 meeting of presidents of technical commissions as an area where co-ordination is needed among several commissions. The meeting recommended specific items for joint consideration with CBS, CAgM, CCI and CMM.

At its thirty-seventh session the Executive Council recalled that Congress had explicitly requested that CAS and the JSC should collaborate closely in the implementation of study projects, with a view to ensuring that the respective programmes were complementary and did not overlap. The Council agreed, therefore, with the proposal to replace the two existing groups of experts on numerical experimentation set up by the president of CAS and the chairman of the JSC, respectively, by· a single CAS/JSC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation. The first session of the CAS/JSC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation was held in Boulder, Colorado, USA, 3-7 December 1985. In accordance with a directive of EC-XXXVI, a plan was proposed at the session to ensure that developing, as well as developed, countries gain maximum benefit from the FGGE-based research. PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 75

Short- and medium-range weather-prediction research

During 1985, following a directive of EC-XXXVI, action was taken by the Secretary-General to arrange a thorough review of all aspects of the annual progress reports on NWP, to ensure that they continue to give the maximum benefit to as many Members as possible. Advice has been sought from all Members and from the appropriate commissions and experts. All the responses supported the continuation of the reports, following the guidelines and procedures for preparation used for the most recent issue. The report for 1984, the twelfth issue in the series, was compiled and distributed to all Members.

In accordance with Resolution 19 (Cg-IX), continued efforts have been made by the CAS Working Group on Short- and Medium-range Weather Prediction Research to further the implementation of the study projects. As a contribution to this implementation of the Programme on Short- and Medium range Weather-prediction Research (PSMP), the Global ECMWF/WMO Data Sets for the period from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1984 were prepared. From these data sets, those for any sub-area of the world can be selected in a straightforward manner. Data in printed form are available to Members without computer facilities.

The WMO/CAS NWP Data Study/Intercomparison Project covering six years (1979-1984) has been completed, with the final stage under the WWW Programme. The verification results for the six years have been presented and widely distributed in four reports. A service to provide Members with analysis and forecast data for research on forecast model behaviour has been put at their disposal.

The second session of the CAS Working Group on Short- and Medium-range Weather-prediction Research was held in Belgrade, 26-30 August 1985. The recent development and current activities were examined in detail with a view to ensuring the transfer of NWP methodologies and experience to all WMO Members in a most effective manner. The session devoted much of its attention to the short-range prediction of actual weather elements, as recommended by Cg-IX. In this respect, it was considered that the proposed contents of a technical report by Dr. Veltishchev, of the USSR activity centre, were adequate, and proposals were made for action to ensure that the practical experience of other major centres be used to the maximum in the preparation of the report. In conjunction with the session, a Steering Group Meeting on Limited-area Weather-prediction Modelling was held. Inter alia, the role of focal points nominated by WMO Members in the implementation of the study project was especially stressed. The co-operation with CBS in the updating of the Catalogue of Existing Modules of Limited-area NWP Systems was also suggested.

The Steering Group Meeting on Mediterranean Cyclones was held ln Spain, 25-29 November 1985. The establishment of a data bank and the selection of case studies were examined in detail. It was agreed that this problem should be studied in combination with the Western Disturbances, and Prof. D. Radinovic was invited to prepare a technical report on the subject.

The Nowcasting IIa Symposium (Hawaii, August 1985), co-sponsored by WMO, was a follow-up to the Nowcasting II Symposium (Norrkoping, September 1984). Some hundred participants, from both research and forecasting backgrounds, attended and exchanged experiences. Some members of the.Steering· 76 PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Group on Very Short-range Weather Forecasting met on the occasion and made contributions to the further development of nowcasting.

The following five reports were prepared and widely distributed during 1985, bringing the total number of publications in the Short- and Medium-range Weather Prediction Reports Series to 18:

(a) Report of the Meeting of Experts on the Short-range Prediction of Actual Weather Elements (Geneva, 22-23 November 1984);

(b) Proposed Standard Procedures for Verification of Local Weather Forecasts;

(d) Report of the Steering Group Meeting on Limited-area Modelling (Belgrade, 22-24 August 1985);

(e) Report of the Second Session of the CAS Working Group on Short and Medium-range Weather-prediction Research (Belgrade, 26-30 August 1985).

Activity Centres play a key role in the implementation of study projects within the PSMP. The important results obtained in 1984-1985 by the Activity Centres of Bulgaria, France, Japan, Norway, Sweden, the USA and the USSR have been included in the above PSMP series for dissemination to Members.

Long-range weather forecasting research

The goals of the Programme on Long-range Forecasting Research (PLRF) (Resolution 20 (Cg-IX» are to achieve a significant skill in monthly and seasonal forecasts by the end of the decade and to make the methodology accessible to all Members. The CAS Advisory Working Group, in reviewing the draft WMO Second Long-term Plan, proposed in addition the prov~s~on of up-to-date statements on the scientific basis underlying all aspects of long-rau

The First WMO Workshop on the Diagnosis and Prediction of Monthly and Seasonal Atmospheric Variations over the Globe was held in College Park, Maryland, USA, in conjunction with NOM I S Tenth CI imate Diagnostics Workshop (29 July - 2 August 1985). It reviewed the global atmospheric and sea-surface temperature anomalies as well as regional extreme events from late 1982 to early 1985 and also the corresponding diagnostic and modelling studies. It further considered the progress in statistical, empirical and dynamical long-range forecasting research, encouraging new results being presented regarding the latter.

Members of the CAS Working Group on Long-range Weather Forecasting Research met during the workshop. In reviewing the implementation of the programme, they endorsed the recommendation of the Meeting of Experts on Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction relevant to Long-range Forecasting (November 1984) that a Symposium on Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction be organized in conjunction with the II WMO Workshop on the Diagnosis and Prediction of Monthly and Seasonal Atmospheric Variations over the Globe in 1987. PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 77

As an efficient means of disseminating information to all Members, interested institutions and individual .scientists, the Long-range Forecasting Report Series published in 1985 the following reports:

PLRF No.5: Report of the Meeting of Experts on Ocean-atmosphere Interaction relevant to Long-range Weather Forecasting (Geneva, 2-6 November 1984);

PLRF No.6: Abstracts of the papers for presentation at the First WMO Workshop on the Diagnosis and Prediction of Monthly and Seasonal Atmospheric Variations over the Globe. (College Park, USA, 29 July - 2 August 1985).

(At the recommendation of the members of the CAS Working Group on Long-range Weather Forecasting Research, this report, which had only a limited distribution, will be replaced by a two-volume Proceedings publication containing the full papers presented at the workshop.)

The following report was also prepared for publication:

PLRF No.7: An atmospheric climatology of the southern hemisphere based on ten years of daily numerical analyses (1972-1982) . By D. J. Karoly, J. F. Le Marshall, G. A. M. Kelly and D. J. Pike.

TROPICAL METEOROLOGY

In accordance with Resolution 21 (Cg-IX), continued effort is being made by· the CAS Working Group on Tropical Meteorology to monitor the implementation of the WMO Tropical Meteorology Programme (TMP), including the organization of workshops.

Under the tropical cyclone component of the TMP, the WMO/UNDP/OFDA International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones was held in Bangkok from 25 November to 5 December 1985. With the participation of 80 active cyclone specialists, researchers and forecasters from all parts of the world, the workshop had in-depth exchanges of experience amongst participants and examined current knowledge, forecasting and research trends of tropical cyclones from a truly global perspective. The proceedings of the workshop, with .recommendations for future research, provide a basic reference text on tropical cyclones, including forecasting techniques. The workshop also helped to promote future collaboration between research and forecasting communities, including those experts of Members belonging to WMO/TCP regional bodies.

Under the monsoon component of the TMP, the WMO/CAS project for long-term South-east Asian winter monsoon studies was initiated with the Kuala Lumpur Activity Centre functioning from 1 October 1985. As in the case of the Asian summer monsoon stUdies, the main activities include short-term monsoon prediction through a real-time data exchange and medium- and ~ong-term prediction, with climate archiving, emphasis being on the development of a regional numerical prediction model. Members in monsoon-affected regions have been requested to send their key station data to the activity centre in Kuala Lumpur. 78 PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

In support of these WMO/CAS projects, the WMO Regional Scientific Workshop on the Asian Surruner Monsoon was held at the Activity Centre in New Delhi from 4 to 8 November 1985. Some 40 participants attended the workshop. Following the presentation of lectures by invited speakers, the workshop assessed the current state of knowledge of the Asian surruner monsoon. It also .discussed specific problems of monsoons and their priorities in monsoon-affected countries.

The following long-term priority TMP projects are also being implemented:

• Research and monitoring of moisture budget in the Sahel, for which experts are preparing precipitation maps for agrometeorological purposes;

• A study proj ect for the Central American rain-producing systems, which includes the organization of a WMO Workshop on Rain-producing Weather Systems (San Jose, July 1986);

• Radiation flux studies in the Tropics;

• The AGRHYMET programme sub-project, with aid from the Italian contribution, to improve medium-range (4- to 5-day) forecasts and African rain-producing system studies;

• The development of operational tropical limited-area models (high resolution, multi-level);

• Documentation on research activities relating to the interaction between tropical and mid-latitude weather systems;

• Operational use of NWP products for tropical forecasting; the Secretariat distributed a copy of the ECMWF publication "Daily global analysis" to Members in the Tropics.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORING AND RESEARCH

CAS Working Group on Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution

At a session of this working group the current state of research in the fields of atmospheric chemistry, long-range transport of air pollution and acid rain, multi-source air-pollution modelling, air-sea exchange of pollutants and integrated monitoring were discussed as well as research priority items for the coming decade. Issues emphasized were radiatively active gases and aerosols other than CO 2 , linking local, meso-scale and long-range pollution- transport phenomena, greater consideration of chemical processes in pollution-transport models, procedures of joint assessment of data from local, regional and global monitoring stations, approaches to global background integrated monitoring and the use of BAPMoN data for the World Climate Programme and for natural resource monitoring by the Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS). PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 79

Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network (BAPMoN)

Progress in the implementation of BAPMoN included the inauguration of a new baseline station (Izana/Tenerife/Spain), the result of bilateral collaboration between Spain and the Federal Republic of Germany, and improvements in quality data reporting and assessment. Data submission further improved and there are now a number of station data records covering 12 to 14 consecutive years. New data assessment is under way, partly using the services of the Geneva-based facilities of GRID (the Global Resource Information Data Base of GEMS).

The collaboration with the IAEA Laboratory- provided increasing assistance to Members without laboratory facilities. Another laboratory performance test was accomplished with 40 laboratories reporting results.

With regard to the CO 2 measurement, further measures towards global comparability of data with high preC1S1on and accuracy were initiated according to the recommendations of the Second Meeting of Experts on Atmos pheric CO 2 Measurement Techniques. A first laboratory intercomparison using travelling CO 2 standards has started.

Ten countries were provided with replacement parts for existing equipment or information and four expert visits were carried out to assist in organizing new or maintaining existing stations. Using available resources from UNEP, new stations and stations using out-of-date sunphotometers are being equipped with a modern type of instrument (Mainz type). A number of stations were also provided with new precipitation gauges and other monitoring instrumentation.

In the Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme Series, several scientific and data reports were published, including the proceedings of the WMO Technical Conference on Observation and Measurement of Atmospheric Contaminants (TECOMAC, Vienna, October 1983), a study of the global distribution of sulphur and nitrogen in precipitation, a study of the transport of Sahelian particulate matter, precipitation, turbidity and other data reports. Daily CO 2 concentrations for 1983 were also published.

Transport and dispersion of atmospheric pollutants on different time and space scales

The implementation of the ECE/WMO/UNEP Co-operative Programme for the Monitoring and Evaluation of Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) continued through the two WMO Meteorological Synthesizing Centres (MSCs). Reports prepared included calculated sulphur deposition patterns for all European countries, sectoral analyses of calculated and measured sulphur concentrations (gaseous and particulate) for the time period from 1979 to 1982, trans-boundary fluxes across the border of the CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) countries for 14 months in 1984/1985 and an estimate for the coefficient of transformation from sulphur dioxide into sulphate ion.

Models used by the MSCs were intercompared at an MSC expert meeting and a satisfactory agreement was obtained. Future work on model development included consideration of nitrogen oxides. According to the recommendations of EC-XXXVI, a first draft of a review on the state-of-the-art in medium-range atmospheric transport was prepared. 80 PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Exchange of pollutants between various environmental compartments and integrated monitoring

The WMO-led Working Group on the Interchange of Pollutants between the Atmosphere and the Oceans (INTERPOLL) of the Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP) prepared a report on the transport and deposition of contaminants (mainly heavy metals) into the Mediterranean, published by WMO as No. 26 in the GESAMP Reports and Studies Series. It contains recommendations for monitoring and transport modelling within a pilot project to start in 1986 under MEDPOL, the Long-term Programme for Pollution Monitoring and Research in the Mediterranean.

INTERPOLL also contributed to the work of GESAMP in the field of integrated global ocean monitoring and the state of the marine environment. The scientific justification for integrated global ocean monitoring was examined and an outline prepared for an updated report on the state of the marine environment.

WMO co-sponsored a symposium held in Tashkent on integrated global moni toring of the state of the biosphere. At the symposium assessing and forecasting the state of all compartments of the biosphere were discussed. WMO will publish the English version of the proceedings.

Support to the global ozone observing system

The assessment of global trends in ozone requires improving as regards data quality. WMO actively participated in efforts to improve the observational network and modernize the instruments at observing stations. A number of Dobson instruments around the globe were or are being automated to improve precision, particularly with respect to vertical profiles. Updated values of ozone absorption cross-sections (UV range) are being incorporated in satellite ozone measurements. The issue of climate impact of changing ozone concentrations and of other trace gases relevant for ozone photochemistry has been further investigated.

WEATHER MODIFICATION RESEARCH

The Fourth WMO Scientific Conference on Weather Modification was held in August 1985, as a joint WMO/IAMAP symposium during the IAMAP/IAPSO Joint Assembly in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Two hundred and forty-six scientists submitted 136 papers to the Conference. In addition to providing opportuni ties for the exchange of informa·tion among scientists working in weather modification, this venue exposed the challenges of weather modification to scientists working in a broad spectrum of geophysical research.

Irsee, Federal Republic of Germany, was the venue for the International Cloud Modelling Workshop/Conference (15-19 July 1985). Sixty scientists from 11 Members act.ive in cloud physics research attended this workshop, the goal of which was to stimulate the development of numerical cloud modelling for diverse applications, including the understanding of natural precipitation processes and their possible modification. Both theoreticians developing nu.merical models and observationalists wishing to contribute to the development of models attended the workshop. The activities of the workshop followed the recommendations of the planning session held in Aspen, Colorado, USA, in 1983. In the intervening period, modellers worked on PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 81

data sets from three USA experiments (COSE, CCOPE,· and HIPLEX), the Canadian Hail Research Programme in Alberta, Canada, and the international experiments GATE and PEP. WMO received a great deal of assistance from the co-sponsors of the workshop, including the Bureau· of Reclamation (USA), the National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA) and the Institut. fur Physik der Atmosphare, Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstal t fur Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V., Federal Republic of Germany.

Support and participation in the analysis of data collected in Spain during PEP SSP-3 field studies continues.

A review paper on weather modification was contributed to the UN Conference on the Use of Unconventional Water Resources by Developing Countries, which was largely attended by water-resource managers.

A report on the present status of tropical cyclone moderation was solicited from NOM; this was prepared for publication in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society and reprints were distributed to Members. Using this report as a basis, the EC Panel/CAS Working Group on Cloud Physics and Weather Modification revised· the "Review of the present status of weather modification". EC-XXXVII (paragraph 5.5.5) adopted this revised text.

SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

Further progress was made in the preparation of the revised edition of the WMO International Meteorological Vocabulary. Refinements are being made to the English, French, Russian and Spanish texts prior to printing the publication.

The. 1985 WMO Research Award for Young Scientists was conferred upon Dr. C. A. Sansigolo (Brazil) for his research paper entitled "Measurement of transpiration and biomass in a tropical Pinus caribbaea plantation with tritiated water".

GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME

Following the successful completion of the field experiments in previous years, and the promotion and monitoring for a long period of research exploiting the data gathered, the formally organized and internationally co-ordinated activity within the WMO II CSU Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP) is now diminishing. The final data-management activity, the reprocessing of the final FGGE Level II-b data set at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, was completed and two international conferences, on the overall results of the Global Weather Experiment and their implications for the World Weather Watch and the results of the Alpine Experiment, were organized, these being intended as final international assessments of these two major activities of GARP.

Conference on the Results of the Global Weather Experiment and Their Implications for the World Weather Watch (Geneva, May 1985)

The conference took the form of a comprehensive review of progress made in all aspects of meteorological research comprised in the objectives of the Global Weather Experiment, of the scientific and technical results of the 82 PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Experiment and of the benefits to meteorology that have accrued. In this regard, useful input was obtained from the series of specialized scientific seminars which took place in the latter part of 1984 to review current thinking of experts actively involved in research with FGGE data, to evaluate the latest results and to provide agreed views on certain specific topics as a basis for the presentations at the conference (see Annual Report for 1984). Emphasis was also placed on the practical utility of the results in the operational activities of Meteorological Services and on providing a scientific basis for the development of the World Weather Watch. The conference concluded with a general discussion leading to the approval ofa statement on the overall accomplishments of the Experiment. The highlight of this statement was the recognition that the Global Weather Experiment was the most ambitious and complex international scientific undertaking ever realized in the field of meteorology. Six years after the field phase, it can now be judged a real success, fully achieving its objectives of observing and measuring, more intensively than ever before, the development of weather systems over the entire globe and of amassing an unprecedented data set, leading to improved understanding of atmospheric motions and weather forecasts of greater accuracy and range. The Global Weather Experiment produced the resources necessary to establish a global integrated system of geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites that can now be used by all nations in support of their weather and climatic services and will continue to form the backbone of the World Weather Watch to the year 2000. It also catalysed the development and demonstrated the capabilities of several' powerful new observing techniques which are likely to make cost-effective additions to the future global observing system. The proceedings of the conference, including the full statement expressing the overall accomplishments of the Experiment, an executive summary and papers presented, are in course of preparation and will appear early in 1986.

Scientific Conference on the Results of the Alpine Experiment (ALPEX) (Venice, October 1985)

ALPEX was the last field experiment in the series of international observational projects conducted within the framework of GARP. It involved several years of concerted effort by the scientific communit-y and Meteorological Services in designing the Experiment, collecting and analysing the data and carrying out research aimed at understanding in depth the physical processes governing lee cyclogenesis and mesoscale phenomena such as the bora, mistral and fohn. The conference reviewed the extensive range of scientific studies which have been carried out using the unique data set gathered. The enhanced observational network enabled description of lee cyclogenesis with an unprecedented degree of detail. Much progress has subsequently been made in investigating the effect of model spatial resolution and the representation of orography on the skill of prediction of lee cyclogenesis. The results obtained represent an important contribution of ALPEX-related research to operational numerical weather prediction. Furthermore, a greatly improved knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of local mountain winds in the Alps (such as the bora) has been obtained, allowing the role of various mechanisms in their initiation and maintenance to be assessed as well as refined numerical simulation. The proceedings of the conference, including written versions of the scientific presentations, will appear during the course of 1986. Mr A. Diouf, Pennanent Representative of Senegal with WMO, with fanners of the village of Ndiefoune who were participating in an agrometeorological pilot project (Photo: D. Rijks)

Preparatory work for the installation of a hydrological station at Djelepo, Mali (HYDRONlGER project) .~r.~. ( Participants in the seventh session of the RA IV Hurricane Committee, Caracas, May 1985

Participants in the twelfth session of the WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones, Bangkok, Thailand, March 1985 (Photo: A. Emara) PAR T 5

APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION

The applications of meteorology cover many fields, some of which are referred to in other parts of this report. They include threetradi tional fields of application which constitute three separate WMO progranunes, namely the Agricultural Meteorology Progranune, the Marine Meteorology Progranune and the Aeronautical Meteorology Progranune. These progranunes are grouped together under a WMO major progranune known as the Applications of Meteorology Programme.

AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

General

The purpose of the Agricultural Meteorology Programme is to help Members to provide the agricultural community with practical information in order to increase agricultural production and reduce risks, crop losses and agricultural pollution. Its main objectives are to help Members to achieve self-sufficiency in food production and to increase their export earnings from agriculture. This programme is closely related to the World Climate Applications Programme - Food.

In 1985, the main thrust to achieve these aims arose from: the preparation of guidance material furnished by CAgM working groups and rapporteurs; support to the activities of the regional association workin:g groups on agrometeoro1ogy; short- and medium-term missions to help Members to strengthen their operational agrometeorological services; training by means of roving seminars, training courses and workshops; formulation and exchange of practical information through a Symposium on the Agrometeorology of Groundnuts; and the promotion of increased interdisciplinary co-operation between meteorologists and agriculturalists.

Commission for Agricultural Meteorology

The Commission for Agricultural Meteorology provides scientific and technical support for the implementation of the Agricultural Meteorology Programme.

The Commission is responsible for matters relating to:

(a) Application of meteorology to agricultural cropping systems, forestry and agricultural land use, and livestock management;

(b) Development of agricultural meteorological services of Members;

(c) Methods, procedures and techniques for the provision of meteorological services to agriculture; 84 Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

(d) Formulation of data and information requirements for agriculture, and their dissemination; and

(e) Meteorological aspects of the battle against desertification.

The Commission's working groups and rapporteurs are studying various aspects of these responsibilities. The progress of acti vi ties of some of these is described below:

A meeting of the CAgM Working Group on the Influence of Weather on Agricultural Production in Equatorial, Tropical and Sub-tropical Regions was held in Geneva from 19 to 22 March 1985. The group decided to prepare guidance material on operational agrometeorological activities for a number of crops. Cotton and cassava were selected for in-depth study; and sugarcane, sorghum, tea and cow-pea were selected as subjects for individual contributions to the final technical report from members of the working group. The group is also preparing guidance material on the use of agrometeorology in li vestock production in equatorial, tropical and sub-tropical regions.

A meeting of the CAgM Working Group on Meteorological Aspects of Agriculture in Desert-prone and Semi-arid Areas was held in Geneva from 8 to 12 April 1985. The group drew up detailed plans for the preparation of guidance material on meteorological aspects of agriculture in desert-prone and semi-arid areas, dealing with:

(a) The problems of desertification in general and the agrometeorological aspects in particular;

(b) Methods of monitoring, assessing and mapping of desertification;

(d) Use of agrometeorological information to assess and prevent soil erosion.

Wheat, sorghum, millet, beans, barley and sesame were selected for in-depth studies.

An informal meeting of the CAgM Rapporteurs on Meteorological Aspects of Forage Provision and Animal Production was held in Geneva from 8 to 10 May 1985. The final report to be submitted to CAgM-IX will contain chapters on topoclimatology, ecophysiological aspects, grasslands, utilization of pastures, animal production and modelling of pastoral/animal systems.

A meeting of the CAgM Working Group on Microclimate Management and Manipulation in Traditional Farming was held in Geneva, from 9 to 11 October 1985. The group collected existing examples of microclimate management and manipulation for transmission to other Members and prepared the core of an issue of CARS on this subject.

Medium-term missions in agrometeorology

A medium-term agrometeorology mission was organized in Ethiopia to undertake and train national staff in agroclimate classification and to map the climatic resources for agriculture in the country. Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 85

Roving seminars

A roving seminar for practical on-the-job training in specific aspects of agrometeorology was organized in Belize.

Symposium

A WMO/ICRISAT/FAO Symposium/Planning Meeting on the AgrometeQrology of the Groundnut Crop was held in the AGRHYMET Centre, Niamey, Niger, from 14 to 26 August 1985. The symposium defined practical ways in which agrometeorology can be used to reduce risks in groundnut growing, increase yield and improve the efficiency of pest and disease control.

ICRISAT and AGRHYMET have decided to publish jointly, in co-operation with Kansas State University, WMO and FAO, the available agrometeorological data of use in groundnut cultivation.

Training course

At the kind invitation of the Government of Italy, a training course on operational agrometeorological techniques for arid zones was held at Erice, Sicily, Italy, from 24 September to 5 October. About 40 participants from francophone countries took part. A significant part of the programme was devoted to the exchange of information on ongoing activities and the problems and successes of the national agrometeorological services from which the participants originated. The techniques covered included rainfall analysis, water balance, temperature analysis, crop protection, potential pasture productivity and animal health and production. The lectures presented will be published and distributed.

Workshops

An RA lIiRA V Workshop on Applications of Operational Techniques in Agrometeorology was held in Pune, India, from 25 November to 6 December 1985. About 30 participants from 14 countries of the two Regions took part in the workshop. Lectures and practical exercises offered included topics such as temperature, sunshine and rainfall analysis, drought climatology, crop-weather models, crop pests and diseases, weather and animal health, remote sensing techniques in agrometeorology, pasture growth and development and agro meteorological forecasts.

An RA III/RA IV Regional Workshop on Operational Agrometeorology with particular reference to the agroclimatological survey of the lowlands of the humid tropics of South America was held in Lima, Peru, from 4 to 8 November 1985. About 30 participants from 21 countries took part in the workshop. Lectures and practical exercises presented included temperature and rainfall analysis, crop-weather relationships, social and economic aspects of crop-weather relationships and crop pests and diseases.

Seminar

A Regional Training Seminar on the Use of Agrometeorological and Hydrological Data and Information in the Assessment and Combat of Drought and 86 Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

Desertification was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 4 to 8 November 1985. There were 45 participants from 37 countries. The proceedings of the seminar will be published and distributed to Members.

Co-operation with other international organizations

WMO continued to co-operate with FAO in many training activities in agrometeorology and in the activities of CAgM. The FAO/WMO/Unesco/UNEP Inter-Agency Group on Agricultural Biometeorology met in Geneva from 15 to 18 January 1985. The group defined a number of actions and timetables for activities connected with the agroclimatological survey of the lowlands of the humid tropics of South America which is in progress. The study of social and economical aspects of the survey was discussed and approved. The inter-agency group also agreed to publish practical guidelines for desert range improvement.

The Organization participated in the International Upland Rice Conference held in Jakarta, Indonesia, from 1 to 12 March 1985. A WMO/IRRI/UNDP Project on Weather and Rice was formulated.

WMO took part and presented a lecture on "Agrometeorology in planning and day-to-day operations in agriculture" at the Symposium on Agrometeorology organized by the ConsortiUm for the Development of Agriculture in the region of Puglia, Italy, from 25 to 29 March 1985.

WMO participated in and presented a lecture at the UN/WMO/FAO/ESA International Training Course on Remote Sensing Applications to Operational Agrometeorology and Hydrology. The course was co-sponsored by the Government of Sweden and held in Nairobi, Kenya, from 15 to 20 April 1985.

WMO also participated in and presented a contribution to the Conference on Agrometeorology at the annual staff meeting of the Swiss technical co-operation agencies, held in Grangeneuve on 12 September 1985, with special reference to the successful pilot project in Mali.

Fisheries

WMO participated in the sixteenth session of the FAO Committee on Fisheries, held in Rome from 22 to 26 April 1985. The Committee recommended the annual observance of a "World Fish Day" on 27 June to commemorate the World Fisheries Conference. The theme for 1986 would be "Fishermen and the . fishing community". WMO is exploring the possibility of initiating some climate-related activities of fisheries, in co-operation with IMO and FAO.

Regional activities in agrometeorology

Region III (South America) and Region IV (North and Central America)

At the recommendation of the joint session of the RA III/RA IV Working Group on Agrometeorology and with the approval of the Executive Council, during 1985 financial assistance for publishing a Spanish-language edition of a bibliography of publications in agrometeorology was provided to the bibliographical centre in Lima, Peru. Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 87

Region V (South-West Pacific)

The Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of the Coconut Crop has submitted his report to the ninth session of the Regional Association.

Region VI (Europe)

A meeting of the RA VI Working Group on Agricultural Meteorology was held in Geneva from 20 to 23 August 1985. The outlines of two technical reports (one on agrometeorology of the potato crop, and the other on plant protection models) for possible publication as WMO Technical Notes were approved during the meeting. The group recommended that the Regional Association for Europe at its next session should establish a Working Group on Agricultural Meteorology with renewed terms of reference. It also recommended that WMO should consider holding a Symposium on the Agrometeorology of the Potato Crop.

Drought and desertification

WMO organized roving seminars on rainfall intensity data analysis to assess soil erodibility in semi-arid areas in Argentina, Burma, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guinea (Conakry), Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Turkey and Uruguay. It also organized similar seminars on wind-data analysis to evaluate sand and dust transport and to promote sand-dune stabilization in Mali and Peru.

WMO continued to participate in the activities of the Inter-agency Working Group on Desertification and was represented at its ad hoc meeting, held in Paris from 11 to 15 March 1985, and at its regular meeting, held in Rome from 9 to 11 September 1985. At the ad hoc meeting, the Group considered a request from the UNEP Governing Council to review the training activities for desertification control by member organizations and to establish priority areas on which further attention should be directed. It also considered another UNEP Governing Council proposal on the establishment of regional networks in the fields of sand-dune stabilization in Africa, afforestation in South America and research and training in Asia. The Group assigned responsibilities as lead agencies to FAO and Unesco. The second meeting discussed member organizations I reports on their activities in the field of desertification and related areas, and agreed on a timetable for the updating of the Compendium of Projects and Programmes of the UN System in the Field of Desertification. It also prepared the draft of the report of the Administra tive Committee on Co-ordination (ACC) for consideration by the next meeting of the Designated Officials on Environmental Matters (DOEM), which was held in Rome from 10 to 12 September 1985.

WMO participated in the meeting of the Consultative Group on Desertification Control (DESCON) which was held from 17 to 24 July 1985 in Geneva to consider the funding of various project proposals submitted to it by several desert-prone countries, and potential WMO involvement in such projects if they are funded by donors.

Publications

The following publications have been processed for publication as WMO Technical Notes/Special Environmental Reports: 88 Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

(a) Weather and Lucerne;

(b) Land Use and Agricultural Management Systems under Severe Climatic Conditions;

(d) Soil-water Relationships;

(e) Use of Agrometeorological and Hydrological Data in the Combat against Desertification.

MARINE METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

Introduction

The general objective of the Marine Meteorology Programme is the promotion of marine meteorological services (MMS) over the high seas and coastal areas and the application of marine climatological information for planning marine activities. These services are organized in accordance with the provisions contained 'in the Manual on MMS and its complementary volume, the Guide to MMS. The Commission for Marine Meteorology (CMM) is the principal body responsible for keeping abreast of developments in this field and for making appropriate recommendations. In respect of regional applications, the regional associations play an important role in the implementation and co-ordination of marine meteorological activities.

Parallel with the activities indicated above, certain other ocean related activities are carried out within the joint WMO-IOC programme known as the Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS).

Commission for Marine Meteorology

The Commission for Marine Meteorology (CMM) held its ninth session in 1984 and the results of th-is sessi-On were report--ed in the Annual Report :for 1984. The recommendations of the Commission were subsequently adopted by EC-XXXVII and are now in the process of being implemented, together with the other activities of the Commission. Progress on all these activities is reported in the following paragraphs.

Marine meteorological services

An essential part of MMS is the provision of marine meteorological information, including warnings, to the user community. Such information includes weather and sea bulletins provided in both alphanumeric and voice form by radio, as well as meteorological analyses and forecasts provided in pictorial form by radiofacsimile. The dissemination of marine meteorological information in future years will be carried out increasingly by the use of radiofacsimi1e and satellite telecommunication systems such as INMARSAT. However, weather and sea bulletins issued by radiotelegraphy (Morse), radiotelephony, radioteleprinter and radiote1ex remain at present the most common means of transmitting marine information for shipping and other users. CMM gave continuing responsibility for these questions, among others, to its Working Group on Marine Meteorological Services. Part 5 ~ APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 89

The fourth session of the CMM Working Group on Marine Meteorological Services took place in Geneva from 23 to 27 September 1985. The agenda covered such topics as MMS seminars, marine telecommunications, marine meteorological services including tropical cyclone warning services, the Voluntary Observing Ships' (VOS) scheme and a review of the Manual and Guide to Marine Meteorological Services. The working group gave particular priority in its discussions to the programme of MMS seminars, to MMS for tropical cyclones (including both the nomenclature problem and storm-surge forecasting) and to marine telcommunications questions (including both INMARSAT and the Future Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (FGMDSS». Very valuable and important contributions were made by international organizations representing major user communities, such as the International Maritime Organization, the International Chamber of Shipping and the International Federation of Shipmasters' Associations.

Marine climatology

Following a small consultation of experts which took place in early 1985 to establish a detailed work plan for the group, the CMM Working Group on Marine Climatology is now actively engaged in undertaking the tasks given to it by CMM-IX. These include, in particular, the preparation of a Guide to Applications of Marine Climatology, the development of recommendations concerning uniform quality-control procedures for marine climatological data, and questions relating to the quantity, quality and geographical coverage of VOS data.

The quality of data from the VOS is a matter of some concern, both in the context of the Marine Climatological Summaries Scheme and also for the WCRP. The possibility of developing a high-quality subset of VOS data, of value both to the summaries scheme and to the WCRP, which might later be used for calibrating the entire VOS data set, is to be addressed through the development of a pilot project for the North Atlantic, involving perhaps 50 VOS. Such a pilot project would have relevance also to the Operational WWW Systems Evaluation - North Atlantic project.

The question of a uniform charging policy for marine data was discussed by CMM-IX, and referred by it to the Executive Council for further guidance. EC-XXXVII " ..• noted the view of CMM in this regard and felt that this was a question with considerable and wide-ranging implications for all Members and required further consideration. II Such further consideration is at present being given to the matter by the vice-president of CMM on behalf of WMO.

Marine telecommunications

CMM has recognized the increasing importance of the INMARSAT system for the collection by satellite of ships' weather reports and for the distribution of meteorological information to shipping, and as a key element in the FGMDSS. The INMARSAT system began operation on 1 February 1982 and by January 1985 about 3 300 ships, including 402 VOS, were equipped with ship earth stations (SESs). Of the 13 coast earth stations (CESs) which were operational in June 1985, five were accepting ships' weather reports free of charge to shipping. These were: 90 Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

• Pacific Ocean Region: Santa Paula (USA) Singapore • Atlantic Ocean Region: Goonhilly (United Kingdom) Pleumeur Bodou (France)

Southbury (USA)

Both Southbury and Santa Paula also accept BATHY/TESAC reports.

AS the situation concerning the use of INMARSAT is evolving rapidly, both the Meetings of Experts on the Use of INMARSAT and the Joint WMO/INMARSAT Consultative Meetings have been valuable in allowing participants to keep abreast, and keeping Members informed, of new developments. In addition, preliminary discussions have been held involving the WMO and INMARSAT Secretariats and experts from CBS and CMM on the development of the Enhanced Group Call (EGC) system of INMARSAT and specifically its application to the dissemination of meteorological information to shipping. It is expected that an operational trial of the system will take place in 1986.

The CMM Working Group on Marine Meteorological Services has recognized the importance of the EGC system as a potential vehicle to disseminate meteorological warnings and information to the ocean areas defined in the FGMDSS, particularly in areas not covered by the NAVTEX service. It noted that such a system may require reconsideration of the present concepts of the transmission of forecasts, and therefore agreed that it should keep both the FGMDSS and the EGC system under close review in conjunction with the CMM Rapporteur on Marine Telecommunications.

Sea ice

The Working Group on Sea Ice was re-established by CMM-IX, and given a comprehensive set of tasks to undertake during the inter-sessional period. A small expert consultation took place in June 1985 in order to establish an aetion plan for the wOr'king group to accomplish these tasks. Of particular' importance to the working group during the coming four years will be preparing for the establishment of a global sea-ice data bank, in close co-operation with the World Climate Programme. In thJs regard, a feasibility study is to be undertaken, using the test year 1982, to investigate questions such as procedures for producing a homogeneous data set, merging of data sets, inclusion of satellite data, contoured or grid-point data, specifications for data input and output, etc.

A new area of active interest for the observation of sea ice is the use of active microwave techniques from satellites. The working group is maintaining a close watch on these developments in order to review the requirements and specifications for sea-ice parameters obtained from satellites and remotely sensed data.

Other activities being undertaken by the working group include a study of sea-ice data dissemination for medium-range and long-range weather forecasting; the possible standardization of presentation of sea-ice climatological data; and the preparation of a possible international seminar on methods of sea-ice prediction. Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 91

Specialized education and training activities in the field of marine meteorology

A Seminar on Marine Meteorological Services, intended for the meteorological staff concerned of Members of WMO Regional Association I (Africa), was held from 2 to 13 December 1985. The seminar was conducted at two venues, Algiers (Algeria) in the French language and Reading (United Kingdom) in the English language, and was attended by 12 and 9 participants respectively. Another seminar is planned for 1986 for the Members of WMO Regional Associations II and V. The main purpose of the series of seminars is to enable meteorologists responsible for MMS to keep abreast of international shipping's evolving requirements for weather and related oceanographic information and of the methods and techniques currently used for the analysis and forecast of marine meteorological conditions.

Considering that education and training is of such importance to developing countries and to WMO in general, CMM appointed a Rapporteur for Education and Training to advise generally on this area of the Commission's activities and to liaise with other bodies, such as the EC Panel of Experts on Education and Training and the IOC Working Committee for Training, Education and Mutual Assistance in marine sciences. The rapporteur is now actively engaged in a number of tasks, including the compilation of bibliographies on various aspects of marine meteorology and physical oceanography and a survey of training centres concerning their specialized education and training activities in marine meteorology and physical oceanography.

Techniques for marine observation and forecasting

WMO Wave Programme

The WMO Wave Programme adopted by CMM-IX and formally approved by EC-XXXVII is progressing well. The first (1984) annual national reports on new wave-measuring techniques and intercomparison experiments have been compiled, summarized and published as Report No. 12 in the series Marine Meteorology and Related Oceanographic Activities. This report also contains the first WMO catalogue of numerical wave models. Reports for 1985 will be published in due course as a supplement to Report No. 12. Initial drafting work on the revised WMO Guide to Wave Analysis and Forecasting is complete. It is expected that the technical editing will be completed in early 1986, with publication scheduled for late 1986. Preparation of a section for the real-time reporting of spectral wave data in the proposed ODAS code has been completed and is being circulated amongst WMO experts for comment prior to submission to CBS.

Raporteur studies

All the rapporteurs' studies proposed by CMM-IX and included under the CMM Working Group on Technical Problems have now been initiated. In addition, on the recommendation of the president of CMM, a number of other rapporteurs' important studies have been initiated. These are:

(a) Forecasting of. fog at sea;

(b) Transport of sea-surface pollutants; 92 Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

(d) High-quality VOS subset.

Marine Cloud Album

As requested by CMM-lX, the selection of photographs and texts for the Marine Cloud Album and Cloud Sheet by the rapporteur has now been completed. The process of printing the revised album and sheet as part of the International Cloud Atlas, Vol. II, is at present under way and is expected to be completed in 1986.

Publications

The following reports in the WMO series Marine Meteorology and Related Oceanographic Activities have recently been published and distributed:

• No. 12 - WMO Wave Programme; • No. 13 - User's Guide to the Historical Sea-surface Temperature Data Set; • No. 14 - Scientific Lectures at CMM-IX.

Two further reports, "Forecasting of sea-ice accretion" and "SST intercalibration workshop", are in the editorial and printing stages.

A supplement to the Manual on MMS containing agreed changes to boundaries for the issue of weather and sea bulletins in the central Indian Ocean has been published. In addition, the changes recommended by CMM-IX to the IMMPC and IMMT codes have also been promulgated.

The Second Long-term Plan (LTP)

CMM-IX discussed in detail the contribution of the Marine Meteorology Programme, lGOSS and other ocean-related activities to the Second LTP for the period 1988-1997. It agreed that the main purpose of the programme should be the provision of marine observations and data, and the promotion of marine meteorological and oceanographic services generally, together with the application of marine climatological information to both marine services and climatological activities. It endorsed a draft text for Part I of the Second LTP and recommended that the preparation of a detailed programme plan for Part II of the Second LTP should be undertaken. This work has been completed under the direction of the president of CMM and the part of the Second LTP concerning the Marine Meteorology Programme, lGOSS and other ocean-related activities was circulated to Members for comment.

Contribution to the Ocean Observing Systems Development Programme

As a contribution to the WCRP, the joint SCOR/IOC Committee on Climatic Changes and the Ocean (CCCO) has prepared, in co-operation with the Joint Scientific Committee (JSC), an Ocean Observing Systems Development Programme (OOSDP). This OOSDP describes principles which should govern the improvement and expansion of ocean observational programmes within the framework of WMO and IOC (including lGOSS) in support of the WCRP. The OOSOP contains, inter alia, a number of items concerning improvements to the sea-surface meteorological observing network particularly involving the VOS Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 93

scheme. Following preliminary discussions in early 1985, and with the approval of the president of CMM, a number of actions have now been initiated in support of the OOSDP and the WCRP. These include rapporteurs' studies on a high-quality VOS subset and on the calibration of ships' instrument-measured winds.

Drifting-buoy Co-operation Panel

Following a recommendation of EC-XXXVI, a Joint WMOIIOC Preparatory Meeting on the Establishment of a Drifting-buoy Consortium took place in Geneva in April 1985. This meeting recommended that a Drifting-buoy Co-operation Panel be established, in order to ensure the rapid, efficient and co-ordinated implementation of drifting-buoy programmes in support of the WWW and the WCRP, as well as to provide a forum for stimulation of further buoy deployments and co-ordination on various technical matters. EC-XXXVII subsequently approved the establishment of the Drifting-buoy Co-operation Panel, together with a Technical Co-ordinator's position, and provided detailed terms of reference for both. The first session of the panel took place in October 1985, in conjunction with the fifth meeting on the Argos Joint Tariff Agreement in Toulouse; France.

OCEAN ACTIVITIES

Integrated Global Ocean Services System

The Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS) is a world-wide ocean services system planned, developed and co-ordinated jointly by WMO and IOC for the global collection and exchange of oceanic data, and the timely preparation and dissemination of oceanic products and services for both operational and research activities. The three main elements of lGOSS are the lGOSS Observing System (IOS), the lGOSS Data-processing and Services System (IDPSS), and the lGOSS Telecommunication Arrangements (ITA). The planning and implementation of lGOSS are undertaken in conjunction with the WWW and MMS. The Joint IOC/WMO Working Committee for lGOSS is responsible for planning and co-ordinating the implementation of lGOSS and reports to the governing bodies of both organizations.

The fourth session of the Joint IOC/WMO Working Committee for lGOSS took place in Geneva in November 1985. It considered the full range of lGOSS activities including the accelerated implementation of lGOSS, the development of the lGOSS Sea-level Pilot Project (ISLPP) in the Pacific and in other oceans and the revision of the lGOSS General Plan and Implementation Programme 1982-1985 including the proposed accelerated implementation of lGOSS. The Joint Working Committee urged the enhanced active participation in lGOSS of Members of WMO and Member States of IOC. Major improvements are required in the availability and exchange of BATHY/TESAC and other operational data, especially for the period 1985-1995 and in those areas of the ocean which are data-sparse or of primary importance to operational and research programmes, in particular the WCRP.

The lGOSS Observing System

The primary element of the lGOSS Observing System (lOS) continues to be the BATHY/TESAC operational programme, constituting the major source of 94 Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

surface and sub-surface temperature, salinity and current data which are collected and exchanged on a world-wide basis. The total number of such observations exchanged on the GTS in 1985 was about 41 000, which almost corresponds to the 1984 level. The Joint IOC/WMO Meeting for Implementation of lGOSS XBT Ship-of-Opportunity Programmes (Seattle, USA, September 1985) considered the expansion of XBT observation programmes aboard merchant ships to satisfy increasing operational and research requirements for sub-surface temperature data. It proposed that every effort should be made to increase the input of the BATHY/TESAC repo~ts into the GTS, particularly in view of the emerging TOGA requirements for rapid data collection and exchange. The meeting established ship-of-opportunity XBT lines for three major oceans, i.e. the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, on the basis of existing, planned and proposed programmes.

The lGOSS Data-processing and Services System

The lGOSS Data-processing and Services System (IDPSS) consists of national, specialized and world oceanographic centres for the processing of observational data, and the provision of products, services and operational data exchange activities to various marine-user groups. National oceano graphic or meteorological centres with corresponding functions are operated by 36 Member States. The information service bulletin No.6, 1985, "Oceanographic products issued by national centres", provides information regarding three different product areas:

(a) Sub-surface products, including temperature, salinity, currents, chemical and biological parameters: 18 Members - 45 products (data, analyses, summaries);

(b) Surface products, including sea-surface temperature, salinity and current, waves, sea-level and surface-feature products such as surface-water colour charts available from satellites: 15 Members - 252 products (data, analyses, forecasts, summaries);

(c) Surface meteorological products, including surface wind, wind stress, air pressure, air temperature, dew point and preeipi tation: 22 Members - 66 products (analyses, forecasts, data, warnings, summaries).

The bulletin shows that 36 Member States prepare and disseminate various marine meteorological and oceanographic products.

The Joint IOC/WMO Meeting of Experts on lGOSS Specialized Oceanographic Centres (SOCs) (Geneva, November 1985) considered the role of SOCs in the lGOSS accelerated phase which was approved by the thirteenth session of the IOC Assembly and the thirty-seventh session of the WMO Executive Council, together with the enhancement of the SOC system to meet existing and emerging requirements placed on lGOSS.

lGOSS Telecommunication Arrangements

The lGOSS Telecommunication Arrangements (ITA) consist mainly of telecommunication facilities of the WWW GTS and other arrangements necessary Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 95

for the rapid and reliable collection and distribution of observational data and processed information. BATHY/TESAC reports collected from ships and platforms are normally transmitted over the International Maritime Mobile Service to coastal radio stations which are designated to accept the reports free of charge to the ships or through the INMARSAT satellite communications system. At present, only two INMARSAT Coast Earth Stations (CES) operated by the USA accept BATHY/TESAC reports from specified ocean areas free of charge to ships. This number needs to be considerably increased in future to ensure the efficient collection of oceanographic reports. In addition, the Argos satellite data collection and location system provides an efficient tool for the collection of ocean data from a variety of platforms in remote ocean areas. The use of this system continues to expand rapidly for both meteorological and oceanographic parameters and it is likely that the future will see the enhanced use of Argos for the collection of sub-surface data and their transmission over the GTS as BATHY/TESAC reports.

lGOSS regional developments

The development of lGOSS on a regional basis has continued through concentrated efforts in selected ocean regions such as the Pacific Ocean (including the EI Nino region), the Indian Ocean, the Caribbean and adjacent regions and the Baltic Sea region, in conjunction with regional oceanographic programmes. With regard to the Indian Ocean, the Joint IOC/SCOR/CCCO Panel on Indian Ocean Climate Studies at its second session (New Delhi, India, January 1985) discussed potential XBT ship-of-opportunity lines for the Indian Ocean. This requirement was taken into account at the Meeting of Experts for the Implementation of lGOSS Ship-of-Opportunity XBT Programmes, held in Seattle, September 1985.

Training, Education and Mutual Assistance

The lGOSS Training, Education and Mutual Assistance (TEMA) programme is considered to be a supporting activity for the efficient and effective implementation of the three essential elements of IGOSS, namely the lOS, the IDPSS and the ITA. WMO seminars on MMS now include topics relating to IGOSS developments. Two such seminars took place in 1985 (Algiers and Reading, December 1985), which should encourage Meteorological Services to take a more active part in lGOSS. The training course on sea-level measurement and analyses was organized in the United Kingdom (June-July 1985) with the support of IOC. This course covered various methods of instrumentation, the operational exchange of sea-level data and dissemination of operational sea-level products by the SOC on Sea-level Data (see next paragraph).

lGOSS Sea-level Pilot Project in the Pacific Ocean (ISLPP)

The ISLPP has received enthusiastic support from the participating countries and scientists. At present, 25 countries submit monthly mean sea-level data from 67 tide-gauges to the Specialized Oceanographic Centre in the University of Hawaii. Using these data as a basis, the SOC for ISLPP produces monthly sea-level anomaly charts essentially for the tropical Pacific. The thirty-seventh session of the WMO Executive Council noted this success with satisfaction and the fourth session of the Joint IOC/WMO Working Commi ttee for lGOSS considered the extension of similar proj ects to other ocean areas. 96 Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

General

The primary objective of the Aeronautical Meteorology Programme is to promulgate regulations and plans for internationally co-ordinated activities in support of air navigation. In particular, the programme is aimed at assisting Members to plan, establish and operate the aeronautical meteorological services required to ensure the safety, efficiency and economy of air navigation. The activities within this programme are carried out in co-operation and co-ordination with other WMO programmes, in particular WWW and the Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme, and also ICAO, lATA and other relevant international organizations. The Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology (CAeM) is the WMO body responsible, in co-operation with ICAO when appropriate, for matters relating to the application of meteorology to aviation. Regional associations are also involved in relevant activities at the regional level.

Activities within the Aeronautical Meteorology Programme are mainly concerned with:

(a) Development of regulatory material for updating the WMO Technical Regulations - Volume II, Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation;

(b) Preparation of guidance material;

(c) Further co-ordination of action, at regional and national levels, for the implementation of global and regional practices;

(d) Co-operation with other international organizations, in particular ICAO, in matters relating to the application of meteorology to aviation.

Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology

The Advisory Working Group of CAeM met in Geneva from 4 to 8 February 1985. It reviewed and endorsed the text of the Second Long-term Plan fot the Aeronautical Meteorology Programme and agreed that it should be submitted to the Executive Council Working Group on Long-term Planning. The text takes into account operational requirements and expected future developments as well as advances in atmospheric sciences.

The Advisory Working Group also considered and made recommendations concerning regulatory material, guidance material and the World Area Forecast System (WAFS), reported on in greater detail below.

Mutual representation on the working groups of CAeM and CIMO was arranged and joint action was undertaken to revise Chapter 10 (Measurement of visibility) and Chapter 16 (Instruments and methods of observation at aeronautical stations) of the WMO Guide on Instruments and Methods of Observation.

The Working Group on Meteorological Observations and Information Distribution Arrangements for Local Aeronautical Users met in Geneva from 30 September to 4 October 1985. After reviewing methods of observation and Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 97

instruments used at aerodromes and their relevance to current accuracy requirements, the working group embarked on the compilation of a manual on meteorological observing and information distribution systems at aerodromes.

Regulatory material

Comments received in response to a circular letter from the president of CAeM in late 1984 concerning the proposed amendment to Technical Regulations, Volume II, C.3.3 (Format and preparation of flight documentation) and the appendix on model forms and charts were reviewed by the CAeM Advisory Working Group who agreed that a small group of experts should review and amend the proposed text. Following the expert group meeting in Geneva in April 1985, the amended text was again circulated in June 1985 to all Members of CAeM. Comments received indicated that the necessary consensus of opinion could not be achieved by correspondence. Consequently the adoption of the text and the revised models were deferred until the next session of CAeM in 1986.

Guidance material

Work continued on the preparation of two guides, namely, a guide on aerodrome meteorological office practices, and a manual on meteorological observing and information distribution systems at aerodromes. These were reviewed, and further guidance on their development was given, by both the Advisory Working Group and the Working Group on Meteorological Observations and Information Distribution Arrangements for Local Aeronautical Users.

World Area Forecast System (WAFS)

The new provisions of WMO Technical Regulations C.3.1 relating to the introduction of the WAFS came into force at the end of 1984. WMO, through CAeM and its working groups, will provide support for the WAFS as requested by ICAO. Regional associations will play an important role in the implementation of the WAFS and to this end various aspects of the issue were discussed at IX-RA IV and by the RA VI Working Group on Co-ordination of Requirements for Data in GRID Code Form.

Co-operation with ICAO

Excellent collaboration continued with ICAO, particularly in the development of regulatory material.

WMO is represented on the following ICAO panels, working groups and study groups:

• All Weather Operations Panel (AWOP);

• Low-level Wind Shear and Turbulence Study Group (WIST);

• Meteorological Advisory Working Group of the European Air Navigation Planning Group (EANPG) (METAG);

• Volcanic Ash Warnings (VAW) Study Group. 98 Part 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

During 1985, WMO participated in the lCAO meetings mentioned below:

• Informal CAR COM/MET 1/85 Implementation Meeting (Mexico City, 17-21 June);

• Fourth Meeting of the Caribbean and South American Aeronautical Fixed Service (GRACYAS) Regional Planning Group (Lima, 24-28 June);

• Panel on Route Facility Costs, Fourth Meeting (Montreal, 25 June to 4 July);

• Eleventh Meeting of the Meteorological Advisory Working Group (METAG) of the European Air Navigation Planning Group (EANPG) (Paris, 23-28 September);

• Informal World Area Forecast System Meeting (Washington, 7-11 October), PAR T 6

HYDROLOOY AND WATER RESOURCES PROORAMME

INTRODUCTION

The Hydrology and Water Resources Programme (HWRP) was re-established by Ninth Congress as a major programme of the Organization. The main components of the Programme are:

(a) Operational Hydrology Programme (OHP), including the Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS);

(b) Applications and services to water resources; and

A large part of the Organization I s activities in the Hydrology and Water Resources Programme, including the OHP, is carried out through the work of the Commission for Hydrology (CHy). The Commission held its seventh session in Geneva in August-September 1984.

OPERATIONAL HYDROLOOY PROORAMME (OHP)

The OHP is executed mainly by CHy through its three working groups composed of 17 rapporteurs and ten other individual rapporteurs. The Advisory Working Group of the Commission acts also as the Steering Committee for the Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS), which is implemented within the OHP. The activities of the working groups and rapporteurs, as outlined in the 1984 Annual Report, continued to be carried out effectively. The results of most of the current CHy activities are expected to be available in 1987/88.

Meetings of CHy working groups

During 1985 the following CHy working groups held their sessions:

(a) ~o£king _ grQuE _ Qn_ ~YQrQIQgic~l_ !n~r~~n~s_ ~nQ ~ ~e~hQd~ of Qb~e£v~tio~,_ fi£s~ _s~s~iQn_ IG~n~v~,_M~Yl. The group reviewed and finalized the work plans and schedules for the completion of its assignments by the end of 1987. In particular it agreed on a detailed plan for the implementation of the second phase of the project on intercomparison of hydrological instruments and finalized the specifications for the national testing of current meters, water-level recorders and suspended sediment samplers.

(b) ~oEking _GEo~_ Qn_HydEo!ogi~a! _MQd~l~ _a~d_ ~oEe~a~ting,_ fiEs~ ~e~sio~ IG~n~v~,_S~~e~~rl. Besides establishing its work plan for the next three years, the working group considered the plans being developed for the WMO projects for a simulated real-time 100 PART 6 - HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME

intercomparison of catchment models and on intercomparison of methods of estimating evapotranspiration. It also proposed a basic revision of the chapter in the WMO Technical Regulations dealing with hydrological warn~ngs and forecasts.

(c) ~d~i~o£y_WQr~i~g_G£o~p~ _m~e~i~g_alsQ _a~ §t~e£i~g_CQ~i~t~e_ fo£ ~~S~ fi£s~ ~e~sio~ IG~n~v~,_S~p~e~~rl. The Advisory Working Group reviewed the plans for the specific duties entrusted to individual members of the group as part of its inter-sessional management and co-ordination activities. It also reviewed progress in the work of the Commission and considered in particular the detailed plans of three WMO projects, namely: second phase of the intercomparison of hydrological instruments, intercomparison of models, and operational case-studies of network design. The group further developed guidelines for the review and revision of the Guide to Hydrological Practices. In addition, the group considered ways of involving more individual members of CHy and national experts in the work of the Commission.

Hydrological publications

The following three publications were issued:

(a) Guide to Hydrological Practices:

Volume I - Data Acquisition and Processing, fourth edition, (WMO-No. 168) in French and Spanish;

Volume II - Analysis, Forecasting and Other Applications, fourth edition (WMO-No. 168), in Spanish.

(b) Casebook on Operational Assessment of Areal Evaporation, Ot;>eraHenal HyclI'ele

(c) Guidelines for Computerized Data Processing in Operational Hydrology and Land and Water Management - a joint WMO-FAO publication (WMO-No. 634).

Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme(HOMS)

HOMS was launched into its second phase on the basis of the plan of implementation and schedule of activities for 1984 to 1991, as approved by the Commission. During 1985, HOMS continued to prove to be very effective in collecting available technology in operational hydrology and in facilitating its organized transfer to meet the needs of Members. The number of HOMS National Reference Centres (HNRCs) and focal points increased from 78 to 86 during the year. In addition, five regional international bodies, in particular river basin authorities, have set up HOMS focal points. The HOMS Reference Manual (HRM), the basic document of HOMS, now contains 366 components. The total number of requests for components increased from about 600 to over 700 (see Table I, which gives figures as of December 1985). PART 6 - HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME 101

TABLE I

Analysis of reguests for exchange of components by section (as of December 1985)

Number No. of components Section Title of requests available in the section

A Policy planning and organization 1 1

B Network design 7 2

C Instruments and equipment 58 57

D Remote sensing 4 7

E Methods of observation 77 34

F Data transmission 32 22

G Data storage, retrieval and dissemination 71 19

H Primary data processing 86 54

I Secondary data processing 99 46

J Hydrological models for forecasting and design 152 85

K Analysis of data for planning, design and operation of water-resource systems 79 30

X Mathematical and statistical computations 40 12

Y Training aids in operational hydrology 1 1

Total 707 370

The assistance of UNDP continued to foster regional co-operation among HNRCs in the transfer and adaptation of hydrological technology wi thin the framework of HOMS. In this connection, the following meetings were organized during 1985: 102 PART 6 - HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME

(a) HaMS Workshop on Equipment and Procedures for Measurement and Estimation of Sediment Loads (Kathmandu, January);

(b) HaMS Workshop on Microcomputer-based Flood Forecasting Systems (Manila, April);

(d) Regional Meeting on Planning and Implementation of HOMS in Central and South America (SaIto Grande, August);

(e) Meeting of Representatives of HNRCs on the HRM and· the WCP (Geneva, September - October);

(f) Regional Meeting on Planning and Implementation of HOMS in the Caribbean (BridgetoWn, October);

(g) HOMS Workshop on Standard Procedures in Operational Hydrology (Bangkok, November);

(h) HaMS Workshop on Flood Routeing and River Forecasting (Bandung, November) .

WMO Secretariat support for HOMS was supplemented by experts seconded from HNRCs. In 1985, Burma, China, Hungary, Ireland, Malaysia and the USSR seconded such experts.

HOMS activities in the Regions have strengthened following the creation of HOMS focal points for Members of CIEH (Africa), CRRH (Central American Isthmus) and ASEAN (South-east Asia). Arising from this technical co-operation among developing countries, experts seconded by Members have assisted in the transfer and implementation of hydrological technology and related training. These efforts were co-ordinated with WMO regular budget aeHvieies and were supported by UNDP and VCP, particularly in the assignment of consultants.

Regional co-operation in hydrology

All regional Working Groups on Hydrology continued to fulfil their respective assignments in co-operation with CHy. In this connection, an informal meeting was held between the president of CHy and the regional hydrological advisers during the thirty-seventh session of the Executive Council (Geneva, June). The fourth session of the RA III Working Group on Hydrology, which was held in Montevideo in September, reviewed and completed three of the technical reports it had prepared and decided on action for the timely finalization of its remaining assignments. A survey was made of operational hydrological models used in RA VI; information on the characteristics of 48 models was provided by 14 countries. A report on the subject is being prepared. The RA IV Working Group on Hydrology finalized its technical reports for submission to IX-RA IV. PART.6 - HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME 103

APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES TO WATER RESOURCES

This programme provides the technical support for the water-related activities of other major WMO programmes such as the Tropical Cyclone Programme and the World Climate Programme.

Tropical Cyclone Programme

With the termination of TOPE}{, hydrological activities under this programme concentrated on supporting the installation and improvement of flood-forecasting systems by Members in regions affected by tropical cyclones. A new focus for this work was provided by including in the programmes of all four regional tropical cyclone bodies an on-going effort to monitor the performance of the flood-forecasting systems operated by their Members. Exchange visits were organized between some of the experts responsible for operating these systems and guidance on the upgrading of existing systems and on the installation of new flood-forecasting systems was offered to Members in conjunction wi th the Organization I s technical co-operation activities.

World Climate Programme

A report was compiled summarizing the studies that had been undertaken on the sensitivity of water-resource systems to climatic variations and, following a mission to the region, a report was prepared on the application of climate information to hydrological forecasts for the Sahel. Considerable progress was achieved in the compilation of a global set of surface-water-runoff data. This now includes data from nearly 70 countries for a total of 1 100 stations which will become available on tape in a uniform format accompanied by digital representations of the associated catchment maps.

A planning meeting was jointly convened by WMO and Unesco in Geneva in November with the purpose of reviewing progress with water-related activities under the World Climate Programme and preparing proposals for specific projects that might be undertaken in the future by the international organizations concerned. These proposals will be considered in due course by the appropriate bodies in each organization. They aim to integrate the activities of the organizations into a co-ordinated programme spearheaded by the work of WMO and Unesco.

CO-OPERATION WITH WATER-RELATED PROGRAMMES OF OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Co-operation with the International Hydrology Programme (IHP) of Unesco

Co-operation was maintained with the IHP of Unesco, especially in the areas described under the following sub-headings.

Water-resource assessment

Five countries have now tested the draft methodology for the evaluation of national activities in water-resource assessment and others should complete their testing in 1986. A third and final workshop on the 104 PART 6 - HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME

subject that reviewed the methodology for application in Latin America was held in Montevideo in September. The manual describing the draft methodology now exists in English, French and Spanish. Its final revision was begun before the end of the year, to be completed in 1986.

International Glossary of Hydrology

The WMO/Unesco Panel on Terminology met twice during 1985 and about 50 per cent of the work on revising the glossary was completed by the end of the year. This included deleting some 150 terms, revising the definitions of over 600 of the existing terms and adding about 250 new terms. The revised glossary is expected to be published jointly by WMO and Unesco prior to the third WMO/Unesco International Conference in Hydrology in March 1987.

WMO/Unesco Liaison Committee on Hydrology

The tenth session of this Committee was held in Paris in September. It reviewed the joint activities of the two organizations and the contributions each could make to the other's programme. During the year WMO has contributed to Unesco/IHP projects on:

• Education and training in hydrology, with emphasis on the training of technicians;

• Studies on urban hydrology, invol ving, in particular, questions concerning the collection of meteorological and hydrological data in urban areas;

• Remote sensing, including, for example, possibilities for estimating precipitation from satellite images.

A major concern of the Committee was the planning of the Third WMO/Unesco International Conference on Hydrology and Scientific Bases of Water-resource Development, which is scheduled to be held in Geneva from 16 to 21 March 1981. In October the executive heads of the two organizations notified Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the plans to convene this conference which, in accordance with an agreement between the two organizations, will review their past activities in hydrology and water resources and consider their medium- and long-term plans in these fields.

Co-operation with other international organizations

Close working relationships continued between WMO and other organizations in the implementation of a number of projects. The Organization participated in the work of the ACC Intersecretariat Group for Water and was represented at technical meetings of various UN agencies making inputs to the field of operational hydrology. The following meetings were co-sponsored in 1985:

• International Workshop on the Correction of Precipi tation Measurements, Zurich, Switzerland, in April (IARS, WMO);

• Symposium on Weather Radar and Flood Forecasting, Lancaster, UK, in September (IARS, WMO). PART 6 - HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME 105

In addition WMO and the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (lARS) jointly convened an International Workshop on Hydrological Applications of Space Technology which was held at Cocoa Beach, USA, in August with the participation of experts from some 34 countries.

TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

WMO continued to assist Members in the organization of, or sponsored lectures at, several international courses and training seminars on hydrology, including courses in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands and Switzerland.

In addition to the training activities reported above under HOMS, a number of other training projects were implemented such as those on satellite applications, flood forecasting and hydrological models reported in the section "Training courses, seminars and workshops" of Part 7.

The Hydrology and Water Resources Programme continued to provide, as required, technical support for the implementation of technical assistance projects in the field of hydrology and water resources which forms a major part of WMO's technical co-operation programme. This support is closely co-ordinated with HOMS in such a way that appropriate technology available at Hydrological Services of Members is transferred at minimum expense to Hydrological Services carrying out development projects with WMO assistance. In 1985 UNDP approved one new inter-country project of the Governments of Greece, Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia, Regional Development and Application of HOMS Components in the Field of Application of Hydrology to Energy Production. UNDP-supported sectoral advisory assistance in hydrology was also provided for a number of countries. Additional details are given in Part 8 - Technical Co-operati6n. PAR T 7

EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION

The education and training activities of the Organization in the fields of meteorology and operational hydrology continued according to the directives of Ninth Congress. On the lines of the Congress decision that the Education and Training Programme of the Organization should continue to be regarded as a matter of very high priority during the ninth financial period, continued effort was made to expand and accelerate assistance and advice to Members in implementing national, regional and other international education and training programmes.

The main features of these activities were: the maintenance of high standards in the technical and scientific training of personnel in all fields of activity of the Organization; the award of fellowships; the organization of suitable training courses, seminars or workshops; and the preparation of training publications. Other activities included supporting the Regional Meteorological Training Centres, undertaking a world-wide survey of training needs and facilities, studying the need for the establishment of new training centres, providing advice and assistance to Members on various aspects of education and training and collaboration with other organizations in this field.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL PANEL OF EXPERTS ON EDUCATION AND TRAINING

At its thirty-seventh session (June 1985), the Executive Council agreed that Dr. R. P. Sarker of India should be a member of its Panel of Experts on Education and Training. During the year the panel conducted its business by correspondence. This included reviewing and commenting on the draft questionnaire for the world-wide survey of Members I training requirements, which was undertaken during 1985. Towards the end of the year, preparations were started for the twelfth session of the panel, to be held in February 1986.

REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL TRAINING CENTRES

The WMO Regional Meteorological Training Centres (RMTCs) continued to play an important role in providing education and training in meteorology and operational hydrology, including their related fields, to personnel from developing countries. As a result of action undertaken by the Organization and Members concerned, the centres in general continued to strengthen their scientific and technological capabilities.

Activities included, inter alia, arrangements by WMO for visiting scientists to assist some centres with specific aspects of training programmes, and for providing the centres with textbooks and other publications and materials. In addition, following the directives of the Executive Council, the Secretariat maintained links with the centres, PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME 107

including visits to a number of them by Secretariat staff conversant with the various aspects of education and training activities.

Some of the RMTCs hosted WMO special training events. As a particular case, mention should be made of the success of the eighteen-month Class II meteorology course organized by the RMTC in Costa Rica in collaboration with WMO. Seventeen Spanish-speaking meteorologists from RA III and RA IV Member countries graduated from the course.

The network of RMTCs by Region and country is currently as follows:

RA I (Africa)

Algeria: Hydrometeorological Institute for Training and Research, Oran (Training of personnel of Classes I, II, III and IV)

Angola: Meteorological Centre, Mulemba (Training of personnel of Classes II and IV)

Egypt: Regional Training Centre for Instruments Specialists, Cairo (Training of personnel of Classes I, II and III)

Kenya: Institute for Meteorological Training and Research, and University of Nairobi, Nairobi (Training of personnel of Classes I, II, III and IV)

Madagascar: Etablissement d'enseignement superieur polytechnique, University of Madagascar (Training of personnel of Class III)

Niger: African School of Meteorology and Civil Aviation (EAMAC), Niamey (Training of personnel of Classes II and III)

Regional Training Centre for Agrometeorology and Operational Hydrology and their Applications (AGRHYMET), Niamey (Training of personnel of Classes II and III)

Nigeria: Meteorological Research and Training Institute, Lagos (Training of personnel of Classes II, III and IV)

RA II (Asia)

Iraq: Regional Meteorological Training Centre, Baghdad (Training of personnel of Classes I, II, III and IV)

RA III (South America)

Argentina: Department of Meteorology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Science, University of Buenos Aires and the Department of Education and Training of the National Meteorological Service (Training of Personnel of Classes I, II, III and IV)

Brazil: Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Para, Belem (Training of personnel of Classes I and II) 108 PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME

RA IV (North and Central America)

Barbados: Caribbean Meteorological Institute, and University of West Indies, Barbados (Training of personnel of Classes I, II, III and IV)

Costa Rica: Meteorological Section, School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Jose (Training of personnel of Class I)

Venezuela: Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, University of Venezuela, Caracas (Training of personnel of Class I)

RA V (South-West Pacific)

Philippines: Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, and the National Institute of Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Sciences of PAGASA (Training of personnel of Classes I, II, III and IV)

RA VI (Europe)

Italy: International School of Meteorology of the Mediterranean, Erice (Training of personnel of Classes I and II)

TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS

Eighteen training events were organized during 1985 in sixteen Member countries. The topics of the events covered different fields of meteorology and operational hydrology and were tailored to meet the needs expressed by Members. These events, which were conducted in English unless otherwise indicated, were:

• Roving Seminar on Mathematical Models Used in Hydrological Forecasting (Mexico City, Mexico, 13-14 May, Montevideo, Uruguay, 12-23 August, Barbados, 2l October - 1 November)

• Regional Training Seminar for National Instructors from RA III and RA IV (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20-31 May) (English/Spanish);

• International Cloud Modelling Workshop/Conference (Irsee, Federal Republic of Germany, 15-19 July);

RA II/RA V Workshop on Modern Telecommunication Techniques • (Jakarta, Indonesia, 30 September - 4 October);

• Workshop on Hydrometeorological Data Banks (San Jose, Costa Rica, 7-11 October) (Spanish);

• RA III/RA IV Regional Training Seminar on the Combined Use of Data from Space-based and Surface-based Sub-system of the GOS (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 7-21 October) (English/Spanish);

• RA I Training Workshop for Instrument Specialists (Bracknell, UK, 21-25 October); PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROG~~ 109

• RA II/RA V Training Seminar on Climate Data Management and User Services (Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 21-25 October);

• HOMS Workshop on Standard Procedures in Operational Hydrology (Bangkok, Thailand, 3-17 November);

• Regional Training Seminar on the Use of Agrometeorological and Hydrological Data and Information in the Assessment and Combat of Drought and Desertification (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 4-8 November);

• WMO Regional Workshop on Asian Summer Monsoon (New Delhi, India, 4-8 November);

• RA I Training Workshop for Instrument Specialists (Tunis, Tunisia, 25-29 November) (French);

• HOMS Workshop on Flood Routeing and River Forecasting (Bandung, Indonesia, 25-30 November);

• Workshop on the Application of Operational Techniques in Agrometeorology (Pune, India, 25 November - 6 December);

• Seminar on Marine Meteorological Services for RA I (Algiers, 3-6 December, and Reading, 9-13 December) (English/French);

Seminar on Flood Inundation Forecasting (Rangoon, Burma, • 9-21 December);

• Cyclone Surge Workshop (Chittagong, Bangladesh, 14-19 December);

• RA I Workshop on Tropical Cyclone Forecasting and Tracking (Vacoas, Mauritius, 10-20 September) (English/French).

In addition, the Organization co-sponsored or jointly supported the following seventeen training events during 1985:

• Class II Meteorology Training Course (San Jose, Costa Rica, 2 April 1984 - 23 December 1985);

Training Course on Instrument (Non-electronic) Maintenance for • Meteorological Technicians (Part I: College of Technology, Farnborough, UK, 15 April 21 June; Part II: Meteorological Office College, Reading, UK, 24 June - 2 August);

• 11th Training Course on Background Air Pollution Measurements (Budapest, Hungary, 15 April - 4 May);

• 2nd UN/WMO/ESA/FAO International Training Course on Remote Sensing Applications to Operational Agrometeorology and Hydrology (Nairobi, Kenya, 16 April - 2 May);

• Training Course on Understanding Climate (University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, 23 April - 29 June); 110 PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME

• Advcmced Training Course on Numerical Weather Prediction (ECMWF, Reading, UK, 29 April - 21 June);

• Summer School on Applied Statistics in Meteorology (Toulouse, France, 3-14 June) (French);

• Training Course on Hydrological Forecasting (University of California, Davis, USA, 24 June - 6 September); • 8th FAO/UNDRO/WMO/ESA Training Course on Remote Sensing Applications for Flood Forecast and Control (Rome, Italy, 1-12 July) (French);

• International Training Course for Class III Technical Personnel in Agrometeorology (Bogota, Colombia, 2 July - 30 August) (Spanish);

• Training Course on Statistical Methods in Agricultural Climatology (Reading, UK, 10 July - 17 September);

• Summer Course on Atmospheric Pollution (Zabadan Valley, Syria, 3-16 August); • Basic Electronics Instruments Course (Reading College of Technology, UK, 16 September 1985 - March 1987);

• WMO/FAO Training Course on Operational Applications of Agrometeorology in Semi-arid Zones (Erice, Italy, 24 September - 5 October) (French);

• RA lII/RA IV Training Seminar on Tropical Meteorology (Bogota, Colombia, 30 September - 11 October);

• Training Course on Agrometeorological Techniques in Agricultural Development Projects (Turin, Italy, 7 October - 13 December);

• WMO/FAO/Unesco/UNEP Regional Workshop on Operational Agrometeor ology with Particular Reference to the Agroclimatological Survey of the Humid Tropics (Lima, Peru, 4-8 November) (Spanish).

TRAINING PUBLICATIONS AND TRAINING LIBRARY

During 1985, the following training publications were issued:

• WMO-No. 364 - Compendium of Meteorology for Use by Class I and Class II Meteorological Personnel:

Vol. II, Part 2 - Aeronautical Meteorology (French); Vol. II, Part 3 - Marine Meteorology (French, Spanish); Vol. II, Part 6 - Air Chemistry and Air Pollution Meteorology (English) ; PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME 111

• WMO-No. 258 Guidelines for the Education and Training of Personnel in Meteorology and Operational Hydrology, third edition (English) ;

• WMO-No. 593 - Lecture Notes for Training Class IV Agricultural Meteorological Personnel (Spanish);

• WMO-No. 240 - Compendium of Training Facilities for Meteorology and Operational Hydrology, sixth edition, Supplement No. 7 (English) ;

• Lectures Delivered at the Training Seminar on the Use of Meteorological Data with Implications for Forecasting and Research in Tropical Countries, Reading, United Kingdom,. 7-11 September 1981 (English).

Work also continued on the translation of English publications into other languages and at the end of 1985 six translations of compendia of lecture notes into French and four into Spanish were in various stages of preparation. In addition, preparation was started of the text of one new compendium of lecture notes, and work continued on the preparation of five other new texts.

The training library continued to serve its main purpose of enabling the Organization to provide advice and information on training matters and materials to Members, national and regional training institutions and to training consultants, experts and instructors in the field. During 1985 the installation of U-matic and VHS video recording, reading and copying equipment for the demonstration and copying of video tapes for training purposes was completed. In accordance with the decision of Cg-IX, initial steps were taken to implement the Training Book Loan Service on a trial basis to assist RMTCs in their training activities.

Arrangements have been started, with the assistance of an invited expert, for the acquisition of appropriate information and material on computer-assisted learning (CAL). Members of the Organization will ac cordingly be informed of the availability of this material through the updated Catalogue for the Training Library to be published and distributed during 1986.

FELLOWSHIPS

During 1985, study programmes for the training of WMO fellows continued to be arranged and provided under UNDP, the VCP, VCP(F), trust funds and the WMO regular budget. Some countries were able to benefit through programmed fellowships in the UNDP-assisted projects. On the other hand, every effort was made to ensure that assistance through the VCP, VCP(F), trust funds and the WMO regular budget was provided to as many countries as possible.

The total number of fellowships awarded and taken up in 1985 under the above-mentioned technical co-operation programmes was 200. Financial assistance was also provided to 73 participants in various WMO-supported training events. 112 PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME

COLLABORATION WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

During 1985, the Organization continued to co-operate with other bodies and agencies of the United Nations system and participated in international meetings relevant to its education and training activities. These included the seventh session of the Inter-agency Working Group on the Education and Training of Technical Personnel and collaboration with the United Nations, Unesco, UNEP, UNDRO, FAO. Practical training of agrometeorological observers in Burma

Collection of agrometeorological information in support offruit and vegetable cultivation in Burkina Faso (Photo: D. Rijks) After the signature of the Agreement concerning the participation of Italy in the AGRHYMET programme. Left to right: the Secretary-General; Prof. A. Zichichi, chairman of the International Committee "Science for Peace"; HE G. Andreotti, Minister of Foreign Affairs ofItaly; and Mr A. Nania, Permanent Representative ofItaly with WMO (Photo: WMOIKernen)

Participants in the meeting of presidents of technical commissions, Geneva, 1985. Left to right: J. Kastelein (CAeM); F. Gerard (CMM); Zou Jingmeng, Second Vice-President ofWMO; J. L. Rasmussen (CCl); J. R. Neilon (CBS); D. Smith, Deputy Secretary-General; F. Messinger (CAS); O. Starosolszky (CHy); S. Huovila (ClMO); and A. Kassar (CAgM) (Photo: ITUIWMO) PAR T 8

TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

INTRODUCTION

The technical co-operation activities of WMO continued in 1985 through the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the WMO Voluntary Co-operation Programme (VCP), trust-fund arrangements (TF) and the regular budget (RE) of the Organization. Annex III is an analysis of the assistance by source of funding under which 123 countries benefited during 1985. Brief information on the activities under each of the above sources of technical assistance is given in the following paragraphs. Detailed descriptions can be found in Annex IV.

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

General

As in previous years, UNDP constituted the major source of financing for the assistance projects implemented by WMO in 1985. Besides the projects already started earlier and continuing into 1985, 10 new country projects were approved in 1985, six in Region II, two in Region III and two in Region VI. In addition one inter-country project was approved for the Region VI.

Projects implemented in 1985

A list of projects implemented in 1985 through UNDP and also under trust-fund arrangements is given in Annex IV. An analysis of the assistance rendered from 1981 to 1985 is given in Table I overleaf.

Sectoral advisers

In 1985, under UNDP sectoral support in meteorology and operational hydrology, missions were undertaken to 14 countries at the request of Resident Representatives or government authorities to assist in the planning and formulation of new UNDP projects.

VOLUNTARY CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME (VCP)

General

The fields that the VCP programme shall cover, using voluntary contributions made by Members to the Voluntary Co-operation Fund VCP(F) and to the Equipment and Services Programme VCP(ES), were decided upon by Congress. A Panel of Experts on the VCP was established by the Executive Council to deal with VCP matters.

Summary of contributions to the VCP

Information on Members' contributions in 1985 to VCP(F) and VCP(ES) is given in Annex V. 114 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

TABLE I

Analysis of assistance under UNDP and TF (1981-1985)

Total " number of countries Number of Number of which UNDP and TF UNDP and TF Value in US $ (millions) Year received . expert fellowships of assistance provided UNDP missions* awarded and/or TF assistance

UNDP TF UNDP TF UNDP TF UNDP TF Total

1981 92 20 192 25 138 4 12.381 3.134 15.515

1982 93 19 161 34 127 12 11. 789 5.246 17.035

1983 92 23 156 39 125 27 11.318 4.280 15.598

1984 88 22 169 29 141 18 11.825 4.215 16.040

1985 89 29 158 18 99 14 l3.000** 2.500** 15.500*11

* including 13 UN Volunteers, 4 associate experts and 4 national experts

** estimated

Voluntary Co-operation Fund

Cash contributions received in 1985 amounted to approximately US $170 000, bringing the total contributions to the fund in the period 1968-1985 to approximately US $6.5 million. This amount has been augmented over the years by income from bank interest exceeding US $2 million. From these funds, allocations reaching approximately US $8 million have been made by the EC Panel of Experts on the VCP in support of the WWW Programme, as well as other WMO programme acti vi ties. The panel held its nineteenth session in June 1985 and made an extensive review of contributions made by donor Members in the form of funds, equipment, services or fellowships. It also considered the VCP projects for which implementation was still under way. Most of these projects relate to the World Weather Watch and to the Education and Training Programme, and the remainder to the Hydrology and Water Resources Programme and the World Climate Data Programme. The panel also noted the progress made regarding co-ordinated programmes such as the Central American and Caribbean Programme to update the Global Telecommunication System in this part of the world. PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 115

The panel endorsed a number of recommendations made by the Informal Planning Meeting on VCP Matters at its session held in Geneva in February 1985. The Secretary-General was recommended to support a study on the best way to improve the Global Telecommunication System in Africa which could benefit particularly from the use of modern satellite technology.

The drought and famine which are at present ravaging Africa are of concern to WMO. Given the exigency of the situation, it was decided to make an urgent appeal to potential donor Members and by personal letter to invite them to consider making a special contribution to be used to upgrade meteorological and hydrological services in Africa and, in particular, those involved in drought alleviation. The panel took note of this action and expressed its readiness to support it.

It should be noted that, upon a recommendation of the panel, the Executive Council adopted the rules of the newly created WWW Implementation Support Revolving Fund of the VCP.

Equipment and services programme

The estimated value of contributions under the form of equipment, services and fellowships for 1985 exceeded US $4.5 million, bringing the total for the period 1968-1985 to US $71 million. As a contribution to the VCP, donor Members provided many countries with new upper-air observing systems and message-switching systems for upgrading the GTS, e.g. in South America.

Projects approved for circulation in 1985 (training projects excluded)

During 1985, the eighteenth year of operation of the programme, the EC Panel of Experts on the VCP, or the President on its behalf, approved 82 new projects for circulation. Of these, 43 relate to the GOS, 27 to the GTS, seven to the GDPS, three to application of the WWW in the field of hydrology and two to data-processing facilities necessary for the World Climate Programme or in support of activities within the WCP.

Status of implementation of VCP projects

A total of 23 VCP projects, mostly in support of WWW activities, were completed during the year. On 31 December 1985, 89 projects were under implementation in 55 countries, 68 projects with full support and 21 projects with partial support. It is worth noting the important efforts being made to strengthen telecommunications globally. The installation or extension of computer message-switching systems in five countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, Niger and Turkey) is making good progress and a second phase for each of these projects has been initiated. The installation of multiplexing units and terminal equipment to upgrade the ANMET network and the CEMET network is about to be completed.

Expert services

Several countries in Africa and in South and Central America were, with VCP support, provided with services for the installation, maintenance or repair of telecommunication or electronic equipment as well as with on-the-job training in the operation and maintenance of telecommunications and upper-air observing equipment. 116 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

VCP training projects

'A total of 78 VCP projects for training were approved for circulation. Of these, 47 were for long-term fellowships for 63 trainees and 31 for short-term fellowships for 39 trainees.

REGULAR BUDGET

During 1985, 38 fellowships were awarded from the regular budget of WMO, more than half of which were long-term at university level. Financial support was also given for participation in group training, technical conferences and study tours.

TRUST-FUND PROJECTS

Of the three projects funded either entirely or mostly by trust-fund arrangements under implementation in 1985, two were funded by the countries receiving the assistance and one by another country.

The trust-fund agreement between Iraq and WMO continued 'to supplement UNDP support for the Regional Meteorological Training Centre in Baghdad. In Morocco, work continued on the project for the organization and strengthening of the National Meteorology Directorate.

'As a complement to UNDP funding, assistance under third-party trust-fund arrangements was provided by the Netherlands to strengthen the flood-forecasting system for the Indus River in Pakistan.

In the context of the 'AGRHYMET programme, proj ects aimed at strengthening the 'Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services in the Sahel ian countries were undertaken with support from the UNDP. The programme continued to be supported by the UNDP and a number of donor countries - Belgium, France, Germany (Federal Republic of), the Netherlands, Switzerland and the US'A - and also by CILSS (the Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel), the Member countries of which are: Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Gambia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal. In addition a new agreement was signed between Italy and WMO for the provision of assistance amounting to US $10 million to the 'AGRHYMET programme.

Under a trust-fund arrangement, the Government of Finland financed a mission in nine countries in southern 'Africa to determine their assistance needs so as to participate fully in the new regional project being developed by WMO, 'Assistance to Drought-stricken Countries in Eastern and Southern 'Africa in the Fields of 'Agrometeorology and Hydrology.

In addition, a total of 18 expert missions were carried out in trust-fund projects and 14 fellowships awarded and begun.

OTHER TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 'ACTIVITIES

'Associate experts

Under the associate expert programme, young professionals with limited experience continued to work in association with, and under the guidance of, senior experts. During 1985, four associate experts were in the field working in three different countries. PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 111

United Nations Volunteers

Thirteen United Nations Volunteers served in WMO-executed projects during 1985, six in Yemen, two in Qatar and one each in Botswana, Burundi, Gambia, Sierra Leone and Paraguay.

ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Statistical data

The following tables provide information on the distribution of experts by field of activity and by nationality, as well as the distribution of fellowships by field of study, host country and nationality.

Table II is an analysis of expert or consultant missions during 1985, by field of activity.

TABLE II

Distribution of expert missions in 1985 by field of activity

Programme Number of experts

Field of activity UNDP VCP TF I RB Total

Automatic data processing 15 -- - 15

Aeronautical meteorology 13 -- - 13

Agrometeorology 28 - 2 - 30

Climatology 1 -- - 1

Hydrometeorology/hydrology 32 - 5 - 31

Instruments 8 - 1 - 9

Meteorology 15 - 4 - 19

Organization of meteorological services 2 - - - 2

Project managers 10 - 2 - 12

Telecommunications 9 9 1 - 19

Training 19 1 2 - 22

Others 6 - 1 - 1

Total 158 10 18 - 186 118 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

Tables III to VI give further information for 1985 on nationalities of WMO experts; training provided under fellowships; training centres operating with WMO assistance and host countries which trained fellows; and nationalities of fellows.

TABLE III

Nationalities of WMO experts who served in 1985

Nationality of Number of Nationality of Number of experts experts experts experts

Algeria 1 Jordan 6 1 Argentina 1 Mali 1 Australia 4 Mauritania 2 Austria 1 Mexico 2 Barbados 1 Nepa1 7 2 BangladeshI 1 Netherlands 8 6 Belgium2 6 Niger 2 Bulgaria 1 Panama 9 9 Burkina Faso 1 PerulO 2 Canada 4 Philippines 1 1 10 Chile 3 1 Poland 1 Chl~ 1 Portugal 3 Colombia4 3 Senegal 1 Costa Rica 3 Singapore 1 Cuba 11 Spain 1 Czechoslovakia 4 Sri Lanka 1 Egypt 4 Sudan 1 El Salvador 1 Sweden 1 Finland 2 Syrian Arab Rep. 2 France 15 Thailand 1 German Democratic Rep. 1 Trinidad and Tobago 2 Germany, Fed. Rep. ofs 4 Tunisia 1 Greece 1 Turkey 1 2 1 GuatemQIQ 1 Uganda 1 Honduras 1 USSR 2 Hungary 3 United Kingdom 6 India 8 United Rep. of Tanzania 2 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 1 USA 10 Irnq 1 Uruguay 1 Israel 2 Venezuela 1 3 2 Italy 3 Viet Nam 1 Japan 1 Yugoslavia 1

Total (from 64 countries) 173

UN Volunteer 8 two associate experts 2 one associate expert 9 national expert 3 UN Volunteer 10 one national expert 4 one UN Volunteer 1 1 six UN Volunteers s one associate expert 12 UN Volunteer 6 UN Volunteer 13 both national experts 7 both UN Volunteers PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 119

TABLE IV

Training provided in 1985 under fellowships

Progranune Number of fellows Field of study UNDP VCP TF RB Total

Automatic data processing 5 10 2 2 19 Agrometeorology 31 13 11 14 69 Climatology 9 2 - 7 18 Hydrometeorology/hydrology 42 32 12 15 101 Instruments 29 38 2 3 72 Meteorology 63 86 - 32 181 Teleconununications 8 6 2 2 18 Others I 8 11 - 9 28

Total 195 198 29 84 506

TABLE V

Training centres operating with WMO assistance and host countries which trained WMO fellows in 1985

Progranune Number of fellows Training provided by UNDP VCP TF RB Total

I. Training centres receiving WMO assistance

~lge~i~ =Qr~n Hydrometeorological Training and Research Institute 1 1

~e!!y~ =~a~rQbi Institute for Meteorological Training and Research 9 1 10

University of Nairobi 5 2 7

~ig:e~ =~i~m~ Centre for Training and Application of Agrometeorology and Operational Hydrology 25 2 14 41

~ig:e~i~ =~ag:o.§. Meteorological Institute for Research and Training

Total 40 3 14 2 59 120 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

Table V (cont.)

Programme Number of fellows

Training provided by UNDP VCP TF RB Total

II. Host country

Argentina - 1 - 1 2 Belgium 10 5 10 - 25 Brazil 1 1 - 1 3 Canada 2 - - - 2 Chile - -- 1 1 China - - - 1 1 Colombia 1 1 - 10 12 Costa Rica 6 1 - 18 25 Denmark 3 11 - - 14 Egypt 3 11 - - 14 Finland 4 -- - 4 France 36 1 5 3 45 Germany, Fed. Rep. of 2 - - - 2 Hungary 1 2 - 2 5 India 8 7 - 1 16 Ireland 1 -- 6 7 Italy --- 3 3 Kenya --- 2 2 Mexico 5 - - - 5 Netherlands - -- 1 1 Philippines 2 6 - 2 10 Portugal - 1 - - 1 Saudi Arabia - 1 - - 1 Senegal 5 - - - 5 Spain - 1 - - 1 Switzerland 3 - - 1 4 Syrian Arab Republic - - - 1 1 Thailand -- - 1 1 Tunisia 2 - - 1 3 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - 78 - - 78 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 29 28 - 19 76 United States of America 34 50 - 7 91

(32 host countries) 158 206 15 82 461 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 121

TABLE VI

Nationalities of fellows 1985

Programme Number of fellows

Nationality of fellows UNDP VCP TF RB Total I

Region I Algeria 6 - - - 6 Benin 10 - - - 10 Botswana 5 2 - - 7 Burkina Faso 9 - 2 - 11 Burundi 6 - - 1 7 Cameroon 2 5 - - 7 Cape Verde 3 1 3 - 7 Central African Republic 5 1 1 - 7 Chad 8 - 3 - 11 Comoros - - - 1 1 Ethiopia 3 6 - 5 14 Gabon - 3 1 - 4 Gambia 1 1 1 1 4 Ghana - 1 - - 1 Guinea 1 3 2 2 8 Guinea-Bissau - 7 1 - , 8 Ivory Coast 6 -- - 6 Kenya 5 10 - , 1 16 Lesotho - 8 - - 8 Liberia - 1 - - 1 Madagascar - 1 3 2 - ; Malawi 9 -- - i 9 Mali 10 - 2 - ; 12 ; Mauritania 1 - 2 - , 3 Mauritius 1 1 - - 2 Morocco - - 4 1 5 iI Mozambique - 2 - - I 2 Niger 6 - 1 - 7 Nigeria - 1 - 1 2 Rwanda 4 1 - - 5 Senegal 9 - 2 1 I 12 Sierra Leone 6 1 - 1 8 Sudan - 7 - - 7 Togo - 2 - - 2 Tunisia - 1 - - 1 ; Uganda - 2 - 1 3 United Republic of Tanzania - 13 - 2 15 Zaire - 2 1 - 3 Zambia - 6 - - 6 Zimbabwe 2 - - 1 3

Total (Region I) 118 90 26 20 254 122 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

Table VI (cont.)

Programme Number of fellows

Nationality of fellows UNDP VCP TF RB Total

Region I! Afghanistan - 14 - - 14 Bangladesh 4 -- - 4 Bhutan 1 -- - 1 Burma 1 4 - 1 6 China - 2 - 1 3 Democratic People's Republic of Korea - 3 - - 3 India 4 -- 2 6 Iran, Islamic Republic of - 2 -- 2 Iraq 1 2 - - 3 Maldives 2 - -- 2 Mongolia 1 5 -- 6 Nepal 13 1 -- 14 Oman 6 --- 6 Pakistan 1 - -- 1 Qatar 1 --- 1 Republic of Korea 2 --- 2 Sri Lanka 2 1 - 1 4 Thailand 2 1 - 2 5 Viet Nam 1 -- 2 3 Yemen 7 4 - 2 13

Total (Region I!) 49 39 - 11 99

Region rII Argentina - 1 - 3 4 Bolivia - -- 2 2 Brazil - 1 - 2 3 Chile - - 1 1 2 Colombia - 9 - 1 10 Ecuador - 10 - 2 12 Paraguay --- 3 3 Peru - 1 - 2 3 Uruguay 2 1 - - 3 Venezuela - 1 1 1 3

Total (Region II!) 2 24 2 17 45 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 123

Table VI (cont.)

~ Programme Number of fellows ----'-... Nationality of fello~ UNDP VCP TF RB Total

Region IV Antigua - 1 -- 1 Bahamas - 1 -- 1 Barbados - 2 - 1 3 Belize - 2 -- 2 Costa Rica - 3 - - 3 Cuba - 10 - 1 11 Dominican Republic 1 1 - 3 5 El Salvador 1 1 - 4 6 Guatemala - -- 2 2 Haiti 2 --- 2 Honduras 10 -- 2 12 Mexico - 3 - 2 5 Netherlands Antilles - 1 -- 1 Nicaragua - 3 - 3 6 Panama - -- 4 4 Trinidad and Tobago 1 3 -- 4

Total (Region IV) 15 31 - 22 68

Region V Fiji - 1 - 1 2 Indonesia 7 3 - 1 11 Malaysia --- 2 2 Papua New Guinea - - - 1 1 Philippines - 2 - 4 6 Singapore 1 - -- 1

Total (Region V) 8 6 - 9 23

Region VI Bulgaria - 1 - - 1 Cyprus - 1 - 1 2 Jordan - 3 - - 3 Malta - 1 - - 1 Syrian Arab Republic - 1 - - 1 Turkey - 1 1 3 5

Total (Region VI) - 8 1 4 13

Grand total (all Regions) 192 198 29 83 502 PAR T 9

OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

INTRODUCTION

The order in which the scientific and technical activities of the Organization have been presented 1n this publication follows the main Programmes of WMO. There remain, however, a number of technical supporting activities which do not fit readily under any of the earlier parts of the report. Part 9 therefore includes some of the activities carried out by regional associations, as well as information on the publications programme, public information and the programme of conferences.

REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

The six regional associations of WMO are composed of Members of the Organization and comprise Regional Association I (Africa), Regional Association II (Asia), Regional Association III (South America), Regional Association IV (North and Central America), Regional Association V (South-West Pacific) and Regional Association VI (Europe). The main function of the associations is to promote the execution of the resolutions of Congress and the Executive Council in their respective Regions. The regional associations have established working groups and appointed rapporteurs (see Annex VI) to carry out the tasks of the associations during the inter-sessional periods.

The main activities of the regional associations during 1985 have already been described in earlier parts of the report. However, an account of the session of Regional Association IV (North and Central America) and a brief report on the Second Technical Conference on Management of Meteorological Services in Africa which were held during the year are given below.

The structure of the Secretariat also includes three Regional Offices: for Africa (Region I), located in Bujumbura, Burundi; for the Americas (Regions III and IV), located in Asuncion, Paraguay; and for Asia and the South-West Pacific (Regions II and V), located in the WMO Secretariat, Geneva. These offices continued to provide support for the activities of the corresponding regional associations as well as advice and assistance for Members of their respective Regions in developing their national Meteorological and Hydrological Services and in implementing the WMO programmes in the Regions, mainly through visits to Member countries and various regional meetings. In compliance with the decision of Cg-IX, the Secretary-General designated a focal point in the Secretariat to support the activities of Regional Association VI (Europe).

Regional Association IV (North and Central America)

The ninth session of Regional Association IV (North and Central America) was held in San Jose (Costa Rica) from 25 November to 6 December 1985. There were 51 participants at the session, including representatives of 19 Members of the Association and of one Member of another regional association, the president of RA IV and five other obse.rvers. PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES 125

The Association considered in depth the regional aspects of the major WMO Programmes. The Association examined, in particular, the general objectives as set forth in the draft texts of Parts I and II of the Second Long-term Plan, which is under preparation by the Executive Council through its Working Group on Long-term Planning. While endorsing the general thrust of the Second Long-term Plan, the Association specifically considered regional priorities. It felt that for Region IV, the World Climate Programme is to be ranked second in priority behind the WWW, the Education and Training Programme and the Technical Co-operation Programme both being ranked very high, practically at the same level as the World Climate Programme, in order to make sure that the disparity between Members of the Region is minimized. In this connection general agreement was expressed that the Long-term Plan should demonstrate the importance of meteorological services and also serve as a basis for national planning of modernization programmes for meteorological and hydrological operations.

The Association noted in particular the development of a WWW Plan and Implementation Programme up to 1997 to be included in the Second Long-term Plan, specifically in Volume I of Part II.

In reviewing the regional aspects of the WWW observing system, the Association noted with satisfaction the level of implementation of the regional basic networks of surface and upper-air stations which stood at about 90 per cent. The Association urged Members to continue their efforts to complete the implementation of the regional basic synoptic networks. It also invited Members to continue their efforts to strengthen the GOS in respect of Region IV and elsewhere, in particular as regards ships' weather observations, AI REPs and meteorological data from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites.

The Association discussed in detail the measurements of solar radiation in Region IV, as well as the use of radiation data.

The Association also reviewed the network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP stations in Region IV. To meet the requirements of the WCP more fully, the Association agreed to urge Members to take action to expand the CLIMAT reporting network, in particular by designating additional stations in the RA IV regional basic synoptic network.

The Association stressed the need to expand GDPS activities and, in particular, to strengthen NMCs in order to facilitate their work in the provision of services to users in their countries. To this end the Association adopted a revised RA IV part of the Manual on the GDPS.

The Association reviewed the implementation of the Regional Telecommunication Plan for Central and North America, in particular ANMET and CEMET, and adopted some amendments to the Region IV part of the Manual on the GTS. It also established a work programme for the inter-sessional period aiming at further improvement of the GTS in Region IV. With regard to the Tropical Cyclone Programme, the Association noted the efficient work of the Hurricane Committee. It particularly referred to the Hurricane Operational Plan and the need for further expansion of services provided under this plan. It also noted with satisfaction the further development of the hydrological component of the Hurricane Committee's Technical Plan, which was undertaken in co-ordination with the RA IV Working Group on Hydrology. In this respect the continued development of proposals for monitoring flood-forecasting systems 126 PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

was mentioned. The Association encouraged continued interest in the disaster-preparedness element of the Tropical Cyclone Programme.

The Association noted with appreciation a consultant report on the feasibility of establishing a Latin American and Caribbean Centre for Atmospheric Sciences. The Association felt that, from a scientific viewpoint, the need for the establishment of such a centre might have considerable merits but that further detailed studies were required on its expected economic benefits, functions, role within the WWW and its status vis-a.-vis national Meteorological Services.

The Association expressed full support for the World Climate Programme and all its components, i. e. the WCDP, WCAP, WCRP and WCIP. As regards the WCDP, the need for increasing the CLlMAT data density from one to ten stations per 250 000 km 2 was considered and practical steps were taken to meet this density requirement. Action to implement the WCDP CLICOM project was warmly welcomed and the hope was expressed that funds would become available to deploy CLICOM systems in all countries. The Association also found that the INFOCLlMA system provided valuable information on the availability of data sets for research, applications and impacts. It also recommended that Members of the Association contribute to the WCDP climate system monitoring (CSM) project.

The activities under the World Climate Applications Programme were reviewed and it was agreed that WMO must, in the near future, find a way to demonstrate clearly to decision-makers the economic benefits of climate applications.

The continuation of work on the Climatic Atlas was discussed and follow-up action for the publication of the second volume was agreed upon. The studies required for the preparation of Volume III were also devised.

The activities under the World Climate Impact Programme and the World Climate Research Programme were endorsed and valuable suggestions made.

The Research and Development Programme, and in particular its regional aspects, were considered by the Association. The activities under the Weather-prediction Research and Tropical Meteorology Programmes were discussed in depth. Specific proposals for the organization of seminars and the conduct of study programmes were formulated by the session.

The Association also stressed the need for strengthening the Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme and the use of the measured data at the national level. The Association urged Members to increase their participation and requested the Secretary-General to provide support to Members as required.

Under the Applications of Meteorology Programme, the Association considered the Agricultural Meteorology Programme, and the Aeronautical and Marine Meteorology Programmes. The need to maintain and strengthen all three programmes was stressed and specific proposals for regional activities in these fields were developed.

As regards the Hydrology and Water Resources· Programme, the Association confirmed that priority should be given to the Operational Hydrology Programme. It noted the important work carried out during the past PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES 127

inter-sessional period by its Working Group on Hydrology and reviewed the achievements realized under the Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Programme. The Association considered the various applications and services for water assessment, development and management. It also considered regional co-operation with water-related programmes of other international organizations. Appreciation was expressed of the progress made in the field of training and technical co-operation related to the Hydrology and Water Resources Programme.

The Association gave particular attention to the education and training activities of the Organization. The availability of training facilities in Region IV was reviewed and proposals for increasing training activities at the national level were proposed. The Association also reviewed the activities carried out by regional training centres in Region IV and made recommendations on their activities in the near future.

The programme of training events, in particular regional training seminars, workshops and conferences, was reviewed and a number of important training events were recommended for inclusion in the WMO Programme and Budget for the inter-sessional period. The fellowship programme was highly commended and procedures for further enhancement were developed.

Within the technical co-operation activities, the Association reviewed the achievements under the various components of the programme. It expressed its gratitude for all the contributions that had been made to the programme and identified areas requiring continued support. The expansion of TCDC activities were specifically recommended. The Association expressed its confidence that additional resources could be mobilized for the development of Meteorological and Hydrological Services in the Region.

The session established five working groups and appointed six rapporteurs.

Mr. C. E. Berridge (British Caribbean Territories) and Mr. E. Velasquez (Guatemala) were elected president and vice-president of the Association respecti vely.

Second Technical Conference on Management of Meteorological Services in Africa

The Second Technical Conference on Management of Meteorological Services in Africa was held in BujlUllbura, Burundi, from 13 to 18 November 1985. The objective of the conference was the exchange of views and experience in the management of Meteorological Services in Africa with regard to strengthening of the Services through the introduction of new techniques and technologies, improvement of interaction with users and manpower development and planning.

The programme of the conference included an assessment of the capability of Meteorological Services to meet user needs; case studies; development opportunities offered by new techniques and technologies; and ways and means of strengthening the Services through manpower development, improved applications, research, user education and interactive planning for development. Lectures were presented on each of the above topics and were followed by round-table discussions. 128 PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

The conference adopted specific action-oriented recommendations under each of the items and in particular a phased implementation programme of an Emergency Plan of Action for the maintenance and improvement of various meteorological facilities in Africa.

At the opening ceremony, Mr. E. Kayengeyenge, Permanent Representative of Burundi with WMO, presented HE Mr. Mathias Sinamenye, Minister of Planning in the Office of the President. In his opening address, the Minister stressed the role of meteorology in the socio-economic development of the respective nations. He reiterated the support of his Government to the Regional Office and its activities.

Expressing the deep gratitude of WMO to the Government of Burundi for hosting the conference, Professor G. O. P. Obasi, Secretary-General of WMO, recalled the functions and responsibilities of Meteorological Services in the provision of meteorological and hydrological information to a wide variety of user groups. He assured the delegates that WMO is committed within its limited resources to assisting Meteorological Services in meeting their responsibilities to their peoples and the international community. He also stressed the need for such conferences.

The conference was attended by 60 participants with delegates from 37 countries in Africa and two international organizations.

NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN STATIONS

The tenth session of the Board was held in Geneva from 27 to 30 August 1985. The Board reviewed the functioning of the network in 1984 and expressed its satisfaction at the way the Operating Parties had discharged their primary responsibilities and performed a number of other services. The Board was informed that at Ocean Weather Station "L" the Netherlands had made a number of turbidity observations using an instrument provided by WMO, and for use at OWS "c" the USSR had been provided with the same type of inst~ument. The Board discussed a proposal made by Norway, the United Kingdom and the USSR, the 1986 operators, for the manning of NAOS OWS and decided that OWS "c" should be manned by the USSR, OWS "L" by the United Kingdom operating OSV Cumulus, and OWS "M" by Norway.

The Board was informed of the joint efforts to establish a Composite Observing System for the North Atlantic (COSNA) and addressed the question of the future of the NAOS Agreement. The Board discussed the possible date of termination of the Agreement and the preparations needed for the termination. There was a majority view that the Agreement could not be maintained beyond the year 1988 but it was stressed that this did not exclude the operation of fixed ocean weather ships after that date if the necessary funds could be found through bilateral or multilateral arrangements.

The Board adopted a revised scale of contributions to come into force on 1 January 1986 when the denunciation of the NAOS Agreement by. Denmark, Finland, France, the Netherlands and Tunisia is to take effect. PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES 129

PUBLICATIONS PROGRAMME

General

The usual publishing acti vi ties (reports, manuals, pamphlets, bulletins, etc.) continued to be carried out regularly under the approved Publications Programme.

In 1985, WMO published 59 new or revised editions of mandatory or programme-supporting publications. Of these 59 titles, 23 were published in English, 11 in French, 13 in Russian, nine in Spanish, and three in bilingual versions. The catalogue of WMO publications now comprises more than 650 titles. Reference publications were kept up to date and either expanded as necessary by means of supplements or replaced by new revised editions. A complete list of the publications issued during the year, including supplements, is given in Annex VII to this report.

Mandatory publications

Basic Documents - Technical Regulations and manuals

New Russian and Spanish editions of the Basic Documents (WMO-No. 15) as well as the 1984 Russian edition of Volume I of the Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49) and of Volume I of the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306) were issued during 1985. The Spanish edition of the latter is in print.

Work progressed regularly towards the production of the Basic Documents in Arabic and Volume II of the International Cloud Atlas. Both are expected to be published in 1986.

Operational publications

A new updated edition of publication No. 2 - Meteorological Services of the World - was issued in October. Supplements will be issued every year in October to keep the publication up to date.

Four editions of publication No. 5 - Composition of the WMO - were issued respectively in January, April, July and October.

Publication No. 9 - Weather reporting

A regular supplement service, involving about 3 500 pages, was provided to the various volumes of the publication, which remains the reference publication on existing WWW facilities and services. Complete new editions of Volume A (Observing Stations) were issued in May and November. A supplement to Volume B (Data Processing) was issued in July.

Supplements to Volume C (Transmissions) were issued every two months and included revised editions of Chapter I - Catalogue of Meteorological Bulletins - in May and November. l30 PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

The bi-monthly supplement service to Volume D (Information for Shipping) included a substantial revision of the material in Part B - Coastal Radio Stations Accepting Ships' Weather Reports and Oceanographic Reports.

A laser-printer continued to be used to maintain good printing quality of computer-prepared volumes.

The number of copies printed for supplements to various volumes ranged from 900 to 1 200. The free distribution to Meteorological Services was of the order of 330 per supplement. The paying subscriptions from institutions and/or individuals were about 350 for Volume A, 150 for Volume B, 320 for Volume C and 150 for Volume D. Parts Ai i and B of Volume D were also made available as separate reprints and some 250 copies of each were sold.

Data of those volumes of Publication No. 9 and other associated publications which are prepared by computer were also made available on a 300-foot magnetic tape (9 tracks, EBCDIC, 80011600 BPI density). The three WMCs, seven RMCs/RTHs, twelve NMCs and the ECMWF were subscribing to the magnetic tape service. Print files on tape were also made available for microform production.

Monthly letter on the operation of the World Weather Watch and Marine

Meteorological Services

In addition to the supplement service to WWW operational publications and to METNO/WIFMA notifications, a monthly letter on the operation of WWW has been issued since 1982 at the request of the CBS Advisory Working Group. The letter is distributed at the end of each month in English, French, Russian and Spanish to provide WWW centres with a summary of operational changes and notifications. The content of the monthly letter has been progressively expanded to include operational information in support of the Marine Meteorological Services (MMS) Programme and detailed information on moored and drifting buoys. A new section has been added to the annex on the GOS to provide feedback from Members on any changes in the observing network.

METNO and WIFMA messages

The weekly telegraphic notifications continued to be utilized to ensure a rapid dissemination of operational information to synoptic and marine users. Information on the temporary suspension of the operation of WWW facilities was included in the METNO, while WIFMA notifications were also used to disseminate status reports on data collection by the Argos system.

International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships

(WMO Publication No. 47)

The master file of mobile ships participating in the WMO Voluntary Observing Ships' Scheme was kept up to date through notifications from Member countries (either hard copy or magnetic tape). A revised edition of the International List was published in July 1985. A magnetic tape service was also provided to users requesting the information on a machine-processable medium. PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES 131

Official records

As usual, the reports of the sessions of WMO constituent bodies held during the year were published.

The proceedings of Ninth Congress (WM0-No. 645) were published in English and French whilst the Resolutions of Congress and the Executive Council (WMO-No. 508) were published in English.

WMO Guides

The French and Spanish editions of Volume I of the Guide to Hydrological Practices (WMO-No. 168) were issued during the year as well as the English edition of the Guide on the Automation of Data-processing Centres (WMO-No. 636).

WMO Bulletin

The WMO Bulletin continued to be issued quarterly in separate English, French, Russian and Spanish editions. Agreements with the Hydrometeorological Service of the USSR and the Spanish National Meteorological Institute provide for the Russian and Spanish editions to be translated and published in Leningrad and Madrid respectively. While the main purpose of the journal is to report on activities which relate to the various programmes of the Organization, the series of personal interviews with eminent meteorologists was continued throughout 1985.

Among the special features published during the year, mention must be made of articles in the January and April issues intended to highlight the theme chosen for the World Meteorological Day in 1985, "Meteorology and public safety". Also, the issue for July carried an article to mark twenty-five years of meteorological satellites, and that for October included a contribution by the Secretary-General Emeritus, Sir Arthur Davies, marking the fortieth anniversary of the United Nations.

The regular recipients of the WMO Bulletin include foreign ministers, permanent representatives, Meteorological/Hydrometeorological Services, hydrological advisers, members of technical commissions, regional meteorological training centres, the United Nations and its specialized agencies, libraries and other institutions and individuals interested in the international aspects of meteorology and hydrology.

Programme-supporting publications

In 1985, WMO published 17 programme-supporting publications, including three Technical Notes in English, three training publications in English, one in French and one in Spanish. The production of programme- supporting publications was unfortunately seriously hampered by the lack of funds. Several manuscripts of Technical Notes are awaiting publication for this reason. 132 PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

PROGRAMME OF CONFERENCES

Meetings held in 1985

During 1985, there were 154 sessions (compared with 119 in 1985) of WMO bodies of various kinds or of other meetings convened or co-sponsored by WMO.

The thirty-seventh session of the Executive Council was held at the Centre international de conferences de Geneve (CICG) from 5 to 22 June.

Regional Association IV (North and Central America) held its ninth session at San Jose, Costa Rica, from 25 November to 6 December.

Two WMO technical commissions held their ninth sessions, namely the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (Ottawa, July) and the Commission for Climatology (Geneva, December) while the Commission for Basic Systems held an extraordinary session (Hamburg, October/November).

The tenth session of the NAOS Board was held at WMO Headquarters in August.

The Second Technical Conference on the Management of Meteorological Services in Africa was held at Bujumbura, Burundi, from 13 to 18 November.

The following symposia were organized or co-sponsored by WMO in 1985:

• International Symposium on Arctic Air Pollution (Cambridge);

• International Symposium on Integrated Global Monitoring of the State of the Biosphere (Tashkent, USSR).

The many other meetings held in 1985 included sessions of expert panels, working groups and seminars, as well as planning meetings on various aspects of WMO programmes.

Programme of meetings

A calendar of future meetings scheduled or planned by the Organization continued to be drawn up by the Secretariat at intervals of three months (15 January, 15 April, 15 July and 15 October) and circulated to Members, international organizations and other interested parties. Information even of a provisional nature was included in these calendars, so as to assist Members in their planning for attendance at meetings.

Use of WMO conference facilities by other organizations or bodies

The Executive Council, at its thirteenth session (1961), had decided that WMO conference facilities could be used by other organizations or bodies, and set forth the policy and conditions governing the renting of the rooms. In 1985, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) made use of these facilities. PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES 133

INTERPRETATION, TRANSLATION AND DOCUMENTATION SERVICES

The servicing of the meetings organized or co-sponsored by WMO in 1985 necessitated a substantial amount of support, including the provision of rooms and the recruitment of interpreters and other conference staff. The services of interpreters were used for 1 962 man/days (compared with 1 967 in 1984); the four interpreter-translators on the permanent staff covered approximately 18.26 per cent (21.2 per cent in 1984) of this requirement.

A large amount of material was translated into the four working languages commonly used for the various meetings and programmes of the Organization. Altogether, in 1985, the Language Services provided translation of 23 790 pages, falling into the following categories: 61 per cent for conference documentation, 7 per cent for publications and 32 per cent for correspondence and other texts. Secretariat staff (permanent and temporary) were able to carry out about 74 per cent of the translation work, while 26 per cent was done under contract outside the Secretariat.

The typing and duplication work carried out by the Documents Production Section continued to increase; the work in excess of the capacity of the Section was carried out with assistance from outside the Secretariat. The number of pages typed largely exceeded 110 000 while the number of pages printed in the Printing Unit exceeded 55 million.

PUBLIC INFORMATION

General

During the year the main public information activities were related to the celebration of World Meteorological Day, the provision of material to media representatives or on request to individuals, group visits and informa tion support to the various WMO programmes. Attention was also given to contributing to the celebration of the fortieth anniversary of the United Nations.

World Meteorological Day

World Meteorological Day is celebrated every year on 23 March to commemorate the anniversary of the date on which the Convention came into force and to focus· public attention on the services rendered by meteorology and operational hydrology throughout the world as well as on the activities of the Organization.

The theme for 1985 was "Meteorology and public safety". In selecting this theme WMO's intention was to highlight the role of Meteorological Services in the prediction and warning of hazardous weather events or climatic abnormalities which might endanger human life or have an adverse effect on the well-being of groups of people. The wide spectrum of human activities which, allover the world, are vulnerable to such phenomena is no doubt the primary cause for the vast interest shown by the general public and the media in the theme. The events organized in many countries ranged from large exhibitions, radio and television interviews, seminars and workshops, to visits to meteorological centres or the issuing of special postage stamps. At the WMO Headquarters in Geneva representatives of the diplomatic corps and the staff of the Secretariat attended a special ceremony with short addresses by the 134 PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

Secretary-General, the Secretary-General Emeritus, Sir Arthur Davies, and a lecture by the Deputy Secretary-General.

Co-operation between Meteorological and Hydrometeorological Services, technical co-operation experts, United Nations Information Centres and UNDP officials contributed to the success of the celebrations.

The material for World Meteorological Day 1986 illustrating the theme of "Climatic variations, drought and desertification" was prepared and distributed before the end of the year.

Co-operation with the media

Media representatives and other addressees of WMO public information material were kept informed of WMO activities and meetings in many ways, including participation at weekly press briefings for correspondents accredited to the United Nations in Geneva.

A special press conference was arranged at the Headquarters of the Geneva United Nations Office, with the participation of the President of the Commission for Climatology, to present to the press the statement of the WMO/UNEP/ICSU Conference "(Villach, Austria, October 1985) on the role of carbon dioxide and of other greenhouse gases in climate variations and associated impacts. The contents of the statement were widely reported by the media.

Background information on the various WMO programmes and activities was provided upon request, orally or in writing, in co-operation with the scientific and technical staff of the Secretariat. A large number of such requests come from students interested in either the work of the Organization or a possible career in meteorology and its related disciplines.

Radio and television interviews were arranged with the participation of experts attending WMO meetings in Geneva and of Secretariat staff. Assistance, suggestions and, whenever possible, audio-visual material were provided to journalists interested in the WMO field of responsibility.

Film loan service

At the end of the year 161 titles of training and public information films were listed in the film library. The number of requests for loans for training purposes has increased over the years but delays in transport and the deterioration of some films which can no longer be replaced sometimes made it difficult to meet the request satisfactorily.

Other public information activities

Many groups from colleges, universities, UN associations and other societies visited the WMO Headquarters for lectures, discussions, and generally the projection of a film. Some lectures were also given, upon request, outside the WMO Headquarters - mainly at the United Nations Office in Geneva. PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES l35

WMO contributed to the information campaign organized to mark the fortieth anniversary of the United Nations Organization. A special article was included in the July issue of the WMO Bulletin and printed material, including posters, was provided to bodies such as the United Nations Information Centres. A WMO booth displaying books, a satellite mock-up and weather maps was set up at the Palais des Nations in Geneva during an open day in October which attracted a large number of visitors. PAR T 10

EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

CONSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY MATTERS

The Executive Council, during its thirty-seventh session, examined the study prepared at its request by the Secretary-General concerning procedures for amending the Convention and a report on possible procedures for secret voting by correspondence.

In connection with the former issue, the Council requested the Secretary-General to prepare a compilation of all decisions taken so far by Congress regarding the implementation of Article 28 of the Convention, which deals with the adoption of amendments to the Convention of WMO.

With regard to the latter, the Council decided to submit to Congress a proposed amendment to Regulation 73 of the WMO General Regulations which would exclude explicitly the possibility of a secret ballot in a vote by correspondence.

The Council also examined a proposed amendment to General Regulation 141 of the WMO General Regulations which would possibly solve the problem of the interpretation of the term "designated" in the above Regulation. However, confronted with different views expressed, the Council decided to defer consideration of this matter to its next session.

In February 1985, the Secretary-General, in compliance with the decisions of the Executive CO]..IDcil, started afresh the voting by correspondence on the proposed amendments to Articles 3 and 34 of the WMO Convention. On the closing dCite of bCillot, however r insufficient replies hCid been received to constitute the quorum required. The motion was accordingly considered lost.

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION

Composition of the Organization

Membership

Following the deposit of their instrument of accession to the WMO Convention, the Solomon Islands became a Member of the Organization on 5 June 1985. The Membership of the Organization was thereby increased to 159, comprising 154 Member States and five Member Territories.

The full list of Member States and Member Territories is given in Annex I. PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS l37

Officers of the Organization and members of the Executive Council

Four new members of the Executive Council were designated during the year.

Dr. H. Reiser (Federal Republic of Germany) was designated by correspondence as acting member of the Council, occupying the seat vacated by Professor E. Lingelbach. In addition, during its thirty-seventh session, the Council designated as acting members Messrs M. Boulama (Niger), A. D. Moura (Brazil) and E. Uchida (Japan), replacing Messrs M. Seck (Senegal), C. Padilha (Brazil) and S. Suyehiro (Japan) respectively.

A full list of members of the Executive Council is given in Annex II.

Qffi£eEs_of EegiQn~l_a~sQc!a~iQn~ and ~e£~i£a! £o~!s~iQn~ gegiQn~l_A~sQc!a~iQn_V! lE~rQP~)

Mr. L. A. Mendes Victor (Portugal) became acting president of RA VI in the course of 1984, so elections by correspondence were initiated to fill the vacant post of vice-president of RA VI. Professor Dr. E. Jatila (Finland) was subsequently elected to this office.

Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation

As a result of the resignation of Dr. R. E. W. Pettifer (United Kingdom) from the office of vice-president of the Commission, Dr. J. Kruus (Canada) was elected by correspondence as the new vice-president of CIMO. During its ninth session, held in Ottawa (Canada) in July 1985, Dr. S. Huovila (Finland) and Dr. J. Kruus (Canada) were re-elected president and vice-president of CIMO respectively.

Following the death of Mr. N. Gerbier (France), Mr. A. Kassar (Tunisia) became acting president of CAgM. Subsequent elections by correspondence were commenced to fill the resulting vacant office of vice-president of this Commission.

A full list of officers of regional associations and technical commissions is given in 'Annex II.

RELATIONS AND CO-ORDINATION WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Introduction

As in previous years, collaboration with other international organizations in 1985 was mainly on scientific and technical matters of mutual interest. It included co-ordination regarding a wide range of administrative and legal matters as well as in matters related to the overall policy of the Organization. This necessary and highly desirable co-operation was effected through both WMO participation in meetings convened by other organizations and reciprocal representation of other organizations at meetings convened by WMO. Exchange of correspondence and documentation, contributions to the reports and 138 PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

studies made by other organizations and frequent inter-secretariat consul tations played an important role in the development of this collaboration. While it was neither possible nor essential to participate in all meetings to which WMO was invited, participation was in some cases desirable but not possible, owing to limitations in funds and in staff. In other cases, WMO representation was arranged locally through the good offices of the national Meteorological Services of the Members concerned, which made officers of their staff available for such representation. The nature and extent of the collaboration with other international organizations are indicated briefly in the following paragraphs, further details being given under the appropriate subject headings of this report.

Relations with the United Nations and its subsidiary bodies

Recommendations addressed by the United Nations to the Organization

During 1985, the Organization continued to give effect to the extent possible to recommendations emanating from the United Nations. The nature and extent of the Organization I s response to those recommendations dealing with scientific and technical matters within the competence of the Organization are described in the appropriate sections of this report dealing with the various WMO Programmes. In addition to these, many resolutions dealing with the general subject of the co-ordination of the work of the United Nations system as a whole and with other matters of a non-technical nature were referred to WMO. The thirty-seventh session of the Executive Council considered a number of such resolutions, including those relating to special assistance to individual countries, and commented appropriately thereon.

Participation in meetings

The Organization participated full-time in the second regular session of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations held in Geneva. The Organization was also represented at sessions of the various UN governmental and inter-agency bodies. The Secretary--General also participated in meetings of the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination (ACC), composed of the executive heads of the United Nations and of the organizations within the United Nations system, while appropriate staff of the Secretariat participated in meetings of sub-committees of the ACC established to deal with specialized matters. Representatives of the United Nations and its subsidiary bodies, particularly the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Development Programme, participated in appropriate sessions of WMO constituent bodies held during 1985 as well as in other meetings organized by the Organization.

Relations with the United Nations economic commissions and their

secretariats

WMO continued to maintain close collaboration during 1985 with the five regional economic commissions of the United Nations: the Economic PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS 139

Commission for Africa (ECl>,), the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). Collaboration was mainly in the field of water-resource development and management and in fields connected with environmental matters and, in the case of ESCAP, in the regional activities to assist in the mitigation of damage and loss of life resulting from tropical cyclones. Details of significant co-operative efforts are given in the sections of this report dealing with the scientific and technical programmes of the Organization.

Relations with the Joint Inspecting Unit

Full co-operation was maintained throughout the year with the Joint Inspection Unit. The Organization also participated in the preparation of joint comments of the system on a number of earlier reports of the Inspection Unit.

Relations with the United Nations Environment Programme

WMO collaborated closely during the year with UNEP in accordance with the directives of Congress and the decisions of the Governing Council of UNEP and the WMO Executive Council. In particular, there was close co-ordination with UNEP and ICSU in connection with the Assessment Conference on the effects of the radiatively active gases, and with UNEP in matters related to the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Stratospheric Ozone Layer. The Organization was represented at the thirteenth session of the UNEP Governing Council and at the African Environmental Conference.

WMO continued to receive substantial support from UNEP for activities relating to ozone, the monitoring of background pollution in the atmosphere, pollution of the oceans and climatic change. The total funds committed by UNEP up to the end of 1985 for past and current projects were approximately US $6.0 million.

Relations with United Nations specialized agencies and lAEA

The Organization has previously concluded formal agreements or working arrangements with FAO, lCAO, IFAD, IMO, ITU, Unesco, WHO and IAEA which provide for inter-organizational collaboration and co-operation as well as for the co-ordination of programmes in which there is mutual interest.

Collaboration concerned mainly scientific and technical matters of common interest which are discussed fully in the appropriate sections of this report. In addition, the Secretary-General attended and addressed the thirteenth session of the Assembly of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) which at the same time marked the twenty-fifth anniversary of this Unesco-related but independent international organization.

Relations with other international organizations

In addition to its co-operation with the United Nations and the specialized agencies of the United Nations system mentioned in the preceding 140 PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

paragraphs, WMO continued to collaborate with other organizations, both governmental and non-governmental, with which it has concluded agreements or working arrangements. This collaboration was confined almost entirely to scientific and technical matters, details of which are given in the appropriate sections of this report.

WMO participated in the sixth session of the WMO/ICSU Joint Scientific Committee, which took place in London from 26 February to 5 March 1985. The session focused its attention on current WCRP activities, the first implemen tation plan, relationships between the WCRP and other geoscience disciplines and potential effects of nuclear war on weather and climate.

The Secretary-General was present at the opening of the twenty-first ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), held in Addis Ababa in July 1985.

WMO also continued its collaboration with many of the non-governmental international organizations which have been granted consultative status with the Organization. Details of this collaboration are given in the sections dealing with the scientific and technical work of the Organization.

Apart from collaborating with those organizations with which WMO has concluded formal agreements or working arrangements, or to which it has granted consultative status, the Organization also collaborated extensively with a large number of other international organizations which to some extent are concerned with meteorological matters.

ADMINISTRATION

Financial matters*

General

The situation of the US dollar vis-a-vis the Swiss franc continued to fluctuate during 1985. The budget estimates for 1985 were based on the exchange rate of Swiss franc 2.23 = US $1.00.

Budgetary situation

The year 1985 was the second year of the ninth financial period (1984-1987). The appropriations to the regular budget approved by the Executive Council at its thirty-sixth session (1984) amounted to US $19 270 000.

The obligations incurred during 1985 totalled US $17 747 084, leaving a budgetary surplus of US $1 732 916. This surplus represents the difference between the total appropriations for 1985 approved by the Executive Council and the actual expenditures incurred during 1985.

* The figures quoted are extracted from financial records before final audit. PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS 141

This surplus will be transferred to the General Fund and eventually credited to the Members in accordance with the provisions of the Financial Regulations.

Contributions

Of the contributions assessed for 1985, 87.87% had been received by 31 December 1985 as compared with the corresponding figure of 88.98% for 1984.

On 1 January 1985, twenty-seven Members were in arrears for non-payment of contributions in excess of two full years. As at 1 January 1986, 26 Members had also forfeited their rights, in accordance with the decisions of Congress, to vote in constituent bodies and to receive the quota of publications of the Organization free of charge. The following table shows the situation as at 31 December 1985, concerning the level of payment of assessed contributions:

Total contributions Percentage Balance assessed received received outstanding US $ US $ US $

First to eighth financial periods 1951-1983 165 411 581 164 134 539 99.23 1 277 042

Ninth financial period 1984-1987 1984 18 750 092 17 799 656 94.93 950 436 1985 19 279 107 16 940 750 87.87 2 338 357

The comparative figures for 1984 and 1951-1984 as at 31 December 1984 were:

Total contributions Percentage Balance assessed received received outstanding US $ US $ US $

1984 18 750 092 16 684 830 88.98 2 065 262 1951-1984 184 161 673 180 114 016 97.81 4 047 657

At 31 December 1985 the sum of US $1 001 351, representing 1986 assessed contributions, was brought to account.

Working Capital Fund

The principal of the Working Capital Fund was maintained by Ninth Congress (Geneva, 1983) at US $2 500 000 for the ninth financial period.

The advances for 1985 were brought to account in accordance with paragraph 13.2.19 of the general summary of EC-XXXV (1983) and as listed in the annex to Resolution 26 (EC-XXXV). 142 PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

Principal of the Fund at 31 December 1985 was as follows:

US $ US $

Principal of the Fund at 31 December 1984 2 500 750 Add: Advance assessed on new Members 750

2 501 500

Less: Advances to be assessed in 1986 and 1987 110 485

Unpaid advances due from Members as at 31 December 1985 1 289

111 774

Net balance as at 31 December 1985 2 389 726 ------

During 1985, no recourse had to be made to the Working Capital Fund.

Special and trust funds

During 1985, WMO continued to administer a considerable number of special and trust funds. The main sources of funding of these extra-budgetary activities were the Voluntary Co-operation Fund, the trust funds for the implementation of VCP(ES) projects, the Agrometeorologica1 Programme in the Sahel, technical co-operation projects financed by various donor Members, trust funds established to finance associate experts and those projects financed from UNEP funds.

Technical co-operation field programmes

In 1985, the WMO Secretariat continued to carry out the financial administration of that part of the United Nations Development Programme assigned to WMO. Details are given in Part 8 of this report, and the financial accounts for the year 1985 will be incorporated in the United Nations accounts for that year.

Publications sales and distribution

During 1985, the income resulting from the sale of WMO publications and advertisements in the WMO Bulletin amounted to US $304 241 as compared with US $223 397 in 1984. The total obligations in 1985 amounted to US $424 050. As authorized by EC-XXXVI (general summary, paragraph 11.4) and EC-XXXVII (general summary, paragraph 11.1. 4), additional appropriations of US $57 440 and US $204 000 respectively were transferred from the General Fund to the Publications Fund. PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS 143

The balance of the Publications Fund, which stood at US $101 048 as at 1 January 1985, was increased to US $392 679 at 31 December 1985. This amount is estimated to be adequate to meet the production costs of those publications which were already under preparation at the end of 1985, including the new edition of the International Cloud Atlas.

Further efforts were made throughout the year to keep the production costs of the WMO publications at a minimum in order to maintain the selling price at the lowest possible level. However, due to Swiss postal rate increases for 1986, the cost of subscriptions to some WMO publications will have to be increased.

WMO building and surroundings

The work on improving the waste-water disposal system and renovating the south frontage of the original building has been completed.

The architects of the building have submitted plans for the emergency exits and staircases from the conference rooms and it is planned to start the work, including the provision of fire detection and suppression devices, in 1986.

Staff matters

Staffing

On 31 December 1985, the total number of staff was 295 compared with 296 on 31 December 1984. These figures include the number of persons serving in the Secretariat and in the Regional Offices on those two dates and whose salaries were met from the Organization's General Fund, from funds allocated for staff in the Technical Co-operation Department or from funds for supernumerary staff and consultants.

Annex VIII gives details of the classification of staff and their distribution by nationality and Region on 31 December 1985. The number of Members which had nationals serving the Organization was 60 at the end of 1984 and remained unchanged at the end of 1985.

Technical co-operation field programmes

In 1985, the Secretariat continued to administer the experts and consultants recruited under the various technical co-operation programmes in which WMO participates. The distribution of expert missions by field of activity is shown in Table II of Part 8 of this report.

In addition to Professional category personnel, 37 locally recruited staff were serving at some duty stations to assist senior technical staff in their administrative duties and to perform maintenance duties. They are employed under United Nations rules and are paid in accordance with the salary rates established by the United Nations for the duty stations concerned. 144 PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

Joint Staff Pension Fund

Conditions of participation in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund made it mandatory for staff appointed for a period of six months or more to participate in the fund.

The number of staff participating in the Fund through WMO on 31 December 1985 was 391; at the end of 1984 this figure was 396.

Staff Rules

Changes similar to those made by the United Nations were introduced in the WMO Staff Rules applicable to Headquarters staff as well as in those applicable to Technical Assistance .project personnel. These amendments will be reported to the Executive Council at its thirty-eighth session. 11

Chairman and former chairmen of the WMO/ICSU Joint Scientific Committee (formerly Joint Organizing Committee). Left to right: Prof. B. Bolin; Prof. B. Di:ii:is (a former Director, Joint Planning Staff); DrJ. T. Houghton; Prof. K. W. Stewart; Prof. J. Smagorinsky; Sir John Mason; and Prof. P. Morel (present Director, Joint Planning Staff) (Photo: WMOIBianco)

Participants in the ninth session of CCI, Geneva, December 1985 World Meteorological Day celebra tions in Ethiopia (Photo: National Meteorological Services Agency); Hong Kong (Photo: Royal Obser vatory); and Tunisia (Photo: Ii/stitut National de la Meteorologie) ANN E X I

MEMBERS OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

(on 31 December 1985)

I. Members (States) under the terms of Article 3, paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of the Convention:

Afghanistan Democratic Kampuchea* Albania Democratic People's Algeria* Republic of Korea Angola Democratic Yemen Argentina* Denmark* Australia Djibouti Austria* Dominica Bahamas * Dominican Republic Bahrain Ecuador* Bangladesh Egypt * Barbados* El Salvador Belgium* Ethiopia Belize Fiji* Benin Finland* Bolivia France Botswana Gabon Brazil* Gambia* Brunei German Democratic Bulgaria* Republic* Burkina Faso* Germany, Federal Burma Republic of* Burundi Ghana * Byelorussian Soviet Greece* Socialist Republic* Guatemala* Canada Guinea* Cape Verde Guinea-Bissau Central African Republic* Guyana * Chad Haiti* Chile Honduras China* Hungary* Colombia Iceland Comoros India* Congo Indonesia* Costa Rica Iran*, Islamic Republic of Cuba * Iraq* Cyprus* Ireland* Czechoslovakia* Israel

* Member States that have acceded to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies 146 ANNEX I

Italy* Republic of Korea* Ivory Coast* Romania* Jamaica* Rwanda * Japan* Saint Lucia Jordan* Sao Tome and Principe Kenya * Saudi Arabia Kuwait* Senegal* Lao People's Democratic Seychelles Republic* Sierra Leone* Lebanon Singapore* Lesotho* Solomon Islands Liberia Somalia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya* South Africau Luxembourg* Spain* Madagascar* Sri Lanka Malawi* Sudan Malaysia* Suriname Maldives Swaziland Mali * Sweden* Malta* Switzerland Mauritania Syrian Arab Republic Mauritius* Thailand* Mexico Togo Mongolia* Trinidad and Tobago* Morocco* Tunisia* Mozambique Turkey Nepal Uganda * Netherlands* Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic* New Zealand* Union of Soviet Socialist Republics* Nicaragua* United Kingdom of Great Britain Niger* and Northern Ireland* Nigeria* United Republic of Cameroon Norway* United Republic of Tanzania* Oman United States of America Pakistan* Uruguay* Panama Vanuatu Papua New Guinea Venezuela PaI'aguay Viet Nam Peru Yemen Philippines* Yugoslavia* Poland* Zaire* Portugal Zambia* Qatar Zimbabwe

Note: Non-Member country which has acceded to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies and declared that it will apply it to WMO: Tonga

* Member States that have acceded to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies

** Suspended by Resolution 38 (Cg-VII) from exercising its rights and enjoying privileges as a Member of WMO ANNEX I 147

II. Members (Territories) under the terms of Article 3, paragraphs (d) and (e) of the WMO Convention:

British Caribbean Territories French Polynesia Hong Kong Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia ANNEX II

MEMBERSHIP OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL AND OFFICERS OF REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS AND TECHNICAL COMMISSIONS

(on 31 December 1985)

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

President: R. L. Kintanar (Philippines)

First Vice-President: Ju. A. Izrae1 (USSR)

Second Vice-President: Zou Jingmeng (China)

------Third Vice-President: J. P. Bruce (Canada)

Workineh Degefu (Ethiopia) RA I (Africa)

S. A. A. Kazmi (Pakistan) RA II (Asia)

C. A. Grezzi (Uruguay) RA III (South America)

C. E. Berridge (British· Caribbean RA IV (North and Central America) Territories)

Ho Tong Yuen (Malaysia) RA V (South-West Pacific)

L. A. Mendes Victor (Portuga1)* RA VI (Europe)

* Acting president ANNEX II 149

------Elected members S. P. Adhikary Nepal L.-K. Ahialegbedzi Togo S. Alaimo Argentina A. Bensari Morocco M. Boulama (acting) Niger C. M. Contreras Vinals (acting) Spain S. K. Das India A. Divino Moura (acting) Brazil J. Djigbenou Ivory Coast H. Gonzales Pacheco (acting) Peru J. Gonzalez Montoto Cuba R. E. Hallgren USA J. T. Houghton (acting) UK E. J. Jatila Finland J. P. N. Labrousse France U. B. Lifiga (acting) United Republic of Tanzania G. Mankedi Congo A. Nania Italy H. Reiser (acting) Germany (Fed. Rep. of) V. Richter Czechoslovakia R. M. Romaih Saudi Arabia V. A. Simango Zambia E. Uchida (acting) Japan J. W. Zillman Australia

REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

President: Workineh Degefu (Ethiopia)

Vice-President: Hamadi Trabelsi (Tunisia)

President: S. A. A. Kazmi (Pakistan)

Vice-President: I. H. Al-Majed (Qatar)

President: C. A. Grezzi (Uruguay)

Vice-President: C. Franco Rios 150 ANNEX II

President: C. E. Berridge (British Caribbean Territories)

Vice-President: E. Velasquez (Guatemala)

President: Ho Tong Yuen (Malaysia)

Vice-President: J. S. Hickman (New Zealand)

Acting president: L. A. Mendes Victor (Portugal) (acting)

Vice-President: E. Jatila (Finland)

TECHNICAL COMMISSIONS

President: J. Kastelein (Netherlands)

Vice-President: Nalla Fall (Senegal)

President: A. Kassar (Tunisia) (acting)

Vice-President:

President: F. Mesinger (Yugoslavia)

Vice-President: A. L. Alusa (Kenya) ANNEX II 151

Qo~is~i~n_f~r_B~sic_Sys~e~s_(QB~)

President: J. R. Neilon (USA)

Vice-President: A. A. Vasiliev (USSR)

Qo~is~i~n_f~r_C!i~~o!ogy_(QC!)

President: J. L. Rasmussen (USA)

Vice-President: W. J. Maunder (New Zealand)

Qo~is~i~n_f~r_Hyd£o!ogy_(QHy)

President: o. Starosolszky (Hungary)

Vice-President: A. J. Hall (Australia)

President: S. Huovila (Finland)

Vice-President: J. Kruus (Canada)

President: F. Gerard (France)

Vice-President: R. J. Shearman (UK) ANN E X III

INDEX OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED IN 1985

UNDP

Country Inter-country TF VCP RB Country or projects inter-regional projects

REGION I Algeria X X Angola X X X Benin X X X X Botswana X X X X Burkina Faso X X X X Burundi X X X Cameroon X X X Cape Verde X X X X Central African Republic X X X X Chad X X X Comoros X X Congo X X Djibouti X X Egypt X X Ethiopia X X X X Gabon X X Gambia X X X X X Ghana X X Guinea X X X X Guinea-Bissau X X Ivory Coast X X X Kenya X X X Lesotho X X X X Liberia X Libyan Arab Jamahirya X Madagascar X X X Malawi X X X X Mali X X X X Mauritania X X X X X Mauritius X X X X Morocco X X Mozambique X X X X X .. I Niger I .0. X X X Nigeria X X X Rwanda X X X X Sao Tome and Principe X Senegal X X X X X ANNEX III 153

UNDP

Country Inter-country TF VCP RB Country or projects inter-regional projects

Seychelles X X X I Sierra Leone X X X Somalia X X Sudan X X X Swaziland X Togo X X Tunisia X X Uganda X X X United Republic of Tanzania X X X X I Zaire X X X Zambia X X X Zimbabwe X X X X I I REGION II ! I Afghanistan X X X I Bangladesh X X X I Bhutan X Burma X X X X I China X X X X Democratic People's Republic of Korea X X X X Democratic Yemen X Hong Kong X India X X X Iran, Islamic Republic of X X X Iraq X X X Maldives X X X Mongolia X X X Nepal X X X X Oman X Pakistan X X X X Qatar X Republic of Korea X X X Saudi Arabia X X X Sri Lanka X X X Thailand X X X Viet Nam X X X X Yemen X X X X

Region III Argentina X X Bolivia X X X Brazil X X 154 ANNEX III

UNDP

Country Inter-country TF VCP RB Country or projects inter~regional projects

Chile X X ~ Colombia -x X X Ecuador X X X Guyana X X X Paraguay X X X Peru X X X X Suriname X X, Uruguay X X X Venezuela X X X X X

REGION IV Antigua X X X Bahamas X Barbados X X X Belize X X X British Caribbean Territories X X Costa Rica X X X X Cuba X X Dominica X X X Dominican Republic X X X EI Salvador X X X Grenada X Guatemala X X X X Haiti X X Honduras X X X X Jamaica X X X Mexico X X Netherlands Antilles X X Nicaragua X X X X Panama X X X X. Saint Kitts X Saint Lucia X X Saint Vincent X X Trinidad and Tobago X X X X

REGION V Fiji X X X Indonesia X X X X Malaysia X X Papua New Guinea X Philippines X X X Singapore X X· Solomon Islands X ANNEX III 155

UNDP

Country Inter-country TF VCP RB Country or projects inter-regional projects

REGION VI Bulgaria X Cyprus X X X Jordan X X Malta X Poland X Portugal X X Syrian Arab Republic X Turkey X X X Yugoslavia X X ANN E X IV

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED IN 1985 UNDER UNDP AND TRUST-FUND ARRANGEMENTS

I . COUNTRY PROGRAMMES

WMO REGION I (Africa)

ALGERIA

Project: Meteorological Training in the Context of ONM and IHFR (Oran) (1978-1986)

US $1 581 304

Obj ecti ves : Development of operational services of the "Office National de la Meteoro1ogie" and training of new staff and instructors at the Hydrometeoro1ogica1 Training and Research Institute of Oran

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 1/0.5 Data processing

Fellowships: 21/48 Climatology, weather forecasting, data processing

Equipment: Audiovisual system, publications, data-processing equipment

Project progress: Training at the the IHFR/Oran has continued, support from the project being limited to the supply of didactic material (video system, publications) and the data-processing system which is also to be used for training of national staff on the CLICOM programme. The ONM component of the project has benefited from the project support for short-term fellowships in climatology, data processing and forecasting.

ANGOLA

Project: Strengthening of the National Meteorological Service (1977-1986)

US $1 800 174

Objectives: Training of meteorological staff at Class III and II levels ANNEX IV 157

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 2/12 Training, agroclimatology

Fellowships: 1/2 English language

Equipment: Spare parts

Project progress: Class II training continued in 1985 but was handicapped by the departure of experts. On-the-job training was to be provided through bilateral assistance but this did not materialize. Additional funds were provided by the UNDP (US $100 000) for the purchase of telecommuni cations equipment. The project is practically terminated.

BENIN

Project: Strengthening of the Agrometeorological Service of Benin (1984-1987)

US $421 700

Objectives: Improvement of use of agrometeorological data and information for agricultural production through the strengthening of the agrometeorological network and of data collection and processing

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/12 Agrometeorology

Fellowships: 8/44 Agrometeorology

Equipment: Agrometeorological equipment, telecommunications, data processing, spare parts and consumables

Project progress: During 1985 the WMO expert in agrometeorology pursued his activities related to the agrometeorological and climatological organization of the Service. Ten-day bulletins were regularly published and the data screened and archived. Training of several nationals in agrometeorology was completed. The project also contributed in providing support to the agricultural sector through advice, equipment and training of technicians and extension workers in agrometeorology.

BOTSWANA

Project: Agrometeorology/Data Processing (1983-1987)

US $523 622 158 ANNEX ·IV

Objectives: Establishment of an agrometeorologicalsection and participation in the early warning system for crop monitoring

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/12 Agrometeorology

UN Volunteers: 2/18 Data processing/forecasting

Fellowships: 5/24 Agrometeorology/data processing

Project progress: The project has made very considerable progress in 1985. It has in particular allowed full participation of the meteorological service in the monitoring of drought and of the agricultural production in the country. The WMO expert, the UNV and the counterpart staff have participated in the installation of agrometeorological equipment and in the data collection and processing. Through a subcontract with the Wang company, a programmer has been assisting the data-processing volunteer in setting up a data base and providing the necessary support to the operational activities. Additional financial inputs have been provided by the UNDP to the project in order to permit acquisition of additional data-processing equipment and extension of the contract of the agrometeorologist up to the end of 1986. UNDP and the national authorities of Botswana have given full support to this project throughout the year.

Project: Agrometeorology (1984-1986)

US $194 474

Objectives: Provision of meteorological instruments and workshop equipment for strengthening of the synoptic and agrometeorologica1 network

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 1/2 Electronic instruments

Equipment: Meteorological instruments, test equipment and mobile workshop

Project progress: Most of the equipment purchased has already been delivered and installed in the stations and the workshops. The mobile workshop ordered will be useful in carrying out maintenance and repair missions throughout the country. ANNEX IV 159

BURKINA FASO

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services (1983-1986)

US $1 233 145

Objectives: Training of personnel; extension, upgrading and maintenance of meteorological, agrometeorological and hydrological station networks; data collection, processing, analysis and interpretation for issue of advisory bulletins for agriculture and water use; establishment of data banks and publication of data

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/12 Hydrology

Fellowships: 8/64 Meteorology (2), meteorological forecasting (2), agrometeorology (2) , instruments, documen tation

Fellowships (TF): 3/27 Hydrology (2), computer science

Equipment: Meteorological and hydrological equipment, work shop and office equipment, vehicles, publications

Project progress: Observational networks were extended by three agrometeorological and three limnimetric stations. Regular multi-disciplinary working group monitoring of agricultural season and issue of ten-day agro meteorological and monthly hydrological bulletins. Agrometeorological pilot project initiated to demon strate benefit in agricultural production of agro meteorological advice. Completion of new Meteorology Service HQ building assisted by US contribution to AGRHYMET programme.

BURUNDI

Project: Strengthening of the Geographical Institute of Burundi in the Field of Hydrometeorology (1981-1986)

US $847 000

Objectives: Creation of an agrometeorology and hydrology division; strengthening of synoptic, agrometeorological and hydrological networks; establishment of data col lection,' control and processing for the elaboration of products to be disseminated to users 160 ANNEX IV

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/11 Agrometeorology

Consultants: 1/4 Data processing

UN Volunteers: 1/6 Data processing

Fellowships: 6/29 Agrometeorology, hydrology, data processing, computer maintenance

Equipment: Data-processing equipment, meteorological instru ments, spares and consumables

Project progress: The data-processing equipment, compr1s1ng two Triton systems, was installed and used for the setting up of a data base. The UN Volunteer (data processing) was assigned to the project at the beginning of the year. Important progress has been made in the development of software and use of the computer for the archiving of meteorological and hydrological data, with the participation of a consultant who was assigned for four months to the project. Nationals were trained in computer programming, hardware maintenance, hydrology and agrometeorology. Data collection is being carried out regularly and ten~day bulletins are produced and disseminated to various users. The hydrological component to the project has also made progress. The UNDP intends, at the request of the Government, to allocate additional funds for the project to pursue the activities in 1986.

CAMEROON

Project: Agrometeorology and Hydrology in Northern Cameroon and Data Processing (1980-1986)

US $644 709

Objectives: Ensuring optimum development of agriculture and livestock rearing in Northern Cameroon through improvement of the basic meteorological and hydrological data.

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 2/16 Agrometeorology/data processing

Fellowships: 114 Meteorology

Equipment: Data-processing equipment for extension of memory, microcomputers, uninterruptible power supply unit, meteorological equipment, tele printers, SSBs, vehicles ANNEX IV 161

Project progress: The expert in agrometeorology left the project in April 1985 after having participated in strengthening the synoptic and agrometeorological networks. He also participated in the data collection and processing for the benefit of users. A new expert in computer programming was assigned to the project at the beginning of the year. The achievements of the project concerned the improvement of the functioning of the data-processing system, the installation of SSBs and the training of nationals locally. Not much has happened regarding the hydrological component, which consists of fellowships to be implemented. In general, the fellowships made available in the project budget are not used for several reasons, including administrative procedures for the release of designated candidates.

CAPE VERDE

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services (1983-1986)

US $196 751

Obj ectives : Training of personnel; extension, upgrading and maintenance of meteorological, agrometeorological and hydrological station networks; data collection, processing, analysis and interpretation for issue of advisory bulletins for agriculture and water use; establishment of data banks and publication of data

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 117 Hydrology

Fellowships: 3/33 Telecommunications, hydrology, agrometeor ology

Fellowships (TF): 4/40 Hydrology, computer science (2), instruments

Equipment: Meteorological and office equipment, publications

Equipment (TF): Radio equipment

Project progress: The hydrology component received consultant assistance for network and data management, and for water-balance studies. An inter-island telecommunication system was installed under the US contribution to the AGRHYMET Programme. The location was prepared for the future installation of a minicomputer. Maintenance of agrometeorological stations, and repai r and upgrading of hydrological stations. Training of station observers and of agricultural agents in crop monitoring procedures. 162 ANNEX IV

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Project: Organization and Development of the Agroclimato1ogical and Hydrological Services in the National Directorate of Meteorology (1984-1986)

US $619 000

Objectives: Improvement of the agrometeoro1ogical and hydrological networks and data collection and processing for agricultural production monitoring and water resources assessment

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 117 Hydrology

Fellowships: 5/44 Agrometeorology, hydrology

Equipment: Hydrological equipment, workshop tools and equipment, office equipment and vehicles

Project progress: The expert in operational hydrology took up his duties in May 1985. After a survey of the gauging stations, the equipment received was installed in some of them. The archiving of existing data has also been carried out and publications produced. The instruments workshop, which is to serve for maintenance and repair of both meteorological and hydrological equipment, is being installed. National staff have been selected and sent for training in hydrology and agrometeorology. The implementation of the agrometerological component has not begun since no expert has yet been assigned.

CHAD

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services (1984-1986)

US $1 289 000

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 2/ 19 Agrometeorology and hydrology

Fellowships: 8/80 Hydrology (3) , agrometeorology (2), instruments (2), statistics

Fellowships TF: 1/12 Hydrology ANNEX IV 163

Equipment: Meteorological equipment, office and workshop equipment, vehicles, publications

Equipment TF: Radio transceivers

Project progress: Recruitment under way for replacement of the expert hydrologist who left project in July, and for an expert in data processing in 1986. Ten-day agrometeoro1ogical bulletins issued regularly during crop season, incorpo rating hydrological advice. Group training organized for technicians involved in crop monitoring and for station observers. Site preparation completed for installation of four radio transceivers at agro meteorological stations, and for installation of minicomputer.

ETHIOPIA

Project: Development of Meteorological Services (1983-1986)

US $478 202

Objectives: Modernization of the telecommunications system at the national level and within the GTS

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 1/1 Computer hardware

Fellowships: 3/19 Meteorology, climatology, agrometeorology

Equipment: Data processing and automatic telecommunications switching system, including software

Project progress: The computer system required for the automation of the NMC telecommunications and data processing has been ordered and delivered. The accompanying software for the message-switching system (MSS) has also been ordered. Site preparation has been carried out by the National Meteorological Services Agency. Training of software and hardware specialists is to be carried out during and after installation of the system.

GAMBIA

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services (1982-1986)

US $546 186

advisory bulletins for agriculture and water use; establishment of data banks and publication of data

Implementation 1n 1985:

Experts: 1/6 Hydrology

UN Volunteers: 1112 Agrometeorology

Fellowships: 1/9 Agrometeorology

Fellowships (TF): 3/33 Hydrology, computer science (2)

Equipment: Meteorological and office equipment and materials, vehicles

Equipment (TF): Computer-upgrading equipment

Project progress: A tripartite review of the project was held in June prior to departure of the expert hydrologist. A UNV agrometeorologist continued to assist the project throughout the year. Construction of a Class IV technician training school was completed under an associated UNSO project and group training began. Publication of advice for agriculture and for water users continued on the basis of ten-day rainfall, agrometeorological, and crop . bulletins, and· monthly weather and hydrological summaries.

IVORY COAST

Project: Strengthening of the Climatology and Agrometeorology Divisions (1984-1986)

US $639 453 (uS $129 300 Government cost-sharing; US $510 153 IPF)

Objectives: Use of agroclimatological data and information for applications in the field of agricultural production

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 2/15 Agrometeorology, climatology

Consultants: 2/3 Computer programming, evaluation

Fellowships: 5/24 Climatology, meteorology, data processing

Equipment (TF): Agrometeorological equipment, data-processing equipment

Project progress: During 1985 the main activities of the project were oriented towards strengthening the agrometeorological and climatological networks, data processing and archiving, and training of counterpart personnel. Some ANNEX IV 165

studies were also carried out by the experts in clima tology and agrometeorology in co-operation with the nationals. These two experts left the project before the end of the year. Additional data-processing equipment was purchased to strengthen the capabilities of the existing system. Counterpart staff were sent for training in climatology and general meteorology. Local computer prograrruning courses were given to the staff of the Service. It should be noted that the equipment is purchased with the contribution of the Government of the Ivory Coast to the project.

MALAWI

Project: Training and Strengthening of the Meteorological and Climatological Services (1981-1986)

US $407 810

Objectives: Improvement of organization and management through development of meteorological activities under one Service; training of nationals in data processing, climatology, instruments

Implementation in 1985:

Fellowships: 7/67 Meteorology

Project progress: The training of nationals has been carried out satisfactorily.

MALI

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services (1983-1986)

US $615 552

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants (TF): 2/1.2 Agrometeorology

Fellowships: 6/43 Agrometeorology (3), instruments (2), tele corrununications

Fellowships (TF): 5/27 Hydrology (2), computer science (2), agro meteorology 166 ANNEX IV

Equipment: Meteorological and hydrological equipment, vehicles, workshop equipment

Equipment (TF): Computer-upgrading equipment, meteorological equipment and materials, radio transceivers, publications

Project progress: A tripartite review meeting was held in May 1985. Operational activities continued with the issue of monthly hydrological bulletins, and ten-day agrometeor ological bulletins during the agricultural season. Pro posals for improvement of the advisory bulletins, and for a workshop to define practical advice for users, were formulated by a consultant agrometeorologist. Two technicians started training as agrometeorology engineers at the AGRHYMET Regional Centre. The Mali agrometeorological pilot project, supported by a Swiss contribution to the AGRHYMET programme, continued to demonstrate the increase in crop yields which can result from application of agrometeorological advice to farming practice.

MAURITANIA

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services (1978-1986)

US $1 178 518

Imelementatien in 1985:

Consultants: 1/0.5 Hydrology

Fellowships: 1112 Instruments

Fellowships (TF): 3/34 Hydrology (2), computer science

Equipment: Vehicles

Equipment (TF): Radio transceivers

Project progress: A hydrologist of the AGRHYMET Regional Centre was detached to provide consultant advice on network and data management. Fellowship training of two engineer hydrologists continued at the AGRHYMET Centre and two computer hardware technicians returned from training in the United States. Group training was initiated for agrometeorological observers. Three radio transceivers ANNEX IV 167

were supplied and installed at agrometeorological stations under the US contribution to the AGRHYMET programme.

MAURITIUS

Project Assistance to the National Meteorological Service (1981-1985)

US $160 264

Objectives: Training of meteorological personnel in climatology and maintenance of electronic equipment

Implementation in 1985:

Fellowships: 112 Statistics

MOROCCO

Project: Organization and Strengthening of the National Meteorology Directorate (1982-1986)

US $336 242

Objectives: Providing assistance to users of meteorological data through the strengthening of the meteorological, climatological and agrometeorological networks, and improvement of data collection and processing

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/8 Meteorological organization

Project progress: The activities of the project in 1985 consisted of the assistance given by the expert of the project to the national Service staff in organizational and technical matters. The expert was particularly interested in drafting an institutional framework for the establishment of a national Institute of Meteorology, the selection of candidates to be trained, and the specification and selection of data-processing equipment. He also contributed to the publication of a few agrometeorological studies. The expert left the project at the end of September and activities will resume as soon as the data-processing and tele communications equipment ordered by the national Service are operational.

MOZAMBIQUE

Project: Assistance to the Meteorological Service (1979-1985)

US $459 089 168 ANNEX IV

Objectives: Assisting in the organization of the national Meteorological Service and providing training to Mozambican nationals

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/6 Meteorological organization

Project Erogress: The senior expert of the project COPAS) left the project in June 1985. Nationals have now taken over his responsibility. No fellowships or equipment were provided in 1985.

NIGER

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeoro1ogica1 and Hydrological Services (1983-1986).

US $776 000

Objectives.: Training of personnel; extension, upgrading and maintenance of meteorological, agrometeorological and hydrological station networks; data collection, process ing, analysis and interpretation for issue of advisory bulletins for agriculture and water use; establishment of data banks and publication of data

ImElementation in 1985:

Consultants: 2/3.5 Data management, processing and publication

Fellowships: 3/21 Agrometeoro1ogy

Fellowships (TF): 1112 Hydrology

Equipment: Meteorological equipment and materials, office equipment, vehicles

Equipment (TF): Computer-upgrading equipment

Project Erogress: The project assisted in the regular collection and publication of daily rainfall and issue of ten-day agrometeorological bulletins. Consultant missions were undertaken for establishment of climatological and hydrological station history files, document archiving, training in data processing, and development of software for processing and publication of agrometeoro logical and hydrological data.

SENEGAL

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services (1983-1986)

US $944 %1 ANNEX IV 169

Objectives: Training of personnel; extension, upgrading and maintenance of meteorological, agrometeorologica1 and hydrological station networks; data collection, processing, analysis and interpretation for issue of advisory bulletins for agriculture and water use; establishment of data banks and publication of data

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1112 Hydrology

Fellowships: 9/66 Meteorology, agrometeoro1ogy ( 3 ), hydrology (2), instruments (2), data processing

Fellowships (TF): 3/36 Hydrology (2), computer science

Equipment: Hydrological, meteorological and laboratory equip ment and materials, vehicles

Equipment (TF): Computer-upgrading equipment

Project progress: Project activities included maintenance of station networks, and the collection, processing and publi cation of data. The AGRHYMET multi-disciplinary work ing group activities continued with the diffusion of data and agrometeorological and hydrological advisory information via ten-day bulletins and by radio and tele vision broadcasts. An agrometeoro1ogica1 pilot project proposal was prepared for the purpose of improved definition of beneficial advice and means of diffusion. Fellowship training in various disciplines totalled 102 man-months.

SEYCHELLES

Project: Training in Meteorology (1984-1986)

US $51 400

Objectives: Training of nationals in aeronautical meteorology

Implementation in 1985:

Fellowships: 4/31 Meteorology, climatology

Project progress: All fellowships are being completed.

SIERRA LEONE

Project: Strengthening of the National Meteorological Service (1981-1986)

US $1 590 184 170 ANNEX IV

Objectives: To assist in the strengthening and organization of the Department of Meteorology, through the improvement of meteorological networks, training of pesonnel and development of procedures for data collection, process ing and archiving

Implementation in 1985:

Expert: 3/10 Meteorological organization, telecommuni cations, agrometeorology

UN Volunteers: 1/12 Telecommunications

Fellowships: 6/37 Instruments, agrometeorology, telecommuni cation instruments, meteorology

Equipment: Telecommunications, workshop office and agro meteorological equipment, radar tower, spares

Project progress: In the early part of 1985 the senior expert and the expert in telecommunications left the project, having accomplished the duties they were assigned. In particular, the telecommunications component has been satisfactorily implemented with the procurement and installation of equipment at the stations, at the national Meteorological Centre and in the maintenance workshop of the Service. Following a tripartite review meeting of the project, during which the report of a WMO consultant in agrometeorology was examined, UNDP agreed to provide additional funding to the project for the reorientation of the project activities towards applications of meteorology to agriculture. An expert in agrometeoro1ogy was recruited and assigned to the project in September 1985. It is expected that the project will provide appropriate support to the public and Government services concerned with food produc tion. Funds were also provided for the procurement of a steel tower to allow the installation of a weather radar ordered by the Government but not yet installed. Training was provided to nationals of Sierra Leone in agrometeorology, telecommunications, maintenance of electronic equipment and general meteorology. Overall, the proj ect seems to have made good progress although hampered by difficulties encountered in providing counterpart staff and financial support for the operations of the project.

ZIMBABWE

Project: Rehabilitation of the Meteorological Service (1982-1986)

US $1 694 330

Objectives: Training of nationals (Class II) in sufficient numbers to restore the level of staffing and permit full operation of the Meteorological Service ANNEX IV 171

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 7/90 Training and forecasting (5 OPAS)

Equipment: Didactic material, spares, office furniture

Proj ect progress: The two training experts continued to provide training to 13 "O"-level candidates recruited for Class II training. All of them have performed satisfactorily. The five OPAS forecasters have continued to give effective support at Harare and Bulawayo forecast offices. They also participate in giving on-the-job training to the first group of graduates trained under the project. An expert in electronic engineering has been assigned to the project and participates in the maintenance of weather and upper-air sounding radars purchased by the Government. The UNDP and the Government have expressed their full satisfaction at the progress made in the implementation of this project.

WMO REGION II (Asia)

BANGLADESH

Project: Expansion of the National Meteorological Service (1980-1985)

US $2 138 581

Objectives: Upgrading of existing capabilities and development of meteorological applications

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/6 Agrometeorology

Subcontract: Preparation of documentation and film for tropical cyclone disaster preparedness and prevention

Equipment: Data-processing and APT enhancement, spares and publica tions

Project progress: The project has fulfilled its objectives and was terminated with the departure of the agrometeorology expert in June 1985.

Project: Development of Flood-forecasting and Warning System (1980-1985)

US $2 796 456

Objectives: To improve flood-forecasting and warning techniques 172 ANNEX IV

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 2124 Hydrological forecasting (project manager), telecommunications

Fellowships: 3/9 Hydrological simulation and flood fore casting (3)

Equipment: Telemetry equipment, computer spares and software

Project progress: The project was scheduled to terminate at the end of 1985; flood-forecasting models are run operationally but radar data insertion in the forecasting model must be improved. A new small-scale project will provide follow-up assistance.

Project: Meteorological Applications and Training

US $2 011 700

Objectives: To increase agricultural production, to enhance safe and efficient shipping and fishing, to improve water-management practices through the application of specialized meteorological products and services

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/6 Agrometeorology

Equipment: Technical publications, agrometeorological equip ment

Project progress: The team leader/agrometeorologist took up his duties in June and an order for urgently needed equipment· was placed.

BURMA

Project: Improvement of the River Flood Warning Forecasting System (1979-1984)

US $329 807

Objectives: To install additional stations on the upper Irrawaddy and develop computerized data processing/storage system.

Implementation in 1985:

Subcontract: Computer installation and maintenance

Project progress: The project is terminating; stations have been installed and a minicomputer has been provided for data handling and storage. ANNEX IV 173

Project: Development of Meteorological Services to Agriculture (1982-1984)

US $293 628

Objectives: Strengthening of agricultural meteorological operations

Implementation in 1985:

Fellowships: 2/10 Agrometeorology

Project progress: The project attained its objectives and is terminating.

CHINA

Project: Improvement of Meteorological Services (1980-1986)

US $1 500 848

Objectives: Improvement of weather forecasting through the installation of a TIROS-N/GMS receiving station with extended capability

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 2/1 Satellite meteorology

Equipment: Computer system

Project progress: The computer system for Phase II was installed and is now in operation. The status of development of application software was reviewed in October. When completed, the system will provide cloud mosaics, experimental vertical sounding and sea-surface temperature on the basis of the pre-processed data of Phase I.

Project: Development of National Water Resources Data and Technology Transfer Centre (1981-1986)

US $480 071

Objectives: To establish a centre for adaptation and dissemination of modern technology used in operational hydrology

Implementation in 1985:

Group training: HOMS activities

Equipment: Spares for disk drive; uninterruptible power supply unit

Project progress: A UPS was delivered and a disk drive ordered. 174 ANNEX IV

Project: Improvement of the Real-time Telemetering and Flood-forecasting System for the San-men Gorge and Huayuankou Reach of the Yellow River (1981-1985)

US $700 000

Obj ecti ves : To establish an automated real-time telemetering and flood-forecasting system and the establishment of a pilot data-telemetering system

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 5/4 Flood forecasting, hydrology, software (3)

Equipment: Spare parts for the telecommunication equipment and computer system

Project progress: Field activities under this project were successfully completed in 1985 and the activities carried out were confined to a number of consultancy missions in hydrological forecasting and development of software. The telecommunication equipment was checked and the faulty items repaired.

Project: Meteorological Prediction for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (1983-1986)

US $900 000

Objectives: To reduce the impact of severe weather phenomena in Hubei Province through the provision of a 10 cm weather radar and a computerized telecommunication message switching system

Implementation in 1985:

Equiflment ~ MeteoI'ological radar, computer hardware for the meteorological message-switching system

Subcontract: Installation of equipment and training

Project progress: The 10 cm weather radar was delivered and installed during 1985 and a number of Chinese were trained abroad in its operation and maintenance. Part of the hardware equipment for the meteorological switching system was installed and is in operation.

DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Project: Strengthening of Meteorological Services (1982-1987)

US $1 400 000 ANNEX IV 175

Objectives: To improve weather-forecasting techniques, particularly typhoon and storm tracking through the establishment of an HRPT station and training of staff

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: III Satellite meteorology

Proj ect progress: This is a new proj ect which was approved in February 1985 after several years of preliminary work carried out under preparatory assistance. Specifications for a ground station capable of rece1v1ng, processing and displaying visible and infra-red images from the GMS and high-resolution picture transmission images from TIROS-N have been prepared and an order will be placed early in 1986. A principal consultant was selected; he assisted in the negotiations wi th the equipment supplier.

INDIA

Project: Improvement of River and Flood Forecasting System in India (1980-1985)

US $1 255 000

Objectives: Establishment of a pilot flood-forecasting system for the Yamuna River including the installation of a telemetering station network and automatic data collection and processing

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/4 Chief technical adviser

Consultants: 2/2 Computer system programming, hydrological forecasting

Fellowships: 2/5 Flood forecasting, mathematical modelling

Equipment: Hydrometric equipment, computer software

Project progress: The project has attained its objectives and was terminated in the middle of 1985. Follow-up activities such as maintaining the equipment and improving further flood-forecasting operations are carried out under a new project listed below.

Project: Improvement of River and Flood Forecasting System in India - Phase II (1985-1988)

US $237 000

Objectives: To update and improve the technical infrastructure created under the earlier project 176 ANNEX IV

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 2/2 Hydrological forecasting, models transfer

Equipment: Spare parts

Project: Fellowships for the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (1980-1985)

US $118 500

Objectives: Training in advanced meteorological subjects

Fellowships: 1/6 Weather modification

Project progress: Altogether nine fellowships were implemented under this project, which is now terminated.

IRAQ

Project: Establishment of a Regional Meteorological Training Centre (RMTC) in Baghdad (1977-1985)

US $2 009 252

Objectives: To establish comprehensive training facilities (Classes I to IV) for Iraqi nationals and students from South-West Asia.

Implementation in 1985:

Fellowships: 1/6 General meteorology

Project progress: A building was provided by the Government and compre hensive training facilities have been set up. Courses of various kinds were held, with more than 900 participants altogether. These incluclecl twe ene-year courses for forecasters and two postgraduate diploma courses in meteorology at the University. The project is now terminated.

Project: Establishment of a Regional Meteorological Training Centre, Baghdad (FIT) (1980-1986)

US $1 222 305

Objectives: To provide equipment for the RMTC

Implementation in 1985:

Equipment: Spare parts, training aids

Project progress: A substantial amount of equipment, including a computer and a radiosonde station, was provided in previous years; the residual funds are used for spare parts. ANNEX IV 177

MONGOLIA

Project: Establishment of a Satellite Data Reception and Processing Centre (1981-1986)

US $1 287 800

Objectives: To provide the Hydrometeorological Service of Mongolia with a satellite reception and processing centre and associated training to enable the Service to improve the quality of weather- and hydrological forecasts

Implementation in 1985:

Equipment: High-resolution picture transmission system (to be delivered in 1986)

Project progress: An image-analysis system was installed early in 1985. The provision of the second part of the station (the HRPT) was held in abeyance due to a delay in obtaining an export licence; this has now been received and installation will start in 1986.

NEPAL

Project: Agrometeorology and instrument maintenance (1982-1987)

US $540 370

Obj ecti ves : To provide agrometeoro1ogical and climatological information of improved quality and quantity; training of personnel and improving the instruments workshop

Implementation in 1985:

Consultant: 111 Meteorological instruments

Fellowships: 8/56 Meteorological instrument (4), meteorology, agrometeorology (2), electronic instruments

Equipment: Meteorological and workshop equipment

Project progress: Activities in 1985 concentrated on training and a review of the instrument repair facilities by a consultant.

Project: Development of Operational Hydrology Services (1982-1987)

US $964 800

Objectives: To develop and strengthen the national Hydrological Service 178 ANNEX IV

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 2115 Chief technical adviser, operational hydrologist

Consultants: 2/2 Flood forecasting, telemetry and telecommuni cations

Fellowship: 3/15 Hydrological forecasting (2), sediment/water quality

Equipment: Hydrological equipment

Project progress: The main activities of the project during the year were the preparation of programmes for data collection and the repair and maintenance of gauging stations. Rainfall and water-level recorders were installed. Two consultancy missions were carried out to advise on flood forecasting and the establishment of a telemetering system. A number of fellowships were completed and the chief technical adviser joined the project last September.

OMAN

Project: Meteorology, Training and Equipment (1983-1987)

US $1 287 020

Objectives: To strengthen the Meteorological Service by providing training to local personnel and the establishment of a weather radar station

Implementation in 1985:

Fellowships: 7/54 Meteorological observations (3) , B. Sc. general meteorology (3), electronic engineering

Equipment: 10 cm weather radar, workshop equipment

Project progress: A 10 cm radar was ordered for installation at Masirah. Workshop equipment was also ordered in 1985. Four Omani nationals are studying abroad for a B.Sc. degree in meteorology or electronic engineering; three Omanis have completed Class IV studies.

PAKISTAN

Project: Flood Forecasting and Warning System for the Indus River Basin - Phase II (1985-1988)

US $295 000 UNDP plus US $300 000 FIT ANNEX IV 179

Obj ecti ves : Development and installation of a complete river and flood forecasting system comprl.sl.ng rainfall and river-gauge stations, telemetering data collection, rainfall/runoff and flood routeing models, compre hensive training

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 2/3 Principal consultant, telecommunications

Equipment: Spare parts for telemetry system

Project progress: As a result of a formulation mission carried out in January 1984, a draft project document was prepared. The purpose of the project is to reinforce the technical and institutional infrastructure already created under the Phase I project. The project was approved in March 1985 with financial assistance from the Netherlands Government under a trust-fund agreement and from UNDP. The principal consultant of the joint project carried out his first mission during October 1985; this was followed by a mission of the telecommunications consultant. Specifications of the hydrological and telecommunications equipment were prepared.

QATAR

Project: Development of Meteorological Service (1983-1986)

US $1 246 870

Objectives: To advise on the development of a national Meteorological Service with emphasis on services to agriculture and water resources development; to provide training locally and abroad and to establish telecommunications and data-processing facilities

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 2/24 Chief technical adviser, meteorological training

UN Volunteers: 2/24 Meteorological instruments, network inspection

Fellowships: 1/10 Language and general meteorology

Project progress: The computerized facility for meteorological data reception, message switching and processing was installed and the system was brought into full operation under the supervision of the chief technical adviser of the project. Training of 12 Qatari students as Class IV meteorological personnel and the retraining of three staff members by the expert in education and 180 ANNEX IV

training were the most significant achievements of the project.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Project: Programme for Strengthening Meteorological Research Activities (1983-1986)

US $492 714

Objectives: To develop rainfall-forecasting techniques and models for NWP through research activities using a mobile weather radar

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/6 Numerical weather prediction

Fellowships: 2/13 Numerical weather prediction, dynamic meteorology

Project progress: The purchase of the mobile radar is a little behind schedule due to insufficient funds being available at present. An expert in numerical weather prediction completed a six-month mission in August and advised the authorities on the techniques to be used.

SAUDI ARABIA

Project: National Environmental and Meteorological Centre (1984-1986)

US $463 400

Objectives: To provide expert services in synoptic meteorology, education and training, and weather forecasting

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 4/41 Synoptic meteorology, education and training, weather forecasting (2)

Project progress: This cost-sharing project was approved in 1984 and expanded in 1985. On-the-job training and various refresher courses were organized by the experts for meteorological personnel to improve their capability in weather analysis and forecasting.

VIET NAM

Project: Strengthening of Hydrometeorological Services (Preparatory Assistance)

US $25 000 ANNEX IV 181

Objectives: To develop teleconununications and general forecasting, typhoon and flood forecasting, assistance to agri culture, technology transfer and training

Implementation in 1985:

Consultant: 1/3 Chief technical adviser

Project progress: The consultant assisted in reviewing the project proposals and in preparing the project document and associated documentation for UNDP.

YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC

Project: Establishment of Meteorological Services - Final Phase (1982-1986)

US $2 409 092

Obj ecti ves : The establishment of a comprehensive National Meteorological Service the prov1s1on of basic facilities and training of staff at all levels

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 2123 Project manager/training, aeronautical forecasting

Consultants: 4/25 Agrometeorology, meteorological instruments, instrument maintenance (2)

UN Volunteers: 5/36 Aeronautical forecasting

Fellowships: 7/52 Agrometeorology, meteorology (3), radio sonde, meteorological instruments (2)

Equipment: Meteorological equipment, spare parts, training aids

Project progress: Good progress continued to be made in the training of Yemeni personnel. Two Yemenis have returned home after completion of M. Sc. studies. Three others have completed their training in meteorological instrument maintenance and repair and two more are following a diploma course at Cairo University and a Class II course at Nairobi respectively. On-the-job training was provided to all meteorologists at Sana'a airport by the expert in aeronautical forecasting; the assistance from UN Volunteers working at the airport will be phased out gradually. 182 ANNEX IV

WMO REGION III (South America)

PARAGUAY

Project: Meteorology and Hydrology for Development (1984-1986)

US $131 304

Objectives: Support to Meteorological and Hydrological Activities

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/12 Meteorology (UN Volunteer)

Consultants: 3/4 Instruments and laboratories, agrometeor ology, operational hydrology

Fellowships: 2/4 Meteorology, agrometeorology

Equipment: Vehicles, computer, tools for workshop, spares for laboratory equipment

Project progress: A workshop and laboratory for the national Meteorological Service has been installed and is now in operation. Improved operation and inspection of the meteorological and hydrological network are under way.

PERU

Project: Hydrology, Climatology and Agrometeoro1ogy (1982-1988)

US $1 144 126

Objectives: Improvement of the hydrological and climatological network in the Amazon Basin and agrometeorological studies in the whole country

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 3/34 Agrometeorology, hydrology

Consultants: 2/1.5 Cloud physics, synoptic meteorology

Fellowships: 4/14 Meteorology, climatology, cloud physics

Equipment: Climatological equipment, hydrological equipment, vehicle, minicomputers, fog-measuring equipment, spare parts

Project progress: Good progress is still being made in the implementation of project activities. The implementation of a meteorological and hydrological data bank has now almost been completed. Field activities are concen trated in the Amazon area where a network consisting of ANNEX IV 183

two automatic satellite-relayed stations was installed. The agrometeorological phase consists of several studies for improvement of crop yields throughout the country but more particularly in the coastal desert areas. The proj ect has recently been extended to in clude the study of the possible use of coastal fog in irrigation.

SURINAME

Project: Meteorology (1985-1987)

US $285 000

Objectives: Development of the National Meteorological Service

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 2/1.5 Radar electronics, data processing

Fellowships: 5/4 Meteorological instruments, training of meteorological personnel, meteorological adminis tration, libraries and archiving

Project progress: Spare parts have been purchased to repair the meteorological radar in Paramaribo. A consultant in data processing made recommendations for development of this activity. The training programme made a good start with study tours for five fellows.

URUGUAY

Project: Meteorological Information for Solar and Wind Energy Utilization (1982-1986)

US $333 100

Objectives: To provide basic data for development of solar and wind energy

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 2/1.5 Wind energy, solar energy

Fellowships: 2/24 Meteorology

Equipment: Radiation- and wind-measuring equipment

Project progress: The installation of the computer centre was completed and the installation of the solar radiation and wind measuring station is well advanced. 184 ANNEX IV

VENEZUELA

Project: Hydrometeorology and Hydrological Forecasting (1982-1986 )

us $868 382

Objectives: Improvement of hydrometeorological activities and installation of a hydrological forecasting system in the Guaire River Basin

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 2/24 Network operation, agrometeorology

Fellowships: 2/2 Hydrology

Equipment: Hydrological equipment, spare parts

Subcontracts: Hydrological forecasting

Project progress: The project was successfully completed in 1985. As part of it, a data-processing centre, calibration laboratory, repair workshop, and mobile laboratory workshop were installed, resulting in considerable improvement in the processing of the data of a dense network, as well as in the possibility of the rehabilitation of hundreds of meteorological and hydrological instruments. In addition, a hydrological flood-forecasting system for the valley of Caracas was installed in 1985. Training at all levels was a priority activity of the project. A second phase of this project is scheduled to start in 1986.

Project: Strengthening of Meteorological Activities (1984-1987)

us $988 686

Objectives: Improvement of the National Meteorological Service

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/6 Meteorology

Consultants: 3/1.5 Telecommunications, computer technology, instruments and laboratories

Fellowships: 3/3 Meteorology, telecommunications

Equipment: Computer hardware and software, vehicles, radiosonde stations and suppliers

Project progress: A project aimed at upgrading meteorological facilities in Venezuela was started early in 1985. Its main activities are improvement and automation of the RTH Maracay, installation of a meteorological radar for the ANNEX IV 185

Valley of Caracas and of four upper-air stations, mechanization of climatological data processing, improvement of workshops and laboratories, and specialized training related to project activities. Operation of the project was very active in 1985 and resul ted in the purchase of the main computer and two of the upper-air stations.

WMO REGION IV (North and Central America)

COSTA RICA

Project: Agrometeorology (1982-1986)

US $334 901

Objectives: Agrometeorological studies

Implementation in 1985:

Fellowships: 3/3 Agrometeorology, climatology

Equipment: Agrometeorological instruments, computer peripher als, minicomputer, calculators, books

Project progress: The network of agrometeorological stations has been installed and good progress made with the agrometeorological studies.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Project: Agrometeorology, Hydrometeorology and Hydrological Forecasting (1983-1986)

US $733 709

Objectives: Agrometeoro1ogica1 studies and installation of a river forecasting system

Experts: 2/13 Agrometeoro1ogy, hydrology

Consultants: 4/3.5 Hydrological forecasting, sediment transpor tation, agrometeoro1ogy

Fellowships: 7/8 Satelli te telemetry, data processing, climatology, data banks, hydrological forecasting

Proj ect progress: The project is aimed at strengthening and improving agrometeorologica1 networks and services, developing a programme in hydrometeorology, and establishing a pilot system for hydrological forecasting. Agrometeoro logical activities were completed in 1984. A 186 ANNEX IV

hydrological forecasting system comprising 18 data collecting platforms and a receiving station using the GOES satellite was installed and is in experimental operation. This project will also provide the basis for those activities which are being financed by the Commission of European Communities (CEC) and which mainly concern the prov1s1on of a 10 cm weather surveillance radar in Santo Domingo.

GUATEMALA

Project: Establishment of a Hydrometeorological Data Bank (1984-1986 )

US $219 043

Objectives: Implement a modern data-processing facility

Implementation in 1985:

Expert: 1/4 Data processing

Consultants: 312 Data banks

Fellowships: 6/6 Data processing, computer technology data banks

Equipment: Air conditioner, voltage regulator, computer peripherals, software

Project progress: The computer system was installed and operates without problems. Good progress was made in the preparation of software, loading of data, and the training programme.

HAITI

Project: Strengthening of the National Meteorological Service (1983-1986)

US $525 493

Objective: To install a network of synoptic and climatological stations and improve support capabilities of the national Meteorological Service

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 2/24 Meteorology (chief technical adviser), meteorology training (associate expert)

Fellowships: 218 Meteorology

Group training: Meteorological observer

Equipment: Meteorological instruments, workshop and laboratory equipment, spares, books ANNEX IV 187

Project progress: The project is aimed at providing Haiti with a national Meteorological Service capable of providing data and information for users in the fields of agriculture, aviation, and tourism. The network of observing stations is to be re-established, data analysis and processing systems introduced, and an extensive training programme implemented. Four main meteor ological stations were installed in 1985. Work has begun on the re-installation of the rest of the network, and a plan for establishing a telecommunica tions system was prepared. Training for the observers of the new stations was carried out in a six-month course in Port-au-Prince.

HONDURAS

Project: Meteorology and Hydrology for Development (1982-1986)

US $525 493

Objectives: Development of the National Meteorological Service

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 4/5 Agrometeorology, climatology, synoptic meteorology, data processing

Fellowships: 11/53 Meteorology, climatology, data processing

Group training: Meteorology

Equipment: Meteorological instruments and spares, computer peripherals, agrometeorological equipment, vehicle, books

Project progress: Activities were carried out in several fields mainly in agrometeorology, climatological data processing and synoptic meteorology. Training received high priority through fellowships abroad and a two-week seminar in Tegucigalpa for which the project provided four consultants.

JAMAICA

Project: Flood-plain Mapping (1985-1987)

US $500 000*

Objective: Mapping of flood-prone areas to minimize loss of life and property

* Including USA and VCP contributions 188 ANNEX IV

Implementation in 1985:

Expert: 114 Hydrology

Consultant: 1/0.5 Hydrometeorology

Equipment: Radar spare parts, meteorological spares, hydrological equipment, books

Project progress: With the arrival of the main expert, all field activities started. The project is co-financed by the USA through the VCP and bilateral co-operation.

NICARAGUA

Project: Rehabilitation of the National Meteorological Service (1983-1986)

US $474 682

Objectives: To rehabilitate the meteorological network and upgrade support activities of the national Meteorological and Hydrological Service

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 5/31.5 Meteorological networks, instruments workshop, computerized d~ta processing, training, agrometeorology, synoptic meteorology, meteoro logical organization

Fellowships: 3/18 General meteorology, climatology, data banks

Equipment: Communication equipment, computer accessories, spares for radar, vehicle, meteorological equip ment

Project progress: The project started in 1983 with the primary objective of rehabilitating the national Meteorological Service. Main results so far are the installation of a computerized data-processing facility, reconstruction of most of the network and telecommunications system, and training at all levels. The project made intensive use of horizontal co-operation for this. Recognizing the need for further improvement, the budget and duration of the project were increased, partially through a Government cost-sharing contribution.

PANAMA

Project: Establishment of a Hydrometeorological Data Bank (1983-1986)

US $467 422 ANNEX IV 189

Objectives: To establish a hydrometeorological data bank and strengthen the synoptic meteorological activities

Implementation in 1985:

Expert: 1/8 Hydrometeorological data processing

Equipment: Computer peripherals, minicompute~s

Project progress: The computer centre is still operating satisfactorily and almost all software has been prepared. Plans were drawn up for further development of meteorological activities.

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Project: Strengthening of the National Meteorological Service (1984-1986 )

US $333 100

Objectives: Establishment of a data-processing facility, upgrading of facilities at the Meteorological Service, and training

Fellowships: 1/5 Climatology

Equipment: Computer and peripherals, books

Project progress: Computer equipment was bought and installed.

WMO REGION V (South-West Pacific)

INDONESIA

Project: Meteorological Programme for Increased Food Production (1983-1988)

US $590 506

Obj ecti ves : To improve agricultural meteorological operations

Implementation in 1985:

Expert: 1/8 Agrometeorologistlteam leader

Consultants: III Education and training

Fellowships: 7/47 Tropical meteorology (3), general meteor ology, agrometeorology, satellite meteorology (2)

Equipment: Publications 190 ANNEX IV

Project progress: Field operations of this project were completed in 1985 after the departure of the agrometeorologist/team leader in August. Fellowships, however, are continuing, as well as consultancies adyising on improving academic training of meteorologists. Due to a substantial contribution and effort of the Government, 17 farm reservoirs were constructed in pilot farms as a means of increasing the duration of the crop-growing period.

WMO REGION VI (Europe)

CYPRUS

Project: Improvement of Hydrological Data Acquisition and Processing (1984-1985)

US $100 000

Objectives: Improvement of the system for monitoring and assessing water resources in Cyprus

Implementation in 1985:

Equipment: Minicomputer, sediment laboratory, digitizer and plotter

Subcontract: Data processing, planning of network

Project progress: Field work on network planning and the installation of a computerized data-processing facility was carried out under a subcontract.

GREECE

Project: Development of Meteorological Services (1985-1986)

US $122 500

Objectives: Training of staff in up-to-date technology and advice on computerization of climatological and meteorological data processing

Implementation 1n 1985: Nil

PORTUGAL

Project: Strengthening of Meteorological Services Phase II (1985): Preparatory As~istance

US $10 000 ANNEX IV 191

Objectives: To provide for short-term consu1tancies and fellowships as required by the Service. Main effort concentrating on radar and satellite meteorology

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: III Hydrological radar

Project progress: This is a new project to follow up on earlier assistance given to Portugal. The mission carried out in December was to advise on the installation of a real-time radar data processor of precipitation measurements for use in river and flood forecasting.

II. INTER-COUNTRY PROGRAMMES

AFRICA (Region I)

Project: Programme for Strengthening the Agrometeoro1ogica1 and Hydrological Services of the Sahel ian Countries and Establishment of a Centre for Training and Applications of AgrometeorologylOpe rat ional Hydrology (AGRHYMET) (1975-1986 )

US $49 038 000

Objectives: Regional co-ordination of strengthening of national Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services in the Sahel; training of national personnel in agro meteorology, operational hydrOlogy and instrument maintenance and repair; development of regional and national advisory information services for application of agrometeorologica1 and hydrological advice to increase food production and for warning of food shortage

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 8/78 Director of Centre, technical adviser, director of training, agronomist (2 - FAO), instructor in hydrology, programmer (2)

Experts (TF): 11/98 Administrative officer, instructor in instruments (3), director of operational activities, chief of data analysis division, agroclimatologist (2), documentalist, translator, programmer

Consultants: 5/21 Agrometeorology, hydrological data manage ment, hydrOlogical training (2), climatological data management

Consultants (TF): 7/15.7 Synoptic meteorology, computer program ming, data collection, hydrological training 192 ANNEX IV

Associate experts: 2/20 Instructor in hydrology, hydrologist

Fellowships (TF): 1/12 Documentation

Equipment (TF): Hydrological instruments, laboratory and workshop equipment and materials, office equipment and supplies, data-processing and data-bank equipment and materials, publications

Project progress: Operational activities continued with the regional monitoring of agro-hydrometeorological situations and issue of ten-day telexes and advisory bulletins reflecting weather/crop conditions during the agricultural season, and of monthly hydrological bulletins. Computers installed in Gambia, Senegal, Mali and Niger were upgraded to use more elaborate applications programmes developed or adapted by the Regional Centre, including the NOAA crop-assessment model. Preparatory work was undertaken for installation of computers in Burkina Faso, Cape Verde and Chad, and an inter-island telecommunications system was installed in Cape Verde. Training courses continued in engineering hydrology and instruments; ten technicians graduated in agrometeorology and a course began in agrometeorological engineering. A UNDP AGRHYMET programme evaluation mission was fielded in October-November, following upon a USAID evaluation of implementation of the USA contribution to the programme.

Project: Hydrological Forecasting System for the River Niger Basin (HYDRONIGER) (1978-1986)

US $6 707 066 (US $4 470 000 OPEC) (US $2 267 066 IPF)

Objectives: To assist the riparian countries of the Niger River Basin in improving the protection of life and property; in i-m~reasing safety and regularity of river navigation; and in improving the planning and execution of agricultural programmes and the output of hydro-electric power facilities

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 3/26 Data processing, telecommunications, oper ational hydrology

Subcontract: Construction of buildings for the International Forecasting Centre in Niamey and national forecast centres in Benin, Burkina Paso and Mali

Fellowships: 16/104 Hydrology, data forecasting, equipment maintenance

Equipment: A data-acquisition system composed of 65 data collection platforms, eight secondary receiving ANNEX IV 193

stations and one principal station, hydrological and electronic equipment, spare parts, office fourniture, consumables

Project progress: Most of the activities foreseen for 1985 have been carried out. Forty-six of the 65 data-collection platforms have been installed in the countries. The remaining stations destined for Nigeria will be installed in 1986. Data are being collected through the system in Niamey. The forecasting model is installed on the AGRHYMET Centre computer and is being tested. Nationals have been trained both in the forecasting model and 1n the maintenance of the data-acquisition system. The construction of the Inter-State Forecasting Centre building is finished and the project has moved in. The constructions of NFCs in Benin, Burkina Faso and Mali have also been completed. The NFCs of Cameroon and Nigeria are the only ones remaining to be built. Training of nationals through individual fellowships has been continued and most countries have benefited from the support of the project in the operation of the gauging stations in the Basin area. Proposals have been formulated to pursue the project activities and orient them essentially towards strengthening the data-collection network, ensuring the maintenance of the stations, providing on an operational basis the forecasts required by the riparian countries and making full use of these forecasts at all levels of the Governments.

Project: Institute for Meteorological Training and Research, Nairobi (1980-1986)

US $1 000 143

Objectives: Training of staff of all categories for English speaking countries in Africa

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 2/13 Professor of Meteorology, data processing

Fellowships: 5/36 Telecommunications, computer science, hydrology, oceanography

Equipment: Office equipment, UPS air-conditioning system

Project progress: The Professor of Meteorology finished his assignment in June 1985 and the data-processing expert took up his post in May 1985. The training and research components of the project have made satisfactory progress. The data-processing equipment purchased under the project is now installed. The data-processing expert has been working with the counterpart staff in preparing software and other documents required in preparation for the full use of the computer. It is expected that 194 ANNEX IV

additional funding will be made available to the project in order to meet its objectives and begin activities related to the drought-monitoring aspects foreseen for 1986.

Project: Assistance to Drought-stricken countries in Eastern and Southern Africa in the Fields of Agrometeorology and Hydrology (1984-1985)

US $172 926

Objectives: Preparatory activities to determine the needs of countries concerned and elaborate a regional develop ment programme.

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/6 Regional planning

Project progress: A meeting of Directors of Meteorological and Hydrological Services of the countries concerned was convened by WMO in Nairobi, Kenya, from 25 to 29 March 1985 in order to examine the proposals formulated by the survey mission. The meeting approved a draft project document which also received the support of most of the governments of the participating countries. A donors' conference will be held in February 1986 to examine the national and regional requirements for the implementation of this project.

Project: Integrated Development of Fouta Djallon (1984-1986)

US $266 400

Objectives: This project is implemented by FAO, and WMO has been entrusted with providing consultant services and equipment in hydrology.

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 2/2 Hydrology, geomorphology

Equipment: Hydrological equipment, office equipment, spares, vehicle

Project progress: The two consultant missions were carried out satis factorily and the equipment ordered.

Project: WMO/FINNIDA Survey Mission in the SADCC countries (1985)

US $70 000

Objectives: FINNIDA requested WMO to organize a survey mission in the nine SADCC countries in order to permit assistance in terms of network and telecommunications improvement. ANNEX IV 195

Implementation in 1985:

The mission was carried out from 25 June to 13 September 1985 and was led by Dr. E. Jatila, Permanent Representative of Finland with WMO. It was composed of Mr. Ojala, telecommunications specialist for Finland, accompanied by Messrs Chacowry, RAP, and Simango, Permanent Representative of Zambia with WMO. The mission visited all the countries and submitted a report together with project proposals. The report and the project proposals were discussed during a meeting called by the SATCC in Maputo, Mozambique, from 7 to 8 November 1985. It is expected that FINNIDA and other donors will participate in meeting the funding required for the implementation of the projects.

ASIA AND PACIFIC (Regions II and V)

Project: Programme Support to the Typhoon Committee (1982-1986)

US $1 696 180

Objectives: Mitigation of disastrous effects of typhoons

Implementation in 1985:

Experts: 1/12 Telecommunications and electronics

Consultants: 3/8 Disaster preparedness, typhoon forecasting, radar

Equipment: Telecommunication equipment, radar and satellite ground-equipment spares

Fellowship: 1/4 Meteorological instruments

Group training: Tropical cyclone forecasting, flood-inundation forecasting, radar maintenance

Project progress: The electronics expert continued his work in the project and went on several missions to the participating countries to review equipment problems. A training course in radar operation and maintenance was organized by him in September for technical personnel from the Philippines and other members of the Typhoon Committee; three persons from the Tropical Cyclone Panel area also participated. Additional funds were provided by UNDP to assign a consultant in disaster preparedness and prevention to make a study of training needs in the area. Two experts were made available by China to serve under TCne arrangements in the Philippines. A fellowship was provided to one country to provide for basic electronics training and telecommunications equipment, and radar spares as well as spare parts for satellite ground equipment were provided to other. countries. 196 ANNEX IV

Project: Programme Support to the Panel on Tropical Cyclones for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea (1985-1986)

US $647 267

Objectives: Mitigation of disastrous effects of tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea

Implementation in 1985:

Expert: 1/6 Telecommunications and electronics

Consultants: 1/4 Technical adviser

Fellowships: 2/6 Electronic equipment maintenance (2)

Group training: Tropical cyclone forecasting, cyclone surge, flood-inundation forecasting

Equipment: Telecommunication and test equipment, radar spares, training aids, office equipment, vehicle

Project progress: A new project was approved to succeed the previous one with the same objectives: the mitigation of tropical cyclone damage through better warnings and more adequate community preparedness for such disasters. The electronics expert completed his mission in July 1986 but he will be replaced in 1986. Two fellowships were provided for basic electronics study to continue till 1987. A Workshop on Cyclone Surge Problems was held in December in Chittagong. A considerable amount of radar spare parts, training aids and test equipment were provided.

Project: Regional Co-operation in the Development of Meteorological and Hydrological Services (Umbrella Project) in Asia (1980-1986)

US $917 343

Objectives: To assist Meteorological and Hydrological Services in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific to participate more fully in the regional programmes of WMO, and to encourage the participation of the least-developed countries in these programmes

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 4/3 Telecommunications, numerical weather pre diction, tropical cyclone forecasting, meteoro logical instruments

Fellowships: 5/15 Tropical meteorology, hydrology, climatology (3 ) ANNEX IV 197

Group training: Agrometeorology, cyclone forecasting

Equipment: Spare parts, training aids, agrometeorological equipment

Proj ect progress: As before, small-scale assistance was provided for a number of Asian countries, particularly some Pacific island countries, through consultant services and the provision of spare parts and training aids. Group training in agrometeorology and climatology was supported.

Project: Regional Development and Application of Components of HOMS in Asia (1981-1986)

US $755 220

Obj ecti ves : To support the development and application of HOMS in the participating countries

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 5/6 Computer techniques, hydrological data processing (2) , hydrological forecasting and modelling, telemetry

Group training: Equipment and procedures for measurement and estimation of sediment load )15), microcomputer based flood-forecasting systems (13), seasonal hydrological forecasting including snowmelt fore casting (15), standard procedures in operational hydrology (18), flood routeing and river fore casting (12)

Subcontract: Applications of HOMS components

Project progress: Good progress has been made in implementing the project. A number of consultancy missions were carried out for the transfer of HOMS technology and preparing software for certain components. Five workshops and a seminar were held during 1985, namely: HOMS Workshop on Equipment and Procedures for Measurement and Estimation of Sediment Loads, with 15 participants from eight countries; HOMS Workshop on Microcomputer-based Flood-forecasting Systems, with 13 participants from five countries; Technical Seminar on Seasonal Hydrological Forecasting Including Snowmelt Fore casting, with 15 participants from five countries; HOMS Workshop on Standard Procedures in Operational Hydrology, with 18 participants from 12 countries; and HOMS Workshop on Flood Routeing and River Forecasting, with 12 participants from four countries. 198 ANNEX IV

ARAB STATES (Regions I and II)

Project: Regional Development and Application of Components of the Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS) of WMO (1985-1987)

US US $400 000

Objectives: To support the development and application of HOMS in the participating countries

Implementation in 1985:

Consultant: 2/2 Hydrological data processing

Group training: Surface water

Equipment: Computer system, office equipment

Project progress: A Workshop on Groundwater was organized in Tunis in December.

THE AMERICAS (Regions III and IV)

Project: Hydrological Forecasting and HOMS (in the Central American Isthmus and Andean Countries) (1983-1987)

US $197 912

Objectives: Application of HOMS, in particular to hydrological forecasting

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 2/1 Data processing

Fellowships: 6/7 Hydrology, Data Banks, Water Resources

Group training: HOMS applications

Equipment: Office equipment, spare parts, books

Subcontract: Data-bank documentation

Proj ect progress: A workshop was held in San Jose, Costa Rica, to share experience on data-bank installation and operation. The proj ect also provided institutional support to the Central American Committee for Water Resources. ANNEX IV 199

EUROPE (WMO Region VI)

Project: Regional Development and Applications of HOMS Components in the Field of Applications of Hydrology to Energy Production (1985-1987)

US $111 800

Obj ecti ves : To support the development and application of HOMS components applicable to energy production

Implementation in 1985: Activities started with a planning meeting in November in Budapest

Project progress: The project was approved only late in the year.

GLOBAL (Regions I, II, III, IV and V)

Project: IRRI-WMO Rice Weather Studies (1982-1985)

WMO component US $75 000

Objectives: To determine the relation between selected meteorological elements and the yield of wetland rice in irrigated nurseries of the International Rice Testing Programme (IRTP) of the IRRI

Implementation in 1985:

Consultants: 111 Agrometeorology (advisory working group)

Equipment: Spare parts

Project progress: The senior scientist (from IRRI) prepared a report on the results of the experiments and the project was terminated in mid-1985. ANNEX V

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WMO VOLUNTARY CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME

I. MEMBERS' CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WMO VOLUNTARY CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME IN 1985

I VCP FUND(F) CONTRIBUTIONS VCP EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES VCP(ES) FELLOWSHIPS CONTRIBUTED IN 1985 IN US $ MEMBER

FUNDS FELLOWSHIPS ESTIMATED RECEIVED EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES (NUMBER FELLOWS/ VALUE OF VCP(ES) IN 1985 MONTHS TRAINING) CONTRIBUTIONS

(1) (2) (3 ) (4) (5)

AUSTRIA Tunisia OB/2/3/1 - One automatic weather station

BELGIUM Rwanda OB/2/3/1 - Meteorological instruments 5/45 83 400 for a climatological station

BURMA 500

BYELORUSSIAN Equipment and fellowships (Implementation SOVIET SOCIALIST arrangements are made by the USSR State REPUBLIC Committee for Hydrometeorology and Control af the Natural Environment)

'----- (1) (2) (3 ) (4) (5) f..-

CANADA Barbados TE/2/1/1 - One SSB transceiver 1 kW 50 000 Burma OB/1/2/2 - Spare parts for electrolytic hydrogen generator Equipment and expert services provided to Madagascar using funds through UNDRO

CHINA Ecuador TE/4/3 - Facsimile recorder 5 000 Ethiopia TE/4/1/1 - Facsimile receiver Gabon OB/2/3/1 - Surface observing equipment for synoptic and climatological stations Zambia OB/2/2/1 - Surface observing equipment I Study tour in China for experts from seven <: African countries

EGYPT 11160 103 800

FINLAND Ethiopia OB/1/l/2-0B/1/2/2 - Upper-air 104 000 equipment for eleven stations Mozambigue OB/1/2/3-0B/1/2/4 - Radiosonde equipment for two stations Zambia OB/1/2/5 - Wind-finding radar

N o I-' N o N

(1) (2) (3 ) (4) (5) ! I I I FRANCE 24 016* Cape Verde TE/6/1 - One data-collection 225 000 13 929** platform Burkina Faso TE/4/1/1 - Facsimile recorders Central African Republic - OB/2/2/2 - Surface wind measuring equipment Djibouti OB/2/3/1 - Data-entry system Gabon OB/2/3/1 - Surface observing equipment I, for synoptic and climatological stations I I Gabon OB/2/2/1 - Surface observing equipment I ! for two stations Kenya OB/2/2/2 - Seven theodolites Malawli OB/3/1/3 - Remote display terminal for the APT/WEFAX station I Mauritania TE/4/1/l - Facsimile recorders i Senegal DP/2/1 - Teleprinter and facsimile <: recorder I Congo TE/l/1/3- Four SSB transceivers

GERMANY, FEDERAL Argentina TE/5/1 - Computer message- 100 000 REPUBLIC OF switching system Brazil TE/5/1 - Computer message-switching system China TE/5/1 - Computer message-switching system

-_... _---

* as 1984 contribution ** as 1985 contribution (1) (2) (3 ) (4) (5)

GERMANY, FEDERAL Turkey TE/5/1 - Computer message-switching REPUBLIC OF system (cont. ) Element of software, participation in system I I design and training of operators for three projects for a computer message-switching

system I I Expert services in telecommunications ! i

! HUNGARY 33 600 I ! I ! INDIA 21 308 Sri Lanka OB/l/2/1 - Additional expendables 2/24 4 800 I ! c:::: i for rawinsonde station I I ! l JAMAICA 1 000

JAPAN 45 000

MAURITIUS 250 250*

* as 1986 contribution

N o w N a ""

, (1) (2) (3) (4) (5 )

MEXICO Equipment for the CEMET regional 20 000 circuit

NETHERLANDS 27 640

NORWAY 7 003 2118 55 200 I

. PAKISTAN 474

i !

I ~ PANAMA Equipment for the CEMET regional <: circuit 40 000 i

PHILIPPINES 9/56 61 800 I I

PORTUGAL 1/3 6 000

SAUDI ARABIA 1/12 16 800

SPAIN 1/1 3 200

------I (1) (2) (3) (4) (5 )

SWEDEN 1 STF for 3 months 9 600 ! I

UNION OF SOVIET Angola OB/2/1/1 - Instruments for surface 78/720 1 311 100 SOCIALIST stations REPUBLICS Angola TE/2-TE/4 - RTT equipment

Democratic Peo21e's Re2ub1ic of Korea I i OB/7/1 - Actinometric recorders ! : Ethiopia TE/1/2/2 - SSB transceivers 1 I Maldives OB/2/1/1 - Surface observing 1 equipment ~ 1 ~ Uganda TE/4/1/1 - Facsimile recorders <: Afghanistan OB/1/2/2-0B/1/2/3 - I Expendables for rawinsonde stations I Nicaragua OB/2/2/1 - Equipment for I surface observing stations and hydro- ! m~teoro1ogical stations I

UNITED KINGDOM OF 28 129 Mauritius TE/2/1/1-TE/2/2/2 - 3 HF 28/165 520 520 GREAT BRITAIN transmitters 10 kW; spare parts for AND NORTHERN three years IRELAND Turkey TE/5/1 - Computer message- switching system

N o Ion N a 0'\ (1) (2) (3 ) (4) (5)

UNITED STATES OF (expected British Caribbean Territories DP/l/l - 46/310 I 1 850 000 AMERICA 113 000) One minicomputer with printer, software and supplies ! I Nepal OB/l/2/l - One electrolytic I hydrogen generator I I Paraguay OB/l/2/2 - Hydrogen generator ! I r I Peru OB/IO/I/I - One automated Dobson ozone I spectrophotometer I I I I ! ! PhiU:e:eines OB/I/2/6-0B/I/217 - One wind- i i finding radar and electrolytic hydrogen ! i i I gene~ator for Puerto Princesa ! I 1 Senegal TE/l/l/2 - Two SSB transceivers , I , Barbados OB/3/1/3 - APT/WEFAX equipment , I i i Boli~ia OB/l/2/4 - Hydrogen generator I Botswana OB/l/2/1 - Hydrogen generators Ethio:eia TE/l/2/1-TE/l/2/2 - HF and SSB i I I transceivers c::: ! Costa Rica OB/2/2/1 - Wind direction and I speed recording indicators ! I Gabon OB/2/3/1 - Surface observing equipment Ghana OB/l/2/2 - Hydrogen generator I Honduras OB/2/3/1 - AWS I Kenya DP/2/1/2 - Supplies for computer Mexico OB/l/2/8 - Hydrogen gas detection Mexico OB/2/3/1 - Automatic raingauges and DCPs Turkey TE/S/I - Computer message-switching system Uganda OB/I/I/I - Hydrogen generator Zambia OB/l/2/S - Wind-finding radar (1) (2) (3 ) (4) (5) I,

UNITED STATES Togo OB/2/3/3 - Surface observing equipment OF AMERICA and SSB transceivers (cont. ) Uruguay TE/1/2/2 - Nine SSB transceivers Uruguay TE/2/2/1 - Three teleprinters Argentina TE/5/1, Brazil TE/5/1, China TE/5/1 Computer message-switching system Expert services in several countries in Africa, Central America and South America TOTAL 169 499 4 643 820 I c::: Total fund received 1968-1985 6 552 485

Total estimated value of VCP(ES) contributions 1968-1985 71 659 620

.. ..

N a "-J 208 ANNEX V

II. MEMBERS' CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE VCP ON A BILATERAL BASIS IN 1985

MEMBER CONTRIBUTIONS IN 1985

GERMANY, Additional support to APT stations in Africa by FEDERAL providing maintenance visits and installing display REPUBLIC OF units. Complete APT/WEFAX station for Madagascar

Seminar on the use of satellite pictures for weather analysis and meteorological research in Africa held in Cairo

Study on the operation of the GTS in Africa

INDIA Provision to Uganda of:

(a) One set of surface meteorological instruments consisting of barograph, thermograph, hygrograph, a set of dry, wet maximum and minimum thermometers; anemometer (counter type), wind vane, ordinary raingauge; thermometer screen - one big and one small, one year's supply of blank charts for relevant operation;

(b) Two sets of radiation instruments consisting of two bi-metallic pyranographs; 2 pyrheliometers with accessories.

Provision to the United Republic of Tanzania of:

(a) 5 Kew pattern barometers;

(b) 10 thermographs;

SWEDEN Groundwater-table development programme in India, including survey of the water table in selected areas of Kerala, development of the use of water in the agricultural sector and fellowships allocation of US $3 375 000 over the period 1982/1986

Support for the Mekong River Committee (Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam) for water-quality studies in the Mekong River Basin estimated cost US $2 687 500 over the period 1983/1986

Support for the collection of hydrological data and activities dealing with irrigation and water resources in Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania ANNEX V 209

MEMBER CONTRIBUTIONS IN 1985

UNITED KINGDOM Botswana - Refurbished wind-finding radar (OB/l/l/l) OF GREAT Kenya - Radar spares, Morse converter BRITAIN AND Mauritius - Refurbished wind-finding radar NORTHERN Niger - Wind-finding radar spares IRELAND Senegal - Radar spares, expert services for radar recommissioning I Seychelles - Two sets SSB transceivers, equipment . Uganda - Teleprinters, surface observing equipment, I mechanical workshop tools, photo-litho plates I Uni ted Republic of Tanzania - Refurbished wind-finding radar, pressure calibration equipment, document duplicator, electronic spares, workshop tools Zambia - Telecommunications and radar spares Estimated cost US $210 000

UNION OF SOVIET Various hydrometeorological instruments, equipment and SOCIALIST consumables for upper-air observations for Afghanistan, REPUBLICS Democratic Kampuchea, Lao People's Democratic Republic and Mongolia

Computer and other related equipment for Viet Nam

Services by 40 experts provided to 9 countries

•

• '* 210 ANNEX V

III. UNEP CONTRIBUTIONS IN SUPPORT OF VCP PROJECTS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BAPMoN STATIONS IN 1985

MEMBER STATIONS EQUIPMENT PROVIDED IN 1985 WITH UNEP FUNDS

CAMEROON Ekma 1 sunphotometer 1 rain collector

IVORY COAST Lamto 1 rain-collector precipitation sensor

MALAWI Lilongwe 1 sunphotometer 1 rain collector

PERU Cosmos 1 rain-collector precipitation sensor 1 raingauge

ZAMBIA Mfuwe 1 sunphotometer 1 power transformer and relay 1 hivol sampler motor

(During 1985 emphasis was on repair or upgrading of equipment.) ANN E X VI

COMMITTEES, PANELS OF EXPERTS, WORKING GROUPS AND RAPPORTEURS OF WMO CONSTITUENT BODIES

(on 31 December 1985)

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

Panel of Experts on Education and Training Panel of Experts on the WMO Voluntary Co-operation Programme (VCP) Panel of Experts on Environmental Pollution Panel of Experts on Satellites Panel of Experts on Weather Modification (also acts as CAS Working Group on Cloud Physics and Weather Modification) Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology Working Group on Long-term Planning Advisory Committee for the World Climate Applications and Data Programmes

In addition to the above, the following bodies also report to the Executive Council:

Regular meetings of the presidents of WMO technical commissions Joint WMO/ICSU Scientific Committee on the World Climate Research Programme Joint IOC/WMO Working Committee for the Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IOOSS) Selection Committee for the IMO Prize Selection Committee for the WMO Research Award for Young Scientists Staff Pension Committee of WMO

REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

REGIONAL ASSOCIATION I (AFRICA)

Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean Working Group on Climate Data Working Group on Radiation Working Group on Research in Tropical Meteorology Working Group on Agrometeorology and Desertification Working Group on Meteorological Aspects of Energy Problems Working Group on Hydrology Rapporteur on Codes Rapporteur on Regional Marine Meteorological Services 212 ANNEX VI

REGIONAL ASSOCIATION II (ASIA)

Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications Working Group on Agricultural Meteorology Working Group on Hydrology Rapporteur on the Use of Satellite Data Rapporteur on Radiation Rapporteur on Regional Storage and Retrieval Services Rapporteur on Codes Rapporteurs on Regional Aspects of the World Climate Programme Rapporteur on Atmospheric Ozone Rapporteur on Regional Marine Meteorological Services

REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)

Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications Working Group on Solar Radiation Working Group on Agrometeorology Working Group on Hydrology Rapporteur on Meteorological Satellites Rapporteur on Codes Rapporteur on the Regional Aspects of the GDPS Rapporteur on Marine Meteorology in Region III Rapporteur for GARP-related Research in Region III Rapporteur on the Climatic Atlas of Region III

REGIONAL ASSOCIATION IV (NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA)

Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications RA IV Hurricane Committee Working Group on Solar Radiation Working Group on Agricultural Meteorology Working Group on Hydrology Rapporteur on Codes Rapporteur on Marine Meteorological Services Rapporteur on the Climatic Atlas for Region :tv Rapporteur on Climatic Applications Rapporteur on Climatological Time Series Rapporteur on Urban and Building Climatology Rapporteur on Marine Meteorological Services

REGIONAL ASSOCIATION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC)

Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications Working Group on Hydrology Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific Rapporteur on Data Processing Rapporteur on Codes Rapporteur on Marine Meteorology Rapporteur on Atmospheric Ozone Rapporteur on Agrometeorology of the Coconut Crop Rapporteur on Applications of Meteorology to Energy Matters Rapporteur on World Climate Applications and Data Programmes ANNEX VI 213

REGIONAL ASSOCIATION VI (EUROPE)

Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications Working Group on the Co-ordination of the Implementation and Operation of the WWW in Region VI Working Group on Agricultural Meteorology Working Group on Hydrology Working Group on Regional Procedures for the Transmission of Digitized Meteorological Radar Data over the GTS Working Group on Co-ordination of Requirements for Data in GRID Code Form Working Group on the Exchange of Warnings of Hazardous Weather Phenomena Working Group on Regional Aspects of the World Climate Data Programme (WCDP) Rapporteur on the Regional Aspects of Collection, Processing and Archiving of Meteorological Radar Information in Digital Form Rapporteur on the Use of Satellite Data Rapporteur on Codes Rapporteur on Numerical Weather Prediction in Europe Rapporteur on Radiation Rapporteur on Atmospheric Ozone Rapporteur on Climatic Atlases Rapporteur on the Climate of the Baltic Sea Basin Rapporteur on Applications of Meteorology to Energy Problems

TECHNICAL COMMISSIONS

Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology

Advisory Working Group of CAeM Working Group on Meteorological Observations and Information Distribution Arrangements for Local Aeronautical Users Working Group on the Provision of Meteorological Information Required Before and During Flight

Commission for Agricultural Meteorology

Advisory Working Group of CAgM Working Group on the Agrometeorological Aspects of Operational Crop Protection Working Group on the Influence of Weather on Agricultural Production in Equatorial, Tropical and Sub-tropical Regions Working Group on Microclimate Management and Manipulation in Traditional Farming Working Group on the Transfer of Knowledge and Techniques 1n Operational Agrometeorology (Plants and Animals) Working Group on Meteorological Aspects of Agriculture in Desert-prone and Semi-arid Areas Working Group on the Application of Knowledge of the Effect of Climatic Variability on Agriculture and of Agricultural Activities on Climate Rapporteur on Agrometeorology of the Potato Crop Rapporteur on Agrometeorology of the Sugarcane Crop 214 ANNEX VI

Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (cont.)

Rapporteur on the Economic Benefits of Agrometeorological Services Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of the Grape Crop in the Mediterranean Regions Rapporteur on Agrometeorological Measurements Rapporteur on Meteorology and Storage and Transport of Agricultural Produce Rapporteur on Air Pollution and Plant Injury Rapporteur on the Meteorological Aspects of Forage Provision and Animal Pro- duction Rapporteur on Weather and Climate and Animal Performance Rapporteur on Weather and Animal Diseases Rapporteur on Soil-water Relationships Rapporteur on Forests and Carbon Dioxide Exchanges Rapporteur on Hydrometeorological Studies of Tropical Forests and Forest Trans- formations Rapporteur on the Impact of Acid Rain on Forests Rapporteur on Drought Probability Maps Rapporteur on Meteorological Aspects of the Effects of Agricultural Activities on Pollution Rapporteur on Satellite Applications to Agrometeorology Rapporteur on Education and Training in Agricultural Meteorology

Commission for Atmospheric Sciences

Advisory Working Group of CAS Working Group on Short- and Medium-range Weather Prediction Research Working Group on Long-range Weather Forecasting Research Working Group on Tropical Meteorology Working Group on Cloud Physics and Weather Modification Working Group on Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Working Group on Bibliographic Problems* Group of Rapporteurs on Atmospheric Boundary-layer Problems Group of Rapporteurs on Atmospheric Ozone Group of Rapporteurs on the Middle Atmosphere Programme Group of Rapporteurs on Climate Group of Rapporteurs on Carbon Dioxide and the Carbon Cycle Group of Rapporteurs on Atmospheric Radiation Group of Rapporteurs on the Use of Satellite Data for Research Rapporteur on Hail Suppression Rapporteur on Warm Cloud Modification Rapporteur on Solar-terrestrial Relationships Rapporteur on the Role of Sea Ice in the Climate System Rapporteur on Bibliographic Problems** CAS/JSC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation***

* This working group will be dissolved after completion of its work and replaced by a rapporteur. ** This rapporteur will replace the Working Group on Bibliographic Problems after completion of its work. *** Established at the request of EC-XXXVII. ANNEX VI 215

Commission for Basic Systems

Advisory Working Group of CBS Working Group on Codes Working Group on the Global Data-processing System Working Group on the Global Observing System Working Group on the Global Telecommunication System Rapporteur on Exchange Formats Rapporteur on the Application of Improved Forecasting Methods and Required Technology for Operational Use

Commission for Climatology

Advisory Working Group of CCI

Working Group on Climate Data Management, including:

Rapporteur on Network of Reference Climatological Stations Rapporteur on Climatological Data Formats and Archive Strategies Rapporteur on Climate System Monitoring Rapporteur on Remote Sensing Data Management Rapporteur on INFOCLIMA Rapporteur on Data Management in Developing Countries and Data Rescue Rapporteur on the Processing of Data from Automatic Stations Rapporteur on the CLICOM Project

Working Group on Energy, including:

Rapporteur on Education and Training in Energy Applications Rapporteur on Data Needs and Data Presentation for Energy Applications Rapporteur on Guidance Material for Energy Applications Rapporteur on CARS/Energy Rapporteur on Solar and Wind Energy Rapporteur on Climatological Studies of Extreme Events as Applicable to Energy Generation and Consumption

Working Group on Climate and Urban Areas including Building and Other Aspects, including:

Rapporteur on Urban Station Networks Rapporteur on Data Aspects in Building Climatology Rapporteur on Tropical Cities Rapporteur on Papers on Urban and Building Climatology Rapporteur on Plans for New Urban and Building Climatology Papers and on a Bibliography on Urban Climate Rapporteur on Education and Training in Urban and Building Climatology

Rapporteur on Statistical Methods Rapporteur on the Climate Applications Referral System (CARS) Rapporteur on Climate and Human Health Rapporteur on Applications to Transport Rapporteur on Tourism and Recreation 216 ANNEX VI

Commission for Climatology (cont.)

Rapporteur on Atmospheric Pollution Rapporteur on Users' Requirements and Publicity in the Areas of Applications Rapporteur on New Approaches for Operational and Planning Purposes in the Areas of Applications Rapporteur on Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits from Applications Rapporteur on Climatic Maps and Atlases Rapporteurs on Drought and Desertification Rapporteur on Technical Regulations Rapporteur on the Guide to Climatological Practices Rapporteurs on Education, Training and Transfer of Knowledge and Methodology Rapporteur on National Climate Programmes

Commission for Hydrology

Advisory Working Group of CHy, acting also as the Steering Committee for HOMS Working Group on Hydrological Instruments and Methods of Observation, including:

Rapporteur on Guidance on Hydrological Instruments and Methods of Observation Rapporteur on Surface-water and Sediment-transport Measurements Rapporteur on Groundwater Observations Rapporteur on Water Quality Observations Rapporteur on Intercomparison of Hydrological Instruments Rapporteur on Application of Micro-electronics to Hydrological Instruments

Working Group on Hydrological Data-collection, -processing and -transmission Systems, including:

Rapporteur on Secondary Data Processing Rapporteur on Guidance on Hydrological Data-collection, -processing and -transmission Systems Rapporteur on Data-transmission and Telemetry Systems Rapporteur on Primary Data Processing Rapporteur on Data Storage and Dissemination Rapporteur on Hydrological Networks

Working Group on Hydrological Models and Forecasting, including:

Rapporteur on Guidance on Hydrological Models and Forecasting Rapporteur on Inputs to Hydrological Models Rapporteur on Hydrological Models Rapporteur on Hydrological Forecasting Methods Rapporteur on Hydrological Forecasting Systems

Rapporteur on Areal Assessment of Hydrological Elements Rapporteur on Remote-sensing Applications Rapporteur on WCP-Water Rapporteur on Meteorological Systems for Hydrological Purposes Rapporteur on Hydrological Information for Water-resources Development Rapporteur on Standardization Rapporteur on Droughts and Desertification Rapporteur on Training in Hydrology ANNEX VI 217

Commission for Hydrology (cont.)

Rapporteur on Operational Hydrology in Arid and Semi-arid Regions Rapporteur on Hydrological Forecasting in Tropical Cyclone Regions

Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation

Advisory Working Group of CIMO Working Group on Surface Measurements Working Group on Upper-air Measurements Working Group on Radiation and Atmospheric Turbidity Measurement Working Group on Weather Radars Working Group on the Education and Training of Instrument Specialists Working Group on Instruments and Methods for Environmental Pollution Measurement Rapporteur on Surface-based Indirect Sensing of the Atmosphere Rapporteur on Aerodrome Meteorological Measurements Rapporteur on Hygrometry Rapporteur on Point Precipitation Measurement Rapporteur on Atmospheric Ozone Measurement Rapporteur on Radiosonde Data Compatibility Rapporteur on Gustiness Specification Rapporteur on the Detection and Location of Radio Atmospherics from Lightning Flashes

Commission for Marine Meteorology

Advisory Working Group of CMM Working Group on Marine Climatology Working Group on Marine Meteorological Services Working Group on Sea Ice Working Group on Technical Problems Rapporteur on Marine Telecommunications Rapporteur on Education and Training ANNEX VII

WMO PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN 1985

A. MANDATORY PUBLICATIONS

WMO No~

1. Basic documents

15 Basic documents, 1983 edition. Russian - Spanish.

49 Technical Regulations Volume I - General, 1984 edition. Russian. Volume II - Meteorological service for international air navigation Supplement No.7. Russian. Volume III - Hydrology. Supplements Nos. 2 and 3 combined. Spanish.

60 Agreements and working arrangements with other international organizations Supplement No. l. English. Supplement No. 2. English. Supplement No. 4. French - Russian. Supplement No. 5. French - Russian - Spanish.

306 Manual on Codes Volume II, Supplement No.5. English - French. Volume II, Supplement No.6. English - French. Volume II, Supplement No.7. English - French.

386 Manual on the Global Telecommunication System Amendment No. 31. Russian: Amendment No. 33. English - French - Russian - Spanish. Amendment No. 34. Multilingual.

485 Manual on the Global Data-processing System Volume II, Supplement No.4. English - French - Russian - Spanish.

544 Manual on the Global Observing System Volume I, Supplements Nos. 2, 3 and 4. Russian. Volume II, Supplements Nos. 4 and 5. Russian. Volume II, Supplement No.6. English - French - Russian - Spanish.

558 Manual on marine meteorological services, Volume I. Supplement No.1. Russian. Supplement No.2. Russian - Spanish. Supplement Nos. 3 and 4. English - French - Russian - Spanish. ANNEX VII 219

WMO No.

2. Operational publications

2 Meteorological Services of the World, 1985 edition. Bilingual (English/French).

5 Composition of the WMO. 1985 editions in January, Apr'il, July and October. Bilingual (English/French).

9 Weather reporting. Bilingual (English/French).

Volume A Observing stations. November 1984 and May 1985 supplements.

Volume B - Data processing. November 1984 and May 1985 editions.

Volume C - Transmissions. November 1984, January, March, May, June and September 1985 supplements.

Volume D Information for shipping. December 1984, February, April, June, August and October 1985 supplements.

47 International list of selected, supplementary and auxiliary ships. 1985 edition. Bilingual (English/French).

3. Official records

508 Resolutions of Congress and the Executive Committee, 1985 edition. English.

631 Thirty-sixth session of the Executive Council: Abridged report with resolutions. Russian.

638 Commission for Hydrology: Abridged final report of the seventh session. English - French Russian - Spanish. Supplement. English - French - Russian - Spanish.

640 Commission for Marine Meteorology: Abridged final report of the ninth session. English - French - Russian - Spanish.

642 Regional Association II (Asia): Abridged final report of the eighth session. English - French - Russian. Supplement. English - French - Russian.

645 Ninth World Meteorological Congress: Proceedings. English - French.

648 Thirty-seventh session of the Executive Council: Abridged report with resolutions. English - French - Russian - Spanish. 220 ANNEX VII

WMO No.

4. WMO Guides

100 Guide to climatological practices Supplement No.1. English.

168 Guide to hydrological practices Volume I. French - Spanish.

305 Guide on the Global Data-processing System Chapter 4, section 3, and Chapter 6. English.

636 Guide on the automation of data-processing centres English.

5. Annual reports of the WMO

628 Annual report of the World Meteorological Organization - 1983 Russian.

644 Annual report of the World Meteorological Organization - 1984 English - French - Russian - Spanish.

6. WMO Bulletin

Volume 34, Nos. 1-4. English - French - Russian - Spanish.

B. PROGRAMME-SUPPORTING PUBLICATIONS

WMO No.

1. WWW reports

411 Information on meteorological satellite programmes operated by Members and organizations Supplement No. 12. English.

414 NAOS Vessel Manual Supplement No.7. Russian.

524 World Weather Watch - RA IV (North and Central America) hurricane operational plan Supplements Nos. 7 and 8. English - Spanish.

639 Twelfth Status Report on WWW Implementation English - French - Russian - Spanish. ANNEX VII 221

WMO No.

2. Technical Notes

550 Technical Note No. 170 - Meteorological and hydrological aspects of siting and operation of nuclear power plants Volume I. English.

625 Technical Note No. 181 - Use of radar in meteorology. English.

641 Technical Note No. 185 - Meteorological observations using Navaid methods. English.

3. Operational Hydrology Reports

635 Operational Hydrology Report No. 22 Casebook on operational assessment of areal evaporation. English.

4. WMO Training publications

258 Guidelines for the education and training of personnel in meteorology and operational hydrology. Third edition. English.

364 Compendium of meteorology for use by Class I and II meteorological personnel Volume II, Part 2. French. Volume II, Part 3. Spanish. Volume II, Part 6. English.

593 Lecture notes for training Class IV agricultural meteorological personnel. Spanish.

Lectures delivered at the Training Seminar on the Use of Meteorological Data with Implications for Forecasting and Research in Tropical Countries, Reading, 7-11 September 1981. English.

5. International Meteorological Vocabulary

259 WMO Sea-ice Nomenclature Supplement No.4. English - French - Russian - Spanish. 222 ANNEx VII

WMO No.

6. Proceedings of scientific conferences and symposia

647 Papers presented at the WMO Technical Conference on Observation and Measurement of Atmospheric Contaminants (TECOMAC), Vienna, 17-21 October 1983. English.

Proceedings of the Sacramento Conference on Mitigation of Natural Hazards through Real-time Data Collection and Hydrological Forecasting. English.

7. IMO Lectures, lectures presented at Congress and at sessions of

the Executive Council

614 Scientific lectures presented at the Ninth World Meteorological Congress. English.

Meteorology and society. English.

8. Booklets

653 World Meteorological Day brochure 1986 - Drought, climatic variation and desertification. English - French - Spanish.

9. Joint inter-agency publications

634 Guidelines for computerized data processing in operational hydrological and land and water management. English. ANNEX VIII

DISTRIBUTION OF STAFF BY NATIONALITY

(on 31 December 1985)

U P G S Total

RA I - AFRICA Algeria 1 2 3 Burundi 1 1 Cameroon 1 1 2 Egypt 2 2 Ghana 1 1 Guinea 1 1 Kenya 2 2 Mali 1 1 Mauritius 2 2 Morocco 2 2 Niger 1 1 Nigeria 1 1 Sudan 2 2 Tanzania, United Republic of 2 2 Tunisia 1 1 2 1 15 9 25

RA II - ASIA China 2 2 Democratic Kampuchea 1 1 India 2 2 4 Iran 1 1 Japan 3 1 4 Pakistan 1 1 Sri Lanka 1 1 8 5 1 14

RA III - SOUTH AMERICA Argentina 1 1 Brazil 1 1 Chile 3 1 4 Guyana 1 1 Paraguay 1 1 Peru 1 1 7 2 9

RA IV - NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Barbados 1 1 Canada 1 2 3 Haiti 1 1 Honduras 1 1 Jamaica 1 1 Mexico 1 1 United States of America 7 3 2 12 1 13 4 2 20 224 ANNEX VIII

U P G S ---Total RA V - SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC Australia 3 1 4 Indonesia 3 3 New Zealand 2 2 Philippines 1 5 6 Singapore 1 1 7 9 16

RA VI - EUROPE Austria 1 1 2 Belgium 4 4 Denmark 1 1 2 Finland 1 1 France 15 40 1 56 German Democratic Republic 1 '1 Germany, Federal Republic of 3 1 4 Greece 1 1 2 Hungary 1 1 2: Ireland 4 4 Italy 1 5 6 Netherlands 2 1 3 Norway 1 1 2 Spain 4 12 16 Sweden 2 2 Switzerland 12 32 2 46 Syria 1 1 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 13 22 2 37 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 13 5 1 19 Yugoslavia 1 1 1 77 125 8 211

------

General Fund 3 108 128 239 UNDP Pund (administration and execution) 19 26 45 Supernumerary staff 11 11 '

GRAND TOTAL 3 127 154 11 295,

U: Unclassified members of the Secretariat (Secretary-General, Deputy Secretary-General and Assistant Secretary-General) P: Professional category staff and above (established posts) G: General Service category staff (established posts) S: Supernumerary staff (P and G categories)