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EUNJA KIM Leisure Activity of Older Korean Americans in the U.S. and Its Relationship to Cultural Integration and Ethnic Preservation (Under the Direction of DR

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EUNJA KIM Leisure Activity of Older Korean Americans in the U.S. and Its Relationship to Cultural Integration and Ethnic Preservation (Under the Direction of DR EUNJA KIM Leisure Activity of Older Korean Americans in the U.S. and Its Relationship to Cultural Integration and Ethnic Preservation (Under the Direction of DR. DOUGLAS A. KLEIBER) The purpose of the investigation was to explore daily activities and interactions of older Korean Americans and the relationship of these activities and interactions to ethnic identity preservation and cultural integration. First generation older Korean immigrants were of particular interest in the study because they have lived in both Korea and the United States long enough to know both cultures. An interpretive qualitative approach was used to address the research questions. Participants were six Korean Americans (three females, three males) over the age of 65 who have lived in the US for at least 15 years. In-depth, semistructured, open-ended conversational interviews, a time diary, and field notes were the primary sources for data collection. The constant comparative method was applied for data analysis, first within cases and then across cases. The findings from the data analysis revealed both personal and cultural leisure meanings. From a personal perspective, leisure (Yeo-Ga) was used to create two effects: Ki-Bun-Chun-Whan and self-development. Ki-Bun-Chun-Whan is a feeling of refreshment and transcendence found in a wide variety of activities. But some of the same activities, as well as others, were also used for intellectual, physical, psychological, or spiritual growth. Cultural meanings were reflected in two categories: re-creating Korean-ness and accommodation to the host culture. Three subcategories within the category of re-creating Korean-ness suggested by the data were re-building Jeong (attachment/care), re-enforcing collective identity, and seeking familiarity. From a cultural perspective, while some leisure activities (e.g. shopping) served to expose participants to American culture, the manner in which they were done (usually only with other Koreans) served the effects of continuity and ethnic preservation at least as much as cultural integration. Although physical and cultural differences perpetuated a feeling of strangeness, participants used a wide variety of activities to reinforce their Korean-ness and restore their sense of ethnic identity. In conclusion, while leisure experience of older Korean Americans helped them accommodate to the host culture through everyday life, this study provided more evidence that such activities contributed to maintaining Korean cultural bonds and traditions in a still-strange land. INDEX WORDS: Older Korean immigrants, Leisure (Yeo-Ga) experience, Daily activity, Interpretive qualitative study, Ethnic preservation, Cultural integration LEISURE ACTIVITY OF OLDER KOREAN AMERICANS IN THE U.S. AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CULTURAL INTEGRATION AND ETHNIC PRESERVATION by EUNJA KIM B.PE. Kyung-Pook National University, Korea, 1983 B.A. Kyung-Pook National University, Korea, 1988 M.PE. Kyung-Pook National University, Korea, 1990 M.A. The University of Georgia, 1994 A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2001 © 2001 Eunja Kim All Rights Reserved LEISURE ACTIVITY OF OLDER KOREAN AMERICANS IN THE U.S. AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CULTURAL INTEGRATION AND ETHNIC PRESERVATION by EUNJA KIM Approved: Major Professor: Douglas Kleiber Committee: Diane Samdahl Nancy Kropf Ronald VanSickle Sharan Merriam Electronic Version Approved: Gordhan L. Patel Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia December 2001 DEDICATION To the One who has manifested love and compassion through all those who shared In-Yeon (relations) during the journey of my life both in Korea and in the United States. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have come this far at last! I am truly pleased to see faces filled with happiness and excitement for my completion of the academic pursuit. Never did I expect to be so blessed in sharing Jeong with those to whom I was related either by coincidence, intention, circumstances, or preferences for the past years in the United States. Though limited in words to express the abundant love and joy in my heart toward each of them, it is still comforting to me to express my appreciation and respect: To all older Korean Americans with whom I have been acquainted, particularly my research participants who made this project possible and successful by offering personal stories openly with courage, generosity, and commitment. To Dr, Douglas Kleiber, the chair of my dissertation, for his encouragement, support, patience, gentleness, and immeasurable time throughout my dissertation process. To my dissertation committee, Dr. Diane Samdahl, Dr. Nancy Kropf, Dr. Ronald VanSickle, and Dr. Sharan Merriam, for their genuine interest, assistance, and cooperation. To the UGA Gerontology Center for their partial funding of this research through the University of Georgia Gerontology Seed Grant Program (1999-2000). My heartfelt thanks are extended to those who provided me with sincere hearts, open ears, loving eyes, intellectual capacity, editorial skills, quiet prayers, lively spirits, and also with nutritious food and silly jokes and teasing. Those names I am honored to list with no significant order are: Deacon Dr. Jim Gaudin, Dr. Jean Friedman, Dr. John v vi Dattilo, Dr. Joseph Berrigan, Dr. Milton Lopes, Elaine D’sa, Ellen Harris, Eph Tunkle, Fr. John (Jack) McDowell, Sr. Joan Morris, Sr. Barbara Winkler, Dr. Mary Jo McGee Brown, Suzanne Bourgeois, Joanie Randle, the CSF gang at the UGA Catholic Center, Joanne Allen, Kyung-Lim Nam and the UGA Korean Catholic community, Mary Anne Hodgson, Peggy and Dr. Robert (Bob) Golembiewski, Yang-Soo Lee, and those caring individuals who have kept me in their prayers. To my family in Korea for their patience, support, and understanding: my deceased father, Jeong-Bal Kim; my mother, Soo-Yeon Lee; my sisters, Myung-Suk, Eun- Ju, Eun- Hee, and Mee-Kyung; my brother, Sung-Il; my brothers-in-law, Sang-Whan Gwak, Soon-Woo Lee, Dong-Il Chang, and Young-Seok Park; my sister-in-law, Mee-Jin Kim; my precious nieces and nephews, Sang-In, Bo-Ram, Dong-Ho, Sung-Jun, Sun-Min, Ka-Hyun, Tae-Hun, and Chae-Rim. I am relieved to close a door of academic curiosity and am delighted to open now the final door to search for a light of hope and freedom in the presence of the One. As Thomas Merton captured in his writing, “the ‘turning’ of our whole self to [the One] can be achieved only by deep and sincere and simple faith, enlivened by a hope which knows that contact with [the One] is possible, and love which desires above all things to do [the One’s] will” (Thoughts in Solitude, 1978, p. 50). TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................. v PREFACE ...........................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................8 The Influence of Age on the Immigration Experience ..............................15 Other Influential Factors............................................................................17 Purpose of the Study ..................................................................................19 Research Questions....................................................................................19 Research Strategy ......................................................................................20 Rationale for the Study ..............................................................................21 Definitions of Terms..................................................................................22 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................................................................24 Immigration and Immigrants’ Experience.................................................24 Leisure and Ethnicity .................................................................................33 Characteristics of Culture and Leisure among Korean Americans............39 Significant Influences on Leisure Experience of Korean Americans........46 3 METHOD ........................................................................................................56 Overview....................................................................................................56 Research Design.........................................................................................59 vii viii Sampling Selection and Recruitment.........................................................61 Data Collection Procedures........................................................................66 Data Analysis Procedures ..........................................................................71 Researcher Bias and Position.....................................................................77 Delimitations..............................................................................................80 4 FINDINGS.......................................................................................................82 Individual Case Profiles.............................................................................82 Response to Research Question 1............................................................103 Response to Research Question 2............................................................134 Response to Research Question 3............................................................145
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