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Home , EMISAT, Gaganyaan, Microsat (ISRO), SARAL

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PRELIMS 2020 SPECIAL LECTURES SPACE TECHNOLOGY SECTION 1  Chandrayaan 2 is an Indian lunar mission. Chandrayaan 2  Through this effort, the aim is to improve our understanding of the Moon. Timeline

Apr. 2003 22 Oct. 2008 28 Aug. 2009

Over 100 eminent Indian Chandrayaan-1 launched end of the Chandrayaan-1 scientists discuss and approve successfully from Satish mission. the Task Force Dhawan Space Centre, recommendation to launch a Sriharikota using four-stage probe to the moon. PSLV rocket.

Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announces the Chandrayaan-1 beams back its Chandrayaan mission during his first images of the earth in its Independence Day speech. entirety. 15 Aug. 2003 25 Mar. 2009 Timeline

12 Nov. 2007

Representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) and ISRO sign an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan-2 project.

India decides to go it alone in the mission after Russia informed of its inability to provide the lander even by 2015. The project is rescheduled to 2016. 2013–2015 July 22, 2019 India successfully launches Chandrayaan 2 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. Mission Objectives

Science Objectives Specifications

Specifications

ORBITER VIKRAM LANDER PRAGYAN ROVER Specifications Specifications Specifications Specifications Payload Payload

What Makes the Mission special? Q) With reference to Chandrayaan-2 Mission, consider the following statements: 1. The Vikram lander was designed to execute soft landing on the lunar surface. 2. The orbiter of Chandrayaan-2 utilizes X-rays emitted by the Sun to study elements on the lunar surface. 3. Lunar South Pole was chosen for its landing as it offers an undisturbed historical record of the inner Solar system environment. Which of the above given statements are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

History of Moon Exploration

USA Aug. 17, 1958 N/A Orbiter Unsuccessful

USSR Sept. 23, 1958 N/A Impact Unsuccessful

USSR Jan. 2, 1959 Jan. 4, 1959 Impact Partial Success; first Moon flyby

USSR Sept. 12, 1959 Sept. 13, 1959 Impact Successful; first spacecraft to impact the Moon's surface

USSR March 31, 1966 April 3, 1966 Orbiter Successful; first lunar orbiter

USSR Sept. 15, 1968 Sept. 18, 1968 Flyby Successful; first living creatures to fly past the Moon

USA July 16, 1969 July 20, 1969 Orbiter/Sample Return Successful; first humans to land on the Moon

USSR 09-12-1970 9/20/1970 Sample Return Successful; first robotic sample return from beyond Earth.

USA 12-07-1972 12-10-1972 Orbiter/Sample Return Successful; first scientist on the Moon and final Apollo mission

China 10/24/2007 11-05-2007 Orbiter/impactor Successful; first Chinese Moon mission

India 10/22/2008 11-12-2008 Orbiter Successful

China 12-07-2018 Lander, Rover Successful; first lunar farside landing  Chandrayaan-1 was launched by PSLV-C11 on October 22, 2008.  The spacecraft made more than 3400 orbits around the moon. It was operational for 312 days till August 29, 2009.  There were eleven scientific instruments Chandrayaan 1 onboard Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft. Five of them were Indian and other six were from ESA (3), NASA (2) and Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1).  It conclusively discovered traces of water on the moon. It also discovered water ice in the North polar region of the Moon. It also detected Magnesium, Aluminium and Silicon on the lunar surface. Global imaging of the moon is another achievement of this mission. Moon

 Understanding the way in which Moon was formed and evolved helps us to understand the history of the solar system including that of earth.  The moon undergoes extremes in temperature - the side of the Moon receiving sunlight becomes scorching hot at about 130 ºC, and freezing cold at -180 ºC during night.  As the Moon orbits, it always presents the same side towards the Earth. The Moon takes the same amount of time (27.3 days) to revolve around the Earth as it takes to rotate around its spin axis.

Near Side and Far Side of the Moon

Same Lunar Rotation and Revolution Period – Coincidence? Q) The phenomena regarding a situation when a body in space orbits another body in a way that the body‘s year and day are equal in length is called as? a) Gravitational Locking b) Tidal Locking c) Rotational Paradox d) Equinox Q) The phenomena regarding a situation when a body in space orbits another body in a way that the body‘s year and day are equal in length is called as? a) Gravitational Locking b) Tidal Locking c) Rotational Paradox d) Equinox Chang‘e-4  It will test the ability of making radio astronomy Objectives of observations from the far side of the moon, without the effects of noise and interference from Chang‘e-4 Earth.  It will conduct a biology experiment to see if Probe plant seeds will germinate and silkworm eggs will hatch in the moon‘s low gravity.  It will help in identifying the composition of rocks and dirt in the far side of the moon. It will study the effects of the solar wind striking the lunar surface.  Astronomical observation, surveying the moon‘s terrain, landform and mineral make-up, and study the environment of its far side.

 Targeted for December 2021.

 GSLV Mk III launcher is the launcher for the mission.

 In its maiden crewed mission, ISRO‘S largely autonomous 3.7-tonne capsule will orbit the GAGANYAAN Earth at 400 km altitude for up to seven days.  On January 22, 2020 ISRO announced Vyommitra, a Female Robot who will accompany other astronauts in the mission.

 The space capsule will have life support and environmental control systems.

Q) Consider the following statements with regards to the Gaganyaan Mission: (i) The current mission plan is to have two unmanned and one manned mission under the Gaganyaan Programme (ii) ISRO has already developed and demonstrated many critical technologies like crew module configuration, crew escape system, re-entry capability etc. (iii) The SAC (Space Applications Centre) will function as the nodal agency for the programme. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) (i) and (ii) only (b) (i) and (iii) only (c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) All of the above Q) Consider the following statements with regards to the Gaganyaan Mission: (i) The current mission plan is to have two unmanned and one manned mission under the Gaganyaan Programme. (ii) ISRO has already developed and demonstrated many critical technologies like crew module configuration, crew escape system, re-entry capability etc. (iii) The SAC (Space Applications Centre) will function as the nodal agency for the programme. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) (i) and (ii) only (b) (i) and (iii) only (c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) All of the above Challenges for Gaganyaan

 Environmental Hazards  Microgravity  Isolation  Sensory Systems  Artificial Atmosphere  Re-entry and Recovery  Space Suit

Q) With reference to Project Netra, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1.It is an early warning system in space to detect debris and other hazards to Indian satellites. 2.With the help of NASA, ISRO has initiated Project Netra which will give India its own capability in space situational awareness. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

 ISRO Project -early warning system in space to detect debris and other hazards to Indian satellites.  Under the Project, ISRO plans to set up observational facilities that will help in Project making early warnings to satellites about debris and hazards in their orbit. Netra  It includes radars, telescopes, control centres and data processing units. The aim is to make the facilities powerful enough to track even the smallest particle of 10 cm diameter up to a range of 3,400 km. Project Objectives of the Project  It will give India its own capability in Space Netra Situational Awareness (SSA) which is used to predict threats from debris to Indian satellites.  It will also give warning against missile or space attack.  The project includes high-precision telescope in Leh, the Multi-Object Tracking Radar (MOTR) and the telescopes at Ponmudi and Mount Abu will be used to get broader SSA picture. Q) With reference to Project Netra, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1.It is an early warning system in space to detect debris and other hazards to Indian satellites. 2.With the help of NASA, ISRO has initiated Project Netra which will give India its own capability in space situational awareness. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

 Microsat-R of DRDO and Kalamsat-developed by students and Space Kidz India launched by ISRO carried by a new variant of India‘s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket [PSLV C- 44].

 Microsat-R is a military imaging satellite, weighing 130 kilograms and placed in low orbit PSLV C-44 for the first time.  Kalamata is a communication satellite having life span of two months named after Dr APJ Abdul Kalam

 It is the world‘s lightest and first ever 3D-printed satellite weighing 1.2 kg and the first to use the rocket‘s fourth stage as an orbital platform.

Q) With reference to the Mission Shakti, which of the following statements are correct? 1. The target of the mission was a live satellite flying in Medium Earth orbit. 2. Direct Ascent Kinetic Kill method was used to neutralize the target. 3. With this mission, India became the fourth member of the exclusive club of space faring nations that has demonstrated ASAT capabilities. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

 Mission Shakti demonstrated the ―nation‗s capability to defend its assets in the outer space, besides vindicating the technological competence of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

 The test was done in the Lower Earth Orbit to Mission ensure that there is no space debris.  India used the particular technology of Kinetic Shakti Kill- Direct Ascent Kinetic Kill method. Other way to demonstrate ASAT capability without causing debris would be to do a flyby test.

 India emerged as the fourth member of the exclusive club of space powers (US, Russia and China) that have demonstrated ASAT capabilities.

 EMISAT along with 28 other satellites from different countries was launched by PSLV C-45 by ISRO.

 A powerful Electronic Intelligence/Surveillance Satellite — developed jointly by the Indian PSLV C-45 Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and DRDO under Project KAUTILYA.

 It is modelled after a famous Israeli spy satellite called SARAL (Satellite built by ISRO and CNES) and weighs around 436 kgs.  Incorporated, as a wholly owned Government of India Company, under NEW SPACE the administrative control of INDIA Department of Space (DOS) to commercially exploit the research and LIMITED development work of ISRO Centres and constituent units of DOS.  A particle accelerator experiment located in Tsukuba, Japan, designed to study violations of the Standard Model and dark matter.

 The Universe was in fully symmetric state at the time of Big Bang, but with time there has been a growing asymmetry of matter and antimatter. This experiment studies on aspect of antisymmetric state and how the universe Belle-II evolved to the present state.

 Belle-II has a significant Indian participation both on experimental and theoretical sides.

 The highly sensitive particle detector, at the heart of Belle-II, has been built by Indian scientists with the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is a NASA robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the Moon.

The spacecraft has observed water molecules moving around the dayside of the Moon.

Lunar water can potentially be used by humans to make fuel or to use for radiation shielding or thermal management. Q) With reference to ‗Starlink‘ often seen in news, which one of the following statements is incorrect? (a) It is a satellite network being developed by NASA to provide low- cost internet to remote locations world- wide. (b) The first two Starlink test craft launched were TinTinA and TinTinB. (c) The Starlink satellites are placed in low earth orbit. (d) The information sent through startlink will travel faster than in fiber-optic cable.

Starlink

SpaceX has launched the first 60 satellites on Falcon 9 rocket, of its ―Starlink‖ constellation, intended to provide the Internet from space, marking the beginning of deployment of a global internet mega constellation.

Some of the new technology in satellite includes ion propulsion systems that run on krypton instead of the typical xenon fuel.

Q) With reference to „Starlink‟, often seen in news, which one of the following statements is incorrect? (a) It is a satellite network being developed by NASA to provide low- cost internet to remote locations world- wide. (b) The first two Starlink test craft launched were TinTinA and TinTinB. (c) The Starlink satellites are placed in low earth orbit. (d) The information sent through startlink will travel faster than in fiber-optic cable.

OBJECTIVES • Origins: Return and analyze a pristine carbon rich asteroid sample • Spectral Interpretation: Provide ground truth or direct observations for telescopic data of the entire asteroid population • Resource Identification: Map the chemistry and mineralogy of a primitive carbon rich asteroid OSIRIS – REx • Security: Measure the effect of sunlight on the orbit of a small asteroid, known as the Yarkovsky effect—the slight push created when the asteroid absorbs sunlight and re-emits that energy as heat • Regolith Explorer: Document the regolith (layer of loose, outer material) at the sampling site.

Black Holes

Q) Which among the below statements are correct about black holes? i. Black holes have infinite density ii. When any star dies, black holes are formed. iii. The term ―Black Hole‖ was conceptualized and coined by Albert Einstein. iv. The first ever image of a black hole has been taken by the Event Horizon Telescope.

(a) (i), (ii) and (iv)

(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

(d) (ii) and (iii)

(a) (i), (ii) and (iv)

(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

(d) (ii) and (iii)

IT AND TELECOMMUNICATION SECTION 2  Bengaluru-based fabless Semiconductor Company, Signalchip launched India‘s first semiconductor chips for 4G/LTE and 5G NR modems.  Data security and data sovereignty, besides the positive economic India's First implications. Semiconductor  The combined multi-standard system-on- chip (SoC) can serve as a base station Chip chipset for a wide range of form factors from low-cost indoor small cells to high performance base stations.  With India having more than 1.1 billion mobile phones in use hence it will enable densification of the network.  Context: The Narcotics Control Bureau arrested India‘s first darknet operative, who used to allegedly ship psychotropic drug parcels to other countries.

What is Darknet or Darkweb:  The dark net or the dark web is a hidden network of websites that exist on an encrypted network, used for illegal activities like sale of narcotics, pornographic content exchange and others. DARK NET  The Dark Web is part of the Deep Web.  Deep Web is not accessible through regular search engines. Accessibility of Deep Web is only through the specific web address. Items accessible through regular search engines are called Surface Web.  Darknet is hidden from the surveillance of law enforcement agencies using the secret onion router (ToR - The Onion Router), which keeps identity hidden through separating identification and routing.

Q) The ______is anything which your search engine cannot search. a) Hidden web b) World Wide Web c) Surface web d) Deep Web Q) The ______is anything which your search engine cannot search. a) Hidden web b) World Wide Web c) Surface web d) Deep Web Q) Dark Net is accessed with which of the following browsers? (i) Opera browser (ii) Mozilla browser (iii) Chrome browser (iv) Tor browser

(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (iv) only (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) Q) Dark Net is accessed with which of the following browsers? (i) Opera browser (ii) Mozilla browser (iii) Chrome browser (iv) Tor browser

(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (iv) only (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)  AJIT microprocessor has been conceptualised, designed, developed and manufactured in India and will cost less than Rs 100.  AJIT can perform basic arithmetic and logical operations using an arithmetic logic unit. AJIT  It is a medium-sized processor, which can be used in a set-top box, as a control panel for MICROPROCESSOR automation systems, in a traffic light controller or even robotic systems Microprocessor: A microprocessor, a few millimetres in dimension, is an integrated circuit (IC) containing millions of transistors (semiconductor-based electronic devices) fused on a semiconductor chip.

 Wi-Fi 6 is the next generation standard in WiFi technology. Wi-Fi 6 also known as ―AX WiFi" or "802.11ax WiFi‖, builds and improves on the current 802.11ac WiFi standard.

 Through more data packed in the same radio wave and efficient data encoding, Wi-Fi 6 provides faster data transfer speed.

 Each user‘s average speed will increase by ―at Wi-Fi 6 least four times‖ in congested areas with a lot of connected devices.

 A new ―target wake time‖ (TWT) feature enables the Wi-Fi-enabled devices to have longer battery life. This will help the low-power ―Internet of Things‖ devices that connect via Wi-Fi.

Important technology used:

(i) MU – (ii) OFDMA (iii) WPA - 3 MIMO First cryogenic quantum control chip called ‘Horse Ridge’

 Intel Labs along with QuTech‘(an advanced research centre for quantum computing and quantum internet) has unveiled details about its first cryogenic quantum control chip called ‗Horse Ridge.‘ Significance of Horse Ridge:  The Horse Ridge chip addresses the fundamental challenges of scalability, flexibility and fidelity, in building a powerful quantum system that demonstrates quantum practicality.  Horse Ridge covers a wide range of frequencies of radio waves, enabling control of both superconducting qubits (known as transmons) and spin qubits.