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ISRO SPECIAL ISSUE www.aeromag.in August 2019

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ISRO: Taking India to space

he Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is celebrating the successful launch of Tthe second Mars mission, Chandrayaan-2. However, the space agency does not wish to rest Editorial Advisory Board on its laurels and has lined up a series of ambitious Dr. C.G. Krishnadas Nair projects for the future, including human Air Chief Marshal S. Krishnaswamy (Rtd) programme or , India’s own , PVSM, AVSM, VM & Bar interplanetary missions to the Sun as well as Venus Air Marshal P. Rajkumar (Rtd) and space science programmes. PVSM, AVSM, VM Ever since its formation on August 15, 1969, ISRO Air Marshal Ajit Bhavanani (Rtd) has been going from strength to strength. Fifty years PVSM, AVSM, VM ago, ISRO lacked space infrastructure and expertise Rear Admiral K. Mohanan (Rtd), AVSM to launch big rockets. , India’s first own Mr. Pushpindar Singh Chopra , took off from the ground on April 19, 1975 Dr . K. Ram Chand in a Russian rocket. Mr. J.K.Sharma But over the years, it has overcome each Mr. Arunakar Mishra technological hurdle. Initially, ISRO launched sounding rockets carrying a payload of 30-70 kg to 150 km Berlin, altitude from in . But Detlef Becker Dr C G Krishnadas Nair now the agency sends 4,000-kg payloads to the Honorary President, SIATI E : [email protected] geostationary at 36,000-km altitude. T : + 497 112317595 Some of the major milestones of ISRO include M : + 491 701626053 development and launch of SLV, ASLV, INSAT, IRS, PSLV, GSLV, GSAT, Chandrayaan-1, Mangalyaan and Paris, Chandrayaan-2. The space agency has also placed Marie-Thérèse Bonfigli in orbit EMISAT to help the Defence Research and E : [email protected] Development Organisation (DRDO). M : +33 (0)6 89 20 95 68 All these years, ISRO has also given much stress to developing space technologies that would benefit Moscow, Russia the common man. The agency has, in fact, been George Smirnov attempting to fulfill the vision of the father of Indian E : [email protected] space programme , who always M : +7 (906)711-03- pushed for using for the welfare of 51 / (495)644-17-33 society. With resources on like water and energy fast Sunny Jerome depleting, humans may have to depend on other Managing Editor celestial bodies in future to fulfill basic needs. ISRO is now launching interplanetary missions to find a way to Preethi M. reach these planets. Associate Editor Among the immediate plans of ISRO is a Small Satellite , which can be assembled in David Barnabhas just 3-4 days as compared to 30-40 days for a normal- Design size PSLV and a Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV). Among the biggest achievements of ISRO has been launching major missions successfully on small For Publishing Articles, Advertisements budgets. Editor, Aeromag Asia Aeronautical Society of India Building Suranjandas Road, Off old Madras Road, 560075. , INDIA Call: +91 94490 61925 Printed and Published by Sunny Jerome, Managing Editor, Aeromag Asia, Aerosun Media, Tel: +91 80 43747492 | 25284145 Aeronautical Society of India Building, Suranjandas Road, Email: [email protected] Off Old Madras Road,Bangalore 560075, Karnataka. www.aeromag.in Printed at Rashtrotthana Mudranalaya, 19/1, K.G.Nagar, Bangalore-19. 6 7 Content

10 ISRO Five Decades of in Space Research

12 ISRO @ 50 : A golden voyage to space

20 Vikram Sarabhai - the visionary who took India to space

24 India celebrates Mission II to

30 Expanding India’s Space Horizons

12 36 ISRO Centres:A countrywide presence

40 Odysseys to Expanding Frontiers

48 ISRO: Expanding global tie-ups

52 Space programmes can tap business worth Rs. 50,000 crores

58 India yet to achieve full potential in world space arena

60 Space programmes have spurred national development 24 63 BEL eyes pie of space electronics business

64 ISRO Chairmen: A distinguished line-up

70 VSSC: ISRO’s Lead Centre in Launch Vehicle Technology

76 Role of IIRS in Capacity Building: Current Trends & Practices

79 GMR setting up India’s largest Airport city in Hyderabad

85 AEPL-ISRO: An effective partnership

86 Additive Manufacturing and Its Applications Beyond Skies

88 Bacterially Induced Galvanic Corrosion On Al 7075 Alloys 58 90 Comsat Systems greets ISRO on its Golden Jubilee

92 Varsity: Providing custom solutions for wiring needs

93 Optimization Module Tackles Tough Materials

96 Lakshmi Vacuum – Revolutionizing Vacuum Heat Treatment

8 9 ISRO Five Decades of Glory in Space Research

India’s manned mission to space – Gaganyaan is on target. With a budget of Rs.10,000 crores, ISRO has put the required infrastructure in place. ISRO is planning to have the first unmanned (without ) mission of Gaganyaan, in December 2020 and the second unmanned mission in July 2021. Finally, the first Gaganyaan mission with will be executed in December 2021. With the organization turning 50 this year, it can proudly say that throughout the last five decades, ISRO has upheld its mission of bringing space to the service of the common man, to the service of the nation.

Sunny Jerome Managing Editor Aeromag Asia

ealizing the belief This glory has risen further astronauts will be executed management tools, that ‘space’ as a last month when its GSLV on December 2021. Geographic Information scientific field had MkIII-M1 successfully ISRO has become one of Systems, cartography, emerged as the launched Chandrayaan-2 the six largest space agencies navigation, telemedicine, nextR frontier for human race, which a few days in the world. Over these dedicated distance education the Indian Space Research back entered lunar transfer years it has conducted 101 being some of them. Organization (ISRO) have trajectory. It is an advanced spacecraft mission and To achieve complete self- come a long way, ever version of the Chandrayaan-1 72 launch mission. ISRO reliance in terms of these since its inception in 1969, mission planned 10 years ago. has launched 269 foreign applications, it was essential marking India’s space research The aim of this is to conduct satellites belonging to 32 to develop cost efficient and identity in global arena. From experiments on the moon and countries. The launch missions reliable launch systems, which launching small rockets of relay crucial information back include 3 Nano Satellite took shape in the form of the just 30-70 kg payloads to to earth by placing a rover on and a Micro Satellite. Polar carrying 4,000 kg payloads the south pole of the moon. ISRO maintains one of the (PSLV). The famed PSLV to the , the list India’s manned mission to largest fleet of communication went on to become a favored of ISRO’s achievements is space – Gaganyaan is on satellites (INSAT) and remote carrier for satellites of various long enough and is second to target. With a budget of sensing (IRS) satellites, countries due to its reliability only a very few organizations Rs.10,000 crores, ISRO has that cater to the ever and cost efficiency, promoting around the world. Hence put the required infrastructure growing demand for fast unprecedented international with the organization turning in place. ISRO is planning and reliable communication collaboration. Future readiness 50 this year, it can proudly to have the first unmanned and earth observation is the key to maintaining an say that throughout the (without astronaut) mission respectively. ISRO develops edge in technology and ISRO last five decades, ISRO of Gaganyaan, on December and delivers application endeavours to optimise and has upheld its mission of 2020 and the second specific satellite products enhance its technologies bringing space to the service unmanned mission on and tools to the Nation: as the needs and ambitions of the common man, to July 2021. Finally, the first broadcasts, communications, of the country evolve. the service of the nation. Gaganyaan mission with weather forecasts, disaster

10 11 ISRO @ 50 : A golden voyage to space

India’s first space agency Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was set up in 1962. It subsequently grew and became Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on August 15, 1969. As ISRO passes 50 glorious years, a journey celebrating the major milestones in India’s space programme

ndia is now a leading scientists were ready to spearhead cosmic radiation, high altitude player in the international the Indian space programme. and airborne testing, deep space arena. However, But even earlier, modern space underground experimentation at the beginnings of the research in India can traced to the the Kolar mines and studies of country’sI space missions were 1920s, when scientist S K Mitra the upper atmosphere. Studies modest. Early milestones conducted a series of experiments were carried out at research included the first rocket launch leading to the sounding of the laboratories, universities, and of -75 from Thumba near ionosphere by applying ground- independent locations. Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala based radio methods in Kolkata. In 1950, the Department of in 1969 and fabrication of the Later, Indian scientists like C Atomic Energy was founded first Indian satellite Aryabhata in V Raman and Meghnad Saha with Bhabha as its secretary. The a work shed at Peenya Industrial contributed to scientific principles department provided funding for Estate, Bengaluru in 1975. applicable in space sciences. space research throughout India. Space research activities were The period after 1945 that saw During this time, tests continued started in India during the important developments in on aspects of and early 1960s. Even advanced space research. Two scientists led the Earth’s magnetic field. In countries were only conducting the initiatives, Vikram Sarabhai 1954, the Uttar Pradesh state experiments on the applications and Homi Bhabha. Bhabha observatory was established at of satellites at that time. When established the Tata Institute of the foothills of the Himalayas. The the live transmission of Tokyo Fundamental Research in 1945. Rangpur Observatory was set up Olympic Games in 1964 across Initial experiments in space in 1957 at Osmania University, the Pacific by the American sciences included the study of Hyderabad. Space research Satellite ‘Syncom-3’ displayed the power of communication satellites, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the founder Indian space programme, recognized the benefits of space technologies for India. Sarabhai realized that the resources in space have the potential to address the real problems of people. He had already set up Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad, where a big team of brilliant scientists, anthropologists, communicators and social

12 was further encouraged by Instructional Television the government of India. Experiment (SITE), hailed In 1957, the as ‘the largest sociological launched Sputnik 1 and experiment in the world’ opened up possibilities for during 1975-76. This the rest of the world to experiment benefited around conduct a . 2 lakh people, covering 2,400 Subsequently the Indian villages of six states and National Committee for Space transmitted development- Research (INCOSPAR) was oriented programmes using set up in 1962 by the efforts the American Technology of India’s first Prime Minister Satellite (ATS-6). It also trained Jawaharlal Nehru. Since 50,000 science teachers inception, the Indian space primary schools in one year. programme has maintained SITE was followed by the three distinct elements: Satellite Telecommunication Satellites for communication Experiments Project (STEP), a and remote sensing, the space joint project of ISRO-and Post ground segment facilities and for rural communication transportation system and and Telegraphs Department build up requisite indigenous efficiency in the 1984. application programmes. (P&T) using the Franco- competence for the proposed Meanwhile, the first Indian In 1967, the first German Symphonie satellite operational domestic satellite satellite ‘Aryabhata’ was ‘Experimental Satellite during 1977-79. Conceived system, INSAT, for the country. developed and launched Communication Earth as a sequel to SITE which SITE was followed by the using a Soviet launcher. The Station (ESCES)’ located focused on television, STEP ‘Kheda Communications ISRO-built satellite was sent to in Ahmedabad was was for telecommunication Project (KCP)’, which worked space by the Soviet Union on operationalized, which experiments. STEP was as a field laboratory for need- April 19, 1975. It was named also doubled as a training aimed to provide a system based and locale specific after the mathematician centre for the Indian test of using geosynchronous programme transmission Aryabhata. In 1980, Rohini as well as International satellites for domestic in the Kheda district of became the first satellite to be scientists and engineers. communications, enhance Gujarat State. KCP was placed in orbit by an Indian- INCOSPAR subsequently capabilities and experience awarded the UNESCO-IPDC made launch vehicle, SLV-3. grew and became ISRO on in the design, manufacture, (International Programme ISRO subsequently August 15, 1969, also under installation, operation and for the Development of developed two other rockets: the Department of Atomic maintenance of various Communication) award the Polar Satellite Launch Energy (DAE). In 1972 Vehicle (PSLV) for launching Government of India set up satellites into polar a Space Commission and the and the Geosynchronous (DOS), Satellite Launch Vehicle bringing ISRO under the DOS. (GSLV) for placing satellites The establishment of ISRO into geostationary orbits. thus institutionalized space These rockets have launched research activities in India. It is numerous communications managed by the Department satellites and Earth observation of Space, which reports to satellites. the . systems like GAGAN and Realizing that a satellite IRNSS have been deployed. system can contribute to the In January 2014, ISRO used national development and that an indigenous cryogenic it need not wait for its own engine in a GSLV-D5 satellites to begin application launch of the GSAT-14. development, ISRO used Another milestone in the foreign satellites in the initial history of ISRO is sending a stages. Accordingly, a TV lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1, programme on agricultural on October 22, 2008 and a information to farmers ‘Krishi Mars orbiter, Mars Orbiter Darshan’ was started and it Mission, on November 5, received good response. The 2013, which entered Mars next step was the Satellite orbit on September 24, 2014,

13 had its first successful flight significant achievements in 1980. Through the SLV- during this phase. 3 programme, competence Some ISRO success stories was built up for the overall Vikram Sarabhai, the vehicle design, mission design, founder of the Indian space material, hardware fabrication, programme, had realised solid propulsion technology, the potential of space control power plants, avionics, communication systems in vehicle integration checkout putting television to use and launch operations. as a mass education tool Development of multi- throughout the country. He stage rocket systems with visualised and suggested appropriate control and this as early as 1966-67, just guidance systems to orbit a three years after the first satellite was a major milestone. geosynchronous satellite, In the experimental phase Syncom, was launched. In during 1980s, end-to-end 1967 he initiated studies making India the first nation The space agency’s capability demonstration with a view to using space to succeed on its first attempt missions include: was done in the design, communication systems to Mars, and ISRO the fourth • Designing and developing development and in-orbit for operational television space agency in the world as launch vehicles and related management of space systems broadcasting. A joint study well as the first space agency technologies for providing together with the associated by ISRO and the National in Asia to reach Mars orbit. access to space. ground systems for the users. Aeronautics and Space On June 18, 2016, ISRO • Designing and developing -I & II missions Administration (NASA) launched twenty satellites in a satellites and related were pioneering steps in the of the United States was single vehicle, and on February technologies for earth remote sensing area whereas conducted in 1967 which 15, 2017, ISRO launched 104 observation, communication, ‘ Passenger Payload recommended a hybrid satellites in a single rocket navigation, meteorology Experiment (APPLE)’ became system of direct broadcast (PSLV-C37), a world record. and space science. the forerunner for future by satellite combined with ISRO launched its heaviest • Indian National Satellite communication satellite terrestrial TV transmitters as rocket, Geosynchronous (INSAT) programme for systems. Development of the most effective means of Satellite Launch Vehicle- meeting telecommunication, the complex Augmented countrywide TV coverage. Mark III (GSLV-Mk III), on television broadcasting and Satellite Launch Vehicle In 1968, a National Satellite June 5, 2017 and placed a developmental applications. (ASLV), also demonstrated Communication (NASCOM) • Indian Remote Sensing newer technologies like use of study group was set up by the GSAT-19 in orbit. With Satellite (IRS) programme strap-on, bulbous heat shield, government. These studies this launch, ISRO became for management of natural closed loop guidance and and deliberations paved the capable of launching resources and monitoring digital autopilot. This paved way for the acceptance in 4-ton heavy satellites. of environment using the way for learning many 1969 by the government of Future plans of ISRO space based imagery. nuances of launch vehicle the proposal to conduct the include development of the • Space-based Applications design for complex missions, Satellite Instructional Television Unified Launch Vehicle, Small for development of society. leading the way for realisation Experiment (SITE) with NASA’s Satellite Launch Vehicle, and • Research and Development of operational launch vehicles ATS-6 satellite. In 1969 development of a reusable in space science and such as PSLV and GSLV. studies were also conducted launch vehicle, human planetary exploration. During the operational on the use of communication spaceflight, a space station, ISRO now has a budget phase in 1990s, major space satellites for meteorological controlled soft lunar landing, of Rs 11,538.26 crore (USD infrastructure was created earth observations. interplanetary probes, and 1.7 billion) in 2019–20 under two broad classes: Based on these studies a solar spacecraft mission. (estimated) and has a staff one for the communication, and a joint study with the strength of 16,072. broadcasting and meteorology Massachusetts Institute of Motto and missions Its website is www.isro.gov.in through a multi-purpose Technology (MIT) in 1970, The motto of ISRO is, INSAT and the other for IRS ISRO evolved in the early ‘Harness space technology Early landmarks system. The development 1970s the unique multipurpose for national development, An early landmark of ISRO and operationalisation of nature of the INSAT system while pursuing space was the development of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle that included direct TV science research and first launch vehicle SLV-3 with (PSLV) and development of broadcasting, communications planetary exploration.’ a capability to place 40 kg in Geo-synchronous Satellite and meteorological Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which Launch Vehicle (GSLV) were observations and it was

14 Comsat Systems greets ISRO on its Golden Jubilee

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Comsat Systems Pvt Ltd., M: 9849717733, P No 22, IDA, Mallapur, Hyderabad - 500 076 Ph: 040 - 27150484, [email protected] Fax: 040 - 27155045 http://www.comsatsystems.co.in 15 95% of its planned objectives. rocket C25 at 09:08 UTC on On July 2, 2016, NASA used November 5, 2013. The launch ground-based radar systems window was approximately to relocate Chandrayaan-1 20 days long and started on in its lunar orbit, more than October 28, 2013. The MOM seven years after it shut down. probe spent about a month in Earth orbit, where it made Mangalyaan a series of seven apogee- The raising orbital manoeuvres (MOM) is a before trans-Mars injection on launched by ISRO orbiting November 30, 2013 (UTC). Mars since September After a 298-day transit to firmed up during 1975-77. surface soil that could be 24, 2014. It is also called Mars, it was inserted into Mars LEOS (Laboratory for analysed for the presence of Mangalyaan. The word is orbit on September 24, 2014. Electro-Optics Systems) is ice. The location of derived from Sanskrit and The mission is a ‘technology situated at Peenya Industrial impact was named as Jawahar means ‘Mars-craft.’ ‘Mangal’ demonstrator’ project to Estate, Bengaluru where the Point. The estimated cost for stands for Mars and ‘yana’ develop the technologies first Indian Satellite Aryabhata the project was ₹386 crore. for craft or vehicle. for designing, planning, was fabricated in 1975. The remote sensing lunar Mangalyaan was launched management, and operations satellite had a mass of 1,380 on November 5, 2013. It is of an interplanetary mission. Chandrayaan 1 kg at launch and 675 kg in India’s first interplanetary It carries five instruments that Chandrayaan-1 is a Sanskrit lunar orbit. It carried high mission and made ISRO will help advance knowledge term that translates as ‘Moon resolution remote sensing the fourth space agency to about Mars to achieve its vehicle’. It was the first Indian equipment for visible, near reach Mars, after , secondary, scientific objective. lunar probe and was launched infrared, and soft and hard NASA, and the European The spacecraft is currently by ISRO in October 2008. The X-ray frequencies. Over a two- Space Agency. It also made being monitored from the probe operated until August year period, it was intended India the first Asian nation to Spacecraft Control Centre at 2009. The mission included a to survey the lunar surface to reach Martian orbit and the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and lunar orbiter and an impactor. produce a complete map of its first nation in the world to Command Network (ISTRAC) India launched the spacecraft chemical characteristics and do so in its maiden attempt. in Bengaluru with support using a PSLV-XL rocket, C11, three-dimensional topography. The Mars Orbiter Mission from the Indian Deep Space on October 22, 2008 at 00:52 The Polar Regions are of probe lifted-off from the First Network (IDSN) antennae UTC from special interest as they might at Satish Dhawan at Byalalu, Karnataka. Space Centre. The mission contain ice. The lunar mission Space Centre using a PSLV was a major boost to India’s carried five ISRO payloads space programme, as India and six payloads from other researched and developed space agencies including its own technology in order NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian to explore the Moon. The Aerospace Agency, which vehicle was inserted into lunar were carried free of cost. orbit on November 8, 2008. Among its many achievements The duration of the mission was the discovery of was planned as two years, widespread presence of water but the final recorded time molecules in lunar soil. was 10 months and 6 days. After almost a year, the The last contact with the orbiter started suffering spacecraft was on August from several technical issues 28, 2009, 20:00 UTC. including failure of the star On November 14, 2008, the sensors and poor thermal separated shielding; Chandrayaan from the Chandrayaan orbiter stopped sending radio signals at 14:36 UTC and struck the about 20:00 UTC on August South Pole in a controlled 28, 2009, shortly after which manner, making India the the ISRO officially declared fourth country to place its flag the mission over. Chandrayaan on the Moon. The probe hit operated for 312 days as near the crater at opposed to the intended two 15:01 UTC, ejecting sub- years but the mission achieved

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103 BLUE CROSS CHAMBERS # 11 INFANTRY ROAD CROSS, BANGALORE 560 001, INDIA TEL: 91-80-40849899 17 18 19 Vikram Sarabhai - the visionary who took India to space

Vikram Sarabhai, whose birth centenary falls in August 2019, set up several landmark institutions in the country. However, the establishment of ISRO 50 years ago was his greatest achievement. Sarabhai could convince the Central government of the importance of a space programme for a developing country like India

institutions and was part nations, we must be second of the family business to none in the application ventures too. However, the of advanced technologies establishment of ISRO was to the real problems of his greatest achievement. man and society.” He could convince the Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai Central government of was born on August 12, 1919 the importance of a space in Ahmedabad, Bombay programme for a developing Presidency, British India. country like India after the His father Ambalal Sarabhai Russian Sputnik launch. was an industrialist who The stress Sarabhai gave owned many mills in Gujarat. to the space programme Vikram Sarabhai was one can be realized from his of the eight children of quote: “There are some Ambalal and Sarla Devi. who question the relevance Vikram matriculated of space activities in a from the Gujarat College developing nation. To us, in Ahmedabad after there is no ambiguity of clearing the Intermediate purpose. We do not have the Science examination. He he history of Incidentally, 2019, the year fantasy of competing with subsequently moved to the Indian when ISRO is celebrating the economically advanced England and joined the St. Space Research 50 years of its glorious nations in the exploration John’s College, University of Organisation (ISRO) existence, is also the birth of the moon or the planets Cambridge. He received the cannotT be written without centenary year of Sarabhai. or manned space-flight. Tripos in Natural Sciences highlighting the contributions Hailing from an affluent But we are convinced from Cambridge in 1940. of Dr Vikram Sarabhai, who family of industrialists that if we are to play a When the Second World is regarded as the father of based in Gujarat, Sarabhai meaningful role nationally, War escalated, Sarabhai India’s space programme. set up several landmark and in the community of returned to India and joined

The Chairman, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Dr. K. Sivan along with other dignitaries releasing an album on the life story of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, during the inaugural function of birth centenary celebration of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, at Gujarat University Convention & Exhibition Center, in Ahmedabad on August 12, 2019.

20 Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO inaugurating the exhibition ‘Space on Wheels’, during the birth centenary celebration of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. the Indian Institute of and the properties of the Faster Breeder Test Reactor Community Science Centre Science (IISC) in Bangalore, upper atmosphere. Research (FBTR) in Kalpakkam, Variable Vikram Sarabhai married where he began research areas were expanded to Energy Cyclotron Project the classical dancer Mrinalini in cosmic rays under the include theoretical physics in Calcutta, Electronics in 1942. The couple had guidance of Sir C. V. Raman, and radio physics later with Corporation of India Limited two children. His daughter the Nobel Prize winner. grants from the Atomic (ECIL) in Hyderabad and Mallika gained prominence He headed to Cambridge Energy Commission. Uranium Corporation of as an actress and activist, again after the war in For establishing PRL, India Limited (UCIL) in and his son Kartikeya 1945 and was awarded a Sarabhai had persuaded Jaduguda, Jharkhand. Sarabhai too became an PhD degree in 1947 for charitable trusts controlled Sarabhai also started a active person in science. his thesis titled ‘Cosmic by his family and friends to project for the fabrication Indian Postal Department ray investigation in endow a research institution and launch of an Indian released a commemorative tropical latitudes.’ in home town. He was only satellite. As a result, the first Postal Stamp On his first Returning to a newly 28 at that time. Sarabhai was Indian satellite, Aryabhata, death anniversary, December Independent India from a creator and cultivator of was put in orbit in 1975 from 30, 1972. In 1973, the Cambridge, Sarabhai institutions and PRL was the a Russian cosmodrome. International Astronomical was instrumental in first step in that direction. Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, Union decided that a lunar establishing the Physical He also led the Sarabhai widely regarded as the crater, Bessel A, in the Sea Research Laboratory (PRL) family’s diverse business father of India’s nuclear of Serenity will be known in Ahmedabad in 1947. interests. His interests varied science program, supported as the Sarabhai crater. Known as the cradle of space from science to sports Dr. Sarabhai in setting up Vikram Sarabhai sciences in India, the PRL to statistics. He set up the first rocket launching died on December had a modest beginning at Operations Research Group station in India. This centre 30, 1971 at Kovalam, his residence, the ‘Retreat’, (ORG), the first market was established at Thumba Thiruvananthapuram with research on cosmic research organization in near Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala. rays. The institute was the country. Most notable on the coast of the Arabian He won various awards, formally established at among the many institutes he Sea, primarily because of including Shanti Swarup the MG Science Institute, helped set up are the Nehru its proximity to the equator. Bhatnagar Award (1962), Ahmedabad, on November Foundation for Development After a remarkable effort in Padma Bhushan (1966) 11, 1947. The initial focus in Ahmedabad, the Indian setting up the infrastructure, and Padma Vibhushan was research on cosmic rays Institute of Management personnel, communication (posthumous - 1972). The Ahmedabad links, and launch pads, the distinguished positions (IIMA), the inaugural flight was launched held by Sarabhai included Ahmedabad on November 21, 1963 with President of the Physics Textile Industry’s a sodium vapour payload. section, Indian Science Research As a result of Sarabhai’s Congress (1962), President Association dialogue with NASA in 1966, of the General Conference (ATIRA) and the Satellite Instructional of the I.A.E.A., Verína the (CEPT). Television Experiment (1970) and Vice-President, Along with his (SITE) was launched during Fourth U.N. Conference on wife Mrinalini July 1975 - July 1976. ‘Peaceful uses of Atomic Sarabhai, However, Sarabhai had Energy’ (1971). Another he founded passed away by that time. honour is naming of Vikram the Darpana Sarabhai was very interested Sarabhai Space Centre, Academy of in science education and (VSSC), a research institute Performing Arts. founded a Community specialising in solid and liquid Other institutions Science Centre at Ahmedabad propellants for rockets located established by in 1966. Today, the Centre is in Thiruvananthapuram him include the called the Vikram A Sarabhai after him.

21 Prime Minister hails father of Indian Space Programme, Vikram Sarabhai oday (August 12, 2019), it is a special for all Indians as we celebrate the 100th birth anniversary of the lateT Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. This has come at a time when India is going to land on the moon next month and this will be a special tribute Dr. Sarabhai from 130 crore Indians. The two government departments of Space and Nuclear Energy have organised a series of celebrations to mark the birth centenary of Dr. Sarabhai and I congratulate both the organisations. In January this year, I unveiled the bust of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai in Ahmedabad which is both birth place and ‘Karmabhoomi’ of Dr. Sarabhai. He set up the Physical Research Laboratory, the Space Application Centre, the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, thus contributing significantly to India’s development. While the scientific community knows his contribution to India, it is necessary to take his inspiring life to the common man, particularly youth who need to be drawn to science. Dr. Sarabhai’s life story is inspiring as he was drawn to science from his childhood. Mentored by Dr. C.V.Raman, he became an ardent science student. It became a mission for him to pursue science for the common good of people. For him science and technology were to be deployed for the benefit of the country. He used to tell that people’s problems can be solved through science. His vision was to use Hon’ble Prime Minister of India science and technology to make India a great power and it truly has. Space and The rocket which he launched from help in solving the problems of the nation, nuclear technology are now being used Thumba is now enabling us to reach the then it was useless. I urge the youth of for the safety and security of Indians. moon and Mars. The world is seeing us the country to innovate and invent. The Satellite Instructional Television and praising us for our space endeavours. Dr. Sarabhai has left a legacy behind Experiment (SITE) which experimented Dr. Sarabhai was not only a superb and we should reach it to the people with education, the Kheda communication scientist but also a great human being. such that they can be inspired. project (which decentralised television However busy he was, he found time to I request all Indians and students in broadcasting) and many other be with children as he believed the future particular to take part in the online programmes were initiated by Dr. Sarabhai belonged to them. He had great foresight space quiz which has started on August and today Indians are proud of this. and he was a true soldier of science. 10 and will go on till August 20. The Following the death of Dr. Homi Bhabha, Not only science, he promoted Indian winners will be invited to there was a vacuum in the scientific culture and languages. He believed it was to witness Chandrayaan-2 landing community and it was difficult to fill that necessary for scientists to be objective on the moon on September 7. space. But Dr. Sarabhai not only filled that and to be detached. He firmly believed (Prime Minister’s Speech) void but also gave a new boost to science. that if science and technology did not

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23 India celebrates Mission II to Moon

India has created history by sending a second spacecraft to Moon. The mission, Chandrayaan-2, includes a lunar orbiter, and rover and will explore the little- known area near the lunar South Pole.

ndia displayed its prowess in Moon missions once again by launching Chandrayaan-2, the country’s second lunar exploration mission after Chandrayaan-1. Developed by the Indian SpaceI Research Organisation (ISRO), the mission was launched from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota in Nellore district of on July 22, 2019 at 2.43 pm Indian Standard Time (IST). The launch vehicle was a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III). Chandrayaan-2’s orbit has a perigee of 170 km and an apogee of 45,475 km. Chandrayaan-2 consists of a lunar orbiter, a lander named Vikram and a called . The lander and the rover will land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region at a latitude of about 70° south. The wheeled Pragyan rover will move on the lunar surface and will perform on-site chemical analysis for a period of 14 days, which is one lunar day. It can relay data to Earth through the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter and lander, which were launched together on the same rocket. The orbiter will perform its mission for one year in a circularized lunar polar orbit of 100 × 100 km. Launch of Chandrayaan-2 was originally scheduled for July 15, 2019 at 2:51 IST but was called off due to a technical snag noticed while filling the cryogenic engine of the rocket with helium about one hour before launch. The countdown was frozen at T minus 56 minutes, 24 seconds (56 minutes and 24 seconds to launch). With Chandrayaan-2, India is aiming to be the fourth country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, after

24 the space agencies of the of Moon still needs further the North Pole. There is a Evolution of Chandrayaan-2 USSR, the USA and . explanations. Extensive possibility of the presence The Indian government had Chandrayaan-2 is expected mapping of lunar surface of water in permanently approved Chandrayaan-2 to be the southernmost to study variations in lunar shadowed areas around it. In mission in a meeting of lunar landing, aiming to land surface composition is addition, South Pole region the Union Cabinet held on at 67°S or 70°S latitude. essential to trace back the has craters that are cold traps September 18, 2008 and Chandrayaan-2 will be origin and evolution of the and contain a fossil record chaired by Prime Minister exploring the Moon’s South Moon. Evidence for water of the early Solar System. . The design Polar Region, an area where no molecules discovered by Chandrayaan-2 will attempt of the spacecraft was soon country has ever gone before. Chandrayaan-1 requires to soft land the lander Vikram completed in August 2009. further studies on the extent and rover Pragyan in a high Although ISRO finalised the Objectives of water molecule distribution plain between two craters, payload for Chandrayaan-2 as The scientific objectives on the surface, below the Manzinus C and Simpelius per schedule, the mission was of Chandrayaan-2 and the surface and in the tenuous N, at a latitude of about 70 postponed in January 2013 reasons for exploring the Lunar lunar exosphere to address degrees south. It will be the and rescheduled to 2016. South Pole are as follows. the origin of water on Moon. first space mission to conduct The mission has an allocated Humanity has observed the The lunar South Pole is a soft landing on the Moon’s cost of ₹978 crore which Moon since time immemorial. especially interesting because south polar region. India’s includes ₹603 crore for space It offers the best clues to the lunar surface area here home-grown technology will segment and ₹375 crore as understanding Earth’s early that remains in shadow is be used for the purpose. launch costs on GSLV Mk III. history. However, the origin much larger than that at

25 Image Source : TWITTER @NARENDRAMODI

Prime Minister Narendra Modi watching the launch of Chandrayaan-2 from his office.

Orbiter 15 days. The approximate slopes up to 12 degrees. of Karnataka. ISRO created The orbiter will orbit the combined mass of the lander Some associated technologies roughly 10 craters on the Moon at an altitude of 100 and rover is 1,471 kg. include a high resolution surface to help assess the km. The orbiter carries five The preliminary configuration camera, navigation camera, ability of the lander’s sensors scientific instruments. Three study of the lander was hazard avoidance camera, an to select a landing site. of them are new, while completed in 2013 by the 800 N throttleable liquid main two others are improved Space Applications Centre engine, attitude thrusters, Pragyan rover versions of those flown (SAC) in Ahmedabad. Initially, altimeter, velocity meter, Pragyan, wisdom in Sanskrit, on Chandrayaan-1. The the lander design employed and the software needed is the rover of Chandrayaan-2. approximate launch mass will four main liquid engines, but to run these components. Its mass is about 27 kg and be 2,379 kg. The Orbiter High a centrally mounted engine Engineering models of the the operation is by solar Resolution Camera (OHRC) was added to handle new lander began undergoing power. The rover will move will conduct high-resolution requirements of having to ground and aerial tests in late on 6 wheels traversing 500 observations of the landing orbit the Moon before landing. October 2016, in Challakere metres on the lunar surface at site prior to separation of Vikram can safely land on in the Chitradurga district the rate of 1 cm per second, the lander from the orbiter. The orbiter’s structure was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and delivered to ISRO Satellite Centre on June 22, 2015.

Vikram lander The mission’s lander is called Vikram, which is the Sanskrit term for ‘valour’. It is named after Vikram Sarabhai, the father of the Indian space programme. The Vikram lander will detach from the orbiter and descend to a lunar orbit of 30 km × 100 km using its 800 N liquid main engines. It will then perform a comprehensive check of all its on-board systems before attempting a soft landing, deploy the rover, and perform some scientific activities for approximately

26 27 performing on-site chemical Payload Chandrayaan-2 Atmospheric Activity (ILSA) Seismometer analysis and sending the ISRO selected eight Compositional Explorer 2 by LEOS for studying Moon- data to the lander, which will scientific instruments for the (ChACE-2) Quadrupole quakes near the landing site. relay it to the Earth station. orbiter, four for the lander, Mass Analyzer from Space Chandra’s Surface Thermo- Stereoscopic camera- and two for the rover. The Physics Laboratory (SPL), physical Experiment (ChaSTE) based 3D vision: Two 1 orbiter’s payloads are: Thiruvananthapuram to Thermal probe for estimating megapixel, monochromatic Chandrayaan-2 Large Area carry out a detailed study the thermal properties NAVCAMs in front of the Soft X-ray Spectrometer of the lunar exosphere. of the lunar surface. rover will provide the ground (CLASS) developed by Terrain Mapping Camera-2 RAMBHA-LP Langmuir control team a 3D view of ISRO Satellite Centre (TMC-2) from SAC for probe for measuring the the surrounding terrain, and (ISAC), Bengaluru. preparing a three-dimensional density and variation of map essential for studying the lunar surface plasma. lunar mineralogy and geology. A laser array Radio Anatomy of Moon (LRA) by NASA Goddard Bound Hypersensitive Space Flight Center for Ionosphere and Atmosphere precise measurements of - Dual Frequency Radio the Earth–Moon distance. Science experiment (RAMBHA-DFRS) by SPL. Pragyan rover Orbiter High Resolution payload includes: Camera (OHRC) by SAC Laser-induced Breakdown for scouting a hazard free Spectroscope (LIBS) from for landing. Imagery Laboratory for Electro Optic from OHRC will later help Systems (LEOS), Bangalore. prepare Digital elevation Alpha Particle Induced model of lunar surface. X-ray Spectroscope (APXS) from PRL, Ahmedabad. The payload on Vikram Website: www.isro.gov. lander includes: in/chandrayaan2-home Instrument for Lunar Seismic

help in path-planning by Solar X-ray monitor (XSM) generating a digital elevation from Physical Research model of the terrain. Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad Control and motor for mapping major elements dynamics: The rover has present on the lunar surface. a rocker-bogie suspension Dual Frequency L and S system and six wheels, band Synthetic Aperture each driven by independent Radar (DFSAR) from Space brushless DC electric motors. Applications Centre (SAC), Steering is accomplished Ahmedabad for probing by differential speed of the the first few tens of metres wheels or skid steering. of the lunar surface for The expected operating the presence of different time of Pragyaan rover is one constituents, including lunar day or around 14 Earth water ice. SAR is expected days but its power system to provide further evidence has a solar-powered sleep/ confirming the presence of wake-up cycle implemented, water ice below the shadowed which could result in longer regions of the Moon. service time than planned. Imaging IR Spectrometer IIT Kanpur contributed to (IIRS) developed by SAC for the development of the mapping of lunar surface subsystems for light-based over a wide wavelength map generation and motion range for the study of planning for the rover. minerals, water molecules Cryogenic stage at vehicle assembly building for vehicle and hydroxyl present. integration

28 29 Expanding India’s Space Horizons With the successful launch of Chandrayaan-2, India’s second mission to Moon, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is brimming with confidence about the country’s future space plans. Dr K Sivan, who took over as the Chairman of ISRO on January 15, 2018, has set big goals for India’s space agency

“Our task is not over. We will only functional space station work on the next mission now. in the earth’s lower orbit, This year, we will have a series where at any point in a of missions. This is my duty to year, six astronauts conduct salute all people who made experiments in biology, this possible,” Sivan added. human biology, physics, Among the missions planned astronomy, and meteorology. is India’s own space station. The 360-tonne space station As part of this plan, ISRO is circling the earth 400 km has asked researchers to use above its surface. The ISS is the fourth stage of its Polar a multinational collaboration Satellite Launch Vehicle to among the European Space find ways to dock a robotic Agency, NASA, the arm with the spacecraft. The Aerospace Exploration significance is that the fourth Agency, Canada CSA, and stage of the vehicle can be Roscosmos of Russia. used for the experiments that India’s space station will will be conducted in the space not be as big as ISS. It will station. If successful in building probably weigh around 15- its own space station, India will 20 tonnes, will be used for be the fourth country, after microgravity tests, and will Russia, the US, and China, be able to accommodate a to set up a space station. small group of persons for In recent years, India’s goals 15-20 days. According to regarding space have been Sivan, the plan for India’s expanding beyond having own space station is a logical Dr K Sivan, planetary missions to anti- extension of the Rs 10,000 Chairman, ISRO satellite missile tests, creating crore human space programme a , and scheduled for 2022. “Without second mission to system is an aspiration of both its own space station by 2030. a space station, the human Moon, plans for national and international Meanwhile, ISRO new space programme will sending a human scientific community,” he said. commercial arm NewSpace not have a conclusion,” to space, India’s India has also been said the ISRO chief. ownA space station and voyages Chandrayaan-2 success, officially inaugurated. After ISRO develops the to Venus and Sun. The Indian bigger goals technology to send humans Space Research Organisation After the successful launch Plans for India’s into space, the next step will (ISRO) is scaling bigger of Chandrayaan-2 mission, space station be to make arrangements to heights. In an interaction Sivan said ISRO had bounced A space station is a spacecraft allow humans to live in space. with regional, national and back “with flying colours” which revolves around the The space station will be an international media persons after a technical snag led to Earth and provides a small extension of the Gaganyaan at ISRO Headquarters, the mission being called off space for a few humans to live Mission which involves sending Bengaluru Chairman of ISRO at the eleventh hour during for a few days to carry out three Indian astronauts to Dr K Sivan had outlined the the first attempt on July 15. cutting-edge scientific research space for seven days in lower space agency’s vision on space The Chairman said the team in an environment that cannot earth orbit (of 120-400 km). science and interplanetary swung into action after the be simulated on earth. The space station is missions. “Understanding setback and within 24 hours, At present, the International expected to help accelerate the secrets of the inner solar the issue had been rectified. Space Station (ISS) is the the development of reusable

30 rockets, in-orbit docking systems and manned missions. The station will create new opportunities for other spacecraft to dock as well as allowing for cross-collaboration experiments. This is important considering that ISS is likely to be wound up by 2028. ISRO has said that it intends to build a space station by 2023. After the likely closure of ISS in 2028, China’s space station would be the only crewed space station left.

Human space flight centre Another ambitious project of ISRO is setting up a human space flight centre in Bengaluru for manned missions. Speaking about the project, Sivan said in an interview: “It’s not simply about sending a man into space. The entire country’s understanding of science and technology will rise. It will inspire youngsters to do something new and encourage them to participate in science programmes. This particular project has many institutions and industries associated with it. In that sense, it is not just an ISRO project, but a national one. Every Indian agency involved can showcase its skills and the nation can be proud that, in science and technology, we are equal to the developed countries.” According to Sivan, when a human is launched, apart from the engineering and technical aspects, the human element, life sciences, also come in. the facilities for training and systems,” said Sivan. infrastructure for the launch,” “We have to ensure that the astronauts, he added. The On the cost of the human explained the ISRO chief. human inside the module is Institute had done a similar in space project, Sivan said safe and all conditions are thing for , that it would be Rs 10,000 Partnership with industries similar to those on Earth. India’s first man in space, he crore. “This amount is not According to Sivan, the next Simulating such conditions and pointed out. “But we will need very high as almost all the big thrust to expand ISRO’s creating such an environment more rigorous training. Given critical technology has been commercial ventures would is a challenge for us, but the target set by the Prime developed by us. The vehicle be ‘Baby PSLV’. It will be a it is new to us,” he said. Minister - 2022 - we may need is also already available. smaller, modular rocket for on- The Institute of Aerospace international collaboration and Our only remaining job is to demand launches. “There is Medicine in Bengaluru has the use of outside facilities build a training facility and also a huge scope for re-usable

31 Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman,ISRO with former Chairmen Dr.Kasturirangan and Kiran Kumar during the centenary celebration of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. rocket technology, another see how space programmes centre would enable research Technology, Bombay in ongoing project, which would will serve common people. At activities pertaining to active 2006. Sivan is a Fellow of the further reduce the cost of the moment we have around debris removal, Indian National Academy of launch,” he continued. 45 satellites in space, but modelling and mitigation. Engineering, the Aeronautical In another interview, the the national demand today Society of India and the ISRO Chairman said though is another 45,” he added. Shining achievements Systems Society of India. the space agency has plans Kailasavadivoo Sivan, who In ISRO, Sivan is popularly to send a man to the moon, A major milestone took over as the Chairman of known as the ‘Rocket Man’ for the immediate requirement of Among the milestones ISRO from A S Kiran Kumar his significant contribution to the country is more satellites. during Sivan’s term as on January 15, 2018, has the development of cryogenic “At ISRO, we seek Chairman so far is laying enjoyed a glittering track engines, for India’s space cooperation from industry the foundation stone for record. Sivan was born programme. Sivan worked on in manufacturing parts of ‘Space situational awareness on April 14, 1957 at Mela the design and development satellites and this is not control centre’ at Peenya, Sarakkalvilai, near Nagercoil of launch vehicles. something new. Even today, Bengaluru. Space Situational in Kanyakumari district of Sivan joined ISRO in 1982 hardware or the physical Awareness & Management Tamil Nadu state in India. His to participate in the Polar work is done partially by the (SSAM) is an internationally parents are Kailasavadivoo Satellite Launch Vehicle industry. We have been doing significant area due to the and Chellam. Sivan, who (PSLV) Project. He was this for years. In this sense of ever growing manmade belongs to an agricultural subsequently appointed as the term, we want privatisation space debris population and family, studied in a Tamil the director of ISRO’s Liquid to happen and industry should the increased collision threat medium government school Propulsion Systems Centre play a role in helping ISRO. with operational spacecraft. in Mela Sarakkalvilai Village (LPSC) on July 2, 2014. Let me give an example. Two The control centre would and later in Vallankumaranvilai On June 1, 2015, he became of our navigation satellites facilitate the intensified in Kanyakumari district. the Director of VSSC (Vikram have been developed with activities foreseen for SSAM, He later graduated with Sarabhai Space Centre). the help of private parties. in view of increasing debris a bachelor’s degree in In PSLV Project, he has We have signed contracts to population and operational engineering from Madras contributed immensely towards make 20 satellites with three space assets. The control Institute of Technology in end-to-end mission planning, agencies. It has been the centre would host a range 1980. Sivan then earned mission design, mission mission of ISRO’s founding of activities pertaining to a master’s degree in integration and analysis. The fathers that there should be an protection of Indian space aerospace engineering from mission design process and interplay of industry, academia assets from inactive satellites, Indian Institute of Science, innovative mission design and ISRO,” said Sivan. pieces of orbiting objects, Bengaluru in 1982, and strategies perfected for PSLV The ISRO chief stresses near earth asteroids and started working in ISRO. He have become the foundation that India needs many more adverse space weather earned a doctoral degree for ISRO launch vehicles like satellites. “Our focus right now conditions. For sustainable in aerospace engineering GSLV, GSLV-MK3 and RLV-TD. is to serve the country and use of space, the control from Indian Institute of Sivan is the chief architect

32 33 Inauguration of Launch view gallery in SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota by Dr. K. Sivan, Secretary, DOS and Chairman, ISRO. of 6D trajectory simulation has also played a key role in 2014. In August 2019, he Sivan also sought divine software, SITARA, which is developing the indigenous was selected for the Dr A P blessings at Sri Chengalamma the backbone of the real-time Geosynchronous Satellite J Abdul Kalam Award of the temple in Sullurupet, and non-real-time trajectory Launch Vehicle MK II, and was Tamil Nadu government. near the launch centre at simulations of all ISRO launch part of the team that ideated Sriharikota in Nellore district vehicles. The ISRO Chairman on the Swadeshi . Temple visit of Andhra Pradesh. has commissioned a world- Under his chairmanship, Among the interesting class simulation facility in ISRO launched Chandrayaan incidents during the ISRO ISRO for mission synthesis 2, the second mission to the Chairman’s term has been a and analysis which is used for moon on July 22, 2019. visit to Tirumala temple to mission design, sub-system pray for Chandrayaan-2. Like level validation and integrated Recognition his predecessors, who used validation of avionics systems Considering his immense to worship at the hill shrine in all ISRO launch vehicles. contributions to India’s space before every major space During his career at ISRO, missions over the years, Dr K mission, Sivan also sought Dr Sivan has held many Sivan has been selected for a Lord Balaji’s blessings. responsibilities like Group series of awards. They include Sivan, who was accompanied Director, MSSG; Project the Shri Hari Om Ashram by some ISRO scientists, Director, RLV-TD; Deputy Prerit Dr Vikram Sarabhai visited the temple along with Director, Aeronautics Entity; Research award in 1999; the replica of Chandrayaan-2 Deputy Director, Structures ISRO merit award in 2007; to receive the “benign Entity; Project Director, Dr Biren Roy Space Science blessings of Almighty”, GSLV and Chief controller. award (2011); Distinguished according to the Tirumala In fact, it was Sivan’s Alumnus Award in 2013 from Tirupati Devasthanam (TTD), expertise that gave ISRO the MIT Alumni Association, which manages the affairs ability to send 104 satellites Chennai and Distinguished of the renowned temple. in a single mission, setting Alumnus Award in 2018 from Sivan was later offered a world record on February Indian Institute of Science, an ‘edasirvachanam’ at 14, 2017. He was the key Bangalore. In addition, Sivan Ranganayakula Mandapam person who worked on the was conferred with the by Vedic pundits at technicalities of how the Doctor of Science (Honoris the temple. ‘Theertha satellites would be placed in Causa) from Sathyabama Prasadams’ were also given PSLV-C38 / -2 orbit. The new ISRO Chairman University, Chennai in April to the ISRO Chairman. Series Satellite

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35 ISRO Centres: A countrywide presence

ISRO operates from various locations in the country. Each centre of the space agency plays a crucial role in making the missions successful. A brief look at the major centres

he Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) functions from various centres spread across the country. Each centre carries out several crucial functions. The ISRO units are located in the followingT cities: Chandigarh (1 centre), New (3), Dehradun (2), Lucknow (1), Kolkata (1), Shillong (1), Nagpur (1), Hyderabad (1), Tirupati (1), Port Blair (1), Sriharikota (1), Mahendragiri (1), Thiruvananthapuram (4), Aluva (1), Bengaluru (12), Hassan (1), Byalalu (2), (1), (1), Mt. Abu, Ahmedabad (3), Udaipur (1), and Jodhpur (1). design, development and realisation of liquid propulsion VSSC stages for ISRO’s Launch Vehicles. Development of fluid Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram, control valves, transducers, propellant management is the lead centre of ISRO responsible for the design and devices for vacuum conditions and other key components development of launch vehicle technology. VSSC pursues active of liquid propulsion systems are also under the purview research and development in the fields of aeronautics, avionics, of this centre. LPSC activities and facilities are spread materials, mechanisms, vehicle integration, chemicals, propulsion, across its two campuses namely, LPSC, Valiamala, space ordnance, structures, space physics and systems reliability. Thriruvananthapuram and LPSC, Bengaluru, Karnataka. The Centre undertakes crucial responsibilities of design, LPSC, Valiamala is responsible for R&D, System Design, manufacturing, analysis, development and testing related Engineering and Project Management functions. The to the realisation of subsystems for the different missions. Fluid Control Components Entity and the Materials and Manufacturing Entities are located here, in addition to the Earth Storable and Cryogenic Propulsion Entities, handling the core tasks of the centre. LPSC, Bengaluru is responsible for design and realisation of propulsion systems for remote sensing and communication satellites and other scientific missions. Development and production of transducers and sensors are undertaken here. Website: www.lpsc.gov.in

SDSC Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota, the of India, is responsible for providing Launch VSSC has extension centres at Valiamala housing major Base Infrastructure for the Indian Space Programme. This facilities of mechanisms, vehicle integration and testing centre has the facilities for solid propellant processing, static and at Vattiyoorkavu for the development of composites. testing of solid motors, launch vehicle integration and The Ammonium Perchlorate Experimental Plant (APEP) launch operations, range operations comprising telemetry, has been set up by VSSC at Aluva near Kochi. tracking and command network and mission control centre. The major programmes at VSSC include Polar Satellite The centre has two launch pads from where the rocket Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and Rohini Sounding Rockets as well as the development of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mk Ill, Reusable Launch Vehicles, advanced technology vehicles, air-breathing propulsion and critical technologies towards . Website: www.vssc.gov.in

LPSC Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) is the centre for

36 launching operations of PSLV and GSLV are carried out. The mandate for the centre is to produce solid propellant boosters for the launch vehicle programmes of ISRO; to provide the infrastructure for qualifying various subsystems and solid rocket motors and carrying out the necessary tests and to provide launch base infrastructure for satellites and launch vehicles. SDSC SHAR has a separate launch pad for launching sounding rockets. The centre also provides the necessary launch base infrastructure for sounding rockets of ISRO and for assembly, integration and launch of sounding rockets and payloads. Website: www.shar.gov.in Formerly, IPRC was known as LPSC, Mahendragiri and was URSC elevated as IPRC with effect from February 1, 2014. (URSC), Bengaluru, formerly known The activities carried out at IPRC, Mahendragiri are: Assembly, as ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) is the lead centre for building integration and testing of earth storable propellant engines, satellites and developing associated satellite technologies. These cryogenic engines and stages for launch vehicles; high altitude spacecraft are used for providing applications to various users testing of upper stage engines and spacecraft thrusters as well as in the areas of Communication, Navigation, Meteorology, testing of its sub systems and production and supply of cryogenic Remote Sensing, Space Science and interplanetary explorations. propellants for Indian cryogenic rocket programme. A Semi- The centre is also pursuing advanced technologies for future cryogenic Cold Flow Test facility (SCFT) has been established missions. URSC is housed with the state-of-the-art facilities for at IPRC, Mahendragiri for the development, qualification and building satellites on end-to-end basis. ISRO Satellite Integration acceptance testing of semicryogenic engine subsystems. and Test Establishment (ISITE) is equipped with state-of-the- IPRC is responsible for the supply of Storable Liquid Propellants art clean room facilities for spacecraft integration and test for ISRO’s launch vehicles and satellite programmes. Website: www.iprc.gov.in

SAC Space Applications Centre (SAC) at Ahmedabad is spread across two campuses having multi-disciplinary activities. The core competence of the Centre lies in development of space borne and air borne instruments / payloads and their applications for national development and societal benefits. These applications are in diverse areas and primarily meet the communication, navigation and remote sensing needs of the country. Besides these, the centre also contributed significantly in scientific and planetary missions of ISRO like facilities including a 6.5 Metre thermo vacuum chamber, 29 Ton Chandrayaan-1 and Mars Orbiter Mission. The communication vibration facility, Compact Antenna Test Facility and acoustic transponders developed at this Centre for Indian National test facility under one roof. Assembly, Integration and Testing Satellite (INSAT) and Geo Synchronous Satellite (GSAT) of all Communication and Navigation Spacecraft is carried series of satellites are used by government and private sector out at ISITE. A dedicated facility for the productionisation for VSAT, DTH, Internet, broadcasting, telephones etc. of standardised subsystems is established at ISITE. This centre also designs and develops the optical and URSC has a unit called Laboratory for Electro Optics microware sensors for the satellites, signal and image processing System (LEOS), which is situated in Peenya, Bengaluru software, GIS software and many applications for Earth and is mainly responsible for research, development and Observation (EO) programme of ISRO. These applications productionisation of sensors for ISRO programmes. are in diverse areas of Geosciences, Agriculture, Environment Since inception, URSC has the distinction of building more and Climate Change, Physical Oceanography, Biological than 100 satellites for various applications like scientific, Oceanography, Atmosphere, Cryosphere and Hydrosphere. communication, navigation and remote sensing. Many SAC has active collaborations with industry, academia, national private and public sector industries are also supporting and international institutes for research and development. the centre in realising standard satellite hardware. The centre also conducts nine-month post graduate diploma Website: www.isac.gov.in courses for students from the Asia Pacific region under the aegis of the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education IPRC (CSSTE-AP) in satellite meteorology and communication. ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri in Tirunelveli Website: www.sac.gov.in district, Tamil Nadu is equipped with the state-of-the-art facilities necessary for realising the cutting edge propulsion NRSC technology products for the Indian space programme. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) at Hyderabad is

37 responsible for remote sensing satellite data acquisition and processing, data dissemination, aerial remote sensing and decision support for disaster management. NRSC has a data reception station at Shadnagar near Hyderabad for acquiring data from Indian remote sensing satellites as well as others. NRSC Ground station at Shadnagar acquires Earth Observation data from Indian remote-sensing satellites as well as from different foreign satellites. NRSC is also engaged in executing remote sensing application projects in collaboration with

Brunei, Biak (Indonesia) and the Deep Space Network Stations. In keeping with its long-established TTC support responsibility, ISTRAC has also been mandated to provide space operations support for Deep Space Missions of ISRO, undertake development of radar systems for launch vehicle tracking and meteorological applications, establish and operationalise the ground segment for Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System, provide Search & Rescue and Disaster Management Services and support space based services like telemedicine, Village Resource Centre (VRC) and tele-education. Website: www.istrac.gov.in

MCF (MCF) at Hassan in Karnataka and the users. The Aerial Services and Digital Mapping (ASDM) Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh monitors and controls all the Area provides end-to-end Aerial Remote Sensing services and value-added solutions for various large scale applications like aerial photography and digital mapping, infrastructure planning, scanner surveys, aeromagnetic surveys, large scale base map, topographic and cadastral level mapping etc. Website: www.nrsc.gov.in

RRSCs Regional Remote Sensing Centres (RRSCs) support various remote sensing tasks specific to their regions as well as at the national level. RRSCs are carrying out application projects encompassing all the fields of natural resources. RRSCs are also involved in software development, customisation and packaging specific to user requirements and conducting Geostationary / Geosynchronous satellites of ISRO, namely, regular training programmes for users in geo-spatial INSAT, GSAT, Kalpana and IRNSS series of satellites. MCF is technology, particularly digital image processing and responsible for Orbit Raising of satellites, In-orbit payload testing, Geographical Information System (GIS) applications. and On-orbit operations all through the life of these satellites. MCF activities include round-the-clock Tracking, Telemetry & ISTRAC Commanding (TT&C) operations, and special operations like ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC), Eclipse management, Station-keeping manoeuvres and recovery Bengaluru is entrusted with the major responsibility to provide actions in case of contingencies. MCF interacts with User tracking support for all the satellite and launch vehicle missions Agencies for effective utilisation of the satellite payloads and to of ISRO. The major objectives of the centre are: Carrying minimise the service disturbances during special operations. out mission operations of all operational remote sensing and Website: www.mcf.gov.in scientific satellites, providing Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TTC) services from launch vehicle lift-off till injection of satellite IISU into orbit and to estimate its preliminary orbit in space and ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU), Thiruvananthapuram hardware and software developmental activities that enhance is responsible for the design and development of Inertial the capabilities of ISTRAC for providing flawless TTC and Systems for Launch Vehicles and Spacecraft programmes of Mission Operations services. Towards these objectives, ISTRAC ISRO. Major systems like Inertial Navigation Systems based has established a network of ground stations at Bengaluru, on mechanical gyros and optical gyros, Attitude Reference Lucknow, Mauritius, Sriharikota, Port Blair, Thiruvananthapuram, Systems, Rate Gyro Packages and Accelerometer Packages

38 production and transmission and training. It works with user agencies and experiments with innovative configurations to meet their requirements and facilitates in covering the ‘last mile’ in space applications to reach the unreached. The major programmes carried out by DECU include Telemedicine (TM), Tele-Education (TE), projects resulted as an outcome of the national meet of space technology and tools and other SATCOM based applications for the national development. are developed indigenously and used in various missions of ISRO. IISU also designs and develops Actuators and IIRS Mechanisms for spacecraft and allied applications. IISU is Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) at Dehradun is a engaged in continuous Research and Development too. premier institute with the objective of capacity building in Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics and their applications LEOS The Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS), Bengaluru is responsible for design, development and production of electro-optic sensors and optics for spacecraft use. Sensor system includes earth sensors, star sensors, sun sensors, magnetic sensors, fiber optic gyro, temperature

through education and training programmes at postgraduate level. The Institute also hosts and provides support to the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia sensors and processing electronics. Optics system and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP), affiliated to the United Nations. includes optics for remote sensing cameras, radiometers, Website: www.iirs.gov.in star sensor optics, optical filter, optical masks, optical coatings, IR detectors and MEMS based inclinometer. DOS LEOS is actively involved in the development of new The Department of Space (DOS) has the primary objective technologies for present / future satellites. This includes of promoting development and application of space science development active pixel sensor star tracker, Charge Coupled and technology to assist in all-round development of the Device (CCD) based star tracker, Fiber Optics Gyro, Optical nation. The Secretariat of DOS and ISRO Headquarters are inter satellite link, high resolution camera optics, optical coatings located at Antariksh Bhavan in Bangalore. Programme offices and MEMS devices (magnetometer, accelerometer etc.). at ISRO Headquarters coordinate the programmes like satellite LEOS is situated at Peenya Industrial Estate, Bengaluru where communication, earth observation, launch vehicle, space science, the first Indian Satellite Aryabhata was fabricated in 1975. disaster management support, sponsored research scheme, contracts management, international cooperation, safety, DECU reliability, publications and public relations, budget & economic The Development and Educational Communication Unit analysis, civil engineering and human resources development. (DECU) at Ahmedabad, is dedicated for realizing satellite Website: www.dos.gov.in communication based societal applications in the country. The major activities of DECU are – SATCOM networks configuration, Antrix implementation, upgradation, migration, utilisation, Limited (ACL), Bengaluru is a wholly sustenance, social research and evaluation, programme owned Government of India Company under the administrative control of the Department of Space. Antrix Corporation Limited was incorporated as a private limited company owned by Government of India in September 1992 as a marketing arm of ISRO for promotion and commercial exploitation of space products, technical consultancy services and transfer of technologies developed by ISRO. Another major objective is to facilitate development of space related industrial capabilities in India. As the commercial and marketing arm of ISRO, Antrix is engaged in providing space products and services to international customers worldwide. Website: Website: www.antrix.co.in

39 Odysseys to Expanding Frontiers

Padma Vibhushan Dr Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan, who steered India’s Space programme for nine years during the millennium transition, as Chairman of ISRO, Chairman of Space Commission and Secretary of the Department of Space, Government of India, recalls how he was instrumental in triggering the Nation’s endeavours for planetary explorations, missions to reach out to the Moon, Mars, Venus and beyond, as he highlights the major milestones of ISRO’s golden jubilee saga. Excerpts from an in-depth interview:

Dr K Kasturirangan Former Chairman, ISRO

You joined the exultant chorus of about the complexity of Chandrayaan-2 guidance and navigation, complex proud jubilation as India’s second lunar mission and its characterisation as the trajectory calculations towards intricate mission, Chandrayaan – 2 took off most ambitious mission ever undertaken trajectory manoeuvres and the issues from Sriharikota. You hailed it as the by ISRO so far, stems from the of managing some of the most difficult most complex, the most ambitious technological and mission management terminal guidance operations in the mission that ISRO has undertaken in its challenges on one side and the promise vicinity of the Moon together with robotic 50-year-old saga. As an astrophysicist of rich science that waits to be harvested means of exploration around the landing who specialized in Experimental High on the other side. I won’t call the point of the craft on the lunar surface. Energy Astronomy, and space scientist, challenges in technology as intriguing, Scientifically, Chandrayaan-2 will what would be the most intriguing but realisation of the same called for intensify the search for water, conduct features of this mission for you? bringing to bear the most advanced detailed studies of chemical and Dr Kasturirangan: My observation space technology concepts in control mineralogical characteristics of lunar

40 regolith, map the topography made us (ISRO) to explore of the lunar surface including further this new dimension cratering as well as a precise to India’s space endeavour, characterization of the lunar by conducting a series of ionospheric and neutral consultations among a number particle environment. The of stakeholders including measurements being carried making a presentation to the out for the first time in the Standing Committee of the vicinity of the lunar South Parliament. After making a Pole, the scientific outcomes fairly detailed assessment of are likely to be a new the scientific, technological, addition to the understanding financial and the overall of the lunar science. mission scenario including the related timelines, the matter You steered India’s Space was brought to the attention programme for nine years, of the then Prime Minister, from 1994 to 2003, during Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The DR. K.Kasturirangan receiving Padma Vibhushan the millennium transition, as Hon’ble Prime Minister got from Dr.K.R.Narayanan. the head of ISRO, Chairman enthused after hearing the of Space Commission and level of groundwork done and in the designated orbit in the launch of Chandrayaan-2, Secretary of the Department hence went ahead to make a most spectacular way, with certain modifications of Space, Government of an announcement to the how do you assess India’s including limited uprating India. Looking back, how nation on the eve of the Prime trajectory of growth in this and ensuring improved safety were you paving the way for Minister’s Independence Day critical part of space-faring features will be used for the first lunar mission that address in August 2003. Thus, – developing launchers for immediate manned space was launched 11 years back, was born India’s Planetary manned space mission? missions. However, keeping and this advanced mission Program, with the initiation of I may mention that India’s in view the long term goal of to explore the South Pole the efforts for Chandrayaan-1. launch vehicle development heavier capsules for manned of the Moon, the Earth’s This maiden mission to a program has been very well missions, the development of only natural satellite? planetary body, Moon, and planned, right from the a new GSLV, that can place The story of India’s foray the interesting scientific beginning of India’s space 6 tonne payload into GTO, into planetary exploration is an outcomes including the first endeavours. Through a well with semi-cryogenic engines interesting one. On the eve of time indication of the presence thought out development replacing the present Earth the celebrations of Pokhran-2 of water, further inspired the strategy, starting with SLV-3 storable L110 core booster in May 1999, the then Minister scientific community to make with a 40 Kg Near Earth stage is being planned. Even of Science and Technology, more detailed studies and Orbit (NEO) capability, the as we design and evaluate Prof. MM Joshi asked me, as that became the genesis of organisation moved to ASLV approaches like recoverable the then Chairman of ISRO, to Chandrayaan-2. Needless to with a 110 Kg NEO capability and reusable systems as make a presentation on India’s emphasise, the engineering and moving further to PSLV, futuristic concepts, the present Space Program in Delhi to a community, together in the present work horse for plans to develop capability large gathering of intellectuals, consultation with scientific polar launches to the level to realise upto 6 tonnes to including scientists, policy groups decided to go for of 1- 1.8 tonnes. The next GTO will be certainly a very makers, leaders from different a more advanced mission important step was to realise major step in enhancing the political affiliations and other that would include both a Geosynchronous capability conduct of manned space professionals from different Lander and Rover, besides the through Geosynchronous missions in the near future. walks of life. As a part of this Orbiter, indeed a quantum launch vehicles (GSLV). presentation, I included a jump to our planetary Through the first phase of Going back to your forte, couple of slides about ISRO’s exploration capability! development including GSLV overseeing design and technological ability to conduct Mk I and subsequently that development of the world’s space missions to Moon, You were involved, as the of GSLV Mk II, we reached best civilian satellites - new Mars, Venus etc. Besides Director of Satellite Centre a geosynchronous transfer generation INSAT-2, IRS- IC, triggering tremendous interest of ISRO, in the flight testing orbit (GTO) capability of IRS-ID Remote Sensing, among the erudite audience of PSLV, and further in the 2.4 tonnes. A parallel design Bhaskara Earth Observation, present at the lecture, the development and flight testing effort mounted to boost the Ocean Observation satellites - subsequent media reports, of GSLV. Now that the 4-tonne geosynchronous capability to could you give us an overview further revealed a national class GSLV-Mk III, the heaviest 4 tonnes has been successfully of India’s unique achievements curiosity about this aspect of rocket built indigenously, accomplished. Certainly, GSLV in this niche space technology? India’s unique capability. This has put the Chandrayaan-2 Mk III which has been used for India’s satellite programs have

41 been primarily focussed on the payload transmitting use of satellites for applications signals in L5 and S-band. in the area of communications, The technological broadcasting, navigation, developments in the context remote sensing for earth of remote sensing series and , of satellites has resulted disaster management besides, in building series of 3-axis conducting scientific missions. stabilised bus with high In the initial stages, an attitude stability with all the innovative feature of India’s features of a state of the art INSAT series of satellites has technology satellite like precise been the unique integration of orbit and attitude control using communication, broadcasting reaction wheels, gyroscopes, and meteorology services attitude sensors, hydrazine In a nutshell, one should satellites in Space. The related into a single platform. This propulsion systems and high recognise the extraordinary establishment of infrastructure of course, helped to conduct data rate system operating in versatility of the Indian for specialised manufacture, easier on orbit operations and S & X band communication earth observation systems assembly and testing has also mission management, besides frequencies. Further, both through polar orbiting been put in place. Several the considerations of economy. additional features include on- satellites and geosynchronous industrial establishments have Today, the system has grown board data storage, intricate missions, providing a been brought into the area into a constellation of INSAT temperature control systems comprehensive service in the of space manufacture with and GSAT series of satellites for the payload which by itself context of generating precise the attendant demands on operating in L-band, S-band, used the then emerging charge and accurate earth observation quality and reliability. This C-band, extended C-band, Ku coupled devices for imaging data including meteorological multi-faced investment into band and Ka band. Besides & unique optical telescopes and weather applications. the various requirements of the normal communication and innovative antenna design a space program makes India configurations employed for data transmission. This Being part of India’s most one among the top few as by INSAT and GSAT series bus has been the mainstay celebrated gallery of Space a space-faring nation. With of satellites, ISRO has also of the earlier IRS series like legends, how do you envisage the important decision of the developed through GSAT-11 IRS 1A/1B/ 1C with imaging India’s future in this field – present Government to go for mission, a multi-beam, high- capability up to 5m spatial both on the scientific front a human spaceflight program, throughput communication resolution. Subsequent as well as the far-reaching the first of which is slated satellite operating in Ku upgradation and modification human development aspects? for realisation by 2021, India and Ka bands, employing of this bus was employed for India, today, has a will become one among the a new heavy bus platform building satellites for ocean comprehensive capability to top four nations with proven designated as I-6K. This new surface studies and more conduct a multifaceted space human spaceflight capability. version of GSAT provides 32 versatile resource series of program and can be rightly Needless to point out, user beams in Ku band and satellites and also for mapping designated as a leading (of this comprehensive Indian 8 hub beams in Ka band. applications with high what we call as a) space-faring space program clearly points On the other side, India has resolution cameras designated nation. With the capability to its ability to undertake also established a satellite as the CARTOSAT series. The to put multi-tonne satellites future space initiatives, both navigation program designated meteorological component of into GTO through GSLV Mk nationally or being a part of as NavIC, which is the Indian earth observation has been III and a well-proven polar major international missions. Regional Navigation Satellite also employed through their satellite launch vehicle PSLV, The technological credentials, System (IRNSS), capable of integration into the multi- India is now in a position to qualified human resources, providing accurate position purpose INSAT 1 & 2 series, conduct a variety of space availability of relevant information service to both besides, exclusive missions applications, science and industrial infrastructure, the users in India as well as in the with multi-channel sounder planetary missions. The political will to provide all the region extending up to 1500 systems in addition to visible, corresponding designs for support needed to take the Km from the Indian boundary. near-infrared and thermal the spacecrafts have been country to higher pedestals This again is a system specially infrared systems in 3D/3DR. also mastered in terms of a of performance, besides tailored for Indian use with Since 2012, microwave remote variety of satellite buses and a conducive international focus on Indian regional sensing capability has also payloads defined for different environment for collaboration requirements. The system is been added to the family of missions. Very sophisticated and co-operation among serviced by 7 satellites with remote sensing by RISAT-I and multi-capability mission others place India in a unique 3 in geostationary and 4 in and its follow on, thus, management and control and favourable position inclined geosynchronous providing Day/Night capability centres have been established to be a part of any major orbit with the navigation for sensing the Earth. to operate the various new developments in this

42 field at the frontiers of manned mission project? complexity both at national Moving from the present and international levels. level of India’s maturity in its Certainly, we need to create space endeavours to a new more centres of excellence dimension, that of human for research in space science, spaceflight, calls for a major technology and applications, commitment towards a long- particularly in the University term sustained and assured system, and strengthen the support from the Government, role of industries in private and in terms of human and public domain to play a more financial resources and proactive role in the building appropriate policy framework of total system hardware to deal with certain aspects and provision of a variety of of national policies facilitating services. We need to enunciate working with multiple agencies clearly the policies to facilitate in the civilian and military such a transformation in domain, as well as, fostering what today is mostly a international linkages. The public funded activity being timeliness of initiating this carried out by Government activity with the political funded institutions. Another decision to fix targets for dimension relates to realisation of the initial goals strengthening the framework certainly is a significant step of international collaboration in this context. Series of through being a major partner notable successes that ISRO in mega space programs has achieved in the area of including building of futuristic space transportation including international space stations GSLV Mk III, the increased and human space flights of confidence to undertake more international character to complex mission coming different objects in the solar out of successes in India’s system with objectives of planetary program coupled exploration and exploitation with significant interest among of resources. A certain level the international community to of alignment with some of the work with ISRO in its various projects and programs being space endeavours have all conceived by other major been important considerations. space-faring nations is called Further, at national level, there for, including being a part of is interest to give increased the initial planning and clear thrust towards advanced delineation of India’s own technology development and role in such initiatives. The innovation within the country, context of what I am trying together with the creation to highlight in this narrative is of a wider ecosystem for that space as a final frontier for academia-industry partnership human kind to expand beyond in the context of the broader the confines of our own national developmental needs planet, is likely to influence the and the growing economic policies of many countries with strength of India all of which notable space endeavours, to have also been factored in forge alliances and making the Government’s decision this endeavour a truly global to give a green signal to one in the coming years. Gaganyaan mission. The broader international role that Could you share your India will come to play in many views on the most critical crucial endeavours particularly features involved in the involving science, technology proposed Gaganyaan, and innovation has been an

43 additional consideration. On the technological front, human spaceflight efforts imply launch capability with added demands of safety features, crew in habitat module development and evolving methodologies for the safe return from orbit. Several elements such as testing crew escape systems, specialised launch vehicle-spacecraft interfaces, aerodynamic characterisation, life support systems etc are new elements to be developed and validated. Further, a carefully planned series of technological demonstration test flights need to be undertaken to gain the necessary confidence to have assured success for the first actual human spaceflight. A space-faring nation which both launch vehicles and This enhanced space activity history of ISRO and has successfully demonstrated satellites, enhanced capacities should provide a major India’s Space odysseys. human spaceflight capability to meet the increasing platform through research There are many who is certainly an important demands on the space and development in academic influenced the course of my credential as a near-time services within India, potential institutions including life which included my close goal for our country, exploitation of the growing Universities. Some of the relatives including maternal especially recognising markets for space systems and major government funded grandparents, my teachers in India’s determination to services coming from large facilities and infrastructure that school and college, friends and reach a position as the parts of the world and the are already in place, such as well-wishers, besides several third largest economy in need to primarily concentrate use of launch pads, major test colleagues with whom I the coming decade with all through public funding on facilities, space mission control worked with at different stages its multiple ramifications, research and development, centres and such similar large of career. Coming to space, especially those representing as well as conceiving newer scale establishments could be my first major contact took technological frontiers. innovative space systems hired by industries through place when I met Dr Vikram relating to science, technology appropriate contracts and Sarabhai for a discussion Now that ISRO is marking 50 and applications. All add up to agreements. An appropriate to assess my eligibility to years of unparalleled growth in the need to create larger taking due cognisance work as a PhD student in his Space Science and Technology, related ecosystem beyond of the national security interest department. This discussion what do you foresee in ISRO’s the public funded institutions. and patent regime among led me to the opportunity vision for larger public-private Further, we have reached a other things to facilitate such to join the research team industry participation in the stage, where there is a sense arrangements need to be put under Dr Vikram Sarabhai, development of rockets, of urgency to move towards in place. Thus, I do see the who was leading groups in satellites and other strategic this new regime, where importance of this step if we astronomy and astrophysics at products and equipment? private industries take charge have to substantially enhance Physical Research Laboratory I consider public-private of sustaining the already the space activity keeping in in Ahmedabad for pursuing industry participation as operational space systems mind its commercial potential. my PhD degree. I may a significant next step in through their replacement mention that PRL served as transforming the space and upgradation. ISRO will Tell us about some of the cradle of Indian Space activities of our country. provide the much needed the most illustrious space Program under the visionary The vision that the present research and development scientists of India, some leadership and guidance of Government and the country support and proof of concept of your predecessors and Dr Vikram Sarabhai. It is has about ISRO’s future demonstration before such contemporary personalities here I learnt the methods of directions certainly implies products and services are who have influenced you scientific research which in improved capabilities of the moved to the private and the most, since we are turn shaped my capabilities of present operational systems, other industrial domains. focusing on the phenomenal training the mind for incisive

44 thinking and critical analysis. of Prof. Dhawan and Prof. U degree of professionalism and A good research worker is also R Rao and subsequent years, perfection in any task that expected to acquire a broad Prof. Menon made it a point he assigned to his juniors. knowledge base encompassing to attend most of the major Working with him gave me several subjects and themes launch events from Sriharikota. insights into the intricacies of and also the ability to explore This was a major source of management of a system as connections between multiple inspiration for many of us. To complex as space, also the subjects with no obvious me personally, Menon has process of decision making and linkages on the surface. been a mentor, guide and a the culture of transparency. He Dr Sarabhai was instrumental constant source of inspiration. insisted on adopting practices in the first major decision The depth of his affection and of rigorous analysis and in relating to my professional feelings for me I could gauge identifying multiple pathways career. I had completed my when I fell sick in Delhi and to decision making and thus PhD and was ready to accept was admitted to the All India providing an optimal solution a Post-Doctoral fellowship at Institute of Medical Sciences as distinct from a perfect one. the University of California for a serious health problem. Prof. Dhawan was a fine at Berkeley. When Dr He came, made enquiries and human being with sensitivity Sarabhai heard about this, most importantly came to me towards social causes. His he immediately reacted to it saying a lot of encouraging vision to use space capabilities by giving me an alternative words and blessed me by for grassroot level applications, for my future, particularly touching my head. I was therefore contained in many emphasizing the emerging deeply touched by this Father cases a good reflection of challenges and excitements in figure, whose blessings I knew this attitude. India is one of the new field of space research will definitely go a long way the unique countries that on which the country was in my fast recovery which I have used the high-tech and an astronomer, a man embarking. He went on to did. Men like Professor Menon capabilities of space for in a hurry. His dynamism, emphasise there is nothing like are far and few, difficult to down to earth applications restlessness to achieve the working in your own country imagine a world where such such as addressing the results quickly and with right when such opportunities human beings are becoming issues of rural development, application of mind stemming present themselves. The more and more rare to come environment, wasteland from his deep familiarity with deep conviction in his advice across. I would conclude mapping and strategies for scientific methods made him and the persuasive powers the narration of Prof. MGK developing remedial measures, a unique leader. Working of his arguments left me Menon with the observations approaches for water with him in building India’s with no alternative than to of Prof. CNR Rao: “In the conservation, preservation and first satellite- Aryabhata work in my own country. post-independent India, management, coastal zone was a great experience of In retrospect I don’t regret Goku was one of the handful management including issues practicing scientific rigour, following his prophetic advice. of scientists who could’ve of aquaculture and preparing technological challenges, The untimely death of Dr won a Noble Prize, if only he timely weather predictions adhering to strict controls Vikram Sarabhai in December continued his research with for agriculture and so on. He on schedules and budgets, 1971 resulted in Professor the same level of rigor and created unique institutions creating new organisational MGK Menon taking up the depth that were a part of his like planning committee for structures and above all responsibility of the Chairman early legacy. But, the country National Natural Resource working with the culture of of ISRO as an interim measure. needed him for many other Management System, bringing another country, at that time Over the years, I came in purposes and he made a great together several stakeholders the Soviet Union. It was a contact with Prof. Menon sacrifice to take up science interested in the use of space total experience, systemic, if in different capacities for management and leadership, data and information. I learnt I am permitted to say so, and different contexts. During my at an obviously personal quite a lot about the art of it gave me crucial insights tenure as Chairman, ISRO, cost.” I will always remember leadership, particularly the about how to deal with I often had the privilege of this observation of Professor best practices for dealing with realising multi-dimensional and meeting Prof. Menon through CNR Rao in understanding your seniors, contemporaries multi-disciplinary outcome. my relations with the different Professor Menon’s entire and juniors. I would always What is equally important to science academies such as professional career. treat him as an extraordinary recognise is that starting from Indian Academy of Sciences Prof. Dhawan, a distinguished personality to have led ISRO scratch and with the need to and the National Academy professor in Aeronautics and in its most crucial years. learn the ABC of building a of Science, India. Further, an educationist, succeeded The third Chairman of satellite, we were given just 36 in spite of his very short Dr Sarabhai as the Head of ISRO with whom I worked, months to complete the task association with ISRO as its India’s Space Program. He Prof. U R Rao, was a well- and we did in 40 months. My Chairman, during the times was a man who sought high known cosmic ray physicist association with Prof. U R Rao

45 was certainly not an ordinary demanding aspects of project experience. He virtually management such as schedule treated me as a sounding and budget control gave him board, while addressing a very respected position in technical, managerial, financial the organisation and not from and many other related issues. the considerations of seniority We discussed between us over alone. I always sought his long periods while dissecting advice and views on several a problem and he had great matters during my years as reliance on my judgement project director of Bhaskara and fully trusted me. Prof. UR and IRS and subsequently Rao had great concern for my when I became the Chairman personal wellbeing and I could and he served as Director, say without hesitation he had Space Applications Centre. a very critical role in shaping Dr B N Suresh is an engineer my professional career that extraordinaire, whose systemic brought me to the highest understanding of a launch levels of management in ISRO. vehicle can be simply put as Two of my contemporary ‘Awesome’. He symbolises the colleagues, Dr George Joseph highest degree of what you and Dr B N Suresh, symbolize characterise as professionalism another class of relationship in an ISRO engineer. His deep proposals in your Draft Policy ourselves formulated. during my career in space. knowledge of the discipline that would change the way In the context of science Dr George Joseph came with of control, guidance and Science and Technology is and technology, the a background of nuclear navigation coupled with his dealt with in various levels school education part of instrumentation from Tata thorough understanding of the of education in India? our recommendation duly Institute of Fundamental systemic aspects of a launch I am indeed privileged to recognises developmentally Research and joined Space vehicle made me depend have been assigned the task appropriate education, Application Centre headed on him for advice on very of chairing the draft National particularly in the early by Prof. Yashpal. George difficult technical and strategic Education Policy under the stages. The school curriculum proved to be one of the matters. The best example of Hon’ble Shri Narendra Modi emphasises developing scientists whose exceptional my dependence on his wisdom Ji’s Government by the then knowledge proficiency, insights of both science and can be gauged by the fact MHRD Minister Shri Prakash scientific temper, sense engineering giving him a that every launch which took Javadekar. In spite of the of aesthetics and ethical special place in the team that place under my Chairmanship excellent background work reasoning and digital literacy. Prof. Yashpal was setting up and which needed my green done by a committee under Further, there will be no to build unique cameras for signal never happened without Shri TSR Subramanian and hard seperation between our remote sensing satellites. a final word from Dr Suresh. subsequently a document curricular, co-curricular and He designed and established I used to walk down to his created by the MHRD, our extra-curricular areas and no a very sophisticated electro- console as a final act of giving committee considered it apt to separation between arts and optical systems laboratory the go ahead and used to revisit the entire exercise after sciences. What strengthens and recruited a team of check with him if he is fully many additional and important this science and technology engineers and scientists satisfied with all aspects of the aspects were pointed by the component of the education is who proved to be the most mission until then. This was members of the Committee by adopting a holistic approach brilliant, innovative and highly the last clearance that I took which needed appropriate in school education at the level motivated. Thus, under his but which was “not part of considerations and response. of integrated curriculum and leadership, ISRO realised the procedure in the manual.” Further, the then MHRD appropriate pedagogy and world-class remote sensing Minister also suggested that further conducting modular satellite systems with very In the Academic world, the we draft a policy which should board exams to test core unique earth observation National Education Policy have a longevity of at least concepts and skills along with cameras. This in turn made us that you drafted on behalf two decades. Since you have higher order capacities. rank as virtually number one of the National Democratic used the word politics in the On the higher education’s at a particular time among the Alliance Government of question, I should emphatically side, the committee has then operating remote sensing Prime Minister Narendra say that the Committee had recognised research and satellites. His leadership Modi has been at the centre the full freedom to consider innovation leading to qualities, engineering insights, of heated discussions all and incorporate all aspects knowledge creation as central knowledge of physics and over the country. Politics which it felt fitting within to growing and sustaining a paying due attention to the apart, what are the major the framework which we large and vibrant economy and

46 uplifting society. Accordingly, Certainly, such economic find its place at all levels, On the issue of the livelihood we have made a very strong growth would call for stepping beyond Central and State of the marginalised people, plea to set up a National up the scale of several governments, also at the my own exposure both Research Foundation (NRF) endeavours in this country level of local institutions, as from my Rajya Sabha days with particular focus on all besides the transformational well as Citizens themselves. and subsequently with the universities and colleges. NRF effects resulting from the There is a need for a major erstwhile Planning Commission will provide funds to seed fourth industrial revolution. cultural change in this context has convinced me that research in all Universities and Obviously, the country has at the level of society. adequate financial resources colleges so that the synergies to grapple with resulting I am also happy to note to be allocated for improving between research and quality challenges from various that the Government is taking the livelihood of marginalised education can be leveraged aspects of development several steps in the context of people have always been high maximally. The fund will cover in the context of its reducing carbon footprint in on the agenda of the different support for research in four environmental impact. various national endeavours, governments. Further, the major divisions to start with – Having been associated with introducing electric mobility governments concerned Sciences, Technology, both the Rajya Sabha and gradually replacing fossil are always ready to review Social Sciences, Arts and subsequently the erstwhile fuel based transportation, any additional financial and Humanities, with provision Planning Commission, I am introduction of larger quantum other support at any point to create more. Besides convinced that we have of nuclear power, increasing of the yearly plans. My building research capacity developed over the years the contribution from solar, concern here too is whether at academic institutions, the several legal structures to hydro and wind power in in reaching out the benefits effort also will involve creating preserve and protect the the overall energy mix, and to the concerned we have beneficial linkages between environment in the context of improved power consumption the requisite efficiency and a researchers, government and different types of activities. efficiency of routinely sense of urgency. Some of the industry. Further, we have These have translated used appliances. Some of recently introduced modalities made recommendations for themselves into a number the important additional such as direct cash transfer restructuring the governance of policies, regulations and initiatives announced by our mechanisms and other means of Universities as well as procedures, both at the Centre present government include could start making a positive the structure of education and State levels. There is Swach Bharat, better water impact on this front in the at the Centre and State no doubt that the existing management, establishment not so distant future. I may level recognising its multi- provisions in this connection of smart cities, increasing also mention that the under- dimensional character. are quite comprehensive and activities of planting trees developed areas of the country to a good extent address at the level of schools are receiving special allocation You were a member of futuristic demands on and other educational of funds for infrastructure the Rajya Sabha, the Upper environmental protection in institutions and as a part creation including roads and House of Indian Parliament, the context of the imperatives of other activities, all could water supply, educational and the Planning Commission of economic growth. However, add up to further positively institutions, healthcare of India – two dynamic I should also remark that the impact moving towards a systems, creation of rurally aspects of Indian Polity: How enforcement of these policies cleaner environment. relevant industrial base etc. would you reconcile India’s and regulations at different futuristic vision for economic levels have been well below growth and development the expectations. One of with its devastating impact the major immediate tasks is on our fragile environment to tighten the enforcement and the livelihood of related approaches to ensure marginalized people? the present policies and We are currently witnessing regulations are effectively an economic growth pattern implemented. In my own which promises to take us to experience, a very exhaustive a five trillion economy in the evaluation and the resultant next 3-4 years. Further, with strategy for the conservation the expected growth pattern, and preservation of the with an annual GDP growth Western Ghats ecosystem is rate of 8% or so, well within still encountering opposition our means to achieve, we from the concerned States. It could even climb to be a ten is important in this connection trillion economy in a decade that an appreciation of the or so, thereby becoming the criticality of protecting the third largest in the world. fragile environment has to

47 ISRO: Expanding global tie-ups

The Indian space agency has maintained excellent relations with its counterparts around the world and shares several projects with them for furthering the cause of science and technology. Examining the evolution of ISRO’s international partnerships down the years

Jean Yves Le Gall, President, French National Space Agency (CNES) meeting Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO at ISRO Headquarters, Bengaluru on July 27, 2019

ince the early While exploratory missions Establishment of Thumba existing ties between stages of its space beyond the earth are the Equatorial Rocket Launching countries; taking up new programme itself, natural candidates for such Station (TERLS), conduct of scientific and technological India has ensured cooperative efforts, there are Satellite Instructional Television challenges; refining space cooperationS with various other many other themes like climate Experiment (SITE) and policies and defining countries. In fact, international change impacts on earth, Satellite Telecommunication international frameworks for partnership is a strategic area Experiment Project (STEP), exploitation and utilization in space as relationships with launches of Aryabhata, of outer space for peaceful other countries are influenced Bhaskara, Ariane Passenger purposes. Internationally, by political, economic, cultural Payload Experiment (APPLE), India is viewed by space faring and personality factors as IRS-IA, IRS-IB satellites, nations as an emerging space well as the scientific and INSAT series of satellites power, capable of achieving its technological aspects. and Chandrayaan missions goals in a more cost-effective Over the years, as ISRO have the components of and time-efficient manner. (Indian Space Research international cooperation. Specifically, the developing Organisation) has ISRO is pursuing bilateral countries look to India for matured in experience and space science and planetary and multilateral relations with assistance in building up their technological capabilities, exploration that are of interest space agencies and space- capabilities to derive benefits the scope for cooperation to international cooperation related bodies with the aim of space technology. The has become multifaceted. because of their global impact. of building and strengthening scope of international tie-ups

48 M.Bychkov - Head of Defense Technologies and Space Department, JSC “Rosoboronexport”, at ISRO with Dr.K.Sivan, Chairman ISRO.

has become wider and diverse, with international multilateral by any of the previous provided the satellite platform, as ISRO has made tremendous bodies like European Centre missions of such nature. launch and operations for progress in recent times. for Medium Range Weather this joint mission. The data Formal cooperative Forecasts (ECMWF), Megha-Tropiques from the altimeter is currently arrangements in the form European Commission, The Indo-French joint made available to global of either agreements or European Organisation for the satellite mission called Megha- scientific community. memoranda of understanding Exploitation of Meteorological Tropiques was launched in

Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO and Dr. Jean Michel Contant, Secretary General, International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) after the inauguration of ‘IAA Subsidiary Office’ at Bangalore. Dr. B. N. Suresh, P. Kunhikrishnan, Director, URSC, Dr. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director, HSFC, Dr. V.R. Lalithambika, Director, DHSP; and A. Rajarajan, Director, SDSC SHAR are also seen.

(MoU) or framework Satellites (EUMETSAT), 2011 for the study of the agreements have been signed tropical atmosphere and ISRO and the Canadian with Afghanistan, Algeria, (ESA) and South Asian climate related to aspects Space Agency (CSA) have Armenia, Argentina, Australia, Association for Regional such as monsoons, cyclones jointly realized Ultra Violet Bangladesh, Brazil, Brunei, Cooperation (SAARC). etc. The data products Imaging Telescope (UVIT) Darussalam, Bulgaria, Canada, from this satellite are made that was accommodated Chile, China, Egypt, France, Highlights of a available to the international as one of the five scientific Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, few achievements scientific community. instruments in India’s , , Japan, Kazakhstan, through international first dedicated astronomy Kuwait, Mauritius, Mexico, cooperation include: Saral satellite ‘Astrosat’ launched Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Another joint mission in 2015. The observatory Norway, Portugal, Peru, Chandrayaan-1 with France, named SARAL is opened to national and Republic of Korea, Russia, Sao- ISRO’s maiden mission to (Satellite for ALTIKA and international astronomy Tome & Principe, Saudi Arabia, Moon, the Chandrayaan-1, has ARGOS) for studying ocean community for submitting Singapore, South Africa, been an exemplary example from space using altimetry proposals for observation. , Sultanate of Oman, of international cooperation was successfully launched on Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, with its international payloads. February 25, 2013. French Ongoing activities Thailand, The Netherlands, It has also earned several space agency CNES provided ISRO and NASA are realizing Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, national and international a radar altimeter instrument a joint satellite mission called UK, USA, Uzbekistan, laurels and was instrumental in called ALTIKA and an onboard NISAR (NASA ISRO Synthetic Venezuela and Vietnam. the ISRO-NASA joint discovery relay instrument for the Aperture Radar) for earth Also, formal cooperative of water molecules on the international ARGOS data science studies. As part of the instruments have been signed moon surface, unattained collection system, while ISRO Indo-French cooperation, ISRO

49 Nikolay Kudashev, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Russia to India visited ISRO HQ and Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC). The Ambassador and the delegation with Dr.K.Sivan, Chairman ISRO.

and CNES are conducting a on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Sentinel Asia and UNSPIDER. the White House”, he looks feasibility study on realizing Space (UN-COPUOS). India The Centre for Space Science forward continuing to work an earth observation satellite also has a major role in other and Technology Education with ISRO on a host of issues mission with thermal infrared multilateral fora including for Asia and the Pacific including human space flights. imager, named as TRISHNA. United Nations Economic and (CSSTE-AP) has been set up “As part of our partnership As part of ISRO’s prestigious Social Commission for Asia in India under the initiative of with you, we will continue Gaganyaan man mission and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP), UN Office for Outer Space to work on issues using the programme, the cooperation International COSPAS-SARSAT Affairs (UN OOSA) and offers NASA-ISRO Human Space opportunities with countries system for search and rescue nine-month post graduate Flight Working Group, and space agencies having operations, International diploma courses in Remote Planetary Science Working expertise in human space Astronautical Federation Sensing and Geographic Group, US India Earth flight are being explored. The (IAF), International Academy Information Systems (every Science Working Group, and cooperation activities are of Astronautics (IAA), year), Satellite Communication the Heliophysics Working focused in , International Institute of Space (every alternate year), Satellite Group,” Bridenstine said. life support systems, radiation Law (IISL), Committee on Meteorology and Global Meanwhile, speaking at shielding solutions etc. Earth Observation Satellites Climate (every alternate year) an event, Jean-Yues Le Gall, (CEOS), Committee on Space and Space and Atmospheric President of CNES, the French Unnati Research (COSPAR), Inter Science (every alternate year). space agency, mentioned the ISRO has announced an Agency Debris Coordination After completion of the course, long cooperation between 8-week capacity building Committee (IADC), Space students have opportunity ISRO and CNES and the programme on nano satellite Frequency Coordination Group to carry out research in role of industries in French development, named (SFCG), Coordinating Group their own country for one space programme. “India is as UNNATI ( UNispace on Meteorological Satellites year leading finally to the becoming the hub of space Nanosatellite Assembly & (CGMS),International Space award of a Master’s Degree missions. We have many Training by ISRO) as an Exploration Coordination from Andhra University. technologies to offer for India’s initiative of UNISPACE+50 Group (ISECG), International human space programme, (the 50th Anniversary of Global Observing Strategy Strong ties including on the space the first United Nations (IGOS), International Space In another development, the medicine front,” he said. conference on the exploration University (ISU), Asian chief of the US space agency Furthering international and peaceful uses of outer Association for Remote James Bridenstine has said cooperation, in November space). The programme will be Sensing (AARS), International the cooperation of NASA 2018, ISRO issued an conducted at U R Rao Satellite Society for Photogrammetry with ISRO remains intact, Announcement of Opportunity Centre (URSC) of ISRO at and Remote Sensing (ISPRS). days after he criticised India (AO) to international science Bengaluru for three years. Internationally, ISRO and termed its anti-satellite community for space-based also shares its expertise weapon test a “terrible experiments to study Venus. Role in international bodies and satellite data for the thing” for creating about Earlier, in September India continues to play an management of natural 400 pieces of orbital debris. 2018, Chairman of Algerian active role in deliberation on disasters through various In a letter to ISRO Chairman Space Agency Governing Scientific and Technical and multi-agency bodies like K Sivan, NASA Administrator Body & Director General Legal sub-committees of the International Charter for Bridenstine said, “based on of United Nations Committee Space and Major Disasters, the guidance received from (ASAL) visited ISRO.

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51 “Space programmes can tap business worth Rs. 50,000 crores” At the time of writing, Chandrayaan-2, India’s second lunar exploration mission, had successfully completed the fifth earth-bound orbit-raising manoeuvres. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said further major activities include earth-bound manoeuvres, trans-lunar insertion, lunar- bound manoeuvres, Vikram Separation and Vikram Touch down. And each of these activities is as advanced and as complex it can get and ISRO has shown its prowess in space programmes. India’s space capabilities have come about, thanks to visionaries and leaders such as Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, Prof. Satish Dhawan, Dr. Abdul Kalam, Prof. U.R.Rao, Prof. M.G.K.Menon, K.Kasturirangan, G.Madhavan Nair, K.Radhakrishnan, A.S.Kiran Kumar and the present incumbent K.Sivan. Here, Dr. Madhavan Nair talks about Chandrayaan-2 and India’s quest in space. It was on July 22, 2019 that India’s most power rocket in ISRO’s arsenal, the GSLV-MkIII-M1, launched Chandrayaan-2 from the spaceport of Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh. The 3,850 kg and Rs. 978 crore spacecraft in its 48-day journey is primarily aimed at landing a rover in the unexplored lunar south pole. Here we have the former Chairman of ISRO and Dr. G Madhavan Nair the architect of Chandrayaan-1, Dr. G.Madhavan Former Chairman, ISRO Nair talk about the space programme and more.

By R.Chandrakanth First and foremost club with countries like USA, socially relevant services Through Chandrayaan -1 congratulations to you and Russia, Europe, China and like disaster management we have sent a spacecraft to other Chairmen of ISRO for Japan. Not only that we have support, telemedicine moon for mapping it’s surface having led the organisation mastered building of rockets and tele-education. and mineralogy .Also we have to great heights. Could space craft etc and used placed the Indian national flag you tell us why Space them for providing socially You have said that on the surface of the moon to Programmes are important relevant services such as earth Chandrayaan-2 is a confirm the Indian presence for a country like ours which observations for resource complex mission, could there. The unique finding from has its own challenges utilization, communication you tell us in brief the this mission was finding water when it comes to poverty, connectivity like DTH for complexity of the mission? on the surface of moon. The infrastructure issues etc? entertainment and VSAT When ISRO was founded in for commercial connectivity the mid sixties, it’s founding .Above all the space segment father Dr. Vikram Sarabhai had has got integrated as part of envisioned that India should daily life of people in India. If be second to none in the such services are interrupted complex space technology and for even one hour loss to our utilise it for the benefit of the country will be thousands common man in the country. of crores of rupees. The ISRO has truly lived up to investment what we have his expectation and today made in space takes India to we are proud to say that we the forefront of nations in high are a member of elite space technology and also provides

52 was submitted to government in 2011 is still gathering dust in the cupboards of some technocrats. What are ISRO’s strengths – its scientific community; government’s unstinted support in space programmes…. ? ISRO is a family with 15,000 people working in total harmony to realise advanced technologies and used for the benefit of common man. Availability of all technologies under one roof, cooperation with the industry and academia unstinted support of the government are the key Chandrayaan-2 was planned at a totally unknown territory career is the realization of factors of its success story. at that time as a follow on is a complex operation PSLV launch vehicle which mission to take samples .Such missions have been has become workhorse of We are given to understand and analyze the chemicals achieved by USA, Russia and Indian Space Programme. with ISRO’s capabilities, spotted by remote sensing China. Thus a sophisticated India can earn substantial in the previous mission. This spacecraft with a new launch Could you tell us whether revenues from offering space mission Chandrayaan-2 has vehicle trying to land at you had any unfulfilled related development to other in addition to the spacecraft another planet of explored dream or project at ISRO? countries, could you tell us revolving around the moon a territory is really complex. I left the human spaceflight what are the areas which lander named Vikram which programme after it was can fetch us revenue and will make a soft landing near What benefits will the conceived this was under cold the quantum of returns, if the south pole of the moon country get from this mission? storage for long time. I am at all it can be quantified. carrying a set of instruments India’s status in the space happy that Modiji has given Already ISRO has captured and a rover which will pick club will go one notch higher. clearance for undertaking about 1% of global space up samples analyze and send Chandrayaan-2 is expected this programme and Dr. business. This is mainly for back the data. The resultant to bring more scientific Sivan and his team ISRO are providing launch services, spacecraft with lander knowledge on the origin committed to achieve this. earth observations and spin weighs nearly double than of the moon and confirm However, my dream of giving off technologies. There is Chandrayaan-1.For lifting the mineralogy especially an indigenous passenger a potential of this business this, from the earth’s orbit availability of Helium 3, aircraft to the country for growing to nearly Rs.50,000 needs a heavy launcher and a Titanium, Atomic material which the project proposal crores in the next 5 years. newly developed GSLV MKIII and above all the quality and will be used for this purpose. quantity of water. The more To make the soft landing details about the surroundings from the spacecraft moving near south pole will enable with about 1.6km/s velocity us to plan for future missions which has to guided precisely of establishing manned or to the designated landing unmanned observatories. site near the south pole is extremely difficult. Variable You are the architect of thrust rocket engines imaging Chandrayaan, could you tell cameras, laser altimeter and us what was the highpoint sophisticated navigation of your career in ISRO? and guidance algorithm in Chandrayaan was really the onboard computer are an exciting mission and I highly demanding and being was proud that the Indian developed by ISRO for the first National Flag could be placed time. Thus the operation of on the moon for the first landing with a soft touch down time but my high point in my

53 Chandrayaan-1: When India set foot on Moon

ndia joined the vehicle was inserted into 8 the same year. elite club of lunar orbit on November On November 14, countries which made its presence feltI on Moon with ISRO achieved a Chandrayaan-1. It was major milestone the first Indian lunar probe under the country’s when it launched Chandrayaan programme ‘Chandrayaan-1’, the and was launched by the Indian Space Research first Moon mission, Organisation (ISRO) in October 2008. In Sanskrit in 2008. One of the Chandrayaan translates as ‘Moon craft’ and major achievements the mission operated of the mission was until August 2009. Comprising a lunar the discovery of orbiter and an impactor, Chandrayaan was widespread presence launched using a PSLV- of water molecules XL rocket on October 22, 2008 at Satish in lunar soil Dhawan Space Centre, at Sriharikota. The mission was a major boost to India’s space programme, as India researched and developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon. The PSLV-C45/EMISAT MISSION

54 the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter and struck the south pole in a controlled manner, making India the fourth country to place its flag on the Moon. The probe hit near the crater Shackleton, ejecting sub- surface soil that could be analysed for the presence of lunar water ice. The location of impact was named as Jawahar Point.

The estimated cost for the project was Rs 386 crore. The remote sensing lunar satellite had a mass of 1,380 kg at launch and 675 kg in lunar orbit. It carried high resolution remote sensing One of the segments of PSLV-C45 Core (First) Stage during vehcile integration equipment for visible, near special interest as they might was the discovery of stopped sending radio signals infrared, and soft and hard contain ice. The lunar mission widespread presence of water on August 28, 2009, shortly X-ray frequencies. Over a two- carried five ISRO payloads molecules in lunar soil. after which the ISRO officially year period, it was intended and six payloads from other After almost a year, the declared the mission over. to survey the lunar surface to space agencies including orbiter started suffering Chandrayaan operated for produce a complete map of its NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian from several technical issues 312 days as opposed to the chemical characteristics and Aerospace Agency, which including failure of the star intended two years but the three-dimensional topography. were carried free of cost. sensors and poor thermal mission achieved 95% of The polar regions are of Among its many achievements shielding. Chandrayaan-1 its planned objectives. The then Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee had announced the Chandrayaan project on course in his Independence Day speech on August 15, 2003. The mission was a major boost to India’s space programme. The idea of an Indian scientific mission to the Moon was first mooted in 1999 during a meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Astronautical Society of India (AeSI) carried forward the idea in 2000. Soon after, the ISRO set up the National Lunar Mission Task Force which concluded that ISRO has the technical expertise to carry out an Indian mission to the Moon. In April 2003, over 100 eminent Indian scientists in the fields of planetary and space sciences, Earth sciences, physics, chemistry, astronomy, astrophysics and engineering and communication

55 sciences discussed and highland rocks approved the Task Force · Chemical stratigraphy recommendation to of the lunar crust by launch an Indian probe remote sensing of the to the Moon. Six months central uplands of large later, in November, the lunar craters, and of the Indian government gave South Pole Aitken Region the nod for the mission. (SPAR), an expected site of interior material Chandrayaan-1 · Mapping the height had the following variation of features stated objectives: of the lunar surface · To design, develop, · Observation of X-ray launch and orbit a spectrum greater than 10 spacecraft around the keV and stereographic Moon using an Indian- coverage of most of made launch-vehicle the Moon’s surface · To conduct scientific with 5 m resolution experiments using · Providing new instruments on the insights in understanding spacecraft which the Moon’s origin would yield data and evolution · Preparation of a After scientific analyses three-dimensional of the received data with high spatial and from the MIP, ISRO altitude resolution of confirmed the presence both the near and far of water in the lunar sides of the Moon soil and published ·Chemical and the finding in a press mineralogical mapping of conference addressed the entire lunar surface by its then Chairman at high spatial resolution, G. Madhavan Nair. mapping particularly The mineral content the chemical elements on the lunar surface magnesium, aluminium, was mapped with the silicon, calcium, iron, Moon Mineralogy titanium, radon, Mapper (M3), a NASA uranium, and thorium instrument on board the ·To test the impact of orbiter. The presence a sub-satellite (MIP) on of iron was reiterated the surface of the Moon and changes in rock and as a forerunner for future mineral composition soft-landing missions have been identified. The Oriental Basin The mission defined region of the Moon was these goals: mapped, and it indicates · High-resolution abundance of iron- mineralogical and bearing minerals such chemical imaging as pyroxene. In 2018 it of the permanently was announced that M3 shadowed north- and infrared data had been south-polar regions re-analyzed to confirm · Searching for surface the existence of water or sub-surface lunar across wide expanses of water-ice, especially the Moon’s polar regions. at the lunar poles ISRO announced Fully integrated PSLV-C45 Core (First) Stage with one of its · Identification of in January 2009 the strap-ons by its side chemicals in lunar completion of the

56 mapping of the confirmed the magma Moon missions landing ocean hypothesis, meaning sites by the orbiter, using that the Moon was once multiple payloads. Six of completely molten. the sites have been mapped The terrain mapping camera including landing sites of on board Chandrayaan-1, and . besides producing more than In November, the indigenous 70,000 three dimensional Terrain Mapping Camera images, has recorded images (TMC) acquired images of the landing site of US of peaks and craters. This spacecraft Apollo 15. surprised ISRO officials TMC and HySI payloads because the Moon consists of ISRO have covered about mostly of craters. 70% of the lunar surface, On March 25, Chandrayaan while M3 covered more beamed back its first images than 95% of the same and of the Earth in its entirety. SIR-2 has provided high- These images were taken resolution spectral data on with the TMC. Previous the mineralogy of the Moon. imaging was done on only ISRO said interesting data on one part of the Earth. The lunar polar areas was provided new images show Asia, parts by Lunar Laser Ranging of Africa and Australia with Instrument (LLRI) and High India being in the center. Energy X-ray Spectrometer Chandrayaan’s Moon (HEX) of ISRO as well as Mineralogy Mapper has Miniature Synthetic Aperture

Radar (Mini-SAR) of the USA. In November 2008, the LLRI covered both the lunar Moon Impact Probe was poles and additional lunar released from Chandrayaan-1 regions of interest, HEX made at a height of 100 km. During about 200 orbits over the its 25-minute descent, lunar poles and Mini-SAR Chandra’s Altitudinal provided complete coverage Composition Explorer of both North and South (CHACE) recorded evidence Polar Regions of the Moon. of water in 650 mass spectra Another ESA payload – readings gathered during this Chandrayaan-1 imaging time. In September 2009, X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) ‘Science’ journal reported that – detected more than two the dozen weak solar flares (M3) on Chandrayaan-1 had during the mission duration. detected water ice on the The Bulgarian payload called Moon. But, on September 25, Radiation Dose Monitor 2009, ISRO announced that (RADOM) was activated on the MIP, another instrument the day of the launch itself and on board Chandrayaan-1, worked until the mission’s end. had discovered water on the ISRO said scientists from Moon just before impact India and participating and had discovered it three agencies expressed satisfaction months before NASA’s M3. on the performance of The announcement of this Chandrayaan-1 mission as discovery was not made Hoisting of PSLV-C45 Core (First) Stage at Vehicle Assembly well as the high quality of until NASA confirmed it. Building data sent by the spacecraft.

57 India yet to achieve full potential in world space arena

ccording five years ago. ISRO satellite communication to to present has been involved in address the national needs Aestimates, the fabrication of satellites, for telecommunication, value of the global space space-launch vehicles broadcasting and industry is estimated to and a range of associated broadband infrastructure. be 350 billion US dollars capabilities. However, Now around 200 and is likely to exceed it has been pointed out transponders on Indian Many experts have 550 billion US dollars that demand for space- satellites provide services by 2025. Despite the based services in India linked to areas like suggested that ISRO Indian space agency is far greater than what telecommunication, should allow increased ISRO (Indian Space ISRO can supply. Many telemedicine, television, civilian involvement Research Organisation) experts have suggested broadband, radio, disaster making impressive strides, that ISRO should allow management and search and form partnerships India’s share is estimated larger civilian involvement and rescue services. with private industry at a mere 7 billion US and form partnerships Earth observation dollars, which is just 2% with private industry and using space-based and entrepreneurs to of the global market. and entrepreneurs to imagery for meeting become a bigger player ISRO has grown steadily meet the demand. But national demands, ranging on the world stage over the years since its changes in legislation from , formation in 1969. The may be needed for this. disaster management agency’s annual budget Since its formation, and national resource has crossed Rs 11,500 ISRO has been guided mapping and planning, crore (1.45 billion US by both social objectives has been another focus. dollars now, while it was and core thrust areas. Resources covered around Rs 6,000 crore The primary focus was on include agriculture and

58 watershed, land resource, and forestry managements. A third focus area is satellite- aided navigation. The Global Positioning System (GPS)- aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN), a joint project between ISRO and Airports Authority of India, has increased the GPS coverage over India, improving accuracy of civil aviation applications and aiding better air traffic management over Indian airspace. This was followed up with the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), a system-based on seven satellites in geostationary and geosynchronous orbits. IRNSS provides accurate positioning service, covering a region extending to 1,500 km beyond Indian borders, with accuracy greater than 20 m. Higher accuracy is available for security agencies. In 2016, the system was renamed NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation). Since its formation, ISRO has built a strong association with the industry, particularly with Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) like Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited and Bharat Electronics Limited and large private sector entities like Larsen and Toubro, Godrej and Walchandnagar Industries. However, most of the private sector players are Tier-2/Tier-3 vendors, providing components and services. In 1992, ISRO set IRNSS-1H up Antrix, a private limited company as its commercial arm to market its products and Gaganyaan, set for its first which is a disruptive area. is regarding small satellites. services and interface with test flight in 2021. All these Startups in this sector need an The Indian space agency has the private sector in transfer are expected to increasing enabling ecosystem, a culture achieved several milestones of technology partnerships. the standing of India in of accelerators, incubators, in this regard, including After the moon mission the world space arena. Venture Capitalists and launching 104 small satellites Chandrayaan 1 and Developments in Artificial mentors. However, India has a in one mission. Other major the expedition to Mars Intelligence (AI) and big data long way to go in this regard. space powers often utilize Mangalyaan, ISRO is planning analytics have led to the Another revolution in ISRO’s resources to send a manned space mission, emergence of ‘New Space’, which ISRO has a key role their satellites to space.

59 Space programmes have spurred national development

ugust 15, 1969 is No ambiguity of purpose is not to be confused with a red-letter day in We need to go back to the embarking on grandiose Athe annals of Indian vision of Vikram Sarabhai schemes, whose primary history. India celebrated to understand the ethos of impact is for show rather than Independence Day with the ISRO. In 1969, he said “There for progress measured in hard ‘launch’ of the Indian Space are some who question the economic and social terms.” Research Organisation (ISRO), relevance of space activities under the Department of in a developing nation. To Second to none in Atomic Energy, thanks to the us, there is no ambiguity of application of advanced single-handed and persistent purpose. We do not have the technologies efforts of the late Vikram fantasy of competing with Years later, when some Sarabhai, who is considered the economically advanced sceptics questioned India’s the father of Indian space nations in the exploration space programmes while programmes. It was during the of the Moon or the planets millions of Indians continued tenure of Prime Minister the or manned space-flight. But to live in poverty, the former late Jawaharlal Nehru that the we are convinced that if we President of India and eminent Indian National Committee for are to play a meaningful scientist, the late A.P.J.Abdul Space Research (INCOSPAR) role nationally, and in the Kalam said “Very many was established. INCOSPAR community of nations, we individuals with myopic vision grew and became ISRO and must be second to none in questioned the relevance of there has been no looking the application of advanced space activities in a newly back. Gradually, over the years technologies to the real independent nation which ISRO has catapulted itself problems of man and society, was finding it difficult to feed into the realm of space with which we find in our country. its population. But neither considerable expertise, steered And we should note that the Prime Minister Nehru nor Prof. by eminent space scientists, application of sophisticated Sarabhai had any ambiguity and made India truly proud. technologies and methods of purpose. Their vision was of analysis to our problems very clear: if Indians were

60 to play meaningful role in come a long way and as we the community of nations, write Chandrayaan-2 is in they must be second to on its lunar mission, even none in the application of while scientists at ISRO advanced technologies to are working relentlessly on their real-life problems. Gaganyaan (sky vehicle) to They had no intention of put three Indian astronauts using it merely as a means in space for seven days. The of displaying our might.” Indian human spaceflight programme will cost around Humble beginnings Rs. 9,000 crore and the launch The untiring efforts of space of India’s first manned space scientists, beginning with mission is slated for 2022, very humble beginnings in when India celebrates its an industrial shed, India’s 75th year of Independence. space programmes have the underpinning of national Many milestones development. Headquartered India’s space journey has in Bengaluru, ISRO’s vision is many milestones, starting with to ‘harness space technology the first satellite – Aryabhata for national development – which it built and launched while pursuing space science in 1975, followed by Rohini research and planetary which was the first satellite exploration.” From the first to be placed in orbit by an which was Indian-made launch vehicle, launched from Thumba SLV-3. ISRO subsequently Equatorial Rocket Launching developed two other rockets: Station on November 21, the Polar Satellite Launch satellites into polar orbits Satellite Launch Vehicle 1963, the organisation has Vehicle (PSLV) for launching and the Geosynchronous (GSLV) for placing satellites into geostationary orbits. These rockets have launched numerous communications satellites and earth observation satellites. Chandrayaan-1, the first lunar orbiter in 2008 and the Mars Orbiter Mission in November 2013, the latter placed India as the first nation to success on its maiden attempt to Mars and ISRO, the fourth space agency in the world and the first in Asia to reach Mars orbit. On February 15, 2017, ISRO launched 104 satellites in a single rocket (PSLV-C37), a world record.

Harnessing benefits of space technology While ISRO continues to create milestones, the questions many do ask how it contributes to national development. Here I am citing the paper of outstanding scientist and Associate Director, ISRO, Dr. V.Bhanumurthy, which was

61 presented at the Geospatial providing reliable information World Forum. He states on Floods (inundation “Over the decades, the mapping, hazard zonation Indian Space Programme has and early warning); Cyclone progressed through increasing (damage assessment, landfall in-house capabilities, industry prediction and early warning); partnerships and collaborative Forest fire (detection and efforts with academia. Space alert within 30 minutes applications, derived through of acquisition); Landslide synergistic use of earth (inventory and early warning); observation, communication and Earthquake (damage & navigation satellites and assessment). The Disaster complemented with ground Communication Network based observations play a comprises a Decision Support key role in harnessing the Centre, National Database for benefits of space technology Emergency Management and for socio-economic security, North Eastern Regional Node sustainable development, for Disaster Risk Reduction. disaster risk reduction and efficient governance.” ISRO Vision 2030 He has listed the geo-spatial Dr. Bhanumurthy lists out integrated space technology with a gadget that worked as a technology applications under ISRO’s vision for 2030 and solutions that the ISRO compass and indicated to the one head – socio-economic that includes Water Security has capabilities include fishermen where they would security which has categories (water availability both surface digital elevation model; have a good catch. The trial such as a) food b) water c) and ground, water harvesting optical and microwave run for a week had fishermen infrastructure d) energy e) & conservation, irrigation multi-spectral, multi-spatial of Kerala excited about the health f) information and g) management, conjunctive and multi-temporal); app as they had not seen shelter. ISRO provides inputs use, water quality and water Gagan-enable solutions; so many fish at one place. on food availability, improving informatics); Food Security mobile data collection and Similarly, he states that production; and storage (crop acreage & production, in-situ measurements. ISRO was helping in and distribution. It gives crop intensification, produce Reducing gap between MNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi data on water availability; management, seasonal space programmes National Rural Employment improve availability and adversaries management and common man Guarantee Act) upload data distribution. ISRO helps map and crop insurance); Energy The former Chairman of for monitoring and disbursing renewable energy potential, Security (potential renewable ISRO, Kiran Kumar mentions of funds. “On a daily basis, site suitability, near real-time & non-renewable resources how space technology is about 60,000 to 70,000 information and prospecting. and site suitability); Shelter reducing the space between data is getting uploaded.” With regard to health, it Security (habitation suitability, the common man and ISRO is continuously working provides input on e-health construction monitoring scientists by coming up with to bridge the gap between services, site suitability for and building typology); applications that impact the common man and space medicinal plants, forewarning Disaster Risk Reduction daily lives. He recalled how programmes. The Indian of vector borne diseases & (early warning systems, the father of Indian Space, industry is now becoming risk zone mapping. As for near real time geospatial Dr. Vikram Sarabhai for the a part of ISRO’s efforts infrastructure, it supports products and services, first rocket launch had to and according to Dr. Kiran planning, monitoring and Post disaster management, request the priest of a local Kumar nearly 80 per cent of communication and navigation Long-term management church near Thumba to get the components for launch solutions. For the category and communication & the fishermen to vacate from vehicles are provided by the of shelter it gives information navigation; Health Security the place where they were industry. “We have reached on monitoring of dwelling (e-health services, disease fishing on the promise that the stage where the industry construction and site suitability forewarning , risk zonation they would benefit in the is not only supplying to ISRO and building typology. As for and control management) years to come from space but also is capturing part as information is concerned, and Infrastructure Security technology. That had come of the global market.” The ISRO gives citizen advisories, (planning & site suitability, true with space technology eco-system is more amenable tele-education, Information route alignment, monitoring from 1999 onwards provided for considerable growth. Systems, Secure e-commerce, of infrastructure development information to fishermen Space is a new frontier and SatCom/ Nav applications and environmental where to go fishing. Dr. Kiran it has tremendous scope to for Internet of Things (IoT). impact assessment). Kumar mentions how ISRO help India march towards ISRO’s capabilities include in He mentions that towards recently provided fishermen sustainable development.

62 BEL eyes pie of space electronics business

Anandi Ramalingam Director - Marketing, BEL

efence has been Space Electronics, Multi trained at ISRO. Under the Integrated Circuit (MMIC), the mainstay of Junction Solar Cells for Space supervision of ISRO, the BEL Low Temperature Co-fired Bharat Electronics Applications, Missile Seekers, team successfully completed Ceramic (LTCC) based Limited (BEL). Homeland Security & Smart Satellite Integration & Testing substrates and assemblies ThisD Bangalore-based City Business, Navigational of the recently launched all- for use in Defence and Navratna PSU has, for long, Complex Systems, Airborne weather Imaging Satellite. Paramilitary applications. been enjoying leadership Radars, Unmanned Systems, BEL also has plans to position in the Strategic Inertial Navigation Systems, establish a separate exclusive Multi-Junction Solar Cells Electronics sector in India. Electronic Ammunition facility for Satellite Integration BEL has been selected by However, with changes in Fuses, Composites, Cyber in Bangalore. The PSU is also ISRO for the manufacture Government policies and Security and Railways. working closely with ISRO of Multi Junction Solar Cells opening up of the Defence in developing technologies for Space Applications in sector to private participation, Satellite Integration & such as Space grade Travelling Government Owned Company the Defence major is faced Space Electronics Wave Tubes Amplifiers Operated (GOCO) model. with increased competition. BEL is getting into the (TWTAs), Geosynchronous The plant with a capacity BEL is, therefore, eyeing area of Satellite Integration Satellites (GSAT) Terminals, of about 60,000 multi diversification as is its new and Space Electronics in a Satellite Hubs, Satcom junction Cells per annum mantra for growth. big way. The Company had Communication Network will be set up by ISRO and As part of its diversification received an order from ISRO solutions, Navigation the complete manufacturing efforts, BEL has forayed for Satellite AIT (Assembly, Receivers, Synthetic Aperture operation of the plant will into several new areas like Integration & Testing. As part Radar (SAR) payload, be managed by BEL. Satellite Integration and of this, 65 BEL personnel were Monolithic Microwave

63 ISRO Chairmen: A distinguished line-up

Starting from the legendary Vikram Sarabhai, the Indian Space Research Organisation has been led gloriously by eminent scientists, each of whom has made immense contributions to the cause of India’s space missions. Here is a short summary of their tenures

Optical Imaging Sensors for Airborne, Low Earth Orbit and Geostationary Orbit satellites starting from Bhaskara TV payload to the Mars Orbiter Mission payloads. Kiran Kumar was instrumental in evolving the successful strategy for steering the Mars Orbiter Bangalore University in 1971 Spacecraft towards planet and later obtained his Master’s Mars as well as its Mars Orbit degree in Electronics from Insertion. He has also made the same university in 1973, significant contributions for and thereafter his MTech evolving the observation Degree in Physical Engineering strategy encompassing from the Indian Institute of land, ocean, atmospheric Science, Bangalore in 1975. Dr. K Sivan and planetary studies. Kiran Kumar began his career Chairman Kiran Kumar is an alumnus of in ISRO by joining Space Isro National College, Bangalore. Applications Centre (SAC) he Chairman is the (2015 - 2018) He obtained his Physics in 1975. Later, he became topmost official K Sivan (Incumbent) (Honours) Degree from its Associate Director and of the Indian (From January 15, 2018) Space Research OrganisationT (ISRO). India’s A S Kiran Kumar first space agency, the Indian Immediate past Chairman National Committee for Space of ISRO Alur Seelin Kiran Research (INCOSPAR), was Kumar, Distinguished found in 1962 with Vikram Scientist (Apex) and Director, Sarabhai as its chairman. ISRO Space Applications Centre, in its modern form was also Ahmedabad, assumed the created by Sarabhai in 1969. office of the Secretary, The first chairman held the Department of Space, post during 1963-1972 Chairman, Space Commission He was followed by: and Chairman, ISRO on M.G.K. Menon (1972) January 14, 2015. He held the Satish Dhawan post till January 14, 2018. (1972 - 1984) Kiran Kumar is a highly U. R. Rao (1984 - 1994) accomplished space scientist K. Kasturirangan and engineer with a (1994 - 2003) distinguished career spanning G. Madhavan Nair over four decades in ISRO (2003 - 2009) in the satellite payload K. Radhakrishnan and applications domains. (2009 - 2014) He has made immense Shailesh Nayak (2015) contributions to the design A. S. Kiran Kumar and development of Electro- Shri. A S Kiran Kumar

64 Sarabhai Space Centre, the missions; development of lead centre for launch vehicle several critical technologies technology in ISRO and ; and ensuring synergy of Director, National Remote 16,000 strong ISRO Team with Sensing Agency. In his brief Indian Industry, Academia, stint (2000-2005) in the User community and several Ministry of Earth Sciences, National R&D Laboratories. he had also been the Founder Director of Indian National Dr G Madhavan Nair Centre for Ocean Information Dr G Madhavan Nair was Services (INCOIS) and the born on October 31, 1943 in first Project Director of Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Indian National Tsunami He graduated in Engineering Warning System. He also held from Kerala University in several important positions 1966 and underwent training at the international level at Bhabha Atomic Research including Vice Chairman Centre (BARC), Bombay. of Intergovernmental He joined Thumba Equatorial Oceanographic Commission Rocket Launching Station (2001-05), Founder Chairman (TERLS) in 1967. Since of Indian Ocean Global Ocean then, he has held various Dr. K Radhakrishnan Observing System (2001-06) positions posting illustrious and Chairman of the Working milestones on his way to in March 2012 took over 1949 at Irinjalakuda, Kerala. Group of the Whole UN- the position of Chairman as the Director of SAC. He graduated in Electrical COPUOS STSC (2008-2009). ISRO. During his tenure At SAC, Kiran Kumar steered Engineering from Kerala Since October 2009, Indian of six years as Chairman, the design, development & University (1970), completed Space Programmes carried the ISRO/Secretary, DOS, 25 realisation of payloads and his PGDM from Indian signatures of. Radhakrishnan successful missions were application activities of earth Institute of Management, with focused thrust towards accomplished i.e., INSAT-3E, observation, communication, Bangalore (1976) and obtained space applications for RESOURCESAT-1, EDUSAT, navigation, space science Doctorate for his thesis societal services and national CARTOSAT-1, HAMSAT-1, and planetary exploration. titled ‘Some Strategies for imperatives; creation, INSAT-4A, PSLV-C5, GSLV-F1, Kiran Kumar is a recipient Indian Earth Observation management and sustenance PSLV-C6, CARTOSAT-2, of many national and System’ from Indian Institute capability and capacity for INSAT-4B, SRE-1, PSLV-C7, international laurels/awards of Technology, Kharagpur space systems; undertaking PSLV-C8, GSLV-F04, including the Padma Shri in (2000). He is a Fellow of new and path-breaking INSAT-4CR, PSLV-C10, 2014, International Academy Indian National Academy of Astronautics’ Laurels for of Science (FNASc), Fellow Team Achievement Award of Indian National Academy for Cartosat in 2008 and of Engineering (FNAE); for Chandrayaan-1 in 2013, Honorary Life Fellow of The Indian Society of Remote Institution of Engineers, Sensing (ISRS) Award for India; Honorary Fellow of the year 1994, VASVIK The Institution of Electrical award (Electronic sciences and Telecommunication and technology) for the year Engineers, India; and 1998, Astronautical Society of Member of International India Award (Space Sciences Academy of Astronautics. and Applications) for the Starting his career as an year 2001, ISRO individual Avionics Engineer in Vikram Service Award 2006, Sarabhai Space Centre, he Bhaskara Award of ISRS in held several decisive positions 2007 and ISRO Performance in ISRO in the domains of Excellence Award 2008. space launch systems, space applications and space Dr. K Radhakrishnan programme management. Dr. Koppillil Radhakrishnan He had commendably held was born on August 29, the post of Director, Vikram Dr G Madhavan Nair

65 Centre of ISRO with about six generation spacecraft, Indian thousand employees working National Satellite (INSAT-2) in various engineering and and Indian Remote Sensing scientific disciplines towards Satellites (IRS-1A & 1B) as the development of India’s well as scientific satellites. Geo-synchronous Satellite He was also the Project Launch Vehicle (GSLV) capable Director for India’s first of orbiting 2000 kg class of two experimental earth satellite into Geo Transfer observation satellites, Orbit, which had its successful BHASKARA-I & II and flight in the very first attempt, subsequently was responsible and declared operational after for overall direction of the first its successful flight in 2003. operational Indian Remote In the international arena, Sensing Satellite, IRS-1A. Madhavan Nair has led Kasturirangan took his the Indian delegations for Bachelor of Science with bilateral cooperation and Honours and Master of negotiations with many Space Science degrees in Physics Agencies and Countries, from Bombay University and especially with France, received his Doctorate Degree Russia, Brazil, Israel, etc., in Experimental High Energy and has been instrumental Astronomy in 1971 working in working out mutually at the Physical Research beneficial international Laboratory, Ahmedabad. cooperative agreements. Under his leadership, as Dr. Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan G Madhavan Nair has led Chairman, ISRO, the space CARTOSAT-2A, IMS-1, are facilitating access to spatial the Indian delegation to programme witnessed several PSLV-C9, CHANDRAYAAN-1, information on important the S&T Sub-Committee of major milestones including PSLV-C11, PSLV-12, PSLV-C14 aspects like land use/land United Nations Committee on the successful launching and and OCEANSAT-2. cover, soil and ground water Peaceful Uses of Outer Space operationalisation of the He has taken initiatives prospects and enable the (UN-COPUOS) since 1998. India’s prestigious launch towards development of farmers in taking important G Madhavan Nair focused vehicle, the Polar Satellite futuristic technologies to decisions based on their query. on achieving self-reliance in Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the enhance the space systems VRCs also enable online the high technology areas first successful flight testing capabilities as well as to interaction between the and to bring the benefits of the all-important GSLV. reduce the cost of access local farmers and agricultural of space technology to Further, he has also overseen to space. He has given scientists. It also provides the national development, the design, development and major thrust for evolving information of many specially targeting the launching of the world’s best application programmes governmental schemes, needs of the rural and poor civilian satellites, IRS-1C and such as tele-education and farming system, action plans sections of the society. 1D, realization of the second telemedicine for meeting the based on weather, community generation and initiation needs of society at large. specific advice on soil and Dr. Krishnaswamy of third generation INSAT More than 31,000 water conservation, etc. Kasturirangan satellites, besides launching classrooms have been During Madhavan Nair’s Dr. Krishnaswamy ocean observation satellites connected under the EDUSAT tenure as the Director of the Kasturirangan steered the IRS-P3/P4. These efforts have network and telemedicine Liquid Propulsion Systems Indian Space programme for put India as a pre-eminent is extended to 315 hospitals Centre from 1995-99, India’s over nine years as Chairman space-faring nation among the - 269 in remote/rural/ efforts towards indigenous of the ISRO, of Space handful of six countries that district hospitals including development of cryogenic Commission and Secretary have major space programmes. 10 mobile units and 46 technology took concrete to the Government of India As an Astrophysicist, super speciality hospitals. shape and vital infrastructures in the Department of Space, Kasturirangan’s interest Madhavan Nair has initiated were built and critical before laying down his includes research in high schemes for Village Resource technologies were developed. office on August 27, 2003. energy X-ray and gamma ray Centres (VRCs) through In his role as the Director He was earlier the astronomy as well as optical satellite connectivity which of VSSC from 1999 till he Director of ISRO Satellite astronomy. He has made aims at improving the quality took over the position of Centre, where he oversaw extensive and significant of life of the poor people in the ISRO Chairman, Madhavan the activities related to contributions to studies villages. More than 430 VRCs Nair led VSSC, the largest the development of new of Cosmic x-ray sources,

66 the development of rocket technology, resulting in the successful launch of ASLV rocket and the operational PSLV launch vehicle, which can launch 2.0 ton class of satellites into polar orbit. Rao initiated the development of the geostationary launch 2013. Rao became the first vehicle GSLV and the Indian Space Scientist to development of cryogenic be inducted into the highly technology in 1991. Prestigious “IAF Hall of Fame” Rao had published over at Guadalajara, Mexico. 350 scientific and technical papers covering cosmic rays, Prof. Satish Dhawan interplanetary physics, high Prof. Satish Dhawan energy astronomy, space (September 25, 1920– January applications and satellite 3, 2002) was an Indian rocket and rocket technology and scientist who was born in authored many books. He Srinagar, India and educated was also the recipient of D.Sc. in India and the United States. (Hon. Causa) Degree from He is considered by the Indian over 25 Universities including scientific community to be University of Bologna, the the father of experimental oldest University in Europe. fluid dynamics research Prof. U R Rao Rao was awarded ‘Padma in India and one of the Bhushan’ by the Government most eminent researchers celestial gamma-ray and science and Technology at of India in 1976 and ‘Padma in the field of turbulence effect of cosmic x-rays in Thiruvananthapuram. After Vibhushan’ in 2017. He and boundary layers. the lower atmosphere. working as a Faculty Member became the first Indian Space He succeeded Vikram He is a Fellow of the Indian at MIT and Assistant Professor Scientist to be inducted into Sarabhai, the founder of the Academy of Sciences, Indian at University of Texas at the highly Prestigious ‘Satellite Indian space programme, as National Science Academy, Dallas where he carried out Hall of Fame’ at Washington Chairman of the ISRO in 1972. National Academy of Sciences investigations as a prime DC, USA on March 19, He was also the Chairman of of India, Indian National experimenter on a number Academy of Engineering, of Pioneer and Explorer Astronautical Society of India, spacecrafts, Rao returned National Telematics Forum, to India in 1966 as Professor The Indian Meteorological at the Physical Research Society and The Third World Laboratory, Ahmedabad. Academy of Sciences. Realizing the need to use space technology for Prof. U R Rao rapid development, Rao Prof. U R Rao was an undertook the responsibility internationally renowned for the establishment of space scientist who made satellite technology in India original contributions to in 1972. Under his guidance, the development of space beginning with the first technology in India and its Indian satellite ‘Aryabhata’ in extensive application to 1975, over 18 satellites were communications and remote designed and launched for sensing of natural resources. providing communication, He was the Chairman remote sensing and of the Governing Council meteorological services. of the Physical Research After taking charge as Laboratory at Ahmedabad Chairman, Space Commission and the Chancellor of the and Secretary, Department of Indian Institute of Space Space in 1984, Rao accelerated Prof. Satish Dhawan

67 cosmic ray studies and on Science Centre, Ahmedabad; the high-energy inter-actions Darpan Academy for of elementary particles. Performing Arts, Ahmedabad (along with his wife); Vikram Dr Vikram Sarabhai Sarabhai Space Centre, Dr Vikram Sarabhai is Thiruvananthapuram; considered as the Father of Space Applications Centre, the Indian space programme; Ahmedabad; Faster Breeder he was a great institution Test Reactor (FBTR), builder and established or Kalpakkam; Variable Energy helped set up a large number Cyclotron Project, Calcutta; of institutions in diverse Electronics Corporation fields. He was instrumental of India Limited (ECIL), in establishing the Physical Hyderabad; and Uranium Research Laboratory (PRL) Corporation of India Limited in Ahmedabad. Sarabhai was (UCIL), Jaduguda, Bihar a creator and cultivator of The establishment of institutions and PRL was the the ISRO was one of his first step in that direction. greatest achievements. As He was also Chairman a result of Dr. Sarabhai’s of the Atomic Energy dialogue with NASA in 1966, Prof. M G K Menon Commission. He along the Satellite Instructional with other Ahmedabad- Television Experiment (SITE) the Space Commission and telecommunications satellite, based industrialists played was launched during July Secretary to the Government IRS - the Indian Remote a major role in the creation 1975 - July 1976 (when of India in the Department Sensing satellite and the Polar of the Indian Institute of Sarabhai was no more). of Space. In the decade Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) Management, Ahmedabad. Sarabhai started a project following his appointment that placed India in the league Some of the most well- for the fabrication and he directed the Indian space of space faring nations. known institutions established launch of an Indian Satellite. programme through a period Following his death in 2002, by Dr. Sarabhai are: PRL, As a result, the first Indian of extraordinary growth and the Indian satellite launch Ahmedabad; Indian Institute satellite, Aryabhata, was spectacular achievement. centre at Sriharikota, Andhra of Management (IIM), put in orbit in 1975 from Even while he was the Pradesh, located about 100 Ahmedabad; Community a Russian Cosmodrome. head of the Indian space km north of Chennai, was programme, he devoted renamed as the Prof. Satish substantial efforts towards Dhawan Space Centre. boundary layer research. His most important contributions Prof. M G K Menon are presented in the book Prof. M G K Menon (28 ‘Boundary Layer Theory’ August 1928 - 22 November by Hermann Schlichting. 2016), was an Advisor in Dhawan was a popular the Department of Space/ professor at the Indian ISRO. He was the President Institute of Science (IISc), of Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore. He is credited for Calcutta (1990- 2016). setting up the first supersonic Menon took his PhD from wind tunnel in India at IISc. the University of Bristol, UK in He also pioneered research on 1953, He has a large number relaminarization of separated of honorary doctorates from boundary layer flows, three- universities in India and abroad dimensional boundary Menon was Fellow of all layers and trisonic flows. the three Science Academies Dhawan carried out in India; and was President pioneering experiments in rural of each one of them. Menon education, remote sensing has done Scientific Work in and satellite communications. Cosmic Rays, Particle Physics. His efforts led to operational He is distinguished for systems like INSAT- a investigations in the field of Dr Vikram Sarabhai

68 See you Again at

August

69 VSSC: ISRO’s Lead Centre in Launch Vehicle Technology

n the early 1960s, and technological capabilities the Indian National and thus we could accomplish ICommittee on Space deep space complex missions Research, the Indian like Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan counterpart of the Committee and demonstrate Reusable for Space Research of the Launch Vehicle technology. United Nations, was formed under the leadership of Dr. Humble beginning: Vikram A Sarabhai. Vikram Space research commenced Sarabhai Space Centre at Thumba in 1963 with the (VSSC) was named in fond launch of Nike Apache rocket. memory of the great visionary. It was followed by launch of With the modest beginning indigenous Rohini-75 rockets from sounding rockets, the in 1967. This marked the organization has now reached beginning of the indigenous the capability of launching capability demonstration in 4 Ton class satellite to GTO. the rocket science at ISRO. Over the years, organization St. Mary Magdalene church has matured in experience at Thumba was the hub of

S. Somanath Director VSSC

70 research and epicenter of space research in 70s.

Nurturing Leaders: Leaders are born rather than taught, but spotting & nurturing leaders is the critical responsibility of the organization. VSSC holds history of nurturing & providing great leaders, with various domain expertise, for ISRO & as well as for the country. Ex-President mission design & simulations Launch Vehicle Projects: of India, Hon’ble Dr. APJ fostered by VSSC. The primary mandate Abdul Kalam was a great Shri. S Somanath, currently of VSSC is the design and leader who rose to heights Director VSSC, is an expert development of launch vehicles with his humble beginning in the area of system and related technologies for in VSSC. Other great leaders engineering of launch vehicles providing access to space. like Shri. G Madhavan Nair and has made significant Projects in VSSC started & Dr. K Radhakrishnan are contributions in domains like with development of Satellite stalwarts in rocket technology overall architecture of launch Launch Vehicle 3 (SLV3), who lead VSSC before vehicles, propulsion systems, which demonstrated the solid spearheading ISRO. Dr. K structural and structural rocket motor technology, Sivan, who is currently at the dynamics, separation systems avionics, structural engineering helm of affairs of ISRO, is & vehicle integration. & integration capabilities with an expert in aerodynamics, payload capability of 40kg

Mission simulation facilities (1st row), Hypersonic wind tunnel & Supercomputing facility (2nd row)

71 S200 motor

Sine burst testing of Crew module to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). A small satellite launch Subsequently, Augmented vehicle (SSLV)is also Satellite Launch Vehicle being realized which can (ASLV) demonstrated the cater to requirements of strap-on configuration and launching small satellites other host of improvements upto 500kg into low earth with payload capability orbit (500kmx500km), of 150 kg to LEO. with minimum turb around With large solid motor – time & reduced cost. S139, Polar Satellite Launch VSSC is the lead center of Vehicle (PSLV) along with ISRO for Space Transportation HSP – Crew Escape System indigenous liquid engines, Systems. All launch vehicle boosted the payload capability Projects are spearheaded by to 1.2 Tons to GTO. PSLV VSSC. The unique project continues to be the work management system and horse launch vehicle with high system engineering practices degree of mission flexibility evolved in India’s space for catering to our satellite programme have been requirements as well as for developed & nurtured in international customers. VSSC. The matrix project Successful demonstration management structure with of complex Cryogenic the lead centre as VSSC engine technology lead integrates the activities to the development of distributed across various work Geosynchronous Satellite centers, up to the final vehicle Foam insulated LH2 tank Launch Vehicle (GSLV) integration, tests & launch. capable of 2.2 Tons to GTO. With the increasing demand Centre of Excellence for for launching 4Ton class multidisciplinary research: satellite, Geosynchronous Launch vehicle development Satellite Launch Vehicle MkIII being a multidisciplinary (GSLV MkIII) with biggest activity, entails hardcore solid rocket motor (S200), research across VSSC in liquid stage (L110) and a various disciplines like massive cryogenic engine mission design, materials, (C25) was developed and propellants, chemicals, demonstrated. The capability structures, composites, and robustness of the avionics, ordnances, launch vehicle was proven metallurgy etc., These lead to by successive successful the domain specific expertise Fire resistant CASPOL coating demonstration launches of D1 & D2. in VSSC, now hosting

72 S200 nozzle RLV – fuselage structural testing multidisciplinary experts in and control design, control the above mentioned fields. power plant modelling and integrating them through 1. Mission design closed loop simulation where & aerodynamic all the systems dynamics are characterization captured. The propulsion Mission design and system, aerodynamic and simulation is an important structural models are suitably domain expertise of VSSC. integrated. The robustness Launch vehicle mission of the vehicle design is design process consists of evaluated through such trajectory design, guidance extensive simulations. Real

Checkout systems time mission simulation test beds have been developed which include On board computer In-Loop Simulation (OILS), Hardware In-Loop Simulation (HLS) and Actuator In-Loop Simulation(ALS) for validation of Navigation, Vikram Processor guidance and control(NGC) Solid propellant is a systems. Hardware & software noteworthy technology elements of launch vehicle developed in VSSC for all control systems will undergo ISRO missions. Burgeoning mission simulations before final from PVC based propellants, integration to launch vehicle. P-BAN, HEF-20, LTPB and VSSC also holds facilities the present work-horse HTPB like hypersonic wind tunnels propellants are the fruits of and aerothermal test facilities untiring research of stalwarts for design validation and in Solid propulsion at VSSC. material qualification for The present solid propellants launch vehicles. Work find its application right is under progress for from main stages of PSLV establishing a state of the to most advanced Crew art Trisonic wind tunnel & 2 Escape System (CES) for the Peta Flop supercomputing upcoming Gaganyaan mission. facility at VSSC. VSSC encompasses expertise in the field of polymers 2. Propellants & chemicals and special chemicals, 5 m dia. Composite PLF

73 Various capacity Li-ion cells

which caters to the needs & educational institutions of ISRO for adhesives, for structural analysis. thermal paints, insulations, specialty coatings, sealants, 4.Material & fabrication thermal protections, high VSSC works on developing, temperature ceramics etc., processing and realizing quality Majority of aforesaid specialty materials and hardware for chemicals required for launch expendable & re-usable launch vehicle & satellite missions vehicles and space-crafts both of ISRO are developed from in-house facilities and & produced in-house. through external industries. VSSC has core competency ADMIRE vehicles with vertical landing capability 3.Structural engineering in the development of high Design of spacecraft temperature and futuristic and the developmental and rocket structures is a materials, computer-aided missions are realized in-house 7. Energy systems specialized area due to its design, advanced aerospace and also through industries. VSSC has immensely importance it plays in realizing manufacturing, Precision Avionics systems perform contributed to ISRO and as a rocket with minimum engineering, metrology and mission critical navigation, well as to society in the field structural mass and a good non-destructive testing, which guidance & control activities of energy systems. Li-ion payload fraction. The loads find immense application which help in steering the cells are designed, developed acting in a launch vehicle is in varied ISRO’s missions. launch vehicle to the desired and demonstrated in-house to be well understood and destination. VSSC has in varying capacities from captured through specific 5. Composite hardware developed state of the art 1.5Ah to 100Ah. Indigenous analysis. The design margins Induction of composites onboard computers, which State of the art Li-ion cell are normally kept very small in launch vehicles provides take real time decisions production facility is available to ensure the optimum substantial mass savings. based on navigation sensor in VSSC to cater to internal mass of structures. The VSSC has design expertise and information and generate needs. Li-ion cells are used team has expertise in the hosts advanced composites the required sequencing for powering launch vehicle field of structural design & processing facility capable of and control commands for control electronics, actuators analysis of launch vehicle producing large composite control power plants. & pyro systems and also in systems, qualification testing structures and ablatives. Launch vehicle stabilization is ISRO’s satellites. Recently the of metallic and composite Composite structural hardware done using in-house developed technology was transferred structures, structural dynamic & ablatives for both launch high power electro-hydraulic to Indian industries to characterization & testing, vehicle & satellite are designed & electro-mechanical power commercial exploit the acoustics and aero-elastic & developed in VSSC. plants, located at various potential of the technology. analysis & testing. The notable stages. Development of Considering the future of contribution by VSSC in this 6.Avionics highly reliable, redundant electric mobility in the country, field is the development The avionics systems which and rugged avionics for this contribution of VSSC of finite Element Analysis form the brain of launch human rated launch vehicle, is extremely important. of Structures (FEAST) vehicles are designed and meeting the stringent safety software, which is widely developed in VSSC. Avionics requirements for transporting 8. Space physics used in ISRO, industries for operational launch vehicles humans, is in progress. VSSC also hosts domain

74 expertise in space physics, with a dedicated team carrying out basic and applied research on the lower and upper atmospheres, ionospheres and magnetospheres of the Earth and other solar system bodies (planets, planetary satellites and comets), using a suite of state-of-the-art experiments; ground-based, aboard ships and aircrafts, balloon and rocket -borne, and satellite payloads. Orbital Re-entry Vehicles In addition to having a reentry body along with VSSC’s contribution domain expertise in varied Advanced Mission & autonomous mission to society: field of rocket science, Recovery Experiments management was carried out VSSC being an organization VSSC’s strength is the system (ADMIRE) aims at through successful RLV TD committed towards advanced engineering approach towards development of a throtlabble HEX 01 mission. Presently, rocket technology, often complex tasks. These strengths liquid engine based test vehicle a landing experiment is end up in technologies of VSSC has culminated in capable of vertical take-off planned where autonomous having huge potential for pursuing complex missions in and landing. The vertical landing of winged body will the society. Much of the addition to our operational landing capability will be a be proved followed by second technologies developed for launch vehicle missions. proving ground for future re- phase of orbital re-entry. the launch vehicles, find direct VSSC has taken up activities usable vehicle booster stages. or indirect application for related to advanced missions The test vehicle will also be Gaganyaan mankind. Such technologies including stage recovery, re- used for demonstration of high Major systems for are identified and transferred usable winged body vehicles, altitude crew escape systems, Gaganyaan including crew to industry to exploit the air-breathing propulsion etc. scramjet propulsion, orbital re- module where the three- market potential. Nearly 300 entry, Inflatable aerodynamic member crew is housed and technologies developed in decelerator system etc., the crew escape system, in VSSC has been transferred Hypersonic Air-breathing case of exigencies, is being to Indian industries. New Vehicle with Airframe developed at VSSC. Human development such as Li- integrated structures (HAVA) rating of GSLV MkIII is ion cells, Search & rescue project is to realize a lifting important activity. The existing beacon, fire resistant CASPOL body hypersonic vehicle systems of GSLV MkIII is coatings and Silica Aerogels integrated with Scramjet subjected to analysis & testing are the perfect examples of engine and sub systems and improvements in the in-house born technologies. like fluid storage and feed systems are also carried out for Vikram Sarabhai Space system, air intake opening higher levels redundancy and Centre, being the epicenter mechanism, ignition system, reliability as per international of space research in India control surface actuation human rating standards. since the launch of Nike system, avionics system and Apache rockets in 1963, thermal protection system. Heavy-lift Launch is the lead centre of ISRO. The experiment validates Vehicle (HLV) Various specialized domains design and demonstration of To cater to the requirements such as Liquid propulsion, an autonomous navigation, of launching satellite of 5 Inertial systems, Space- guidance & control system to 8Ton to GTO, an all-new crafts, Human spaceflight which operates from the heavy lift launch vehicle & Space applications have instant of separation of employing Semicryo & cryo emerged out of VSSC and has HAVA from the ADMIRE stages is under development. become centre of its own. booster to the end of Mission studies with various Thus, true to the vision Scramjet experiment. versions of the launch vehicle of the legendary founder VSSC is gearing up towards is in progress. A version of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, VSSC developing fully Reusable the launch vehicle with a strives to benefit the common Launch Vehicle (RLV) with recoverable booster stage is man, by providing major two stages. Aerodynamic also under consideration. contribution to various Human rated GSLV MkIII characterization of winged advanced ISRO missions.

75 Role of IIRS in Capacity Building: Current Trends & Practices

leading to livelihood security graduates and policy makers. and understanding the The sustained efforts by impact of climate change. its dedicated faculty and The Institute campus also management have made houses the headquarters of the the institute remain in Centre for Space Science and the forefront throughout Technology Education in Asia its journey of about four and the Pacific (CSSTEAP), and a half decades from affiliated to the United Nations a photo-interpretation and first of its kind established institute to an institute of an in the region in 1995. IIRS international stature in the provides support to conduct field of remote sensing and all its remote sensing and geo-information science. GIS training and education programmes at postgraduate Vision level. The headquarters of Achieve excellence and Indian Society of Remote remain in the forefront for Sensing (ISRS), one of the capacity building in Remote largest non-governmental Sensing and Geo informatics scientific society in the and their applications” country, is also located in the Institute campus. Mission Transfer technology through Brief History & Milestones capacity building and research Formerly known as Indian in the field of Remote Sensing Photo-interpretation Institute (RS) and Geo informatics for (IPI), the institute was founded sustainable development. on 21st April 1966 under the aegis of Survey of India Objectives (SOI). It was established Capacity building in the with the collaboration of field of remote sensing and Dr. Prakash Chauhan the Government of the Geo informatics through: Director, IIRS Netherlands on the pattern of Quality education and Introduction of various target groups, Faculty of Geo-Information training programmes as per Indian Institute of Remote ranging from fresh graduates science and Earth Observation the need of stakeholders, Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun to policy makers including (ITC) of the University of through regular feedback is one of the units of ISRO academia. IIRS is a premier Twente, formerly known as and updation. to realize the Indian space institute with internationally International Institute for Ensure quality of education vision, as a key player, in acclaimed expertise in the Aerospace Survey and Earth and training programmes capacity building for successful area of training, education Sciences, The Netherlands. through regular evaluation implementation of earth and research in use of The original idea of setting of the student performance, observation (EO) programme geospatial technology the Institute came from India’s improved infrastructure for societal benefits. While for applications covering first Prime Minister, Pandit and linkage with institutes nurturing its primary endeavor agriculture, soil, geology, Jawaharlal Nehru, during his of high repute. to build capacity among the water resources, forestry and first visit to The Netherlands in Ensure quality of trainers user community by training ecology, environment, urban 1957. The Institute’s building / faculty through regular mid-career professionals, development, groundwater at Kalidas Road, Dehradun was training/seminar/publication the Institute has enhanced and mineral prospecting, inaugurated on May 27, 1972. in peer review journals. its capability and evolved watershed management and Today, it has programmes Considering the imminent many training and education monitoring, drought and flood for all level of users, i.e. need towards focused efforts programmes that are tuned assessment, ocean resources mid-career professionals, in Training and Education to meet the requirements and disaster management, researchers, academia, fresh for efficient utilization of the

76 The Institute has trained has trained 12,030 professionals (till July, 2019), including 1,197 professionals from abroad representing 96 countries. A total of 198 students in M.Sc. and 377 Students in M.Tech. courses have graduated since 2002. Special tailor-made/ on-demand courses are conducted at the request of the User Departments, both national and international. In the last few years, demand for such tailor-made courses has increased significantly. In addition to aforesaid activities, IIRS also supports activities of UN-CSSTEAP which has conducted Post Graduate in the five disciplines and short courses in various themes. Till date the Centre ISRO’s forthcoming advanced conducted by the Institute CSSTEAP, affiliated to the has conducted 58 PG courses Earth Observation Systems, are broadly grouped into – United Nations, to conduct and several short courses and IIRS has been given the (1) Postgraduate Diploma the RS & GIS training & workshops in past 23 years. status of a Unit of ISRO with programmes, (2) Certificate education programmes These programmes have effect from 30th April 2011. programmes (including at postgraduate level. benefitted 2090 participants The Director who reports to NNRMS-ISRO sponsored The international partner from 36 countries from Chairman, ISRO/Secretary, programme for University of IIRS, The University of Asia-pacific region and 19 Department of Space heads faculty), (3) Awareness Twente (UT) is known as ‘the countries from outside Asia it.The overall activities of programmes, (4) Special enterprising university’ in Pacific region.PG Courses have the institute are guided by on-demand/ tailor-made The Netherlands. Established benefitted 966 participants Management Council, while courses. The Postgraduate in 1961 at Enschede, UT while Short Courses have the academic programmes are Diploma programmes are is one among the top benefitted 1124 participants. guided by a Academic Council of 10 months duration; the European universities. IIRS also conducts internet- and Board of Studies. A highly Certificate Programmes are The Masters Degree based distance learning motivated and dedicated of 8 weeks duration; the programmes are run in courses under its Outreach team of multidisciplinary Awareness programmes for collaboration with – (1) Programme. which initiated scientists and engineers Decision Makers are of 1 week Andhra University (AU), in 2007. Currently, these contribute towards realizing duration; and Special courses Visakhapatnam, India (for courses are offered in the the Institute’s objectives. are of 1–8 week duration. M.Tech. Degree in RS & following two modes: (1) Live The education programmes GIS). The Centre for Remote & interactive classroom based Capacity Building conducted by the Institute Sensing and Information courses, and (2) e-learning Programmes of the Institute include: (1) M.Tech, course system in the Department courses. Over 95,000 The training and education of 24 months duration being of Geo-Engineering, with participants from about programmes of the Institute conducted in collaboration whom IIRS is partnering for 910 institutions (including are designed to meet the with Andhra University, M.Tech Programme in RS and academic institutions, requirements of various Visakhapatnam; and (2) GIS is one of the Centres of government organisations, target/user groups, i.e. for M.Sc. course of 18 months Excellence in the AU. Both industry and NGOs) across professionals at working, duration being conducted in the capacity building partners the country have been middle and supervisory collaboration with the Faculty of IIRS, i.e. AU (http://www. benefitted through the live levels, fresh graduates, of Geo-information Science andhrauniversity.info/) and & interactive course. researchers, academia, and & Earth Observation (ITC) University of Twenty (http:// The summary of capacity decision makers. The duration of the University of Twente www.utwente.nl/), are building programmes of courses ranges from (UT), The Netherlands. the premier education and conducted by IIRS are listed one-week to two-years. In addition, the Institute research institute in India and in the following Table. The training programmes also provides support to the The Netherlands, respectively.

77 Various capacity building Programmes at IIRS S. Programme Duration No. of No. Seats 1. M.Tech. in Remote Sensing & GIS (Affiliated with Andhra University) 24 months 40 Specializations in – Sustainable Agriculture; Forest Resources and Ecosystem Analysis; Geosciences; Urban & Regional Studies; Marine and Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources; and Satellite Image Analysis & Photogrammetry, Geoinformatics 2. M.Sc. in Geo-Infromation Science & Earth Observation (Affiliated with ITC, 18 months 10 University of Twente, The Netherlands) Specialization in – Geoinformatics 3. Post-Graduate Diploma in Remote Sensing and GIS 10 months 48 8 Specializations – Sustainable Agriculture; Forest Resources and Ecosystem Analysis; Geosciences; Urban & Regional Studies; Marine and Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources; and Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Natural Hazards and Disaster Risk Management 4. Post-Graduate Diploma in Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (Affiliated 10 months 10 with ITC, University of Twente, The Netherlands) Specialization in – Geoinformatics 5. Certificate Course in Remote Sensing 8 weeks 5 Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation (for Indian User participants) 6. International Programme – Certificate Course in Remote Sensing, Geoinformatics 8 weeks 40 (Sponsored by ITEC, Govt. of India) Remote Sensing (with emphasis on Digital Image Processing); Geoinformatics 7. NNRMS, ISRO-Sponsored Certificate Course in Remote Sensing and GIS for 8 weeks 64 University Faculty 8 Specializations - Cartography and Mapping; GIS Technology and Advances; Soils & Land Use Planning; Forestry/ Ecology /Wildlife / Env. Sciences; Geosciences; Coastal & Ocean Sciences; Urban and Regional Planning; Water Resources 8. Awareness Programme 1 week 10 Remote Sensing – An Overview for Decision Makers 9. Tailor-Made On-Demand Courses 1 to 8 Vari- weeks able

External students (~300 and new initiatives); and when required; programmes designed by annually) pursuing professional • To review the annual • To review and the faculty in consultation courses (B.Tech., M.Tech., budget proposals implement the with the external experts MCA, etc.) from various and manpower recommendations of from academia and industry. University and affiliated requirements; and the Board of Studies; The BoS has the following Colleges have also benefited • To provide overall • To advise on the terms of reference: by completing Dissertation/ direction for the research and faculty • To review the course Project-work at IIRS. development of improvement contents and curricula Research has always been the Institute. programmes; and based on the latest an integral part of capacity • • To recommend developments in the building with participation The Academic Council pedagogy, quality and RS & GIS technology of IIRS in National The academic programmes of standards, admission and applications; Mission Projects also. the institute are guided by an and evaluation • To review the quality Academic Council consisting policies and academic and contents of lecture The IIRS-Management of leading experts in the field. equivalencies. materials, practicals Council The Academic Council has the and tutorials; and The activities of the Institute following terms of reference: The Board of Studies • To analyse the are guided by the IIRS- • To provide the overall The Board of Studies (BoS) effectiveness of teaching Management Council (IIRS- guidance to the consisting of domain experts methods, conduct MC). It has the following role: academic programmes reviews and approves the of examinations and • To review the institute’s of the Institute and course curriculum and students’ feedback programmes (ongoing suggest revisions as syllabus of different academic of the courses.

78 GMR setting up India’s largest Airport city in Hyderabad

city and pollution-free and well-planned ecosystem. There is a Notified Area Committee (NAC) which is a one-stop clearance window for all building plan approvals – thus and affordable transport- contributing towards ease emergency services etc. of doing business. It focuses A major USP of the Park on sustainable development is its Airside facing land using Green Technologies and in both SEZ and non-SEZ new generation Smart digital locations. This land can be infrastructure along with utilized for setting up of Final quality physical infrastructure. Assembly Line of small & medium aircrafts, helicopters Aerospace & Industrial Park and drones. The adjacent The key attraction of taxiway and runway system Hyderabad Airport City is are available for live testing of GMR Aerospace & Industrial aircraft systems, as permitted Park, which is a modern, by the Air Navigation state-of-the-art airport- bodies. The Airframe MRO based multi-product Special facility at the SEZ offers Aman Kapoor Economic Zone (SEZ). The complimentary services to CEO Park offers Special Economic the needs of Airlines, Aircraft GMR Airport Land Development manufacturers and other Aerospace companies and is irport City or Rajiv Gandhi International a win-win situation for all. Aerotropolis is an Airport (RGIA), Hyderabad, The Park counts some of the Aurban ecosystem that is developing India’s largest renowned global companies is anchored with an airport Airport City around the Zone (SEZ) facilities for units as its partners, such as CFM, at its core. Over the past Airport. Hyderabad Airport with predominantly export- Safran, Pratt & Whitney and few years, the development City offers an integrated oriented business as well as Filtration Group. Mr. Aman of Airport City has gained ecosystem covering non-SEZ land for customers Kapoor, CEO, GMR Airport substantial momentum with commercial office space, who wish to deal in the Land Development, says, its popularity spreading rapidly retail, leisure & entertainment, Domestic Tariff Area within “Hyderabad Airport City is on a global scale. In India too, hospitality, education, India. The Park also houses creating a paradigm shift in the the concept of Airport City healthcare, aerospace and India’s first Airport-based Free way of doing business in India. is gaining traction, especially logistics. Being a Greenfield Trade Zone - GIFTZ (GMR The Airport city brings speed, after the introduction of Public project, the master plan of International Free Trade Zone). agility and connectivity as Private Partnership (PPP) RGIA envisioned creating GMR Aerospace & Industrial unique business propositions. model in airport development. a world class Aerotropolis Park provides ‘ready-to- Offering a gateway Airport GMR Group, the reputed right from its inception. use’ industrial infrastructure with growing air connectivity, infrastructure company The Hyderabad Airport allowing companies to focus passenger traffic and smart and airport developer & City offers best-in-class on their core business. The technologies in place, the operator has made some infrastructural support for Park enjoys greater security Hyderabad Airport City is pioneering endeavours the prospective and existing by virtue of being housed unfolding an urban model towards conceptualizing businesses with built in Power, within RGIA. Supply of utilities that is competitive, attractive and developing Airport Telecom & IT infrastructure like power and water are and sustainable. We aspire City in India. for 24x7 operations; dedicated highly reliable. The Park also to grow intelligently, bringing GMR Hyderabad power link-up with the state enjoys the complete airport about good returns to the International Airport Ltd. grid for reliable power supply, ecosystem like proximity to Airport, its users, businesses, (GHIAL), a GMR Group round-the-clock security, Air Cargo Terminal, availability surrounding communities and Company which is operating express connectivity with the of five-star hotel, reliable the entire region we serve.”

79 Space Technology Application tools for development & progress of North East

more than 17 years of networking with various dedicated service to the academic institutions of NER. eight states of North • To enable single window Eastern Region (NER) of delivery of all possible India using space science space based support for and technology. The major disaster management. objectives of the Centre are: • To set up a regional level • To provide an operational infrastructure for capacity remote sensing and building in the field of geographic information geospatial technology. system aided natural resource The scientific programs of information base to support the Centre are guided by activities on development the needs of the region and / management of natural are reviewed periodically. resources and infrastructure Over the years, NESAC has planning in the region. taken up and completed • To provide operational multiple projects covering satellite communication the NER states in the applications services in the areas of natural resources P L N Raju region in education, health management, infrastructure Director care, disaster management planning, health, education, NESAC support, and developmental satellite communication and he North Eastern and the North Eastern Council communication. atmospheric science research. Space Applications (NEC) is a society registered • To take up research The centre has implemented Centre (NESAC), under the Meghalaya Societies in space and atmospheric a number of application a joint initiative of Registration Act, 1983. science area and establish projects sponsored by user DepartmentT of Space (DOS) The Centre has provided an instrumentation hub and agencies in the region, National/regional projects funded/coordinated by ISRO-DOS Centres, research and developmental projects under Earth Observations Applications (EO-A), Satellite Communications (SATCOM) programs, Disaster Management Support (DMS) program under the North Eastern Regional node for Disaster Risk Reduction (NER-DRR) and Space & Atmospheric Science Programs under the Atmospheric Science Program () and ISRO Geosphere Biosphere Programs (IGBP). Till now, NESAC has completed more than 100 projects, has released 3500+ data/maps related to Users, and served more than 50 User Departments across eight States of NER. Summary list of thematic activities of NESAC

80 Sericulture Development: NESAC is doing a project on Space Technology Applications for Sericulture Development throughout the country with Central Silks Board. Under this, major activities and achievements are: • Mapping of potential areas for sericulture in 178 districts covering 26 states (70 districts in Phase II) has been completed. • All the data has been made available in public domain through SILKS web portal. • NESAC has initiated a project on Development of Phase wise Sericulture Rice acreage estimation of Tripura Development map of Tripura Decision Support System for early warning of selected In the area of remote using Ecological and Digital Tea Garden (DTG) Silkworm diseases with sensing applications, following Social Approach. • Invasive Species financial assistance from are the major themes of • Vegetation Carbon monitoring, Forest stress Central Silks Board, Bengaluru. activity of NESAC. Pool Assessment (VCP) study in Nagoan & Kamrup

Forest & Ecology: Under this program, NESAC does following major activities: • Preparation of Forest Working Plans for forest departments of NER states. • Forest Phenology mapping for entire NER. • Assessment of spatial distribution of bamboo in NER with Bamboo Resource Various Forestry related products generated for state user departments Mapping for Nagaland. • Studied dynamics for Meghalaya District, Assam. Hydrology & Water of Shifting Cultivation • UAV application for Resources: In this area, Agriculture & Allied major activities are Sectors: NESAC has used • Flood Early Warning state-of-the-art space System (FLEWS) program technology to benefit the for all states of NER. farmers with following: • Inundation and • Various crop yield embankment study in estimation in many NER states. Brahmaputra Basin. • Mapping of potential • River Atlas of Assam was areas for expansion of successfully completed. major crop in many states • Monitoring and evaluation • Site suitability analysis of projects implemented for Organic farming under Integrated Watershed • Mapping of suitable Management Program areas for horticultural crops (IWMP) in NER. under CHAMAN project, • Crop Damage assessment Disaster Risk Assessment Summary of Flood Early Warning System as a part of NER-DRR using UAVs etc. & Reduction: Under the

81 been organized for decision makers, mid-level officers as well as junior officers and more than 100 officers representing different states of the country were trained. Geo-Web Services: Under various Geo-Web services, NESAC offers decision making platform (like NEDRP) for the Governance applications in many Government Departments and agencies for their planning and monitoring activity, Sericulture Info System, Project Monitoring, ElectionGIS, GeoTourism etc. NESAC has received Urban Planning inputs for Nongpoh town National e-Governance Award for NEDRP project. ambitious NER-DRR program, currently 6 services have been made operational, namely Flood Early Warning, Landslide Hazard Zonation, Hazard Risk Vulnerability Assessment, Forest Fire dashboard, Japanese Encephalitis Warning System. The Flood Early Warning System program though was started initially for few districts of Assam, has now covered all districts of Assam as well as some areas of other NER states as well. Till now, NESAC has given more than 3500 flood warnings to the Government Departments. New initiative for Thunderstorm Nowcasting has started experimentally. Screenshot of NEDRP Application showing various thematic resources for planning

Urban and Infrastructure out GIS based master/ and Urban Transformation NESAC has released Election Planning: As part of Urban development plan for Shillong (AMRUT) sub-scheme. E-Atlas for Meghalaya. and Infrastructure Planning, Planning area under Atal Capacity building programme Another major work under NESAC has been carrying Mission for Rejuvenation under AMRUT sub-scheme has GeoWeb services has been

Election e-Atlas for Meghalaya and its Dashboard with various administrative tools

82 Summary of Project Monitoring activities for various NEC projects Schematic diagram of Tele-Education program

development of Mobile of the SatCom division of App for project monitoring NESAC is Communication of various NEC projects. Support in Disaster Management through Photogrammetry & UAV setting up communication Remote Sensing: NESAC gateways through satellite has expanded the activities communication. NESAC of Photogrammetry and UAV is equipped with state-of- Remote Sensing over the the-art satellite telephony years. NESAC has conducted terminals developed by Aerial View of NESAC taken with UAV more than 80 UAV surveys ISRO called as Sat Sleeve. for different users and • ISRO-CNES-ONERA research work in the NER. joint Ka-Band propagation Experiment. SATCOM : Under SATCOM operational programs, the Space and Atmospheric major activities are: science activities: The space • Tele-Education project for and Atmospheric science all the eight states of NER. group at NESAC has been Currently, there are seven engaged in research in the Tele-Education Hubs and 350 areas of Atmospheric science Satellite Interactive Terminals and Space science. Major (SITs) in the entire NER. activities of the division • One of the major activities have been as follows: Various UAV data outputs generated for Users

83 • Providing project work. experimental lightning • Students early warning for representing various NER of India. academic institutions have visited NESAC Capacity Building in study tours activities: As a part over the years. of Capacity Building • NESC has also & Outreach activities, started giving Online following activities Courses for all NER have been taken: students and young • State-of-the-art Professionals in infrastructure facility collaboration with with lecture halls, IIRS, Dehradun. practical laboratories, Till now, NESAC has 80 bedded hostel conducted 20 Short with dining facility has term courses, 10 been operationalized. Certificate courses, • Every year 15 Exhibition, 03 Thunderstorm potential Map and Warning issued by NESAC training programme Distance learning and DWR image validating the thunderstorm formation on various themes programs. are successfully More than 4000 • Understanding the spatio- • Short and medium range weather completed. plus Officials have temporal distribution of major climate forecasting for NER of India to • A large number been sensitized and change drivers through collection support disaster management. of students from more than 3000 and analysis of in-situ data from • The first S-band Polarimetric educational institutes students have fixed stations and land campaigns radar installed at Cherrapunjee of NER choose NESAC been trained. and satellite data and products. has been operationalized. for their external

A lecture going on in Smart Classroom A National Level Workshop going on at NESAC Outreach in NESAC Outreach Facility as part of Basic Course in RS & GIS Building

A lecture of the ISRO Young Scientist Program at NESAC Students’ visit to NESAC Outreach Smart Classroom

84 AEPL-ISRO: An effective partnership

R. Sundaram, CEO, Aerospace Engineers EPL has enjoyed Vehicle. This partnership a fruitful was with VSSC Valiamala. association with Moreover, AEPL has received major exports of the firm. for the ‘Rubber manufacturing ISRO since 2006. ROCASIN Rubber Technology Recently, AEPL was certified and surface treatment plant.’ TheA company has been from ISRO for rocket motor for ‘Production organization AEPL also envisages setting dealing with VSSC Valiamala, lining. In fact, AEPL’s surface exposition’ by DGCA as up clean room facilities for ISRO Bangalore and LPSC treatment plant (SS Passivation per CAR 21. Moreover, the composite manufacturing. Thiruvananthapuram for the and Aluminium Anodising) company signed a long-term Major integration activities supply of rubber moulded is approved by ISRO. The contract for a period of five like A/C sub-assemblies, components; hydraulic company has also received years with the Egyptian hose assembly and testing and lubrication hoses an order for making valve Air Force for supply of and composite clean room and valve assemblies. assemblies for fuel systems. Aerospace Components. are planned in the plant at Several major technologies Exports and international AEPL has a clear idea about Hosur, near Bangalore. AEPL’s and products have been collaboration are also an the future. The company plants are located at Salem developed by AEPL for the important part of AEPL’s is into 100% aerospace and Hosur under the Defence Indian . For portfolio. AEPL is a Tier 1 product manufacturing of corridor. An investment of instance, the company has supplier for metallic assemblies metallic and non-metallic about US Dollars 15 million supplied hydraulic hoses and Tier 2 for detail parts. components. It has plans to is now planned at the units. used in Reusable Launch Rubber parts are some go for NADCAP certification

85 Additive Manufacturing and Its Applications Beyond Skies he Indian or 3D printing program has been is one such technology that is Tactive for 50 years! going to play a disruptive and Over these past decades, enabling role in development ISRO has emerged as an of space technology innovative, highly cost- and its applications. effective launch services provider and technology Additive Manufacturing developer to become one of The aerospace sector was the six largest space agencies among the early adopters launched its rocket Inconel. The prototype igniter in the world with one of the of additive manufacturing, with a 3D printed Main was made as one single part largest fleet of communication given the obvious benefits in Oxidizer Valve (MOV) body instead of four distinct parts ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGand remote sensing satellites. AND terms ITS of speed, APPLICATIONS total cost of in one of the nine Merlin BEYOND 1D that were brazedSKIES and welded With the Chandrayaan 2 ownership, design freedom engines. The mission marked together in the past. Thales mission, ISRO is set to create & optimization, as well as the first time SpaceX had Alenia Space has been using history. Countries with mature manufacturing flexibility, to and nascent space programs name a few. Many of these The Indian space programalike are recognizing has India, beenpotential active benefits and usefor 50 years! Over these past its space scientists and the cases are also relevant for decades, ISRO has rapidlyemerged growing Indian spaceas anSpace innovative, applications There are highly cost-effective launch ecosystem as a force to reckon already several and constantly services provider andwith. technology Humanity’s advent into developerincreasing instances ofto high become one of the six largest outer space with recent efforts technology space startups as to access space in ways never well as global corporations space agencies in theexplored, world is reaching withalmost oneadopting of 3D printing the to largest fleet of communication science-fiction like realms. reduce time-to-launch, and remote sensing Thesesatellites. exciting “moon shot”With increase the efficiency, Chandrayaan improve 2 mission, ISRO is set efforts have also spawned and performance, and work with to create history. Countriesprovided significant with impetus matureotherwise difficult and to process nascent space programs alike to technology innovations materials, allowing them to are recognizing India,and adaption its ofspace emerging scientistsachieve faster maturity and across the rapidly growing Indian horizon technologies in areas various platforms, payload such as communication, categories and application that space ecosystem aspropulsion, a force advanced to fuels reckon they offer with. to the market. In and materials. Additive 2014, SpaceX, for instance,

North-West Feed Cluster by Wipro3D currently into orbit on- Humanity’s advent into outer space with recent effortsboard GSAT19 to access space in ways never explored, is reaching almost scienceever-fiction flown a 3D-printed like part, realms 3D Printing. sinceThese 2015 and with the valve operating is now into production to exciting “moon shot” efforts have also spawnedsuccessfully and with provided high pressure make significant components for telecom liquid oxygen, under cryogenic satellites. Spacebus Neo will impetus to technology innovations and adaptiontemperatures of and highemerging feature fourho reactionrizon wheel vibration. This was followed brackets, which are 30% by several other successful lighter than the conventional technologies in areas such as communication, propulsion,projects such as engine advanceddesign, made of fuelsaluminum chambers, and eventually and antenna deployment and materials. the entire rocket engine. and pointing mechanism NASA went a step further (ADPM) brackets. Closer with a bi-metal 3D printed home, ISRO and Wipro3D igniter made of copper and additively engineered GSAT 19 Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is one such technology that is going to 86 play a disruptive and enabling role in development of space technology and its applications.

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

The aerospace sector was among the early adopters of additive manufacturing, given the obvious benefits in terms of speed, total cost of ownership, design freedom & optimization, as well as manufacturing flexibility, to name a few. Many of these potential benefits and use cases are also relevant for Space applications

Sensitivity: Internal & Restricted as Thrusters, Main Oxidizer spend considerable effort in Valves, Combustion Chamber addressing one of the main Liners and Propellant Injectors. headwinds to the adaption Below are some exhibits of metal 3D printing in the of applications of Additive space industry: process and Manufacturing by Wipro3D - material prove out. Our experience in the Aero/Space From Additive Components sector as regards 3D printing to Additive Solutions process package and material We see an interesting development, as well as prove opportunity for an integrated out for various components digital manufacturing including engine parts, solution that combines gives us confidence that the additive engineering, additive Space Industry will see wide manufacturing, materials spread adaption of Additive development, prove out Manufacturing across the and validation cycles with value chain in the near future. automation and robotic It is imperative for space interventions, to create faring companies to chalk nonlinear value for space out a thought-through long programs. Solution providers, term adaption roadmap. At who work with stakeholders typical best practice adaption in the space faring ecosystem, roadmap, would includes to conceptualize and component, subsystem implement AM-optimized and system level Additive components & sub-assemblies, Engineering opportunities, Spotlight: Structural Bracket associated redesign of , material development , Showcased here is the additively designed topology-optimized systems, proven out process substitution and prove out bracket, which was achieved using Wipro3D’s proprietary packages and deploy additive plan, design and deployment Additive Thinking Framework. The part was fabricated in M400 manufacturing lines & supply of an AM production line, machine and the part dimensions were quite large at 390 x 225 x chains will help in creating as well as adaption of 180 mm with appreciable weight-reduction achieved. differentiated value for space existing supply chains for a programs. At Wipro3D we sustainable business outcome.

India’s first functional 3D aggressive timelines. as 3D printed component in space. printing offers good potential Labelled the North-West for high performance, complex Feed Cluster 2x2 (GS19), and low volume or short series the “feed” was designed production right away, as well by the Space Application as indirect applications such as Centre of ISRO, and then tooling. As we see maturing of Additive Engineered and emerging additive technologies Manufactured by Wipro3D that promise to deliver on in close collaboration with cost and speed both, we see ISRO scientists. It stands 320 the space sector contributing mm tall with a wall thickness significantly to large scale of 2mm with x-y footprint of industrial adaption of additive approx. 240 by 240 mm. It manufacturing. Various was developed using a range surveys and reports indicate of Additive Manufacturing substantial rise in the usage competencies and went of 3D printing products and through the required validation services in the Space Industry. Spotlight: Anti-Icing Article tests before it was launched Additive Manufacturing Showcased above is a critical aerospace application. The Anti into orbit aboard the GSAT19. proves effective for wide Icing Assembly was Additively Manufactured by Wipro3D in Startups such as Rocket range of space applications multiple alloys. A realization duration of 18 months was reduced Lab and Relativity Space are like RF components, structural to 7 months with the added benefit of conformal channel design. attempting projects to realize components (Brackets and It is used to re-circulate hot compressed air to prevent icing while the entire rocket engine within Frames) and applications such the aircraft is operating at high altitude

87 Bacterially Induced Galvanic Corrosion On Al 7075 Alloys

ones showing the most of the machine tool. severe cases of staining. In order to prove the point, The most logical conclusion the laboratories of Houghton would be to blame the International designed a biocide. Actually it isn’t. series of experiments. The biocide is not the root The pH evolution of coolants cause for the staining. would display the typical The answer of this technical scenario for the pH evolution riddle is that the usage of of most aerospace grade biocides and staining are the coolants. Freshly introduced in unexpected side consequence the machine tool, the coolant of a higher level issue, the will have a pH near 9.5 for presence of bacteria. When a couple of hours. After a bacteria grow, they release day or two, the pH will have acidic compounds that stabilized, generally around eventually lead to a drop between 8.9 and 9.1. And pH in pH. At a pH of <=8.7, will stay at this level. But when galvanic corrosion can occur bacteria attack the system over Patrice Sajkiewicz between the aluminium time, the pH will eventually Global Director –Aerospace, Quaker Houghton parts and the steel chassis drop down below a pH=8.77,

ay I ask you to coolant in place had all the imagine a typical approvals and Aerospace Mworkshop, fully certifications required for dedicated to producing the job. And all the usual aluminium parts? This suspects can be eliminated; workshop is well organized, there is no obvious external with four rows of eight contamination, water hardness identical CNC machines. is OK and the concentration of Life would be excellent for chlorides is well under control. the production manager, if The puzzle starts becoming aluminium staining issues a bit clearer after a correlation were not recurring on a is made between the bacterial couple of these machines. stability of each machine And staining issues also imply and the likeliness of seeing non-conformances, reworks stained parts. The machines and lost productivity. that require frequent additions Of course, the water soluble of biocides, are also the

88 JSC: Specialists in Custom Engineering

ounded in 1985, JSC maintenance support. array simulators and battery have found widespread use has specialized in Headquartered in Bangalore, simulators as ideal solutions in the professional electronics custom engineering, India, 25 qualified, trained for ground-based testing of industry. This broad spectrum power system and experienced personnel satellites. These, together of contacts has driven JVC to integration,F sales/marketing are intensely involved in with programmable variable continuously strive for product and maintenance of a range of promoting the Company’s switching power sources approvals from various test power electronic equipment objectives. With customers/ which control infrared lamps and approval agencies. For and components for a wide this, the Company has spectrum of users in TV invested in many test facilities and Radio broadcasting, to make its systems rugged Space power simulation, to withstand stringent Telecommunication, Defence environmental/climatic, and Radar Communication mechanical endurance and systems, Airborne Systems, EMI/EMC specifications. Computers, Meteorology, At this stage of operations, Electroplating, Test/measuring the Company is ready instruments and Distributed (financially and technically) Process Control Systems. , users being of the highest and heaters, simulate actual to associate with similar Jai Sales CorporationOver the years, the Companysince calibre amonginception electronic in 1985,light and heat has conditions been industriescatering in and outsideto the diverse needs of the has earned recognition for engineers and scientists, which satellites encounter India and build a strong base Power Electronicsincorporating the Segment latest JSC allocates with large emphasisfinancial in space. on These custom-engineered products in these challenging, Power liberal Converters. technologies in the field outlays for continuous have made the Company a and free market conditions With very activeof supportpower conversion fromand ourproduct upgradationDefence, through leadingSpace supplier to India’s and Publicwhich the world Sectoreconomy Organizations, built an image for quality, vigorous developmental ambitious space programmes. is now experiencing. we have been reliability,encouraged cost effectiveness to takeand engineering up efforts.challengingThe Company’s projects range to provideCompany address: indigenous Jai Sales solutions to their and timely deliveries. The For instance, exciting of PWM-based Battery Corporation; 103, Blue Cross Power ConverterCompany also requirementscontinuously new technologies. in space Chargers, Inverters, Chambers 11; Infantry Road strives for excellence in power simulation systems Frequency Converters and Cross, Bangalore- 560001. offering integration and have helped evolve solar high voltage power supplies Tel: +91-80-40849899 DEFENCE COMMUNICATIONS MILITARY APPLICATIONS Rugged SMPS & Inverter for Communication Systems Rugged Power supplies for Missile Launcher Systems in physical contact for 24 fluid with a Best-In-Class hours at pH=9.1. All three feature: pH stability. If most test panels would be shiny other coolants stabilize at and do not show any sign of a pH = between 8.8 – and corrosion nor of staining. 9.1, Hocut HOCUT 4260 When the experiment is typically stabilizes at a pH= repeated at pH =8.3, red rust between 9.1 – and 9.3. This is visible on the steel panel, seemingly small difference in and test coupon Al 7075 has pH actually means a lot for Rugged Power supplies for Communication Systems stained quite heavily, while Al users, as it creates a strong 2024 has been less impacted safety net and prevents with only a moderate staining. the pH from entering into Once the diagnosis is the galvanic corrosion established, the cure is easy to danger zone too quickly. propose. For such situations, In conclusion, staining of Houghton International aluminum can occur due to RADAR APPLICATIONS has developed a dedicated drop in pH caused by the technology: HOCUT® 4260. presence of bacteria. This the level at which galvanic demonstrated when two This product is a multi- issue may be managed with corrosion starts occurring. aluminium test coupons and approved Aerospace grade the use of more pH stable This aspect can be a mild steel panel are put semi-synthetic, biocide-free metal removal fluids. SPACE APPLICATIONS 89

Source Cum Sink

ATOMIC / NUCLEAR ISRO AMBITIOUS PROJECT RESEARCH APPLICATIONS Power Processing unit for Hall Effect Thruster

WE PARTNER WITH

103 BLUE CROSS CHAMBERS # 11 INFANTRY ROAD CROSS, BANGALORE 560 001, INDIA TEL: 91-80-40849899 Comsat Systems greets ISRO on its Golden Jubilee

S John Managing Director, Comsat Systems

n the eve of turning an entrepreneur. Golden Jubilee ISRO, with indigenization as Ocelebrations of one of its goals, has helped ISRO, Comsat Systems Comsat Systems grow to Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad has its present stature through extended the space agency’s timely technical guidance fraternity and its employees and encouragement. - past and present - special Comsat Systems is a leading accolades on the successful manufacturer of large steerable launch of Chandrayaan-2. antenna systems in the The wishes of Comsat Systems country, supplying Antenna said: “A happy anniversary Systems to ISRO and other and many more eventful years reputed organisations in the in the future to come.” Defence sector; government Comsat Systems has a departments; PSUs; networking unique association with almost companies like Hughes, HCL all the constituent centres and Airtel; and broadcast of ISRO, having supplied & communication firms. Satellite Communication In other words, Comsat Antenna Systems from Systems has rightfully joined 1992 onwards to date. ISRO’s Golden Jubilee Managing Director of celebrations with gaiety as Comsat Systems, S John, in a large number of antennas fact, started his career in have been supplied by the satellite communications with company to all the ISRO ISRO- MASEG & ECIL before constituent centres.

90 PARTICULARS ANTENNAS SUPPLIED & IN OPERATION Sl. ISRO 1992 – 2009 Remarks 2010 -2019 Remarks No. Organizations 1 National Remote Sensing 2 No of 7.5Mtr Antenna Centre System For NRSC, Shadnagar, NCAOR,Goa 2 Master Control Facility 1 No of 3.8Mtr Ku Band Anten- 2 Nos of 11Mtrs Fast Tracking C/ nas Ku Band Antennas 1 No of 9.3M Ku Band Antenna System for DES Through ADTL 8 Nos of 7.2M C Band Full Cover- age Antenna System 1 No of 7.2M Ku Band Antenna System at Bhutan 3 Nos of 3.8Mtr Ku Band Anten- nas Through ADTL

3 ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and 1 No of 2.4 Mtr Ku Band Mo- Through 1 No of 7.5Mtr C Band Antenna Through Command Network bile Antenna System Infinium (India) System Hughes Ltd 1 No of 7.5mtr C Band An- tenna System For ISTRAC,TTC Through Station,Lucknow Commedia 1 No of 6.3Mtr C Band Antenna System 2 Nos of 3.8Mtr C- Band Antenna System 2 Nos of 2.4Mtr C Band Antenna System 1 No of 2.4Mtr Ku Band Antenna System Through In- 28 Nos of 2.4Mtr C Band single finium Picece GFRP Penetrating Mount Antenna Through Hughes

4 Space Applications Centre 4 Nos of 7.5Mtr. Cassegrain Through GCEL 2 No of 11M C Band Antenna antenna system Ext C Band and Systems for AES & DES step tracking system 1 No of 7.5Mtr C -Band Antenna 2 Nos of 6.3Mtr. 4 port EXT C System For DES, New Delhi Band Cassegrain feed System 1 No of 6.3Mtr S and L Band with King post Mount System Antenna System 1 No of 6.3Mtr. Ext-C,C Band 2 Nos 1.8Mtr (wire rope tech- Cassegrain Transportable An- nology), Extn C Band Mobile tenna System Through Ar- Antenna 2 Nos of 4.5Mtr Parabolic rayCom Antenna System 7 Nos of 3.8Mtr Ext C Band Through Antennas GNVFCL 1 No of 1.2 Mtr Ku-Band Mobile Aluminium Reflector Antenna System

Through In- finium 5 Antrix Corporation Limited 1 No of 6.3Mtr. C Band Cassegrain Antenna System. 6 Indian Space Research Or- 1 No of 6.3Mtr. Ku Band Through BEL ganisation Cassegrain Antenna System with penetrating Mount , 2 Port Tx-Rx Feed 17 Nos of 1.8Mtr Ext C-Band Mobile GFRP Antenna system 2 Nos of 1.2Mtr Ku-Band Mo- bile GFRP Antenna system

91 Varsity: Providing custom solutions for wiring needs

scoping of a requirement at infrastructure include a a concept stage to designing capacity of 50 medium size and delivering prototypes harnesses per day and MK before manufacturing custom Automated Test systems solutions on a large-scale. The with a capacity to test 5,400 company has a large team of points at a time. Varsity has a highly skilled operators with built-up area of 20,000 square a wealth of experience and feet of shop floor, 20 % knowledge who can even greenery and water harvesting manufacture environmentally facilities. The company has sealed cable harness as per IPC production with real-time / WHMA 620-C Standard. viewing system and 2,000 square feet for warehousing. ounded in 1968 in project success to Varsity, Built-to-specification There is also a 1,500 square modest circumstances which has a zero-defect facility Varsity’s engineers work feet training centre equipped as an authorized that delivers off-the-shelf, closely with customers to with a Video Wall. distributor of test build-to-spec and build-to- understand the requirements Other features include a andF measurement equipment, print products. Varsity owes and suggest cost-effective fully automated climate- Varsity subsequently its success to higher product design to meet the form, controlled environment via expanded the product knowledge, its ability to adapt fit and function with COTS Toshiba VRV Systems and offerings to electronic passive to new technologies and to (Commercial off-the-shelf) an arrangement to control and RF components in the its industry relationships built or custom-designed parts. dust-free and foreign object distribution section. Later in over the past 50 years. debris. The lighting is provided 2003, Varsity went through a Built-to-print by 1,100 + lux LED glare- transformation to manufacture Varsity Cable Harness The company’s engineers less day lighting from world custom solutions for wiring offerings also work with the documents class Japanese maker Endo. needs of customers. Varsity provides turnkey provided by the customer In addition, there are With over 50 years solutions for complex and to realize the product as dedicated quality inspector of excellence in serving niche wiring harness systems specified in the drawing. cabins in the production customers as India’s fastest for small, medium and large The systematic approach area. Varsity has 400 KVA growing Wire Harness production of wire harness & and reviews will ensure that 100% Power Backup with (WH) manufacturer, Varsity cable assemblies complying the end product will be CAT generator and 40 produces top quality ‘Make in with the mission critical delivered without any flaws. KVA APC Make UPS. India’ products for prestigious requirements of Aerospace Connectivity is by BSNL High partners such as DRDO. The & Defence. Varsity is State-of-the-art Speed 100 MBPS dedicated firm’s proud customers have AS9100D certified and has infrastructure Internet line with 24x7 no reluctance to attribute their in-house capability right from Highlights of Varsity’s Voice 2MBPS line. There are also Video Wall-equipped video conference rooms. Other features include temperature-controlled stores for consumables and an amphitheatre with aesthetically pleasing landscape.

Varsity Instruments can be contacted at +91 91001 41414 or email [email protected]

92 Optimization Module Tackles Tough Materials

by-side, one with the standard program and one that was optimized,” said Johnston. “We reduced cycle time from an hour to just under 40 minutes, and you could also hear and see the difference in how the tools were cutting and tell that the optimized program was easier on the machine. This is probably the best thing to happen to programming since trochoidal toolpaths.” VERICUT Product Specialist Pete Haas explained that Force works by analyzing the NC toolpath, evaluating the changing cutting conditions, In VERICUT Force, blue line “spikes” reveal excessive or unsafe cuts in the original program, while and increasing or decreasing red lines show gains and corrections made by optimizing. (All images provided by CGTech.) the feed rate to achieve the ost anyone a trunnion-style, five-axis toolpath simulation software. ideal chip thickness for any who’s worked vertical machining center Working with representatives given material. Compared in a machine offering high productivity, from CGTech and Sandvik to CAM systems and online shop for any a small footprint, and a Coromant, Johnston machining calculators, lengthM of time has at some surprisingly low-price tag. programmed a Ti-6Al-4V which attempt to determine point attended a trade show There was also an LB3000 titanium bracket being made average chip thickness and or machine tool distributor’s EX-II lathe with barfeed for an aerospace customer, base the feed rate on that, open house. There they see vibration detection, a MULTUS then optimized its toolpaths Force calculates the optimal canned demonstrations of B300II turn-mill center with VERICUT Force. feed rate for every single CNC machines busily carving with collaborative robot “We had the same demo on line of machining code. up chunks of brass, mild steel, part handling, MA-500HII two vises and ran them side- “As an example, think or aluminum into business horizontal and MCR-A5CII card holders and tic-tac-toe double-column machining games. While these giveaways centers, and a MULTUS are fun stuff, wouldn’t it U3000 multitasking machine. be refreshing to see some An impressive lineup, to be real parts being machined, sure, but there was one demo preferably from a difficult- that had a large number of to-machine material? show attendees talking, even That’s what took place at those responsible for setting the Okuma Winter Showcase, it up. “It was pretty cool to an annual event the machine see, especially when you builder hosts for 600+ consider that we were cutting attendees. At the event, titanium, a very hard and attendees were treated to difficult-to-machine material,” more than two-dozen CNC says Okuma Applications machine tools under power, Engineer Lee Johnston. most of them making chips. He’s talking about CGTech’s These included an -8000V Force, a physics-based LASER EX super multitasker NC program optimization In the Okuma demonstration, the VERICUT Force Optimized with laser metal deposition module that works within the finished part on the left was produced more than 20% faster and the GENOS M460V-5AX, company’s flagship VERICUT than the original programmed part on the right.

93 offers advanced features Force-optimized toolpaths such as Machining Navi, “save a great deal of time SERVONAVI, Super-NURBS, during roughing,” says and adaptive machining Sandvik’s Howard. Parts technology. How can a are machined faster and third-party software package cutting tools last longer. make a top-notch machine Haas summed it up like tool perform even better? this: “Force charts provides There are several answers: NC programmers with useful Force has the ability to break information they never had up the NC code into smaller before. They can quickly about driving to work each seeing Force in action, it’s bites, adjusting feed rates and easily visualize what’s morning,” Haas said. “You made a believer out of me.” to maximize chip thickness happening cut-by-cut as encounter straight sections, That’s an easy thing to and keep it constant. the tool moves through the curves, and sharp turns, and say for someone employed Its optimization capabilities material, and it’s now possible have to slow down or speed by the product’s developer. are proactive, not reactive, to visualize excessive forces, up depending on the road But Sandvik Coromant MTS so everyone knows what inefficient cutting parameters, conditions. Machining also specialist Richard Howard, to expect before pushing metal removal rate, power involves constantly changing who worked alongside Davala the cycle start button. consumption, torque, and conditions, but some CAM and Johnston setting up Performance issues are tool deflection. Force charts systems don’t account for the demo, backs it up. He clearly identified up front, and also expose cutting condition this. They generate a single supplied the cutting tools the programmer can examine improvement opportunities. feed rate that may be too and toolholders used for the the Force Charts that illustrate With one click on the Force aggressive on tight turns and demo and specified the initial projected cutting forces, chart, the user is taken to too slow on the straightaways. machining parameters. chip thickness, feed rates, the exact location in the Force, on the other hand, uses “As a tooling specialist, I am tool deflection and more. program and to the graphical physics to calculate cut-by- extremely impressed with how For new materials, new review window for further cut throughout the changing ‘spot on’ the Force software machine tools and cutters, or analysis. The end result is conditions and determine is,” he said. “CGTech has done even new programmers, Force full utilization of the cutting the optimal feed rates.” an amazing job of optimizing eliminates the guesswork tool and the machine tool.” The result, according to programs while taking that would otherwise occur. Okuma’s Lee Johnston Haas, is greatly reduced cycle into consideration tooling The result is an NC program agreed. “At the event we time, improved tool life, better geometries and resulting loads. that’s both safer and more were cutting titanium and saw part quality, and less wear and Anyone interested in higher predictable, with low risk of significant improvement, but tear on CNC machine tools. efficiency and prolonging tool tool breakage or scrapped I think Force is just as suitable It works on any material and life should look into this.” parts. Operators have more for machining easier materials any machine, and can even Anyone familiar with Okuma confidence. Lights-out like aluminum, and for other be used on legacy programs. machine technology might machining is performed general purpose work. I look Johnston wasn’t the only consider Force unnecessary. with confidence. Profit forward to using it on future one surprised by Force’s That’s because the OSP control margins are improved. And projects.” //bumper// capabilities. Even CGTech Technical Support Engineer Chris Davala—someone with 20 years of experience as a machinist and programmer who now works with VERICUT customers across the country—said the demo was an eye opener. “To be honest, I was a little skeptical,” he said. “This was my first hands-on experience with the product, and it’s not that I didn’t have faith in the people who developed it, but there were some bold claims made about the potential gains. I can truly say that, after

94 Partnering in the Space Journey with ISRO: Centum perspective

Vinod S Chippalkatti President, Strategic Electronics Business Unit, Centum Electronics Limited, Bangalore

he technological for their future endeavours. with ISRO centres have Modules, DC-DC Converters, advancements It was in the year 2000, been both in Build to Power Conditioning Processing reached by ISRO, Centum approached ISRO Specification (BTS: Design Units, Driver Amplifiers, the ever-increasing to get their Microelectronics to manufacturing) and Sensors and Sensor Electronics, complexitiesT of its satellites facility qualified for space Build to Print (BTP: Only Accelerometer Electronics and launch capabilities and standards. The rigorous manufacturing) for turn- and various timing devices. the establishment of a strong qualification exercise of key deliveries. Centum is The launch vehicle products and self-reliant ecosystem almost 18 months resulted in one of the leading Industry cover various Data Acquisition in the country in the form Centum’s line certification and beneficiaries of the excellent Units, Power Converters, of its Industry partner base, since then, there has been no Vendor / Partner development Bus Interface systems and have been major milestones looking back. Today, Centum systems that ISRO follows. The modules for Advanced Inertial of ISRO in the last many is the leading Electronics stringent quality and reliability Navigation Systems. In one of years. With the launching of Industry Partner for ISRO requirements coupled with the recent missions, Centum its 100th satellite earlier this and is involved in the design, the detailed qualification / developed and delivered a year and the Chandrayaan-2 development, qualification certification programs are digital Payload for strategic steadily surging towards the and productionization of the key success factors for applications. Some of the moon, ISRO has come a long niche components, modules the establishment of ISRO examples of space products way in its journey of five and subsystems for multiple partners like Centum who are shown in Fig-2. decades, since its formation applications in Satellites are continuously increasing In conclusion, the association as ISRO. The forthcoming and Launch vehicles. The their contributions to ISRO. with ISRO has set the quality missions like Gaganyaan and journey in Space, as shown At Centum, a team of more and reliability standards very the space station, indicate in Fig-1., is technically than 600 members work for high for all the products that the roadmap also challenging, exciting and ISRO projects starting from designed and developed looks quite exciting. Hearty satisfying and has been a design (with specialisations at Centum. The increased Congratulations to Team ISRO great learning experience. in Analog, Digital, Power, visibility and volumes and we wish the very best The modes of engagement RF, Mechanical and mixed projected by ISRO has enabled mode), selection and Centum to further invest procurement of space grade significantly in infrastructure, components, fabrication and test facilities and people. testing of space hardware and The journey with ISRO in delivery covering extensive Space has been demanding documentation. The products and technically rewarding from Centum for Satellite with tangible and intangible applications cover several benefits to Centum to grow types of Microelectronics as an international player.

95 Lakshmi Vacuum – Revolutionizing Vacuum Heat Treatment to International standards and have a wide band of product line for all heat treatment process like Quench hardening, Surface treatments, Stress Relieving Treatments etc. To Aerospace industries the High Vacuum Furnaces range are a number one choice for their unmatched quality 4.Distribution of and durability. Through the Special Tool Steel. course of its inception Lakshmi In the highly advanced Vacuum is privileged to have manufacturing era, the supplied to all major Aerospace need for better materials Companies in India. Facilities with excellent durability and are fully equipped with world effective cost reduction is class vacuum furnaces along the most important factor for akshmi Vacuum Today they are present with highly sophisticated the leading manufacturing group is a pioneer in in almost every industrial laboratories for metallurgical companies. To approach a Vacuum Technology and manufacturing analysis, validation of solution to this challenge in India since hub across India. processed materials. Lakshmi Vacuum is proud to 2003.L It is one among few From Tooling industry, introduce an imported special companies who provide end to Automotive component 3.Atmospheric Furnace tool steel whose properties are to end solutions from Raw industry, to Precision products Manufacturing. unmatched compared to other materials (Steel) to Vacuum to Aerospace Industry, to Lakshmi Vacuum has raw materials in the market. Furnace Manufacturing and Medical Industry, Lakshmi increased its portfolio to Providing Service (vacuum Vacuum group of companies manufacture atmospheric Our Locations Bangalore/ heat treatment) for Thermal has proudly catered services and inert heat treatment Manesar/Coimbatore/ Industry under one umbrella. to many esteemed institutions furnace which have high Hyderabad/Mumbai/ Lakshmi Vacuum is a leader across these industries quality standards. These Pune/Chennai/Hosur in design, development in India and abroad. furnaces are capable of www.lakshmivacuum.com and manufactures state of varied process with minimal the art Vacuum Furnaces Business Verticals investments. These furnaces Email: marketing@ to various industries. 1.Vacuum Heat are also capable of handling lakshmivacuum.com Innovation has always been Treatment Services. material where vacuum is not the driving force at Lakshmi Vacuum Heat Treatment needed for heat treatment. Tel: 7022038671 Vacuum, through which the service has been the core /9243435002 company offers cutting edge business of Lakshmi Vacuum technology and scientific through strong technological excellence to contribute background and efficient work positively to the environment force spread out at 10 places making this technology in India. Lakshmi Vacuum environment friendly. The Heat Treaters is the number company is convinced that one choice of the various their customers, business OEM’s to outsource their partners not only asks them components, dies, materials to innovate heat treatment for vacuum heat treatment. and services but more importantly wants to promote 2. Vacuum Furnace responsible, sustainable, manufacturing. renewable processes so State of the art equipments that the future is green. are manufactured by Lakshmi Vacuum, which are compliant

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