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1. Mission Shakti: India Successfully Tested an Anti-Satellite Missile
www.gradeup.co 27 March 2019 1. Mission Shakti: India successfully tested an anti-satellite missile • India has become 4th space superpower in the world after successfully testing of an anti-satellite missile. • India shot down a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite by an anti-satellite weapon called A-SAT which was a pre-determined target conducted under Mission Shakti. • The action was not directed against any country and the satellite was a pre-determined target orbiting at an altitude of 300 km. Related Information Anti-satellite weapon • Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are space weapons designed to incapacitate or destroy satellites for strategic military purposes. • Only, the United States of America, Russia (using MSB expertise), China and India have demonstrated this capability successfully. Different Type of Orbits in Space Geostationary Orbit • often referred to as a GEO orbit, circles the Earth above the equator from west to east at a height of 36 000 km. • As it follows the Earth’s rotation, which takes 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds, satellites in a GEO orbit appear to be ‘stationary’ over a fixed position. • This makes it an ideal orbit for telecommunications or for monitoring continent-wide weather patterns and environmental conditions. • It also decreases costs as ground stations do not need to track the satellite. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) • It is normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km and could be as low as 160 km above the Earth. • In general, these orbits are used for remote sensing, military purposes and for human spaceflight as they offer close proximity to the Earth’s surface for imaging and the short orbital periods allow for rapid revisits. -
The Militarisation of Space 14 June 2021
By, Claire Mills The militarisation of space 14 June 2021 Summary 1 Space as a new military frontier 2 Where are military assets in space? 3 What are counterspace capabilities? 4 The regulation of space 5 Who is leading the way on counterspace capabilities? 6 The UK’s focus on space commonslibrary.parliament.uk Number 9261 The militarisation of space Contributing Authors Patrick Butchard, International Law, International Affairs and Defence Section Image Credits Earth from Space / image cropped. Photo by ActionVance on Unsplash – no copyright required. Disclaimer The Commons Library does not intend the information in our research publications and briefings to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. We have published it to support the work of MPs. You should not rely upon it as legal or professional advice, or as a substitute for it. We do not accept any liability whatsoever for any errors, omissions or misstatements contained herein. You should consult a suitably qualified professional if you require specific advice or information. Read our briefing ‘Legal help: where to go and how to pay’ for further information about sources of legal advice and help. This information is provided subject to the conditions of the Open Parliament Licence. Feedback Every effort is made to ensure that the information contained in these publicly available briefings is correct at the time of publication. Readers should be aware however that briefings are not necessarily updated to reflect subsequent changes. If you have any comments on our briefings please email [email protected]. Please note that authors are not always able to engage in discussions with members of the public who express opinions about the content of our research, although we will carefully consider and correct any factual errors. -
Space: the New Frontier for War
Space: The New Frontier for War *Jubaida Auhana Faruque Synopsis: Space has emerged as the new arena where humans have seen the possibility to reach with its warfare and occupation to impose deterrence over each other. As technology is reaching its utmost peak in this century, so are the threats of new kinds of conflicts. This paper focuses on how space has been included in this critical design of warfare and what might it offer as implications for security. Commentary: Defense mechanisms and conventional warfare tactics have been revolutionized in the post- cold war era and space has become one of the most significant components of this dynamics. Most countries with modern military and surveillance depend on the protection of space to regulate their activities and any threat to that will inevitably lead to serious deterioration of peace. Countries are always in competition among each other and development of technologies has given them the opportunity to ensure better security. The use of satellites is playing an important role in this case, from communication, security maintenance, navigation, scientific research, commercial purposes, climate monitoring to even developmental projects. Any disruption to this mechanism might lead to collapse of a huge range of phenomena and states might cross the threshold of hostility to a violent armed collision. The security dilemma prevailing among these nations are encouraging them to deactivate or restrict other nations’ space control by developing weapons to destroy satellites, using space to run trial of weaponries, using dual-use robotic spacecraft to dismantle space machineries, hacking satellites to interrupt security system and developing variety of space- targeted offensive weapons. -
Aas 21-290 Cislunar Space Situational Awareness
AAS 21-290 CISLUNAR SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS Carolin Frueh*, Kathleen Howell†, Kyle J. DeMars‡, Surabhi Bhadauria§ Classically, space situational awareness (SSA) and space traffic management (STM) focus on the near-Earth region, which is highly populated by satellites and space debris objects. With the expansion of space activities further in the cislunar space, the problems of SSA and STM arise anew in regions far away from the near-Earth realm. This paper investigates the conditions for successful Space Situational Awareness and Space Traffic Management in the cislunar region by drawing a direct comparison to the known challenges and solutions in the near-Earth realm, highlighting similarities and differences and their implications on Space Traffic Management engineering solutions. INTRODUCTION Space Situational Awareness (SSA), sometimes called Space Domain Awareness (SDA), can be understood as summary terms for the comprehensive knowledge on all objects in a specific region without necessarily having direct communication to those objects. Space Traffic Management (STM), as an extrapolatory term, is applying the SSA knowledge to manage this said region to enable sustainable use. All three of those terms have traditionally been applied to the realm of the near-Earth space, usually expanding from low Earth orbit (LEO) to hyper geostationary orbit (hyper-GEO), and the objects of interest are objects in orbital motion for which the dominant astrodynamical term is the central gravitational potential of the Earth. Space Traffic Management (STM) aims at engineering solutions, methods, and protocols that allow regulating space fairing in a manner enabling the sustainable use of space. SSA and SDA thereby provide the knowledge-base for STM, and the areas are heavily intertwined. -
Analysis of the Indian ASAT Test on 27 March 2019. Vladimir Akhmetov1, Vadym Savanevych2, Evgen Dikov2 1Laboratory of Astrometry, Institute of Astronomy, V
Analysis of the Indian ASAT test on 27 March 2019. Vladimir Akhmetov1, Vadym Savanevych2, Evgen Dikov2 1 Laboratory of Astrometry, Institute of Astronomy, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine, 2 Main Astronomical Observatory NASU, Kiev, Ukraine ABSTRACT On March 27, 2019, India tested its first anti-satellite (ASAT) missile against its own “live” satellite, Microsat-R, launched on 24 January, 2019, as part of ‘Mission Shakti’. The test parameters were chosen with extreme caution to minimize the hazard of post-impact debris predicted to re-enter the earth’s atmosphere within 45 days. Of the 400 pieces of debris identified by NASA, more than 60 were large enough to be tracked by the US Air Force’s Space Surveillance Network and US Strategic Command’s Combined Space Operations Center. Much of the information provided in the press about the ASAT missile and Microsat-R was inaccurate or misleading and did not appear to be based on scientific analysis of the data available to the public. To better understand the circumstances of this event, this paper will calculated and present detailed analysis of the tracked post-impact orbit debris from Microsat-R. All results in the current paper are based on orbital data, in the form of the NORAD two-line element (TLE) dataset from space-track.org and the own calculations of the CoLiTec group. 1. INTRODUCTION Microsat-R, along with KalamsatV2, was launched from the first launch pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre at 23:37 on 24 January 2019. The launch marks the 46th flight of PSLV. -
Mission Shakti, ASAT and India
Mission Shakti, ASAT and India drishtiias.com/printpdf/mission-shakti-asat-and-india This editorial is based on the article “ASAT test: How India shifted gears to match changing geopolitical realities in space with Mission Shakti” which appeared in "Financial Express" on 9th May, 2019. The article talks about how the India’ space programme is in line with the changing geopolitical realities in Asia and beyond. Mission Shakti On march 27th, India completed its first successful attempt at shooting a satellite in lower earth orbit (LEO). In doing so, India has become the fourth country after the US, Russia and China to acquire the capability of space warfare. What is Mission Shakti and ASAT Missile? Mission Shakti was undertaken to develop highly-potent Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT). It is a joint programme of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Anti-satellite (ASAT) System is missile-based system to attack moving satellites. Read More... ASAT propels India to the coveted space-superpower league. India will now have the power to decimate satellites for pure military and strategic purpose. With this missile, India will have the capability to interfere with satellites or engage in direct attacks. ASAT missile can be air, sea or land-based. Why is there a need to destroy Satellite? Satellites assume a great importance now-a days, because it is a part of critical civil and defence infrastructure of any country, manifested in the fact that a large number of crucial applications are dependent on it. 1/5 These include navigation systems, communication networks, broadcasting, banking systems, stock markets, weather forecasting, disaster management, land and ocean mapping and monitoring tools, and military applications. -
New Executive Director of the European GNSS Agency
GSA PRESS RELEASE New Executive Director of the European GNSS Agency (GSA – future EUSPA) takes up office. On 16 October 2020, Rodrigo da Costa took up his duties as Executive Director of the European GNSS Agency (GSA, planned soon to become the EU Space Programme Agency). He was elected by the GSA Administrative Board on 15 September 2020 and met with the ITRE Committee of the European Parliament on 12 October 2020. Mr da Costa, a Portuguese national who has worked in a number of EU countries, joined the GSA as the Galileo Services Programme Manager in March 2017. In this position he was responsible for leading Galileo, the EU global navigation satellite system, in its service provision phase. He has previously held several senior project management, business development, and institutional account management positions in space industry, in the areas of human space flight, exploration, launchers and R&D. Mr da Costa will now be working on transforming the GSA into the EU Space Programme Agency (EUSPA). He will ensure that its existing activities continue to be successfully delivered whilst also performing new ones required to undertake with the Agency’s new mandate. Since its creation in 2004 the GSA has made an unparallel contribution to the EU flagship satellite systems Galileo and EGNOS, which has significantly contributed to Union’s independence and economic growth. Staffed with highly skilled and dedicated personnel, the agency has boosted innovation, fostered entrepreneurship, led the provision of services, and stimulated the EU economy, in particular through ensuring Galileo and EGNOS uptake across a wide range of market segments thanks to high-quality and secure satellite services. -
European Space Policy Based on an Historical Perspective of the Involvement of the European Union (EU) in the Field
European space Historical perspective, specificpolicy aspects and key challenges IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Author: Vincent Reillon Members' Research Service January 2017 — PE 595.917 EN This publication aims to provide an overview of European space policy based on an historical perspective of the involvement of the European Union (EU) in the field. The in-depth analysis focuses on the role played by the different EU institutions and the European Space Agency in defining and implementing a space policy in Europe and the current issues and challenges. PE 595.917 ISBN 978-92-846-0552-1 doi:10.2861/903178 QA-04-17-069-EN-N Original manuscript, in English, completed in January 2017. Disclaimer The content of this document is the sole responsibility of the author and any opinions expressed therein do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. It is addressed to the Members and staff of the EP for their parliamentary work. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the European Parliament is given prior notice and sent a copy. © European Union, 2017. Photo credits: © Atlantis / Fotolia. [email protected] http://www.eprs.ep.parl.union.eu (intranet) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank (internet) http://epthinktank.eu (blog) European space policy Page 1 of 35 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the 1950s, development of the space sector in Europe was limited to investments made by individual Member States (France, Italy, the United Kingdom). The failure of the first European partnerships in space activities in the 1960s led to the establishment of the European Space Agency (ESA), an intergovernmental institution, in 1975. -
Minutes of the 22Nd Meeting of the National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Advisory Board
NATIONAL SPACE-BASED POSITIONING, NAVIGATION, AND TIMING ADVISORY BOARD Twenty-Second Meeting December 5-6, 2018 Crown Plaza Redondo Beach 300 N. Harbor Drive, Redondo Beach, CA 90277 John Stenbit James J. Miller Chair Executive Director November 5-6, 2018 Crowne Plaza Redondo Beach Peninsula/Pacific Rooms 300 N. Harbor Drive, Redondo Beach, CA 90277 Agenda Jump to Session: Dec 5 | Dec 6 WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 5, 2018 9:00 - 9:05 BOARD CONVENES Call to Order & Announcements Mr. James J. Miller, Executive Director, PNT Advisory Board, NASA Headquarters 9:05 - 9:20 Opening Comments: 22nd PNTAB Focus, Priorities & Recent Products: (1) GPS Topics Paper. (2) Spectrum Memorandum Mr. John Stenbit, Chair, Dr. Bradford Parkinson, 1st Vice-Chair 9:20 - 9:45 GPS Program Status & Modernization Milestones VIEW PDF (3 MB) Col John Claxton, Deputy Director, GPS-D, Space & Missile Systems Center (SMC) 9:45 - 10:10 PNT Efforts by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) National Risk Management Center VIEW PDF (446 KB) Mr. James (Jim) Platt, Director, PNT Office, Department of Homeland Security 10:10 - 10:35 2 Real-World Receiver Testing and the 1dB Criteria Impacts VIEW PDF (1 MB) Mr. Guy Buesnel, PNT Security Technologist, Spirent Communications 10:35 - 10:50 BREAK 10:50 - 11:15 Securing GPS-based Systems against Signal-in-Space Threats VIEW PDF (2 MB) Mr. Jeremy Warriner, Director of Government Systems, Microsemi 11:15 - 11:40 European Efforts to Protect, Toughen and Augment GNSS Maintaining RNSS as a Critical International Resource VIEW PDF (1 MB) Mr. Dominic Hayes, Spectrum Management and Policy for Galileo, European Commission 11:40 - 12:05 Alternative PNT in Europe VIEW PDF (1 MB) Dr. -
Galileo Program & European GNSS Agency
Automatic Emergency Call Systems Navigation module and GNSS Fiammetta Diani (European GNSS Agency) Sanna Kuukka (European Commission, DG ENTR) Galileo program & European GNSS Agency Political oversight Council and European Parliament Programme management European GNSS Programme Committee EuropeanEuropean Independent CommissionCommission advisors Execution Delegation Assistance and delegation European Space Agency European GNSS Agency Security centre (GSMC) IOV Contracts Upstream Downstream Security accreditation (space) (applications) industry industry Market Development FOC Contracts Applications R&D Operations and service provision Why GNSS for Automatic Emergency Call Systems ? In outdoor environments satellite navigation systems are today and will continue to be in the future the most efficient (= cost effective) and accurate way to calculate the position. In fact, both Russia ERA-Glonass and European Union eCall require satellite navigation. GNSS can be complemented with other sensors or network based techniques, but the public owned and free of charge GNSS signals are the core of location services. GNSS for emergency caller location goes beyond In Vehicles Systems In the United States 911 emergency caller location, handset techniques typically use GNSS that is considered by many operators the best methods in outdoor situations. European Emergency Services and industry representatives require the use of GNSS: during the European Emergency Number Association Conference in April 2014, 94.2% of respondents indicated that GNSS data from mobile devices should be used for locating callers. Why multiple GNSS? When buildings block the signal and reduce the number of visible satellites, the availability of more constellations ensures a much more accurate final position Having more satellites in view has beneficial effect on reducing the time to the first fix The robustness of the position is improved, and even if a satellite or constellation are not available or providing incorrect data, a reasonable accuracy will continue to provided. -
Tailoring Deterrence for China in Space for More Information on This Publication, Visit
C O R P O R A T I O N KRISTA LANGELAND, DEREK GROSSMAN Tailoring Deterrence for China in Space For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA943-1. About RAND The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. To learn more about RAND, visit www.rand.org. Research Integrity Our mission to help improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis is enabled through our core values of quality and objectivity and our unwavering commitment to the highest level of integrity and ethical behavior. To help ensure our research and analysis are rigorous, objective, and nonpartisan, we subject our research publications to a robust and exacting quality-assurance process; avoid both the appearance and reality of financial and other conflicts of interest through staff training, project screening, and a policy of mandatory disclosure; and pursue transparency in our research engagements through our commitment to the open publication of our research findings and recommendations, disclosure of the source of funding of published research, and policies to ensure intellectual independence. For more information, visit www.rand.org/about/principles. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © 2021 RAND Corporation is a registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0703-0 Cover: Long March 5 Y2 by 篁竹水声 Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. -
Espinsights the Global Space Activity Monitor
ESPInsights The Global Space Activity Monitor Issue 1 January–April 2019 CONTENTS SPACE POLICY AND PROGRAMMES .................................................................................... 1 Focus .................................................................................................................... 1 Europe ................................................................................................................... 4 11TH European Space Policy Conference ......................................................................... 4 EU programmatic roadmap: towards a comprehensive Regulation of the European Space Programme 4 EDA GOVSATCOM GSC demo project ............................................................................. 5 Programme Advancements: Copernicus, Galileo, ExoMars ................................................... 5 European Space Agency: partnerships continue to flourish................................................... 6 Renewed support for European space SMEs and training ..................................................... 7 UK Space Agency leverages COMPASS project for international cooperation .............................. 7 France multiplies international cooperation .................................................................... 7 Italy’s PRISMA pride ................................................................................................ 8 Establishment of the Portuguese Space Agency: Data is King ................................................ 8 Belgium and Luxembourg