The Marine Invertebrates 615
Table 6.28. (Continued)
Number of Period and Location Trench/Pail Specimens Species Comments
Temple C, below 29A1/22, ws 5 Tonna Sh 3 reused Minoan 2 Mactra Valves, 2 right, Sh 3 stone lamp (Schwab 1 Sepia 1996: 42) 1 Paracentrotus 3 spines Temple C, upper 29A1/25, 26, ws (26 5 Patella floor includes edge of up- 3 Tonna Fragmentary, 44 mm, 62+ per hearth) mm 2 Columbella 1 waterworn, open apex 1 M. trunculus 1 Arcularia Worn apex, hole on ventral side 23 Cerastoderma Fragments, 16 burnt, 3 MNI, from small hearth on south wall 6 Donax Valves, 5 left, 1 right 2 Mactra Valves 2 Lima Valves 1 Barbatia 1 Dosinia 1 Pinna Fragmentary 1 Sepia 1 Paracentrotus 2 test fragments 1 Lepas Plate 29A1/25 (Sh 4A) 14 M. brandaris All small, fresh 3 M. trunculus 1 Tonna 1 Glycymeris 1 Mactra Gastropod-bored 1 Arca Right Temple C, south- 29A1/28, ws 5 Patella 2 burnt eastern upper 3 Monodonta 1 waterworn, 2 burnt hearth 2 Cerithium 1 burnt and small 1 M. trunculus Apex 1 Tonna Fragment, waterworn 1 Thais Fragmentary, burnt Fragments, most burnt, 35+ Hundreds Cerastoderma valves = 25 MNI 12 Donax Valves, 1 gastropod-bored, all worn, 8 left, 4 right 2 Arca Valves, 1 burnt 1 Mactra 1 Dosinia 1 Tellina 1 Paracentrotus 3 spines, 2 test fragments, 1 mouth fragment 1 Lepas 30 plates, some burnt, 1 MNI 616 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.28. (Continued)
Number of Period and Location Trench/Pail Specimens Species Comments
Temple C, exterior 34A3/73 1 Patella Burnt enclosure south of doorway Building F, floor 11A/2, 4–6 32 Patella 2 Monodonta 2 M. trunculus 1 Arcularia 9 Glycymeris Valves, 2 holed umbo Building W, floor 50A1/80 1 Glycymeris Holed umbo Building W, below 55A/1–4 20 Patella floor (many shells 5 Arcularia 4 waterworn (1 ring), 1 shown in Pl. 6.13) worn, 1 holed on body 5 Columbella 1 worn, 1 fragment 3 Monodonta 3 Tonna 1 waterworn 2 Euthria 2 holed, 1 waterworn frag- ment missing apex but has nice circular hole on body 1 Conus Apical fragment, waterworn 12 Donax Valves, 1 fresh, 3 waterworn, 3 left, 2 right 3 Glycymeris 3 checkers 3 Acanthocardia Fragments, 1 waterworn 1 Dosinia Fragment 22 Dentalium 1+ waterworn 1 Sepia Building D, fill 14A/4; 20B2/40 2 Patella above walls 4 Glycymeris Valves, 3 holed umbo Building D, above 20B2/54 1 Glycymeris floor Building D, outside 20B2/55, 61, 69 3 Patella to north 1 Monodonta 2 Eriphia Building D, outside 20B2/75 94 Patella to south 1 Pisania Room A1, floor 23A/10, 13, 15, 17– 3 Patella 1 burnt 20, 24 (13 ws) 1 M. trunculus Fragmentary 1 Conus 3 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo 1 Acanthocardia Fresh 1 Paracentrotus 2 spines Room A1, above 23A/21 1 Tonna Small/medium bench in northeast- ern corner The Marine Invertebrates 617
Table 6.28. (Continued)
Number of Period and Location Trench/Pail Specimens Species Comments
Room A1, central 23A/25; 46A1/1, ws 19 Patella 4 burnt hearth 4 Monodonta 1 burnt 1 M. trunculus Fragmentary 2 Glycymeris Valves, 1 worn, 1 checker 2 Donax Valves, 1 waterworn, 1 burnt 1 Mactra Waterworn 1 Cerastoderma Fragment, burnt 1 Paracentrotus 6 spines, 1 test fragment Room A1, floor 44B/1 3 Patella contents 1 Bittium Waterworn 1 Glycymeris Holed umbo Building B, western 10A/13, 14 5 Patella room, upper late 1 Monodonta reoccupation level 1 M. trunculus Fragment 1 Arcularia Waterworn, open apex and hole on ventral side 1 Glycymeris Holed umbo Building B, western 10A/15, 16, 20–21 4 Patella room, within level 2 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo of roof tile collapse 1 Donax Right, rather fresh 1 Mactra Building B, western 10A/35 4 Patella room, soil layer 1 Donax Worn above lower floor, inner room Building B, western 10A/38, 41, 45 20 Patella room, first floor 2 M. trunculus 1 Monodonta 1 Tonna 1 M. brandaris 9 Glycymeris Valves, 3 holed umbo Building B, eastern 10A/12 2 Patella room, upper 1 M. trunculus collapse 1 Tonna Medium 2 Glycymeris 1 holed umbo, 1 checker 1 Mactra Worn Building B, eastern 10A/18, 22, 24 7 Patella room, upper late 1 Barbatia Waterworn reoccupation level 1 Ostrea Waterworn Building B, eastern 10A/52 (ws), 53 3 Patella 1 burnt room, upper floor 1 Monodonta 1 Cerastoderma Fragment, burnt 1 Paracentrotus 1 spine 618 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.28. (Continued)
Number of Period and Location Trench/Pail Specimens Species Comments
Building B, eastern 10A/52; 46A2/1 7 Patella 2 burnt room, hearth in 1 Monodonta southeastern corner 1 M. trunculus Small 1 Glycymeris Checker 1 Cerastoderma Fragmentary, burnt 1 Paracentrotus 6 spines Building B, eastern 10A/54, 55 4 Patella room, on lower 2 Glycymeris Valves, 2 holed umbo floor 1 Donax Building B, eastern 10A/63, 64 5 Patella room, lower floor 2 Monodonta 2 M. trunculus 4 Glycymeris Valves, 1 waterworn, 1 burnt Building B, eastern 59A/27, 30–33, 35, 19 Patella dump joining with 36 1 Erosaria 3 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo, 1 checker, 1 broken Building E, rooftile 20A/23, 24 27 Patella level 5 M. trunculus Fragmentary 1 Monodonta Fragment 2 Glycymeris Valves, 1 holed umbo Building E, middle 20A/10, 14–18, 22, 26 Patella room, on slab floor 29 2 Monodonta 1 M. trunculus Distal end 1 Bittium Rather fresh, open lip 1 Donax Right, waterworn Building E, northern 67A/13 1 Patella room 1 Monodonta Fragment, burnt 1 Tonna Fragment 1 Glycymeris Fragment Building E, southern 67A/10 1 Glycymeris Holed umbo room Period of Temple C Altar C, inside 10A1/23, 27, 31; 26 Patella and on 33A/4, 5 1 Monodonta 1 M. trunculus Altar C, west of 10A1/25, 26 3 Patella 1 Monodonta 1 M. trunculus Waterworn 1 Arcularia Altar C, east of 10A1/29 2 Patella 1 Glycymeris Holed umbo The Marine Invertebrates 619
Table 6.28. (Continued)
Number of Period and Location Trench/Pail Specimens Species Comments
Ovis/Capra meta- 29A/69; 29A1/46; 1 Erosaria/Luria Waterworn fragment podial collection 63A/12 1 Glycymeris Checker 1 Donax Dump to south 34A/1–16; 34A1/ 15 Patella 2 waterworn 17–24 4 Tonna 3 M. trunculus 1 waterworn 2 Monodonta 1 M. turbinata,1M. articulata 2 Thais 2 Arcularia 2 worn apex 2 Charonia Fragmentary 1 Bittium Distal end, open apex, water- worn 1 Erosaria Lip fragment, waterworn 1 Phalium Open body, waterworn 1 Natica Waterworn, no color, large 72 Glycymeris Valves, 29 holed umbo, 2 gas- tropod-bored, 5 checkers, 2 broken 4 Donax Valves, 2 waterworn, 1 partly gastropod-bored, 3 right 4 Acanthocardia Valves, 1 holed umbo, 1 worn 4 Spondylus Valves, 4 waterworn, 3 up- per (Pl. 6.10), 1 lower 3 Arca Valves, 2 waterworn, 2 right 2 Tellina Valves 1 Mactra Large, waterworn, holed umbo 1 Barbatia Waterworn 1 Sepia General pails above 29A2/9, 13, 17, 33; 6 Patella 1 worn founding level 34A3/66–69, 72, 75; 6 Monodonta outside entrance to 42A/1–11; 62D/37 1 M. trunculus Waterworn Temple C 1 Bittium Waterworn 1 Euthria Broken lip 5 Glycymeris Valves, 3 holed umbo, 1 checker 1 Mactra Worn 1 Spondylus Large, collected dead 1 D. vulgare Upper levels next to 20B/4–19, 21, 22 39 Patella Building D 13 Monodonta Fragmentary 5 Bittium 5 worn 1 M. trunculus Worn, collected dead 1 Thais Worn 620 The Iron Age Fauna
Table 6.28. (Continued)
Number of Period and Location Trench/Pail Specimens Species Comments
1 Phalium Lip, worn 10 Glycymeris Valves, 4 holed umbo 3 Donax Valves, 3 worn 1 Lima Worn 1 Sepia Levels to southwest 44A/2–6, 21, 22 267 Patella 1 burnt 8 Monodonta 1 M. trunculus Small, vermetids in mouth 1 Tonna Waterworn 1 Bittium Open apex 1 Arcularia Waterworn 1 Erosaria Worn white 1 Phalium Lip, waterworn 2 Glycymeris Valves, 1 checker 1 Dosinia 1 Dentalium Smooth South of temple 50A, 50A1/1–4, 29, 338 Patella 1 burnt, 183 in pail 13 32, 38, 60, 72, 75, 77; 11 Monodonta 51A, 51A1/1–4, 6–8, 1 Tonna 10, 13, 33, 45–46, 49, 1 Bittium Waterworn 51–52, 55, 57 1 Thais Columella 11 Glycymeris Valves, 7 holed umbo 1 Mactra Rather large 1 Cerastoderma Fragmentary Southeast of temple 52A/4–6; 52B/62; 122 Patella 1 burnt and large 53A/2, 3, 12, 13, 17– 10 Monodonta 19, 22, 42, 43, 48, 4 M. trunculus 1 fresh, 1 waterworn frag- 52–55; 56A1/20, 21, ment, 1 small fragment, 1 27–29, 32; 63A/2–8, apex slightly worn 10, 11, 13, 15, 17; 3 Charonia Distal end, siphonal notch 64A/1–8, 44; 64A1 and columella, 1 MNI 10–12; 64A2/62–63; 3 Bittium 1 holed opposite mouth 65A/1–2, 4, 7 (7 (Trench 53A/2), 1 very water- ws); 65A1/12; worn, 1 fresh apex 65A2/21, 48 (48 ws); 2 Thais 1 columella, 1 small 65A5/76–77 2 Erosaria 2 Phalium Waterworn lip, body with worn lip 1 Tonna 1 Cerithium Fresh, open lip 1 Euthria 1 Aporrhais 45 Glycymeris Valves, 16 holed umbo, 3 checkers, 4 broken 4 Donax Valves, 1 rather fresh, 3 waterworn, 3 left The Marine Invertebrates 621
Table 6.28. (Continued)
Number of Period and Location Trench/Pail Specimens Species Comments
4 Mactra Valves, 1 waterworn, 1 worn, 1 fragment 4 Spondylus Valves, small upper valve, 2 waterworn upper valves, 1 worn valve collected dead 2 Acanthocardia Valves, 1 fragmentary 2 Barbatia Valves, 1 small, 1 waterworn 1 Pecten 2 fragments 1 Ostrea 1 Sepia 1 Dentalium Waterworn 1 Paracentrotus 1 Eriphia East of altars 54A/2, 3, 12, 13, 17– 132 Patella 1 worn 19, 22, 42, 43, 48, 4 Monodonta 52–55; 54A1/55, 57; 1 M. trunculus Waterworn 57A/1–4, 29–34, 53, 1 Tonna Fragment 60, 61; 58A/1–4; 1 Thais Large, slightly burnt 59A/1, 12, 14–19; 17 Glycymeris Valves, 6 holed umbo, 1 60A/3–5; 60B/39, broken 44, 45, 48, 52, 60; 1 Lepas Plate 67A/3–4, 7, 18–19, 24, 27–47 Above founding 47A/1–16, 20 39 Patella 1 burnt level outside on 3 Monodonta northeast 1 Charonia Apical fragment, smooth 3 Glycymeris Valves, 2 broken 1 Dentalium Worn 1 Sepia To southeast 51A/5; 52A/1–3; 12 Patella 56A1/19 1 M. trunculus 1 Arcularia 1 Euthria 1 Bivonia/Lemintina Large 7 Glycymeris Valves, 4 holed umbo, 3 checkers 3 Donax Valves, 3 waterworn, 3 right 3 Mactra Valves, 1 gastropod-bored 1 Anomia ds = dry-sieved MNI = minimum number of individuals ws = water-sieved Table 6.29. Percentages of major shell forms by period.
Major Shell Forms Number of Monodonta, Glycymeris Murex, Thais, Period MNI Deposits Patella % Gibbula %% Muricidea % Other %
Temple A 1,405 5 76.9 13.6 3.1 0.4 6.0 Period of Temple A 320 3 90.0 4.4 3.8 0.3 1.5 Period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1 257 3 93.7 1.2 2.7 0.4 2.0 Temple B, Phase 1 659 3 79.5 13.8 2.7 0.3 3.7 Temple B, Phases 1 and 2 966 1 87.4 8.7 0.8 0 3.1 Period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2 83 2 72.2 12.0 3.6 1.2 11.0 Temple B, Phase 2 2,944 5 92.0 4.1 0.6 0.1 3.2 Period of Temple B, Phase 2 1,706 1 86.2 8.7 0.9 0.4 3.8 Period of Temple B, Phases 1–3 6,018 8 94.1 3.6 1.4 0.4 0.5 Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 10,151 18 85.3 2.4 0.3 10.4 1.6 Period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 54,286 23 96.8 2.1 0.5 0.2 0.4 Temple B, Phase 3 10,847 6 82.7 12.0 0.9 0.4 4.0 Period of Temple B, Phase 3 1,332 8 96.2 1.1 1.5 0.3 0.9 Hiatus Period 552 3 92.8 1.3 2.4 0.9 2.6 Period of Temple B, Phase 2–Temple C 174 1 62.1 7.7 27.6 0.6 2.0 Period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C 451 6 76.3 16.4 1.1 3.3 2.9 Temple C 907 35 42.2 3.2 7.5 5.4 41.7 Period of Temple C 1,372 13 73.0 4.3 12.7 2.4 7.6 For the entire site 94,430 135 91.7 4.0 1.0 1.4 1.9
MNI = minimum number of individuals The Marine Invertebrates 623 Minoan Kommos produced 35,903 shell individuals from 322 deposits (Reese 1995f). The 1972–84 excavations at the Sanctuary of Hermes and Aphrodite at Syme Viannou, to- day located about 8 km from the sea, produced 61 Protogeometric shells from 1 deposit, with 33 stringable (Lebessi and Reese 1990). The Idean Cave (Minoan–eighth/seventh century B.C.), now 18 km from the sea, produced 21 shells. The post-Minoan Unexplored Mansion at Knossos, today some 5 km from the sea, produced 34 marine invertebrates (Reese 1992b). The Geometric (eighth-century-B.C.) dwelling in the Profitis Ilias (Gortys) produced 3 Patella,2 Murex trunculus,2M. brandaris,1Monodonta,1Phalium, and 1 Luria (Wilkens 1996: 249). The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on Acrocorinth produced 461 shell remains in 68 deposits (Reese in press a). The Corycien Cave, today about 7 km from the coast, produced 428 shells (Amandry 1984: 378–80, figs. 43–44). The Late Protogeometric to Sub-Protogeometric III (950–750 B.C.) graves at Lefkandi on Euboea produced a number of shells (Jones 1980; personal analysis). The Artemision at Ephesos produced at least 63 shells (Hogarth 1908: 217; Wolff 1978: 109). The Harbour Sanctuary (690–600 B.C.) and Athena Temple at Emporio on Chios produced four shell species. The shells from the 1985–91 excavations at Kalabak Tepe (Miletus) of the seventh–fifth century B.C. comprise 3,774 Cerastoderma, 1,190 Ostrea,43M. brandaris,42Spondy- lus,39M. trunculus,14Cerithium,12Arca,7Pinna,7Venus,6Euthria,4Donax,5Mactra,3 Luria,3Tonna,3Conus,3Mytilus,3Venerupis,2Patella,2Hinia reticulata,1Monodonta,1 Charonia,1Ceratostoma erinaceum,1Fasciolaria lignaria,1Arcularia,1Cyclope, and 1 Acanthocardia (Peters 1993: 94; E. Zimmermann 1993: 56; Peters and von den Driesch 1992). The shells from 1990–91 excavations at the Aphrodite sanctuary at Zeytin Tepe (Miletus) of the seventh–fifth century B.C. comprise 121 Cerastoderma,71M. brandaris,59Venus,27M. trunculus,12Ostrea, 6 Euthria cornea,6Spondylus,5Cerithium,4Acanthocardia,4Arca,3Monodonta,3Pecten,2 Arcularia,2Conus,2Mytilus,1Patella,1Gibbula,1Cypraea,1Phalium,1Tonna,1Glycymeris, 1 Venerupis,1Chamelea, and 1 Chlamys (Peters 1993: 94; E. Zimmermann 1993: 56; Peters and von den Driesch 1992: 123–24). On Rhodes there are shells from Archaic (700–560 B.C.) graves at Vroulia in the south (Kinch 1914: 160–61), Archaic and Classical graves and a votive deposit from Kameiros (Jacopi 1931, 1932–33), and from the Lindos acropolis (Blinkenberg 1931: 177–79). At Kition in southern Cyprus there are only 4 Cypro-Geometric I remains (Reese 1985d: 343) and 135 shells from the Phoenician and later sanctuaries, with 29 from the Red Sea (personal analysis). The Temple of Astarte-Aphrodite at Tamassos, about 15 km from the south coast, produced 77 bivalve valves (Nobis 1976–77: 296). The Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates in southern Cyprus produced 56 shells from 46 individuals dating from the sixth century B.C. to the first century after Christ (Reese 1987c). The late-eighth/early-seventh-century–first- century-B.C. tombs and funerary pyres at Salamis in eastern Cyprus produced numerous shells (Demetropoulos 1970; 1973; Karageorghis 1970; 1978). At Amathus in southern Cyprus, 41 tombs produced about 900 shells (Reese 1985e; 1992c). 624 The Iron Age Fauna Patella (Limpets; Pl. 6.12) There are two species of Patella present, with P. caerulea the more common (Table 6.26). There are 86,692 Patella (91.8% of the entire collection) coming from the following periods: 1.2% Temple A; 0.3% period of Temple A; 0.3% period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1; 0.6% Temple B, Phase 1; 1% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 0.1% period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 3.1% Temple B, Phase 2; 1.7% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 6.5% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 10% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (8,664 shells); 60.6% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (52,551); 10.3% Temple B, Phase 3 (8,966); 1.5% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 0.6% Hiatus period; 0.1% period of Temple B, Phase 2–Temple C; 0.4% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; 0.4% Temple C; and 1.2% period of Temple C. Patella are by far the most common species in all periods but are less common in the single sample from the period of Temple B, Phase 2–Temple C (only 174 shells, 62.1% Patella and 27.6% Glycymeris), and also in Temple C (35 deposits but only 907 shells with 42.2% Patella) and the period of Temple C (13 deposits with 1,372 shells; 73% Patella and 12.7% Glycymeris; Table 6.29). P. caerulea reach a length of 40–50 mm and are found on rocks or stones, usually on relatively horizontal surfaces in the splash zone and lower half of the middle shore. P. lusitanica are slightly smaller and are also found on rocks, usually on relatively vertical surfaces on the upper half of the middle shore.
COMPARATIVE DATA Patella make up 84.8% of the Minoan Kommos shell collection (30,457 shells), with 84.9% of all limpets Late Minoan III (Reese 1995f: 241, 247–50, 252–54). There are 10 shells from the Corycien Cave. Six examples (12.8%) come from the Kourion sanctuary. Tomb 60 at the Knossos North Cemetery produced a Patella (Evely 1996: 635).
Trochoidea (Topshells; Pl. 6.12) There are several topshell species at Kommos. Most are Monodonta turbinata, but there are a handful of the slightly larger Monodonta articulata Lamarck, 1822. Monodonta make up 4% of the collection, the most common form after Patella. The 28 Gibbula are very similar to Monodonta, but smaller, and were probably collected at the same time as the Monodonta and Patella. There is also one Astraea operculum from the period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3, southeast of the temple (63A/39). The 3,748 Monodonta come from the following periods: 5% Temple A; 0.4% period of Temple A; 0.1% period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1; 2.4% Temple B, Phase 1; 2.2% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 0.3% period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 3.2% Temple B, Phase 2; 3.9% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 5.7% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 6.5% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 30.8% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (1,156 shells); 34.2% Temple B, Phase 3 (1,281); The Marine Invertebrates 625 0.4% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 0.2% Hiatus period; 0.3% period of Temple B, Phase 2–Temple C; 2% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; 0.8% Temple C; and 1.6% period of Temple C. In all periods but those noted above for Patella and the very small sample from the period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2 (only 83 shells), Patella and Monodonta together account for over 80% of the shells for each period (Table 6.29). M. turbinata are generally 30–35 mm high and 25–35 mm in diameter. They are found on rocks in the lower shore and uppermost zone of shallow water and in rock crevices. Gibbula are also found in the upper coastal zone.
COMPARATIVE DATA At Minoan Kommos Monodonta make up 3.9% of the collection (1,396 shells), with 66% of them LM III, and there are 11 Gibbula and 5 Astraea (with 1 LM IIIA2–B operculum; Reese 1995f: 241, 257). The PG deposit at Syme produced 1 Gibbula. The Cypro-Archaic II Tomb 297 at Amathus produced 2 holed Gibbula.
Muricacea (Muricids and Thaids; Pls. 6.10, 6.11) Four forms are included in the Superfamily Muricacea. There are 1,214 Murex trunculus (1.3% of the collection), 78 Thais,36M. brandaris, and 3 of the small Muricidea. M. trunculus come from the following periods: 0.3% Temple A; 0.1% period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1; 0.1% Temple B, Phase 1; 0.3% Temple B, Phase 2; 0.2% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 1.6% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 85.6% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (1,039 shells); 3.9% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 2.8% Temple B, Phase 3; 0.2% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 0.2% Hiatus period; 0.1% period of Temple B, Phase 2–Temple C; 1% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; 2.5% Temple C; and 1.2% period of Temple C. The 78 Thais come from the following periods: 1.3% period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 1.3% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 5.1% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 19.2% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (15 shells); 43.6% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (34 shells); 14.1% Temple B, Phase 3; 2.6% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 1.3% Hiatus period; 1.3% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; 1.3% Temple C; and 9% period of Temple C. The 36 M. brandaris are distributed as follows: 2.8% Temple A; 2.8% period of Temple A; 2.8% Temple B, Phase 1; 8.3% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 5.5% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 2.8% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 11.1% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 5.5% Temple B, Phase 3; 2.8% Hiatus period; 5.5% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; and 50% Temple C (18 shells). Of most significance are the 1,030 M. trunculus (84.8% of those found), usually crushed, from floors of the late-seventh-century-B.C. Building Q, Room 38 (64A2/76 and 78; Sh 9; Pl. 6.11). This sample also includes 11 fragmentary Thais of the 78 found (14%) and 2 of the 3 626 The Iron Age Fauna Muricidea. This material was used as floor packing here, but it is the debris from shell purple- dye production. See Appendix 6.1 for further information on the Iron Age Aegean shell purple- dye industry. Burnt examples are noted in Tables 6.26–6.28. Of special note is the burnt M. trunculus fragment from the seventh-century three-sided slab enclosure. Significant samples of burnt Thais are the 2 burnt pieces from the eighth-century pit in the east, a burnt shell from the rectangular Hearth 4 in Temple B, Phase 3, and burnt fragments from the southeastern upper hearth in Temple C. The majority of the 36 M. brandaris, 14 small and fresh examples (Sh 4A), come from the upper floor of Temple C. M. trunculus reach 70–80 mm in length and are generally found on rocks and stones in the upper regions of the littoral zone. M. brandaris are 80–90 mm long and found on rocks in shallow water.
COMPARATIVE DATA Minoan Kommos produced 549 M. trunculus (1.5% of the collection), 21 M. brandaris,10Thais, and 2 Muricidea (Reese 1995f: 258). The PG deposit at Syme produced 2 shell fragments, with 1 waterworn. There is 1 burnt Murex fragment from the Aphrodite Altar at Athens (Reese 1989a: 68). At the Acrocorinth sanctuary there are 106 Murex, 23% of the shells. The 2 M. trunculus shells from Room E were the only shells found burnt and are of mixed Greek to Late Roman date. There are 11 M. brandaris,9M. trunculus, and 1 of the related Ocenebra erinaceus L. (sting winkle) from the Corycien Cave. Tombs 75 (Orientalizing) and 104 at the Knossos North Cemetery produced Murex (Evely 1996: 635). There is 1 M. trunculus columella from the PG Tomb 1970-15 of a prematurely born child at Asine in the Argolid (Wells 1976: fig. 26; Reese 1982: 139). One was also found in the LPG–SPG I (ca. 900 B.C.) Tomb 7 at Lefkandi. There is 1 M. trunculus from Ephesos. The Athena Temple at Emporio on Chios produced 16 Murex shells. The chapelle at Vroulia produced 2 M. trunculus, and the sanctuary there yielded many examples, some holed (Kinch 1914: 160, pl. 24.2). The votive deposit at Kameiros yielded 2 M. trunculus, with 1 holed (Jacopi 1932–33: 361, fig. 106). There are 7 from Lindos. PG-Cypro-Geometric I Kition produced 2 M. trunculus, and 1 also comes from Well 1 (Reese 1985d: 343, pl. CLXI bottom). The Cypro-Archaic II (ca. 550 B.C.) Meniko-Litharkes sanctuary produced only 1 Recent shell, a 72-mm M. trunculus (Demetropoulos 1977: 81, pl. XXVIII.1). There are 3 M. trunculus from the Kourion sanctuary, the earliest being late fifth–early fourth century B.C. in date. The late Cypro-Archaic II Amathus Tomb 3 produced a 14.5-mm M. trunculus (Westholm 1935: 17, fig. 6.2). At Salamis Tomb 79 produced 94 M. trunculus (Demetro- poulos 1973: 270, 272, pl. LIII), and they are also present in Cypro-Classical II, fourth-century, and late-fourth-century pyres. The Marine Invertebrates 627 Glycymeris (Dog-cockles; Pl. 6.10) The 914 Glycymeris (1% of the entire collection) come from the following periods: 4.8% Temple A; 1.3% period of Temple A; 0.8% period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1; 2% Temple B, Phase 1; 0.9% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 0.3% period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 2.1% Temple B, Phase 2; 1.6% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 9.1% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 3% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 27% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (247 shells); 11.3% Temple B, Phase 3 (103 shells); 2.2% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 1.4% Hiatus period; 5.3% period of Temple B, Phase 2–Temple C; 0.5% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; 7.4% Temple C; and 19% period of Temple C (174 shells). Practically all shells were collected dead on the beach. Many shells (31.7%) are naturally holed at the umbo by beach and water action. Several shells are so beach- and waterworn that they no longer resemble the original shell and are referred to here as “checkers.” Glycymeris are circular and 80–85 mm. They live in the sub-littoral, burrowing just below the surface of the sand, mud, or gravel from shallow water down to about 80 m.
COMPARATIVE DATA At Minoan Kommos Glycymeris make up 7.9% of the collection (2,826 shells), with 93.3% LM III, 1,191 holed at the umbo (42.1%), and 37 checkers (Reese 1995f: 252, 254–55). The PG deposit at Syme produced 2 valves, with 1 worn. The Idean Cave produced 3 unholed exam- ples, with 2 burnt and 1 collected dead. The Unexplored Mansion at Knossos produced a waterworn and umbonally holed shell from A.D.50–75. There is a burnt and waterworn Glycymeris fragment from the Aphrodite Altar at Athens (Reese 1989a: 68, pl. 16d). There is another from the Acrocorinth sanctuary, and 15 shells (3.5%) come from the Corycien Cave. Several shells are reported from the Harbour Sanctuary at Emporio (ca. 600 B.C.; Boardman 1967a: 243); 1 of these is actually a waterworn Spondylus valve. Tomb 294 at the Knossos North Cemetery produced a Glycymeris (Evely 1996: 636). The LPG (950–900 B.C.) Tomb 3 at Lefkandi produced a large waterworn shell. Lindos produced Glycymeris, includ- ing at least 1 waterworn and holed at the umbo (Blinkenberg 1931: 178–79, pl. 17.550). At Kamiros the baby burial XXIII yielded 1 waterworn shell (Jacopi 1931: fig. 39), and the infant grave XX yielded 2 waterworn examples with iron inside (Jacopi 1932–33: 72, fig. 79). Cypro- Geometric I Kition produced a very waterworn example holed at the umbo from Floor I of Temenos A. Two pyres at Salamis of the fourth and late fourth century B.C.hadGlycymeris. Two Cypro-Archaic tombs at Amathus produced 3 waterworn Glycymeris holed at the umbo.
Tellinacea (Tellins; Pls. 6.10, 6.13) Donax and Tellina are members of the Superfamily Tellinacea. There are 337 Donax trunculus valves at Kommos (0.36% of the entire collection) from the following periods: 5% Temple A; 628 The Iron Age Fauna 0.3% period of Temple A; 1.2% Temple B, Phase 1; 3.3% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 1.2% Temple B, Phase 2; 0.6% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 4.1% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 5.6% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 8.3% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (28 valves); 35.9% Temple B, Phase 3 (121 valves); 0.3% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 1.2% Hiatus period; 0.3% period of Temple B, Phase 2–Temple C; 0.6% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; 27.6% Temple C (93); and 4.5% period of Temple C. Of these, 108 shells are waterworn, 29 are worn, 10 are gastropod-bored, and 1 is partly gastropod-bored. At least 32% of the Donax were collected dead. The 6 burnt shells came from Hearth 2 in Temple B, Phase 2; the period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3, southeast of the temple; Temple B, Phase 3, general upper interior pails (2); the central rectangular hearth in Temple C; and the central hearth in Room A1. There are large numbers from the Temple A floors (14 valves, 8 MNI); the floors of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2 (11 valves, 8 MNI); the ritual deposit around the Tripillar Shrine in Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (40 valves, 20 MNI); the general upper interior pails from Temple B, Phase 3 (110 valves, 71 MNI); and Temple C’s floor (55 valves, 29 MNI). There are also 3 Donax semistriatus valves, with 1 gastropod-bored. The 19 Tellina valves come from the following periods: 5.3% the period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 5.3% Temple B, Phase 2; 15.8% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 15.8% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 15.8% Temple B, Phase 3; 31.6% Temple C (6 valves); and 10.5% period of Temple C. Two are fragments, 1 is waterworn, and 1 is very small. There are 5 valves from the floor of Temple C. D. trunculus are 34–40 mm long, while Tellina are about 66 mm in length. Both are found just below the surface of the sand or mud in the littoral zone down to 10–15 m.
COMPARATIVE DATA There are 44 Donax from Minoan Kommos with 30 waterworn and 5 worn, and 1 Tellina from the LM IIIA2–B (Reese 1995f: 265). PG Kition produced a Tellina (Reese 1985d: 343, pl. A.6), and another of PG–Cypro-Geometric I date, collected dead, came from Temple 5, Room 58. All the Recent shells from the Tamassos temple are identified as Donax cf. semistriatus rostratus. There are 73 valves from at least 42 individuals, found in groups of 28 (14+ individuals), 23 (12+), and 11 (8+) (Nobis 1976/77: 296). The Kourion sanctuary produced 39 D. trunculus valves of 56 remains (69.6%) or 30 of 47 individuals (63.8%). Twelve funerary pyres at Salamis produced D. trunculus valves of the Cypro-Geometric I (c50, 9, and 5 valves), Cypro-Geometric I–II (4), Cypro-Classical II (400–325 B.C.; c150, 3), fourth century (c35), and late fourth century (c100, c50, c30, 1) and an undated example (Demetropoulos 1970: fig. 2).
Mactridae (Trough-shells; Pl. 6.10) There are two trough-shell forms present, Mactra and Spisula, both members of the Family Mactridae. The 317 Mactra valves come from the following periods: 2.8% Temple A; 0.3% The Marine Invertebrates 629 period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1; 0.6% Temple B, Phase 1; 2.2% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 0.3% period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 5.4% Temple B, Phase 2; 10.1% period of Temple B, Phase 2 (32 valves); 4.1% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 13.2% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (42 valves); 9.5% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 33.4% Temple B, Phase 3 (106 valves); 0.3% Hiatus period; 0.3% period of Temple B, Phase 2–Temple C; 14.2% Temple C (45 valves); and 3.2% period of Temple C. There is a burnt example from the rectangular hearth in Temple C. Six shells have been gastropod-bored (Temple B, Phase 3, ritual deposit [2]; period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3, Marine meal #8; Temple B, Phase 3, upper floor; Temple C upper floor; and period of Temple C to the southeast). There are also 7 Mactra holed at the umbo (Temple B, Phase 2, lower hearth/floor; period of Temple B, Phase 2, south sounding; period of Temple B, Phases 1–3, levels to the west [37A]; Temple B, Phase 3, upper floor; Temple C floor [2]; and period of Temple C dump to the south [34A/2]). These 13 shells may have been personal ornaments or other decorations. Two right Mactra valves were found below the reused Minoan stone lamp (S 283) on the floor of Temple C (Pl. 1.109; Sh 3; J. W. Shaw 1980a: 223, pl. 60d). All 15 Spisula valves came from the Temple B, Phase 2, double hearth or the ashy fill beside it, with 5 burnt. Mactra are 50–60 mm long and burrow in sand, mud, or gravel, from the extreme lower shore to about 100 m. Spisula reach 25 mm and live on silty or muddy sand from shallow waters to about 35 m.
COMPARATIVE DATA There are 19 Mactra from Minoan Kommos, with 4 waterworn, 3 worn, and 2 gastropod- bored (Reese 1995f: 268). At Acrocorinth there are 2 valves. The LPG Tomb 3 at Lefkandi produced a valve. At Salamis one Cypro-Archaic II (600–475 B.C.) tomb produced a valve, and the Cypro-Geometric II Pyre M produced 10 valves from 5 individuals (Demetropoulos 1970: 300–1, fig. 2 bottom). Mactra are also present at Amathus in the Cypro-Archaic II Tomb 297 (3 MNI) and Roman Tomb 423 (Reese 1985e: 270, pl. XLVIII.152). A sixth-century grave at Sardis produced a Mactra holed in the center of the valve (Greenewalt 1978: 124).
Cardiidae (Cockles; Pls. 6.10, 6.13) There are three species of cockles present at Kommos, with the valves assignable to the periods as follows: 5.3% Temple A; 0.6% period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1; 2.3% Temple B, Phase 1; 1.2% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 5.8% Temple B, Phase 2; 6.4% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 6.4% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 2.3% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 7% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 15.2% Temple B, Phase 3 (26 valves); 43.3% Temple C (74 valves); and 4.1% period of Temple C. There are 302 Cerastoderma valves/fragments from at least 74 individuals in 26 deposits. 630 The Iron Age Fauna Burnt Cerastoderma come from the period of Temple B, Phase 2, south sounding; the period of Temple B, Phases 1–3, ritual deposit; the general upper interior area of Temple B, Phase 3; from Temple C (in particular the floor, southwest hearth, central rectangular hearth, upper floor, small hearth on the south wall of the upper floor, and the southeastern upper hearth); the central hearth in Room A1; and the eastern room of Building B (upper floor, hearth in southeast corner; Reese 1984c). There are 76 Acanthocardia tuberculata valves/fragments from at least 34 individuals in 22 deposits (Pls. 6.10, 6.13). One burnt fragment comes from Hearth 2 in Temple B, Phase 2, and there is a valve holed at the umbo from the period of Temple C dump to the south (34A2/ 2) that may have been an ornament or decoration. There is also an Acanthocardia aculeata fragment from the court of Temple B, Phase 2. Cerastoderma are 40–50 mm in diameter and are found buried just below the surface in sand, mud, or gravel from inshore, lower, and midshore waters on downward. A. tuberculata can reach 89 mm and are found in the same substrates from extreme low water to deeper water. A. aculeata reach 80–100 mm and have a similar habitat.
COMPARATIVE DATA Minoan Kommos produced 19 Cerastoderma (3 waterworn, 3 worn, and 3 LM III shells holed at the umbo) and 3 LM III A. tuberculata (Reese 1995d: 267–68). The Idean Cave produced 2 A. tuberculata. The LPG Tomb XI at Fortetsa near Knossos produced a cockle covered with gold foil (Brock 1957: 18, 197, pl. 13). There are 2 A. tuberculata from a Roman (late first century after Christ) chamber tomb near Knossos (Carington Smith 1982: 289, pl. 42j–k). There are several burnt and unburnt Cerastoderma from the Aphrodite Altar at Athens (Reese 1989a: 68, pl. 16d). A burnt Cerastoderma fragment comes from the 1986 excavation of the fifth-century-B.C. East Terraces 4+5A at Isthmia (personal analysis). Tomb 132 in the Knossos North Cemetery produced a cockle (Evely 1996: 636). At Lefkandi the LPG–SPG III (950– 750 B.C.) Pit B in the Palia Pervolia cemetery yielded 136 shells, with 83 Cerastoderma valves from at least 41 individuals. Koumousia in Achaia produced 3 cast bronze cockle shells from three pits in a storeroom dating to the first century B.C. (J. K. Anderson 1953: 65, fig. 7a, nos. 2–4). At the Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone in Cyrene, Libya, there are 17 Archaic bronze pendants in the form of stylized shells (15 cockles, 1 scallop, and 1 un- known; White 1976: 171, 177 n. 16, pl. 26.17; Warden 1990: 25–26, fig. 2, pls. 19–20; 1992: 52, fig. 4). At Salamis four pyres dating to the Cypro-Classical I, fourth century B.C., and late fourth century B.C. (the latter period produced two of the pyres) have cockle remains. One worn Cerastoderma comes from Kourion. Five of the shells from Ephesos are Cerasto- derma. At nearby Knidos it has been noted that “the Knidians revered the cockle, because it was believed that the love goddess had grown inside a cockle shell” (Cottrell 1980: 130). There are 63 Cerastoderma,40A. tuberculata, and 1 Laevicardium (26.2%) at the Corycien Cave. The Marine Invertebrates 631 At the Acrocorinth sanctuary there are 19 Cerastoderma and 3 A. tuberculata. Eighteen of the Cerastoderma valves from Acrocorinth (10–18 MNI) were found in Room E, possibly a storage area.
Tonnacea (Tun, Helmet, and Trumpet Shells; Pl. 6.10) The Superfamily Tonnacea includes the 97 Tonna,58Charonia, and 32 Phalium. This group includes the largest gastropods found in the Mediterranean. Tonna come from the following periods: 5.2% Temple A; 3.1% Temple B, Phase 1; 1% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 3.1% Temple B, Phase 2; 4.1% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 3.1% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 3.1% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 13.4% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (13 shells); 12.4% Temple B, Phase 3 (12 shells); 1% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 1% Hiatus period; 41.2% Temple C (40 shells); and 8.2% period of Temple C (Pl. 6.10). There are 19 Tonna from the floor of Temple C, with 4 waterworn, and also 5 small Tonna from under the reused Minoan stone lamp (S 283) that was found there (Sh 3; J. W. Shaw 1980a: 223, pl. 60d). Four Tonna (2 worn) come from the interior of the northwest closet (A.D. 160/ 170) of Room A1, and 1 comes from above the bench in the northeast corner of the same room. There are 40 Charonia individuals (58 fragments) distributed as follows: 12.5% Temple A; 2.5% period of Temple A; 2.5% Temple B, Phase 1; 2.5% period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 2.5% Temple B, Phase 2; 10% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3 (12 fragments, four MNI); 40% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (19 fragments, 16 MNI); 5% Temple B, Phase 3; 5% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 2.5% Hiatus period; 2.5% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; 2.5% Temple C; and 10% period of Temple C. Four Charonia come from the Temple A northeast dump #2 (Sh 5, 198 mm long; J. W. Shaw 1984a: 282; Sh 6, 151+ mm, badly bored exterior and open body). One labial fragment from the court of Temple B, Phase 2, is burnt. At least 5 individuals were collected dead. Phalium come from the following periods: 9.4% Temple A; 3.1% period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1; 6.2% Temple B, Phase 1; 12.5% Temple B, Phase 2; 15.6% period of Temple B, Phase 2 (5 shells); 15.6% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 9.4% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 9.4% Temple B, Phase 3; 3.1% Temple C; and 15.6% period of Temple C. There is a holed Phalium from the period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1, deposit in the south (51A/ 27; Pl. 6.10). At least 37.5% (12 shells) were collected dead, with 5 waterworn lips found in the period of Temple B, Phase 2, south sounding. Tonna reach 220–250 mm, with larger ones found at greater depths. The small size of the Kommos shells suggests that they were collected in shallow water or on the beach. Charonia attain a maximum length of 300 mm and a diameter of 110–130 mm. Phalium reach 100– 130 mm. 632 The Iron Age Fauna
COMPARATIVE DATA Minoan Kommos produced 52 Charonia,21Tonna, and 7 Phalium (2 waterworn lips and 1 worn; Reese 1995f: 264). Elsewhere I have noted the votive use of Tonna in the Aegean Bronze Age (Reese 1989b; 1995c: 265). The use of Charonia at prehistoric and historic sites in the Aegean, Cyprus, Near East, and Italy has also been dealt with elsewhere (Reese 1985d; 1995d: 264–65; in press d; A˚ stro¨m and Reese 1990). Of special note are the “triton shell” from the “Temple” at Karphi (Students of the British School at Athens 1937–39: 76), examples from cult contexts at Vrokastro (Hall 1914: 108–9; Gesell 1985: 59), and the fact that the Idean Cave produced a C. sequenzae upper spire fragment. There are 5 Charonia fragments from the Unexplored Mansion at Knossos, with a fourth/third-century-B.C. fragment cut along one edge. The use of Phalium in the circum-Mediterranean has been discussed elsewhere (Reese 1989b). Two examples were also found at the Unexplored Mansion. PG Kition produced 1 P. undulata from a pit in Temple 5, Room 58 (Reese 1985d: 343, pl. CL:4204). Amathus Tomb 232 (Cypro- Archaic IIA) produced 8 waterworn lips (Reese 1992c: 124, pl. XXVI.1), and there are shells from Tombs 186 (Reese 1992c: pl. XXVL.1) and 321. There are a number of Tonnacea shells from Rhodian sites. Tomb LXXV at Kamiros produced a large Tonna, and the tomb of an adult (Tomb XVI) produced a Phalium (Jacopi 1931: 174, figs. 181, 269). There are also 1 holed Phalium from the infant Tomb 8 at Vroulia (Kinch 1914: 160, pl. 31.4) and 3 P. undulata from Lindos. There are 5 of the related Cassidaria echinophora (L.) from the Corycien Cave, a Tonna fragment and a P. undulata lip from Kourion, and Tonna from two Hellenistic graves at Salamis (Karageorghis 1978: 25–26, figs. 4–5). One Tonna (no. 59–334, 117 mm long, 88.5 mm wide) comes from the Sanctuary of Demeter at Morgantina in central Sicily. A large Tonna also comes from a votive deposit at Roman Carthage (McMaster University excavations).
Buccinacea (Whelks) There are four small- to medium-sized whelk species in the Superfamily Buccinacea present at Kommos. The 58 Pisania come from the following periods: 3.5% Temple A; 1.7% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 1.7% Temple B, Phase 2; 1.7% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 1.7% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 3.5% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 13.8% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 62.1% Temple B, Phase 3 (36 shells); 3.5% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; and 6.9% Temple C. There are 35 shells (60.3% of all found) in the Temple B, Phase 3, general upper interior pails, with 1 burnt and holed on the body (33C/55). There are 42 Columbella, very similar to but smaller than Pisania, distributed as follows: 7.1% Temple A; 7.1% Temple B, Phase 2; 2.4% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 7.1% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 2.4% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 2.4% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 7.1% Temple B, Phase 3; 2.4% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; and 61.9% The Marine Invertebrates 633 Temple C (26 shells). There are 19 shells (45.2% of all found) from the floor of Temple C, with 11 open at the apex and stringable. One of the 2 shells from the upper floor has an open apex and could have been strung. There are also 5 shells from below the floor of Building W. The 38 Euthria come from the following periods: 2.6% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 5.3% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 55.3% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (21 shells); 13.1% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 5.3% Temple B, Phase 3; 5.3% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; 5.3% Temple C; and 7.9% period of Temple C. Of these shells, 20 (52.6%) come from Building Q, Room 38. One of the shells from the general upper interior pails is gastropod- bored on the upper spire (33C/73) and could have been strung, and another from the ritual deposit in Temple B, Phase 3, has an open side. There is a holed example from below the floor of Building W (Pl. 6.13; 55A/2). There are 18 Fasciolaria, with 57.1% from Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (8 shells), and 35.7% from the period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3. One gastropod-bored shell comes from the period of Temple B, Phases 1–3, levels to the southwest (44A/14). Pisania are about 30 mm long and found in the rocky littoral zone in shallow water. Columbella are 20 mm long and found chiefly in the upper region of the rocky littoral zone just below the surface of the sea. Euthria are 50 mm long and found on sandy and hard bottoms, as well as on stony ground, generally at great depth.
COMPARATIVE DATA Minoan Kommos produced 23 Pisania (6 worn, 2 holed at the apex, 1 holed on the body, and 1 burnt), 30 Columbella (3 worn, 1 open at the apex, and 1 burnt), 59 Euthria (7 holed opposite the mouth, 3 gastropod-bored, and 2 worn), and 3 Fasciolaria (1 waterworn; Reese 1995f: 261). A PG deposit at Syme produced 31 Columbella, of which 21 could be strung. There is 1 Fasciolaria from Acrocorinth, and 2 Columbella,2Euthria, and 1 Fasciolaria were found at the Corycien Cave. A Cypro-Geometric IIIB–Cypro-Archaic IB/IIA shell necklace from Amathus Tomb 142 has a holed Euthria. There are 35 holed Columbella from four tombs at Amathus, with 17 from Tomb 142 and 15 from Tomb 297 (Cypro-Archaic II). Three pyres at Salamis have 4 Columbella of the fourth century B.C. (Demetropoulos 1970: fig. 2 top right).
Cerithiacea (Ceriths) There are three related turret-shaped gastropods in the Superfamily Cerithiacea in the Kommos sample. The 92 Bittium come from the following periods: 2.2% Temple A; 1.1% period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 1.1% Temple B, Phase 2; 6.5% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 5.4% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 32.6% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (30 shells); 26.1% Temple B, Phase 3 (24 shells); 3.3% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 2.2% Hiatus period; 3.3% period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; 3.3% Temple C; and 13% period of Temple C. All 24 of the shells from Temple B, Phase 3 (26% of all those found), come from the general 634 The Iron Age Fauna upper interior pails. At least 40%, and possibly as many as 80%, of the Bittium were collected dead. The 77 Cerithium are distributed as follows: 7.8% Temple A; 1.3% period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1; 1.3% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 2.6% Temple B, Phase 2; 1.3% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 9.1% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 32.5% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (25 shells); 19.5% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (15 shells); 18.2% Temple B, Phase 3; 5.2% Temple C; and 1.3% period of Temple C. At least 25 shells (32%) are fresh and have a broken lip, indicating that they were eaten. There are 23 shells from Building Q, including 7 with broken lips (broken when the animal was extracted for consumption) from the upper floor of Room 37 and 14 small examples from the lower floor of Room 38. At least 9 shells (11.7%) were definitely collected dead, and 12–16% of the shells were probably collected dead. There is a slightly burnt shell from the period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3, Marine meal #8; 2 burnt small shells from the rectangular Hearth 2 in Temple B, Phase 3; and 1 burnt small shell from the southeastern upper hearth of Temple C. The single Turritella apical fragment is unburnt and comes from the Temple B, Phase 2, exterior double hearth. Bittium are found on stones and among rocks in the lower shore and in shallow water. Cerithium,upto50–60 mm long, are found on stony and firm sandy bottoms in association with rocks or other hard objects down to about 10 m. Turritella,50–60 mm long, live partly buried in sand, mud, or gravel from 10 to 80 m.
COMPARATIVE DATA Minoan Kommos produced 32 Bittium (15 waterworn, 9 worn, and 10 holed opposite the mouth) and 14 Cerithium (2 waterworn, 3 worn, 5 open lip, and 2 holed opposite the mouth; Reese 1995f: 266–67). The 4 holed Bittium from IA levels (period of Temple B, Phases 1–3, dump to the south [34A2/31]; period of Temple B, Phases 1–3, levels to the west #1 [37A]; Temple B, Phase 3, general pails [33C/50]; and southeast of Temple C [fourth century B.C., 53A/2]) are considered to be residual Minoan ornaments (Reese 1995f: 266, pl. 5.5A). A PG deposit at Syme produced 2 waterworn Bittium. Two fragments of a burnt Cerithium come from the mid-seventh-century-B.C. fill on the west side of the Long Altar at Isthmia (personal analysis). PG–Cypro-Geometric I Kition produced a Cerithium from Room 38 in Temple 4, and an example comes from a late-fifth-century-B.C. pyre at Salamis (Demetropoulos 1970: 301, fig. 2). There are 16 Cerithium from the Corycien Cave and 1 Turritella from Ephesos.
Nassariidae (Nassa Shells; Pls. 6.10, 6.13) The 59 Arcularia come from the following periods: 18.6% Temple A; 3.4% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 1.7% Temple B, Phase 2; 3.4% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 8.5% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 28.8% Temple B, Phase 3 (17 shells); 3.4% period of Temple B, Phase The Marine Invertebrates 635 2–Temple C; 23.7% Temple C (14 shells); and 8.5% period of Temple C. At least 20% were collected dead. There are 10 shells from the Temple A floors; 16 from the Temple B, Phase 3, general upper interior pails; and 6 from the floor of Temple C. Holed shells come from the floor of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; Temple B, Phase 3, general pails (7); the floor of Temple C (2); the upper floor, below the Building W floor (2); and the western room on the upper level of burned Building B. Burnt shells were found in the court of Temple A and in the period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3, Marine meal #3. The single Sphaeronassa is a tiny burnt shell from the ashy fill east of the double hearth in Temple B, Phase 2. The only Cyclope is a burnt shell from the central rectangular hearth in Temple C. Nassa shells are found in sand and mud in shallow water. Arcularia are about 20 mm long.
COMPARATIVE DATA There are 120 Arcularia from Minoan Kommos (67 holed, 45 waterworn, 37 worn, and 1 burnt) with 57.5% LM III (Reese 1995f: 261–62, pl. 5.5H). There is a charred Arcularia from the Aphrodite Altar at Athens (Reese 1989a: 68). The LPG (1000–950 B.C.) Tomb 39 at Lefkandi produced 58 holed associated Arcularia (Popham et al. 1982: 220, pl. 17.47). The Artemision at Ephesos produced at least 1 holed Arcularia, which, along with the holed cowries, “appear to have been suspended from fibula-bows” (Hogarth 1908: 217, fig. 44.2). The votive deposit at Kamiros yielded a Nassa (Jacopi 1932–33: 365). There are a number of examples from Cyprus. Kition produced a waterworn shell with an open body from Well 1. This species is the most common form from later levels at Kition with 17 (88% holed) from Bothros 9 (800–600 B.C.), 35 (80% holed) from Bothros 1 (600–450 B.C.), and 2 (holed) from Bothros 8. There are 65 examples (holed, unholed, and sometimes burnt) from twenty pyres and tombs at Salamis dating from the Cypro-Archaic II to the late fourth century B.C. (Demetropoulos 1970: 299–301, fig. 2 center). There are 2 examples from Kourion. Twenty- three tombs at Amathus produced 659 Arcularia (all but 13 holed), 49 holed Cyclope from five tombs, and 24 holed Sphaeronassa from three tombs.
Cypraeidae (Cowries; Pl. 6.10) The 65 cowries (53 Erosaria and 8 Luria) come from the following periods: 3.1% Temple A; 6.1% Temple B, Phase 2; 18.5% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 13.8% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 20% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (13 shells); 20% Temple B, Phase 3; 3.1% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 4.6% Temple C; and 10.8% period of Temple C. There are 5 from the Temple B, Phases 2 and 3, ritual deposit around the Tripillar Shrine, and 4 from the Temple B, Phase 3, general upper interior pails. Only 1 cowrie is holed, an Erosaria from the floor of Temple C (Pl. 6.10). 636 The Iron Age Fauna Erosaria are 35–37 mm long, and Luria 45–60 mm long. Both are found on sandy and muddy bottoms and in rock pools, often at great depths.
COMPARATIVE DATA There are 18 cowries (17 Erosaria and 1 Luria) from Minoan Kommos (Reese 1995f: 268–69, pl. 5.4L). Two cowries were found at the “Temple” at Karphi (Students of the British School at Athens 1937–39: 76, 113). Two Luria were found in the Unexplored Mansion at Knossos (750 B.C., first century B.C.). There is a slightly burnt Red Sea Cypraea annulus from the Aphrodite Altar at Athens (Reese 1989a: 68, pl. 16d–e). The Archaic Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia produced a burnt C. annulus with a ground-down dorsum (Gebhard in press, fig. 10, IM 590). There are 7 Luria from the Corycien Cave, and a holed Luria was found at the Hera Sanctuary at Perachora (T. J. Dunbabin 1962: 527, pl. 194 K2). A votive deposit (700–500 B.C.) on the Kastro Hill on the Cycladic island of Siphnos produced 2 cowries (Brock 1949: 27, pl. 10.4). The Artemision at Ephesos produced at least 4 holed cowries (at least 2 Luria) from the Basis (Hogarth 1908: 217, fig. 44.1, 3–4), and the Artemis Altar produced 2 Cypraea pyrum. A holed Erosaria dating to the early first century after Christ was found at Kourion. A PG tomb at Asine produced 3 holed cowries, at least 1 of which was a Luria (Wells 1976: fig. 26; Reese 1982: 139). A Geometric grave at Lerna produced a Luria (L3.1 in the Argos Museum). At Kamiros, Tomb CVIII produced Luria (Jacopi 1931: 214), and the votive deposit yielded 3 cowries, with at least 1 holed and 1 Luria (Jacopi 1932–33: 356, fig. 108). The infant Tomb P at Vroulia produced 2 cowries (Kinch 1914: pl. 33.5–6). A total of 21 holed cowries are known from three Cypro-Archaic II and two Cypro-Classical I tombs at Salamis, with Erosaria, Luria, and 3 Red Sea cowries present (Demetropoulos 1970: 301, figs. 1–2; Karageorghis 1970: 115, pls. XLIX, CXLVI, CLIV, CCV, CCXLIII, CCXXXVIII). The Cypro-Classical II tomb at Ayia Marina produced a holed Luria (Christodoulou 1967: 63, n. 4, pl. XV.15). There are 25 holed Red Sea cowries and 1 holed Luria from Bothros 1 at Kition. The Amathus tombs (sixteen in total) produced 67 C. annulus,12Erosaria,7Luria, and 9 stone copies of small cowries that were holed as ornaments (Reese 1992c: 123–24, pl. XXIV.1– 5). A possibly holed Erosaria is known from the Roman Tomb 423 at Amathus (Reese 1985e). J. C. Melvill has stated (Jackson 1917: 38) that the generic name of this group of shells, Cypraea, or more classically, Cypria, is derived from one of the many attributes of Aphrodite, owing doubtless to her worship not only having been inaugurated but for long years principally centralized in Cyprus. As J. W. Jackson (Jackson 1917: xiv) states, “Aphrodite was born of the sea foam, and reached Cyprus as a cowry...which was already a symbol of womanhood, the giver of life and resurrection.” The cowrie has often been likened to the female external genitalia and thought to have the power of conferring fertility (Biggs 1970: 426). The Romans called cowries concha Venerea, the shell of Venus. In fairly recent times Nilotic women wore aprons with cowries sewn onto them to protect them against sterility (Aldred 1971: 16). The Marine Invertebrates 637 Veneridae (Pl. 6.10) The 23 Dosinia (common name: Artemis shell) come from the following periods: 4.3% Temple B, Phase 1; 8.7% period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 4.3% Temple B, Phase 2; 13% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 30.4% Temple B, Phase 3 (7 shells); 4.3% Hiatus period; 30.4% Temple C; and 4.3% period of Temple C. Two valves were collected dead. There are 11 valves of two species of Venus (common name: Venus shell). One small valve (holed in center and burnt) was found in rectangular Hearth 4 of Temple B, Phase 3, and there are 4 valves of 4 MNI from the floor of Temple C. Dosinia are 28–30 mm in diameter and live deeply buried in sand, mud, or shell-gravel on the lower shore down to 125 m. Venus burrow more shallowly, to about 100 m.
COMPARATIVE DATA There are a Middle Minoan I and an MM III Venus verrucosa from Kommos (Reese 1995f: 243). There are two Venus from Ephesos, 75 (17.5%) V. verrucosa from the Corycien Cave, and 1 from Acrocorinth. Tomb CVIII at Kamiros produced a Venus (Jacopi 1931: 214).
Arcidae (Ark Shells; Pl. 6.10) The 26 Barbatia valves come from the following periods: 3.8% Temple A; 3.8% period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1; 7.7% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 3.8% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 3.8% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 19.2% Temple B, Phase 3 (5 shells); 46.2% Temple C; and 11.5% period of Temple C. At least 4 (15.4%) were collected dead. There are also 12 Arca, with 8.3% from Temple A, 66.7% Temple C (8 shells), and 25.7% period of Temple C, with 58.3% (7 shells) collected dead. Burnt valves were found in Temple C on the floor (Barbatia), central rectangular hearth (Barbatia), and southeastern upper hearth (Arca). Barbatia attain a length of 73 mm and are attached by a byssus to rocks on the upper shore and littoral zone. Arca, reaching 70–80 mm, are attached to rocks and stones in the upper coastal zone on downward.
COMPARATIVE DATA Minoan Kommos produced 5 Barbatia (3 waterworn and 2 small) and 4 LM III Arca (Reese 1995f: 242). The Apollo Temple at Dreros produced Arca (Marinatos 1936: 270, fig. 36). Ephesos produced 11 Arca (19%), and there are 2 from the Corycien Cave.
Pectinacea (Scallop Group; Pl. 6.10) The 30 Spondylus valves come from the following periods: 3.3% period of Temple A; 6.7% Temple B, Phase 2; 3.3% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 3.3% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 638 The Iron Age Fauna 3.3% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 23.3% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 13.3% Temple C; and 43.3% period of Temple C (13 shells). Eleven valves were collected dead. There are also 8 Lima (Pl. 6.10; 1 from Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 2 from Temple B, Phase 3; 4 from Temple C; and 1 from the period of Temple C), 4 Pecten, and 11 fossil scallops. Spondylus are 80–120 mm long and are found attached to rocks on the seabed, sometimes in shallow water. Lima,25–38 mm long, prefer bottoms of coarse sand, gravel, broken shells, and stones from the low watermark to 100 m. Pecten species are 120–150 mm long and are found in deep water on sand and gravel.
COMPARATIVE DATA Minoan Kommos produced 11 Spondylus valves and 2 LM III Lima (Reese 1995f: 242–43). PG Syme produced a waterworn valve. Spondylus is the most common shell at the Demeter and Kore Sanctuary on Acrocorinth, with 316 valves (68.5%), and 2 Pecten and a lead skeuomorph of a scallop were also found there (Stroud 1968: 326, pl. 98b). Ephesos produced 16 Spondylus (27.6%), and there are 2 from Lindos (Blinkenberg 1931: 178, pl. 17.548). The Harbour Sanctuary at Emporio (ca. 600 B.C.) yielded a waterworn Spondylus valve (personal analysis). The Corycien Cave produced 31 Spondylus (7.2%), 12 Pecten, and 2 Chlamys. At the Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone in Cyrene there is an Archaic bronze pendant in the form of a stylized Pecten (Warden 1990: 25, fig. 2.123. pl. 19.123). There is a single Pecten from Kourion. Tomb 40 in the Knossos North Cemetery produced a Spondylus, and Tomb 107 there had a Lima (Evely 1996: 635–36). In the Corinth North Cemetery the mid- or late-fourth-century- B.C. Grave 449 of a mother and child produced a Pecten, and the third-century-B.C. Grave 491 contained 3 Pecten (Palmer 1964: 280, 79, 84, pls. 72.448, no. 2, 76.491, no. 2). At Lefkandi the SPG I (ca. 900–875 B.C.) Toumba Tomb 3 produced a Pecten (Jones 1980: 229, pl. 201d), and the SPG II–III tombs (ca. 850 B.C.) yielded 1 complete valve and 2 fragments (Jones 1980: pls. 228c, 237c). At Kamiros there is at least 1 Pecten from Tomb CVII (Jacopi 1931: 214, fig. 223) and 2 from Tomb CLXXXIII (Jacopi 1931: 332, fig. 365). Greeks and Romans thought that Aphrodite/Venus was born from a scallop, as shown in terra-cotta models and on vase paintings (Abbott 1979: 187–89). H. C. Coote (1869) has sug- gested that the scallop was a symbol of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Coote notes that a golden scallop was found in a Greek tomb in the Crimea and that actual shells were found in coffins and were also used to decorate them in Roman France and England.
Conus (Cone Shell; Pls. 6.10, 6.13) The 30 Conus come from the following periods: 3.3% Temple A; 6.7% Temple B, Phase 2; 10% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 10% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 26.7% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (8 shells); 20% Temple B, Phase 3; 3.3% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 3.3% The Marine Invertebrates 639 period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C; and 16.7% Temple C. One of the 2 shells from Hearth 2 in Temple B, Phase 2, is burnt, as is the small example from the rectangular hearth of Temple C. Temple C’s floor produced 2 waterworn shells with 1 holed at the apex (Pl. 6.10). These shells reach 50–60 mm and are found in the stony littoral, often in shallow water.
COMPARATIVE DATA Minoan Kommos produced 16 Conus (4 waterworn, 2 worn, 4 small, 1 holed on the side, and an apex fragment holed at the apex; Reese 1995f: 269). There are 19 Conus (with 12 holed and 2 broken) from the PG deposit at Syme, and 2 from the Corycien Cave. There are 3 Cypro- Geometric I shells from Temenos A at Kition.
Mytiloida (Mussel and Pen Shells) There are 5 Pinna individuals and 5 Mytilus fragments of three individuals. Mytilus are found attached to stones from the middle shore downward. Pinna, the largest Mediteranean bivalve, are found in deep waters and rarely in shallow waters.
COMPARATIVE DATA There are an LM IIIA2 and an LM III Pinna and an LM IIIA2 Mytilus from Kommos (Reese 1995f: 243). The Corycien Cave produced a Mytilus. At Lefkandi the LPG/SPG I (ca. 900 B.C.) Palia Pervolia Tomb 7 produced 2 Pinna fragments, and the SPG (ca. 900–750 B.C.) Pit 1 had 1 Pinna fragment.
Dentalium (Tooth or Tusk Shell; Pl. 6.13) The 46 Dentalium come from the following periods: 4.3% Temple A; 2.2% Temple B, Phase 1; 2.2% Temple B, Phase 2; 2.2% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 13% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 13% Temple B, Phase 3; 4.3% Hiatus period; 50% Temple C (23 shells); and 8.7% period of Temple C. One burnt shell comes from the Temple B, Phase 2, exterior double hearth. There are 22 Dentalium from below the floor of Building W (Pl. 6.13). Dentalium are found in coarse sand or gravel from 30–70 m.
COMPARATIVE DATA There are 12 Dentalium from Minoan Kommos (Reese 1995f: 270, pl. 5.5L). The Idean Cave produced 6 D. dentalis, and the Unexplored Mansion at Knossos yielded 7 examples. Tomb 100 (MGP–EG) at the Knossos North Cemetery produced a Dentalium (Evely 1996: 635–36). One Cypro-Classical II pyre at Salamis produced a Dentalium vulgare (Demetropoulos 1970: 301, fig. 2). 640 The Iron Age Fauna Sepia (Cuttlefish) The 24 Sepia come from the following periods: 4.2% Temple A; 4.2% Temple B, Phase 1; 4.2% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 8.3% Temple B, Phase 2; 4.2% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 12.3% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 4.2% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 8.3% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 8.3% Temple B, Phase 3; 8.3% Hiatus period; 16.7% Temple C (4 MNI); and 16.7% period of Temple C.
COMPARATIVE DATA There are 12 Sepia from Minoan Kommos, with 2 waterworn. Half date to LM III (Reese 1995f: 270). Bothros 9 at Kition has remains, as do a fourth- and a late-fourth-century-B.C. pyre at Salamis (Demetropoulos 1970: 299–300, pl. XXX.29).
Other Molluscs There are 7 Bivonia/Lemintina, with 3 small examples coming from Room 38, lower floor of Building Q, and 2 waterworn examples from the Temple B, Phase 3, general upper interior pails. Kommos also produced MM III and LM IIIB examples (Reese 1995f: 243). Two fragments were found at PG Syme, and a related Vermetus arenarius was found in the Sanctuary of Demeter at Knossos (Hughes-Brock 1973: 119). There are 6 Natica, with a small burnt example from the Temple B, Phase 2, exterior double hearth. Two broken Natica were found on the Temple C floor. Minoan Kommos produced 9 Natica (3 waterworn, 1 worn, 1 burnt, 1 LM IIIA holed, and 2 ring fragments; Reese 1995f: 271–72). The 2 Mitra come from one deposit in Temple B, Phase 3. A holed example was found at PG Syme, and 3 holed examples come from the Cypro-Archaic II Tomb 297 at Amathus. There are 2 Ostrea (Temple C and period of Temple C) as well as 150 fossil oysters. A total of 19 Recent oysters (32.8%) come from Ephesos, 6 from the Corycien Cave, and 4 from Acrocorinth.
Echinoids (Sea Urchins) The 50 Paracentrotus individuals come from the following periods: 6% Temple A; 2% period of Temple A; 4% Temple B, Phase 1; 2% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 2% period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 10% Temple B, Phase 2; 2% period of Temple B, Phase 2; 10% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 10% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 22% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (11 individuals); 6% Temple B, Phase 3; 2% period of Temple B, Phase 3; 2% Hiatus period; 18% Temple C (9 individuals); and 2% period of Temple C. There are burnt remains from the court of Temple B, Phase 2; period of Temple B, Phase 2, south sounding; period of Temple The Marine Invertebrates 641 B, Phases 2 and 3, Marine meal #15; and Temple B, Phase 3, general upper interior pails. There are also 2 fossil echinoids. Paracentrotus have a test diameter of up to 60 mm and are found on rocks and stones from the lower middle shore and in rock pools down to 30 m.
COMPARATIVE DATA Minoan Kommos produced 66 Paracentrotus (47% LM III) and 1 LM I Sphaerechinus (Reese 1995f: 273). Bothros 9 at Kition produced 4 almost complete tests. Echinoid remains come from pyres at Salamis dating to the Cypro-Classical II, fourth century, and late fourth century B.C. (2; Demetropoulos 1970: 299–300, pl. XXX.28).
Crustacea (Crabs and Barnacles) There are 64 marine crabs (63 Eriphia and 1 Calappa) present from the following periods: 4.7% Temple A; 3.1% period of Temple A; 3.1% Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 1.6% period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2; 6.2% Temple B, Phase 2; 12.5% period of Temple B, Phases 1–3; 14.1% Temple B, Phases 2 and 3; 25% period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (16 crabs); 21.9% Temple B, Phase 3; 6.2% Temple C; and 1.6% period of Temple C. Burnt remains were found in the pit to the east from the period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2, as well as in the court of Temple B, Phase 2, and the area south of the temples in the period of Temple B, Phases 2 and 3. The Calappa is from the northwestern enclosure of Temple C (ca. A.D. 160/170). This is a very large crab, with gigantic expanded claws. Also to be noted here are two freshwater crabs (Potamon, which live in estuaries and streams) from the period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2, and the period of Temple B, Phase 2. There are 10+ Lepas individuals from ten deposits, with most remains from the floor of Temple C and the southwestern upper hearth, and burnt remains from the rectangular hearth and the southwestern upper hearth. Two Balanus plates come from Temple C, 1 from the floor and a burnt example from the rectangular hearth. Eriphia are 50–60 mm in diameter and are found on rocky grounds in shallow water. Lepas are 50 mm long on stalks 100–200 mm long and are pelagic. They may be common on bottoms of slow-moving boats and driftwood. Balanus are found attached to rocks in shallow water on the lower shore.
COMPARATIVE DATA Minoan Kommos produced 27 Eriphia (5 burnt, 66.7% LM III), 1 MM III Potamon,and1MM III Lepas (Reese 1995f: 272). A first-century-after-Christ (?) stratum at the Unexplored Mansion at Knossos yielded Eriphia. There are 3 Eriphia and 1 Pachygraspus marmoratus (Fabr.), the running crab, from Tomb 79 at Salamis. 642 The Iron Age Fauna Conclusions The Kommos IA marine invertebrate sample (94,430 individuals) is not that different from the Minoan sample (35,903). Patella, Monodonta, and Glycymeris are in both cases the most common species. A single large seventh-century-B.C. Murex sample makes this shell seem more significant that it actually is. As with the Minoan Glycymeris, most of these were collected dead, and it is again hard to explain their presence at the site. The IA use of the shells is rather consistent over the life of the sanctuary complex, except for the shells associated with Temple C. In Temple C Patella is much less important, and various bivalves (particularly Donax, Mactra, and Cerastoderma) are more common. While burnt marine invertebrates are found in many deposits, and shells can be burnt in destructions, during food disposal, and during fumigation, there is definite evidence for the burning of shells at Kommos, particularly Cerastoderma. These shells were burned on hearths as well as in secondary dump deposits. Although several other sanctuary sites have produced a few burnt shells, none of them can match the quantities found at Kommos. The rather large number of Donax valves (337) is of interest, as this is the most common shell found at Cypriot sanctuaries (e.g., Tamassos and Kourion). A number of shells are holed and could have been personal ornaments of the visitors or other decorations, such as on cult statues or hung on walls. Finally, whereas other sanctuary/altar sites (e.g., Athens, Isthmia, Samos, Kition, and Cyrene) have shells imported from the Red Sea, all the Kommos forms are local.
7. The Insects David S. Reese
There are two insect remains from water-sieved deposits. These were examined by specialists in the Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, thanks to the efforts of Dr. Michael C. Day of that Department. The upper floor hearth in Temple C (29A1/28) produced an elytron (thickened wing) of a member of the Family Chrysomelidae. In Building B, the upper floor of the eastern room (10A/52) produced remains of Geocoris sp. (Family Lygaeidae), a generalized predatory bug. Because of its excellent state of preservation, with the wings present, it is probably modern.
COMPARATIVE DATA Minoan Kommos produced insect remains (Reese 1995d: 277–78). In the report of that material, other examples from BA and later circum-Mediterranean sites were cited, to which we can now add the publication of remains from Akrotiri on Thera (Panagiotakopulu and Buckland 1991; Panagiotakopulu et al. 1995; Panagiotakopulu et al. 1997). Appendix 6.1 643 Appendix 6.1 Iron Age Shell Purple-Dye Production in the Aegean David S. Reese
Murex trunculus, M. brandaris (both Family Muricidae), and the related Thais haemastoma (Family Thaididae) were used in the Mediterranean Basin to produce a colorfast purple-dye (for recent research, see Ziderman 1987; Reese 1980; 1987b). Since they are edible, useful as bait for fish, possible ornaments, and a source of lime, the shells found in small quantities are not evidence of a purple-dye industry. Archaeological evidence suggests that shell purple-dye production began in the Greek islands in the late Middle Bronze Age. The Bronze Age evidence for shell purple-dye production in the Mediterranean Basin has been surveyed elsewhere (Reese 1987b: 204–6). It has been shown (Fouquet and Belig 1971) that one M. trunculus will produce 1.2 mg of dye, and one M. brandaris will produce 0.6 mg of dye. A single gland will dye1gofwool to a standard shade of between 1/1 and 2/1 depth, a deep violet color that is equivalent to 3% dyeing (Elsner and Spanier 1985: 124–25). A great deal of labor is required in the process. First, the shells are caught (itself a laborious task and limited to certain seasons according to Pliny Natural History 9.125, 133) and the dye-bearing hypobranchial glands extracted, generally by crushing the shell. Next, the glands must be exposed, soaked in brine for three days (again, according to Pliny), and then boiled for nine more days. Pliny’s account of this process has recently been critically discussed by Michel and McGovern (1987). Here we briefly discuss the Iron Age sites in the Aegean that have shell evidence of purple- dye production or where such activity has been reported. At the Kapsorakhis plot at Asine in the Argolid in 1977 the Late Geometric Room S (2000: 7, 9; 2005:12, and 2015:2) produced 80 M. trunculus fragments from at least 36 individuals. A related deposit (2005:14, 2006:27, 33, and 2015:1) produced 177 M. trunculus fragments from at least 76 individuals. Five thousand talents–worth of purple-dyed cloth from Hermion (modern Ermioni) in the southern Argolid were found as fresh as new in Susa (Iran) in 331 B.C. by Alexander the Great after having been stored for 190 years. The excellent preservation was ascribed to the use of honey for the material dyed with shell purple-dye (Plutarch, Alexander 36; Diodorus Siculus 17.70). In the second century after Christ the sophist Alkiphron (3.46.4) spoke of Egyptian linen dyed with expensive Hermionian purple (cf. also Stephanos of Byzantium, s.v. Halieis). It would seem, therefore, that Hermione was producing shell purple-dye from at least the early sixth century B.C. to as late as the second century after Christ (Jameson 1994: 316–17). A large pile of murex shells was seen at the end of the eighteenth century at Ermioni by Sibthorp (Walpole 1817: 283), and I saw many M. trunculus, almost always crushed, all over the Ermioni peninsula, in August 1987 (Jameson 1994: 316–19, fig. 5.24, by Reese). Smaller 644 The Iron Age Fauna collections of murex shells have also been found at two southern Argolid survey sites (A3, 30 shells; E74, 100+ shells; Jameson 1994: 317). At Corinth evidence for shell purple-dye production was found in the 1930s, supposedly dating to the Turkish period (Gejvall 1938: 54). Dye works in the northeastern quarter of the Peribolos of Apollo were associated with much M. trunculus and date to the sixth–fifth century B.C. (Daux 1968: 787; 1967: 634). In 1976 many remains of crushed and uncrushed M. trunculus were found dating to the Byzantine period, probably the early eleventh century. The sample preserved in the Ancient Corinth Museum, Bone lot 1976–3, is of 66 complete M. trunculus. Excavations at the Hellenistic (ca. 360–240 B.C.) Rachi at Isthmia uncovered a dyeing work- shop possibly utilizing shell purple-dye (Kardara 1961). C. Kardara notes that a “few purple shells” were found (1961: 263). There is, however, only a single fragmentary M. trunculus from the Rachi preserved in the Isthmia Museum, and fewer than 40 M. brandaris (mainly) and M. trunculus preserved from all Isthmia excavations (personal analysis). In 1959 excavations at the Athenian Agora yielded a “thick deposit” of “thousands” of murex shells. The small amount of associated pottery is Early Byzantine (eighth century; J. Diamant, personal communication, 16 October 1987). The 2 shells saved (Agora Museum, BI 774) are M. trunculus. In 1879 Lortet and Chantre recorded undated M. brandaris refuse from purple-dye industries in Attica and on Salamis (Lortet 1884: 103; Perrot and Chipiez 1885: 881). The small island of Ayios Georgios, about 20 km south of Cape Sounion in Attica, produced a midden 40 m long by 2 m high of unspecified murex shells that were opened on the side of the shell (von Ducker 1871: 265). Stone hammers used to break the shells were found associated with the shells (von Ducker 1871: 265; Born 1937: 111). At an unspecified site in the Morea (the Peloponnesus) were found “des amas conside´rables” of M. brandaris “dont le test avait une alte´ration particulie`re” (discovery of Boblaye mentioned in Lamarck 1835–45: 559–60). F. de Saulcy (1864: 216–17) also mentions M. trunculus and Thais from there. Gythion in southern Laconia produced a midden of M. brandaris opened through the upper spire and found in the last century (de Saulcy 1864: 214, 217; Wyse 1865: 54; Gaillardot 1873: 759; Lenormant 1881: 107; Tristram 1882: 48). Many ancient authors mention the Laconian dye (Pliny, Natural History IX.60, IX.127, XXI.6, 45; Pausanias, Description of Greece III.21.6; Athenaeus, Deipnosophists 198; Horace, Odes II.18.7; Statius, Silvae I.2.150). The island of Kythera has Middle Minoan as well as later shell evidence, with a midden of M. brandaris found in the last century (de Saulcy 1864: 217; Gaillardot 1873: 759; Coldstream and Huxley 1973: 36–37, 282). G. Huxley notes that most of the shells were M. brandaris, but M. trunculus and Thais were also found. When I visited the area in 1981 only M. trunculus fragments were found. Maybe there are separate middens of M. trunculus and M. brandaris at the site. The island was known as Porphyrusa. Crushed M. trunculus have been found at Hellenistic Delos, both in the industrial quarter Notes 645 (associated with granite blocks and vats), outside the settlement, and reused in cement. There is also textual evidence describing the Delian industry (Bruneau 1969: 765–79; 1978: 110–14; 1979). The late seventh-century-B.C. Building Q, Room 38, at Kommos produced a sample of 4.4 kg of crushed M. trunculus (with a few Thais fragments) from at least 1,030 individuals (Pl. 6.11). This is half of the entire quantity found and present here in secondary use as floor packing. At Limani Chersonisos in northern Crete in the early 1960s crushed M. trunculus were found in secondary use as floor packing in a Roman house being eroded on the beach (Boekschoten 1962: 60). In 1984 I found many M. trunculus fragments in the beach scarp at that site. Roman (as well as MM) Kouphonisi (Leuke) off the southeastern coast of Crete has produced much crushed and holed M. trunculus (Papadakis 1983: fig. 14 upper row; Reese 1987b: 204). In 1987 Canadian/Greek excavations in the Epano Skala (North Harbour) district of Mytilene on Lesbos produced crushed M. trunculus shells used in floor packing dating from the third– second century B.C. An enormous quantity of crushed M. trunculus was found in a large bothros at the Peristerias sanctuary at Polis in northwestern Cyprus in the mid 1990s (Smith 1997: 90–91; personal analysis). As at Kommos, this is evidence for shell purple-dye production in association with a sanctuary. In the summer of 1996 R. Hohlfelder found quantities of M. trunculus at Early Roman–Byzan- tine Aperlae on the Turkish coast (Hohlfelder and Vann 1998: 29–31; personal analysis). There is literary and epigraphical evidence, but not yet actual shell evidence, for shell purple-dye production in other parts of Greece. The relevant areas include but are not limited to Boulis in Phokis on the Corinthian Gulf (Pausanias, Description of Greece 10.37.3), Meliboea in Thessaly (Lucr. II.500; Virgil, Aeneid V.250), Roman Gyaros in the Cyclades (Larsen 1938: 484), Itanos in eastern Crete (Herodotus IV.151), Chios (Athenaeus Deipnosophists 12.539–540a; Curtius Rufus 5.2, 18–19), Cos (Horace, Odes IV.13.13; Prop. IV.2.23, II.1.5), Rhodes (Vitruvius, De Architectura XIII.1–3), and Nysiros (Pliny, Natural History V.133).
Notes
1. David S. Reese was unable to complete the tions at Kommos, overlooking the Libyan Sea on introduction to the mammals section, as well as the south coast of Crete, revealed a later temple the summaries for Ovicaprids, Bos, and Sus. The used in three main periods, designated Temple editors are much indebted to Deborah Ruscillo A (ca. 1020–800 B.C.), Temple B (ca. 800–600 B.C.), for writing those sections of the text, based on and Temple C (ca. 375 B.C.–A.D. 160/170). Temple the information in Reese’s tables. A, a small rectangular building open to the east, 2. The National Statistical Service of Greece in was succeeded by Temple B, of similar layout 1980 reported that 85% of all sheep and goats but with a central hearth, interior benches, and slaughtered are less than a year old. a Tripillar Shrine reflecting Phoenician influence 3. In addition to Minoan remains, the excava- at the site. Later in the Temple B period an exte- 646 The Iron Age Fauna rior altar was added in the court east of the tem- in both periods, there seems to be no reason to ple. Temple C, built over Temple B, had a central assign M 60, M 106, and M 127 to the Minoan hearth and benches like its predecessor, but on period, as Harriet Blitzer has done. the east a double door opened toward additional 5. Not noted until after this manuscript was exterior altars. completed is a dedicatory inscription of the time Throughout the text I use the term fishermen of Hadrian (A.D. 117–138) from fishermen of By- rather than a gender-neutral term, such as fishers zantion to Dionysos Parabolos (Horsley 1989: 102 or, more awkward, fisherpeople. Those in the Clas- and references therein). A number of vase paint- sical world who fished for a living were men ings have been interpreted as depictions of peo- (Radcliffe 1974: 129–32). Although there are liter- ple sacrificing fish. That some of the fish shown ary and iconographical instances of females, hu- on the vases are large and some are clearly tunny man and divine, fishing, for example, Cleopatra has undoubtedly influenced the interpretation of (Plutarch, Antony 29.1–7; Radcliffe 1974: 173–74) the scenes as fish offerings, recalling as they do and Venus (depicted fishing with Cupid, see Rad- the sacrifice of tunny to Poseidon. B. Sparkes cliffe 1974: 168), these examples are akin to Au- (1995) discusses most of these vases and argues gustus’s fishing for relaxation (Suetonius, Au- that the depictions are not of sacrifices but simply gustus 83) and do not reflect the participation of of fishmongers going about their business, the women in the profession. supposed altars being nothing more than cutting My thanks to Joseph W. Shaw and David S. blocks. These depictions are, accordingly, not Reese for their encouragement and assistance considered here. with the preparation of this manuscript. Thanks 6. Given the Kommos sanctuary’s rural loca- also to Lynn Snyder for sharing her analysis of the tion, it seems unlikely that the fish offered there 1994 Acrocorinth Demeter and Kore Sanctuary were caught by organized associations of fisher- fauna. men such as those attested in inscriptions from 4. Given that barbed and unbarbed hooks ex- Parion (Frisch 1983: 10–15; Purcell 1995: 146–47) isted during the Bronze Age and the Greco- and Ephesos (Horsley 1989). Individuals or small Roman era, and bronze was used to make hooks groups based on family ties seem more likely.