Convergenza Digitale E Comunicazione D'emergenza

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Convergenza Digitale E Comunicazione D'emergenza Agnese Ragucci Convergenza digitale e comunicazione d’emergenza Analisi e progettazione di un sistema di context awareness per la resilienza sociale durante gli eventi alluvionali Relatore Francesco E. Guida POLITECNICO DI MILANO Scuola del Design Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Design della Comunicazione A.A. 2015/2016 INDICE Indice delle immagini 11 Abstract 13 1 INTRODUZIONE 15 2 AMBITO DI RICERCA 19 . 1 First Things First: comunicazione e impegno sociale 21 . 1 Design for Democracy 22 . 2 Citizens as Customers 23 . 2 Design for Emergency: ergonomia e sicurezza 25 . 1 Itsumo, Moshimo 26 . 2 Heat Rescue Disaster Recovery 28 . 3 Quake Quiz SF 28 . 3 Partecipazione e convergenza digitale 31 . 1 Fritz & Mathewson: i ruoli nei fenomeni di convergenza fsica 32 . 2 Palen & Liu: i social media e la convergenza digitale 33 . 3 Procopio & Procopio: i network locali come fonte di informazione e sostegno 34 . 4 Giroux & Roth: gli strumenti digitali della convergenza 35 . 4 Crisis Mapping: una case history 37 . 1 Il terremoto di Haiti 38 . 2 Lo tsunami del Tōhoku 40 . 3 L’uragano Sandy 44 . 4 Gli attentati terroristici di Parigi 46 . 5 La faglia di Sant’Andrea 49 Schede tecniche - Ambito di ricerca 51 Ushahidi 52 Sinsai 54 5 Safecast 56 Google Crisis Map 58 Facebook Safety Check 60 SF72 62 3 CONTESTO DI ANALISI 65 . 1 Genova 67 . 1 Vulnerabilità del territorio 68 . 2 Pericoli del clima 69 . 3 Esposti: persono e infrastrutture 70 . 2 Sistema e strumenti di Protezione Civile 73 . 1 Modelli di previsione 73 . 2 Sistemi di osservazione e di early warning 77 . 3 Comunicazione del rischio 79 . 1 La campagna “Io non rischio“ 79 . 2 L’applicazione mobile 81 . 4 Comunicazione del pericolo 84 . 1 Facebook e Twitter 84 . 5 Osservazione Facebook 89 Schede tecniche - Contesto di analisi 91 Alluvione del 9 ottobre 2014 92 Alluvione del 15 novembre 2014 96 4 CASI STUDIO 101 . 1 Criteri di analisi 103 . 1 Interattività 104 . 2 Mappa 104 . 3 Dati 104 . 2 Meteorologia 107 6 Schede tecniche - Casi studio: Meteorologia 109 Wheater Channel 110 ATX Flood 112 Meteo Earth 114 Windyty 116 Blitzortung 118 Omirl 120 . 3 Segnalazione 123 Schede tecniche - Casi studio: Segnalazione 125 OP Compass 126 Segnala Terremoto 128 UDOT Citizen Reports 130 EarthQuake Buddy 132 Next Door 134 BurgerNet 136 . 4 Data Mapping 139 Schede tecniche - Casi studio: Data Mapping 141 Early Warning Project 142 California Wildfres 144 Foreign-Born Population 146 Fun on the Move 148 Floodzone NYC 150 5 SCENARIO DI PROGETTO 153 . 1 Criticità 155 . 2 Target 158 . 3 Strategia 160 . 4 Potenzialità e limiti del servizio 162 . 5 Architettura del servizio 164 7 . 1 Applicazione mobile 166 . 2 Applicazione desktop 168 . 3 Emergency Management System (EMS) 169 . 6 Contesto d’uso 170 . 1 Tempo di pace 173 . 2 Comunicazione di allerta 191 . 3 Stato di allerta 194 . 4 Fase di allarme 198 . 5 Stato di emergenza 201 . 6 Segnalazione dell’utente 204 . 7 Segnalazione dalla community 208 6 CONCLUSIONI 213 7 BIBLIOGRAFIA 217 8 SITOGRAFIA 221 Ringraziamenti 225 8 INDICE DELLE IMMAGINI 1 Butterfy Ballot (http://americanhistory.si.edu/vote/large/7_02a_lrg.jpg) 22 2 Disaster Management Cycle 26 3 Itsumo, Moshimo (http://www.muji.net/pdf/store/campaign/itsumo_moshimo.pdf) 27 4 Heat Rescue Disaster Recovery (http://payload380.cargocollective.com/1/19/616497/ 29 9904910/_DSC0154-4extendA-web_1000.png) 5 Quake Quiz SF (http://quakequizsf.org/) 30 6 Fritz & Mathewson’s Spatial Model of Convergence Behavior (Convergence Behavior 32 in Disasters: A Problem in Social Control, in Disaster Study Number 9, p.7) 7 Giroux & Roth’s Disaster Zones Chart 36 8 2010 Haiti Earthquake (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Hai- 39 ti_Earthquake_building_damage.jpg) 9 2011 Japan Tsunami (http://cdn.ebaumsworld.com/2011/03/81377467/2.jpg) 42 10 2012 Hurricane Sandy (http://i.imgur.com/zVbcOpA.jpg) 45 11 2015 Paris Attacks (https://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/GettyIma- 47 ges-497043906.jpg) 12 Faglia di Sant’Andrea (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Kluft- 48 photo-Carrizo-Plain-Nov-2007-Img_0327.jpg) 13 Genova (http://www.primocanale.it/immagininews/20150731163926-genova.jpg) 66 14 Reticolo idrografco del Comune di Genova (http://mappe.comune.genova.it/mapsto- 68 re/?public=yes&mapId=34) 15 Ricostruzione del tracciato originario del ponte di Sant’Agata 69 16 Aree a pericolosità idraulica - Carta delle fasce di inondabilità dettaglio Municipi Bas- 72 sa e Media Val Bisagno (http://www.comune.genova.it/sites/default/fles/immagini/ tavola_dettaglio_10000_bisagno.jpg) 17 Avviso meteorologico per la Regione Liguria del 04/08/2016 75 18 Messaggio di allerta idrogeologica/idraulica per piogge diffuse e temporali del 76 04/08/2016 19 Mappa dei sensori di precipitazione ARPA Liguria (http://93.62.155.214/~omirl/WEB/ 77 mappa_sensori.html?parametro=rai&zoomStart=9&lat=44.22748846630169&lon=8.8863 15917968773&b=yes) 20 Volontario della campagna “Io non rischio“ 2015 (http://www.ilgiornaledellaprotezione- 80 civile.it/binary_fles/_images/83io_non_rischio_2015_giaveno_6.jpg) 11 ABSTRACT Lo studio dei fenomeni di convergenza in contesti di emergenza riconosce che in momenti di crisi le persone, più che farsi cogliere dal panico, tendono a organizzare spontaneamente reti di solidarietà e collaborazione che possono essere considerevolmente favorite dallo spazio digitale offerto dai nuovi media di comunicazione. L’osservazione analitica dei commenti dei cittadini rivolti ai messaggi pubblicati sulla pagina Facebook della Protezione Civile del Comune di Genova, nel corso delle alluvioni del 9 ottobre e del 15 novembre 2014, rivelano un uso ancora improprio di strumenti che, invece, potrebbero rappresentare una svolta nel processo di self-preparedness e self-protection da parte della popolazione minacciata da un evento potenzialmente disastroso. Emergono, infatti, alcune rilevanti criticità nel processo di comunicazione digitale: la tendenziale unidirezionalità della comunicazione e l’uso di un linguaggio troppo tecnicistico da parte delle istituzioni e l’aggressiva sfducia e la fsiologica tendenza a cadere nell’allarmismo da parte dei cittadini, riducendo signifcativamente il potenziale di resilienza che può essere offerto da questi strumenti di comunicazione. L’ipotesi progettuale proposta attinge ai principi del design della comunicazione e dell’interazione al fne di realizzare un artefatto social che mette in relazione il cittadino con il suo territorio, la sua comunità e le istituzioni, rendendolo partecipe e consapevole del rischio cui è esposto. 13 INTRODUZIONE Viviamo un’epoca in cui la mobile technology e i social network hanno creato un effciente ecosistema che permette lo scambio di informazioni in ogni momento e, virtualmente, in ogni luogo. Permeano a tal punto il nostro quotidiano che, persino in condizioni di estremo pericolo, ricorriamo a essi per cercare e condividere informazioni su ciò che sta accadendo attorno a noi. Là dove i giornali, la radio e la televisione relegavano il cittadino al ruolo di mero fruitore passivo della comunicazione d’emergenza, i nuovi media ne fanno un consumatore attivo, un prosumer. 1 Nel 1957, il Commettee on Disaster Studies, organo del National Research Council, pubblica uno studio condotto da Fritz e Mathewson, dedicato allo studio dei fenomeni di convergenza emersi in contesti di emergenza. 2 Lo studio contraddice e smentisce il popolare credo secondo cui, in occasione di crisi e disastri su larga scala, le persone si lascino prendere dal panico e si allontanino dal centro degli eventi. Al contrario, ciò che va creandosi è una ftta rete che lega, organizza e fa convergere persone, mezzi e informazioni. In tempi più recenti, Giroux e Roth (2012), dello Swiss Federal Institute of Technologies, osservano questo medesimo fenomeno emergere nello spazio digitale creato dai nuovi media di informazione. 3 All’interno di questo contesto, Genova e la sua Struttura di Protezione Civile sono stati scelti quali soggetti di analisi e sperimentazione. Sono stati analizzati i fussi comunicativi istituzionali e comunitari, 1 _ Jenkins H., Culture partecipative e competenze digitali. Media education per il XXI secolo (2009), p.29 2 _ Fritz C. E. e Mathewson J. H., Convergence Behavior in Disasters: A Problem in Social Control, in Disaster Study Number 9 (1957) 3 _ Giroux J. e Roth F., Conceptualizing the Crisis Mapping Phenomenon: Insights on Behavior and the Coordination of Agents and Information in Complex Crisis, in Focal Report 7: Risk Analysis (2012) 15 Introduzione gli attori che vi prendono parte, i canali prediletti e gli strumenti utilizzati. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata all’osservazione dello svolgersi delle comunicazioni sulla pagina Facebook uffciale della Protezione Civile durante gli ultimi eventi alluvionali del 2014. Dall’indagine sono emerse le principali criticità: l’unidirezionalità della comunicazione e un linguaggio pregno di tecnicismi da parte delle istituzioni, l’aggressiva sfducia e la fsiologica tendenza a cadere nell’allarmismo da parte degli utenti. La sperimentazione progettuale attinge ai principi del design della comunicazione e dell’interazione al fne di costruire un artefatto social dedicato al territorio e alla sua comunità, capace di promuovere la cultura di Protezione Civile e sensibilizzare sul tema dell’auto- protezione, spingendo il cittadino alla partecipazione e istruendolo nella ricerca di dati oggettivi per la valutazione del pericolo. Sfruttando le potenzialità dei dispositivi mobile legate alla geolocalizzazione e alla context awareness, permette al cittadino di conoscere in tempo reale il proprio stato di pericolo e quello della sua cerchia di familiari e amici. Sfruttando il naturale fenomeno di convergenza, il sistema si affda al crowdsourcing per fornire costanti aggiornamenti su ciò che sta accadendo a livello locale, dall’allagamento di un sottopassaggio alla segnalazione di frane e smottamenti, promuovendo così un fenomeno di resilienza sociale. 16 . 1 First Things First: comunicazione e impegno sociale . 1 Design for Democracy . 2 Citizens as Customers . 2 Design for Emergency: ergonomia e sicurezza . 1 Itsumo, Moshimo . 2 Heat Rescue Disaster Recovery .
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