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Models De Dades Dels SIG a Internet. Aspectes Teòrics I Aplicats

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Models De Dades Dels SIG a Internet. Aspectes Teòrics I Aplicats Models de dades dels SIG a Internet. Aspectes teòrics i aplicats Internet GIS Data models. Theoretical and applied aspects Tesi Doctoral Doctorat en Geografia Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Doctorand: Joan Masó Pau Director: Dr. Xavier Pons Fernández Juny del 2012 La portada l’aquest document es basa en una composició RGB en color fals obtinguda amb 3 canals espectrals (Infraroig proper, infraroig mitjà i vermell) que provenen d’un mosaic d’escenes Landsat 7 preses l’agost de 2003 i que es pot obtenir del servidor SatCat. (www.opengis.uab.cat/wms/satcat). Per a realitzar la portada s’ha escollit una regió de Catalunya que no contingués mar ni zones fora de l’àmbit. Per a la contraportada (a l’esquerra) i per a la portada (a la dreta), la regió s’ha dividit en sengles parts La imatge té 20 m de costat de píxel i ha estat tallada en tessel∙les de 256x256 píxels amb els procediments de preparació de capes del MiraMon per accelerar el rendiment en proporcionar una capa en un servei conforme a l’estàndard WMTS. La tessel∙lació consta de 55x55 tessel∙les de les qual finalment es fa servir una matriu de 24x17, començant a la tessel∙la (12,12) i acabant a la tessel∙la (28,35). “You're being confused by irrelevant data. Ignore it.” Seven of Nine from: Survival Instinct (1999) Star Trek Voyager series “This was just a first step. In time you’ll take another. Small moves, Ellie. Small moves.” Ted Arroway from: Contact (1997) movie ÍNDEX/TABLE OF CONTENTS Índex general/Table of contents ÍNDEX/TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ vii AGRAÏMENTS / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................... xiii RESUM (català) .............................................................................................................. xvii SUMMARY (English) ........................................................................................................ xxi 1. INTRODUCCIÓ/INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 1.A. Introducció (versió en català) ............................................................................ 3 1.A.1. Introducció general .................................................................................... 3 1.A.1.1. La necessitat de la cartografia digital i la problemàtica de la seva difusió. ............................................................................................................. 4 1.A.1.2. El sistema client‐servidor .................................................................... 5 1.A.1.3. La interoperabilitat i estàndards per a la distribució de dades espacials ............................................................................................................. 6 1.A.1.4. Les infraestructures de dades espacials .............................................. 9 1.A.1.5. L’Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). .............................................. 11 1.A.1.6. Estil d’arquitectura orientat a serveis ............................................... 12 1.A.1.7. Estil d’arquitectura orientada a recurs ............................................. 13 1.A.1.8. El SIG MiraMon ................................................................................. 13 1.A.2. Motivació de la tesi .................................................................................. 14 1.A.2.1. Problemàtiques conceptuals i d’arquitectura derivades de la implementació d’estàndards geospacials en infraestructures de dades distribuïdes. ........................................................................................................ 15 1.A.2.1.1. Situació actual de les infraestructures de dades espacials ......... 15 1.A.2.1.2. La opinió i contribució de l’usuari final (user feedback). ............ 16 1.A.2.1.3. L’hipermapa i les seves quatre limitacions ................................. 17 1.A.2.2. Problemàtiques específiques de la navegació de mapes a Internet i casos d’aplicació ................................................................................................. 18 1.A.2.2.1. Anàlisi rigorosa del rendiment dels servidors de mapes ............ 19 1.A.2.2.2. Mapes tallats en tessel∙les .......................................................... 20 1.A.2.2.3. El format JPEG2000 ..................................................................... 21 1.A.3. Objectius de la tesi ................................................................................... 23 1.A.4. Organització de la tesi .............................................................................. 24 1.B. INTRODUCTION (English version) .................................................................... 27 ii Models de dades dels SIG a Internet. Aspectes teòrics i aplicats 1.B.1. General introduction ................................................................................ 27 1.B.1.1. The need for digital cartography and its dissemination problems ... 27 1.B.1.2. The client‐server system ................................................................... 29 1.B.1.3. Interoperability and the standards for distributing spatial data ...... 30 1.B.1.4. Spatial data infrastructures ............................................................... 33 1.B.1.5. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) .......................................... 34 1.B.1.6. Service oriented architectural style .................................................. 36 1.B.1.7. Resource oriented architectural style ............................................... 36 1.B.1.8. The MiraMon GIS .............................................................................. 36 1.B.2. Motivation of the thesis ........................................................................... 38 1.B.2.1. Conceptual and architectural issues in implementing of standards for distributed spatial data infrastructures .............................................................. 38 1.B.2.1.1. Current status of the data infrastructures .................................. 38 1.B.2.1.2. End user feedback ....................................................................... 39 1.B.2.1.3. The hypermap and its four limitations ........................................ 40 1.B.2.2. Specific issues of Internet map browsers and uses cases ................. 41 1.B.2.2.1. Rigorous analysis of map server performance ............................ 42 1.B.2.2.2. Maps cut into tiles ....................................................................... 43 1.B.2.2.3. The JPEG2000 format .................................................................. 44 1.B.3. Thesis objectives ....................................................................................... 46 1.B.4. Document organization ............................................................................ 47 2. TUNING THE SECOND GENERATION SDI: THEORETICAL ASPECTS AND REAL USE CASES .............................................................................................................................. 49 2.A.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 51 2.A.1.1. SDI generations ................................................................................. 53 2.A.1.2. User‐side versus service‐side improvements in the current SDI generation .......................................................................................................... 53 2.A.1.3. Objectives and structure of the article ............................................. 54 2.A.2. Review of SDI geoportal components ...................................................... 54 2.A.3. Improving the user and service sides in current SDI implementations ... 57 2.A.3.1. Improving metadata about data ....................................................... 58 2.A.3.2. Improving metadata about services ................................................. 65 2.A.3.3. Improving data models ..................................................................... 67 2.A.3.4. Improving data download ................................................................. 68 Índex / Table of contents iii 2.A.3.5. Improving data services and adding processing services ................. 69 2.A.3.6. Improving data portrayal and symbolization .................................... 70 2.A.3.7. Adding mass market, VGI and Web 2.0 ............................................ 71 2.A.4. Use case 1: accessibility to healthcare centres ........................................ 72 2.A.5. Use case 2: Web 2.0 user metadata comments: IDECTalk ....................... 75 2.A.6. Conclusions ............................................................................................... 78 2.A.7. Acknowledgements .................................................................................. 78 2.A.8. References ................................................................................................ 78 3. BUILDING THE WORLD WIDE HYPERMAP (WWH) WITH A RESTFUL ARCHITECTURE .............................................................................................. 83 3.A.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 85 3.A.2. Technological methodologies ................................................................... 87 3.A.2.1. Geospatial Web services and dynamically generated hyperlinks ..... 87 3.A.2.2. Global geo‐identifiers .......................................................................
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