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1. the Road from the Ends of the Earth

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Belerion Cassiterides? Hercynian Forest (‘Tin Islands’) Sequana (Seine) Sanctuary of Hercules (Deneuvre) Ister Finistère (Danube) Alesia 1 . The Road from theEndsof from . TheRoad theEarth Oceanus GAULS Arar Solis columna Occidentalis (Saône) (‘Pillar of the Sun’) (Western Ocean) Lugdunum Bay (Lyon) Alps Battle of of Ticinus Biscay 4 Matrona (Hannibal) Garumna Pass (Rhone) 3 Rhodanus (Garonne) Nemausos 2 ETRUSCANS (Nîmes) Adriatic Sea Druentia Narbo 1 (Durance)LIGURIANS (Narbonne) Massalia Agatha (Marseille) (Agde) Fisterra Pyrenees Andorra Col de Rome CELTIBERIANS Panissars Arse (Sagunto) IBERIANS Mediterranean Sea New Carthage (Cartagena) Sacred Promontory Gades 1. Plain of the Crau Carthage (Sagres) Portus (Cadiz) 2. Roquemaure (Rhone crossing) Hannibalis 3. Serre-la-Croix oppidum (Alvor) Pillars of Hercules 4. Brigantium (Briançon) Mediolanum 200 kms system suggests a general direction ofsystem suggestsageneraldirection migration ratherthananexacttrajectory. Milan,the beyond furtherin twelve InItaly, cases(onaverage, 750metres). ve casesandwithin intwenty-fi centre than one –passesdirectlyaGaulishtribal line –sometimesmore through thoseof are The namesinboxes Asolar tribeswhomigrated toItaly. Loon-Plage Cassel Menapii Bonn Eburones Mons Namur Aduatuci Nervii La Chaussée- Chipilly- Tirancourt Méricourt Dumnonium Viromandui? 4 Ambiani Promontorium 1 Vieux-Laon Donnersberg (Bibrax) Treveri . Tribal centres andthemigration centres toItaly . Tribal Caput Caleti Luxembourg Pîtres Bailleul Remi Veliocasses Bellovaci Speyer Reims Nemetes Évreux Châlons Col de Aulerci Mont (Mont Jovis) Le Haut du Valérien Catalauni Saverne Château Parisii Boviolles Arvii Sées (Mont Châtel) Fossé des Sagii Leuci Pandours Huelgoat Mediomatrici Heidengraben Osismi Villeneuve/Yonne Vindelici? (Camp du Château) Île de Sein Rennes Châteauneuf- Senones Rediones sur-Loire Langres Vendôme Auerberg Carnutes? Lingones Carnac Vannes Cenomani? Vindelici? Alesia Veneti Mandubii Biberg Belle-Île Zürich Ambisontes (Camp De César) Besançon Helvetii Veneti Sequani Bibracte Aedui Mormont Rhone Magdalensberg Poitiers Châteaumeillant Lausanne source Norici? 1 Pictones Bituriges Helvetii Uberi 000 metres of000 metres perimeter thesite’s Sion Châtillon-en- Martigny Seduni Michaille Veragri Ambarri? Poenina Puy-de- Allobroges? Arona Mediomatrici? Gergovia Aosta Libui & Salluvii Angoulême Dôme Ticinus Arverni Salassi Mezzomerico Brescia Agesinates Milan Verona Ivrea Insubres Cenomani Salassi Briançon Cremona Matrona Cenomani Bordeaux Mont-Milan Brigiani Pass Bituriges (Langogne) Serre-la- Boii Vivisci Vellavi? Croix Modena Bazas Avantici? Bologna Vasates Boii Dentelles de Col de Sos Montmirail Tende Rimini Sotiates Albi Vieille- Ruteni Nîmes Marduel Lingones Plan de Toulouse Volcae Tarascon Senigallia Tectosages La Crau Herrebouc Heraklea? Senones Ausci Ancona Narbonne Avatici St-Martory Elisyci Massalia St-Lizier Convenae Olbia Chiusi Consoranni (Senones) Axat Atacini? Tribal centre Andorra Tribal centre more than Andosini 1000 m. from a line Berga Bergistani Vic Rome Other sites Ausetani 100 Kms Mountain pass Montjuich (Barcelona) Laietani Paths of the Gods 155 The legend is entirely plausible, except in one respect: the god- given itinerary looks very odd indeed. Unless Bellovesus and his followers mistook the lacy ridge of the Dentelles de Montmirail for a range of mountains, the territory of the Tricastini is a strange place from which to contemplate the distant Alps. Either they ignored the direction assigned to them by the Druids, or the gods’ instruc- tions were exceedingly complicated: south-south-east, a deviation towards Massalia, then north-east, and fi nally south-east to New Mediolanum (fi g. 40). This all sounds like a post facto justifi cation of military conquest, a boastful bardic tale designed to make the events fi t a spurious divine plan. Yet Livy, like most ancient historians, accepted the divinatory basis of the expedition. Justinus, too, in describing the Celtic coloni- zation of Italy and later migrations to the east, said – presuming that Several minor oppida on the lines have been omitted (e.g. Les Baux-de- Provence, Mondeville by Caen, Malaucène, Vézénobres, etc.), as have tribes whose names or capitals are unknown (e.g. the Budenicenses and the inhabitants of Marduel and Tarusco). Some tribes or tribal names may diff er from those of the fourth century bc. Speculative journeys along the lines will reveal many other likely sites for which there is, at the time of writing, insuffi cient archaeological evidence (e.g. Dôle, Jouarre, Luxembourg, Montpellier, Najac, Treviso). Bearings – taken where possible from the nodal points of Mediolanum Biturigum and Alesia – are those provided by the tangent ratio of 11:7 (57.53°, 122.47°, etc.), with the exception of the Alesia–Bibracte–Gergovia line, which, for geographical reasons, is 28.2° from north rather than 28.8° (see pp. 197–8). The creation of a settlement obviously depended in part on topography, and so some leeway was presumably allowed. With a slightly broader margin, several more tribes could join the total of thirty-seven. Major oppida occurring more than 1000 metres from a line are indicated on the map: Arvii (1.5 km), Cenomani (1.5), Remi (at Bibrax) (1.7), Bergistani (2.4), Laietani (2.4), Atacini (3.1), Seduni (3.5), Ruteni (3.6), Consoranni (4.0), Atrebates (4.1), Morini (4.1), Nervii (4.1), Sagii (4.4), Ausetani (4.8), Osismi (4.8), Sequani (5.0), Veragri (5.0), Aduatuci (5.3). In retracing ancient surveys, especially over such long distances, common sense calls for certain adjustments. Future explorers of the system should feel free to experiment. via thecapitalof of andthesources theHelvetii theRhoneandRhine. MediolanumBiturigum, travelling dueeast alongtheequinoctiallinefrom Balaton) by theirnew home(the mighthave reached The Hercuniates 1. Harz 2. Westerwald 3. Thuringer Wald 43. 4. Erzgebirge Elbe 5. Odenwald Oppida 6. Black Forest Mediolanum 7. Bohemian Forest 8. Bakony Forest 1 eastof of Gaulandremnants theHercynianForest 9. Carpathians Tectosages Silva Carbonaria 2 3 4 Rhine Boii? Arduenna Závist Silva Staré 5 Hradisko 9 Speyer Nemetes Seine Sylva Arguenneis Porta 7 Boii? Hercyniae Danube 6 Manching Mediolanum Zemplin Bratislava Loire Alesia Rauraci Budapest Boii Helvetii Boii? 8 Rhine Magdalensberg Hercuniates Regöly Mediolanum Szalacska Biturigum Mediolanum 9 (Milan) Garonne Belgrade Danube Rhone Boii Boii Tectosages Mediolanum Sofia Rome oppida Tectosages Ankara Ballihisar around Lake Lake around Tolistobogii / Boii? Trocmii Delphi Oppidum Mediolanum Other Location 200 kms Forest Brown Caterthun Medionemeton Traprain Law Din Eidyn (Edinburgh) Trimontium Rubers Law Luguvalium (Carlisle) Aberffraw Dinas Deva Emrys (Chester) Mediolanum (Whitchurch) Caister-on-Sea Tripontium Peterborough (nr Rugby) Wardy Hill Pendinas Ixworth Worcester Alauna (Alcester) Ickworth Bury St Sutton Edmunds Walls Magiovinium (Fenny Stratford) Bagendon Oxford Piercefield Verlamion Caesaromagus fort (St Albans) (Chelmsford) Wanborough Reading Durobrivae Glastonbury Leucomagus (Rochester) To r (East Anton) Lindinis Salisbury Venta Place referred to in the text Isca (Ilchester) (Winchester) (Topsham) Noviomagus Hæstingaceaster (Chichester) (Hastings) Abbotsbury Tamari Castle Ostia 100 kms (Plymouth) 62. The British network The network so far. All bearings are exact (tan ratio 4:3). 244 THE ANCIENT PATHS Leeds Chester Lincoln Dinas Emrys 1 Dinas Oleu Wardy Hill Pendinas Bury St 2 Edmunds Worcester 3 Gloucester Welwyn Oxford Cirencester St Albans 4 Silchester Salisbury Chichester Exeter 50 kms 1. Fosse Way 36.87° Solstice lines 2. Watling Street tan ratio 4:3 3. Icknield Way 53.13° 4. Ermin Street 64. The Four Royal Roads and the Roman road system All these survey lines have a tan ratio of 4:3. The Exeter–Lincoln line (the Fosse Way) implies a survey tolerance (acceptable deviation from the survey line) of 0.59°. The southern terminus of the Roman Fosse Way was probably Ilchester, which lies on the Whitchurch meridian: this Roman road has a tan ratio of 3:5 (bearing 30.96°, with a survey tolerance of 0.44°.) Watling Street; Ermin Street is the winter solstice line, bisected by the Fosse Way.* * Ermine Street, which ran approximately north from London, shows no obviously signifi cant bearing, whereas Ermin Street (north-west from Silchester) follows the British solstice bearing. Medieval scholars chose what they believed to be the more important ‘Ermyngestrete’, though in some versions of the legend (e.g. Robert of Gloucester’s thirteenth-century Chronicle), ‘Eningestret’ is paired with ‘Ikenildestrete’, as it is on the map above: ‘Lyne me clepeth eke thulke wey, he goth thorgh Glouceter, / And thorgh Circetre [Cirencester] euene also’. Oceanus Hyperboreus 18’24” Baile Dhubhthaich (Tain) Craig Phadraig (Inverness) Culloden Lumphanan Brown Caterthun Dunalastair 1 17’54” 2 3 Dunollie Dundurn Oceanus Septentrionalis Dunadd 4 5 Traprain Law / Dunpelder Nemthur Din Eidyn (Edinburgh) (Dumbarton) Trimontium Din Guardi (Eildon Hill) (Bamburgh) Rubers Law Yeavering Bell Trusty’s Hill Luguvalium (Carlisle) 17’24” Brocavum (Eamont) Stanwick to Dinas Emrys and to Mediolanum Petuaria 50 kms Oceanus Pendinas (Whitchurch) Parisorum (Brough) Humber Hibernicus Estuary Probable Celtic tribal capital Post-Roman, Dark Age capital or ‘royal site’ (unconfirmed) Nemeton (sanctuary) Centres of Scotland Tripoint 1. Taigh nan Teud Other place 2. Schiehallion / Maiden Pap Antonine Wall 3. Tigh Neimhidh (Duneaves, Fortingall) Hadrian’s
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    The Cimbri of Denmark, the Norse and Danish Vikings, and Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S28/U152 - (Hypothesis A) David K. Faux The goal of the present work is to assemble widely scattered facts to accurately record the story of one of Europe’s most enigmatic people of the early historic era – the Cimbri. To meet this goal, the present study will trace the antecedents and descendants of the Cimbri, who reside or resided in the northern part of the Jutland Peninsula, in what is today known as the County of Himmerland, Denmark. It is likely that the name Cimbri came to represent the peoples of the Cimbric Peninsula and nearby islands, now called Jutland, Fyn and so on. Very early (3rd Century BC) Greek sources also make note of the Teutones, a tribe closely associated with the Cimbri, however their specific place of residence is not precisely located. It is not until the 1st Century AD that Roman commentators describe other tribes residing within this geographical area. At some point before 500 AD, there is no further mention of the Cimbri or Teutones in any source, and the Cimbric Cheronese (Peninsula) is then called Jutland. As we shall see, problems in accomplishing this task are somewhat daunting. For example, there are inconsistencies in datasources, and highly conflicting viewpoints expressed by those interpreting the data. These difficulties can be addressed by a careful sifting of diverse material that has come to light largely due to the storehouse of primary source information accessed by the power of the Internet. Historical, archaeological and genetic data will be integrated to lift the veil that has to date obscured the story of the Cimbri, or Cimbrian, peoples.
  • Was Catu- Really Celtic for Battle?

    Was Catu- Really Celtic for Battle?

    Was Catu- Really Celtic for Battle? Anthony Durham & Michael Goormachtigh www.proto-english.org/catu.pdf First published March 2012, this version revised to 31 October 2019 Summary Many ancient proper names contain an element Catu- (or something similar), which is usually assumed to be Celtic for ‘battle’. A comprehensive survey of where and how ancient names containing cat, cad, etc actually occurred contradicts that assumption. Those names mainly derive from the local topography where particular tribes lived, not from the personal characteristics of individuals. Tribal names such as Caturiges, Cadurci, Catalauni, and Catubrini mapped mainly to areas such as Lusitania, Aquitania, Liguria, Belgica, and Venetia and not to areas near Atlantic coasts that were Celtic in a modern linguistic sense. Catu- emerges as a general Indo-European word element, related to Greek κατα ‘downwards’, particularly applied to lowland valleys, and perhaps best translated in English by ‘basin’. One of its descendants may be an element usually interpreted as ‘woods’ in British place names. Introduction It is widely believed that a single Celtic or Gaulish language was spoken across much of ancient continental Europe. Within that reconstructed language (Delamarre, 2003), a word element *catu- ‘battle, army’ is “well attested in Continental Celtic”, as in proper names such as Catumarus or Caturiges (Falileyev, 2010). We explain here why that logic is mistaken. Some linguists still cherish an old theory that Celtic languages moved generally from east to west, out of an ancient Celtic homeland in central Europe, somewhere around modern Bavaria. However, the best modern thinking suggests that Celtic languages crystallised on the Atlantic seaboard of Europe and then diffused from west to east (Cunliffe & Koch, 2010, and see here).