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Geological Approaches 2 3 the ROYAL GRACE of HIS MAJESTY the KING

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Geological Approaches 2 3 the ROYAL GRACE of HIS MAJESTY the KING Saline Soil Area Development in the Northeast: Geological approaches 2 3 The Royal gRaCe oF hIs MaJesTy The KIng On August 9th 2007, His Majesty the King granted an audience to the executives of the Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) to inform about the geological situation and present geological maps of Thailand. His Majesty the King gave an initiative to the DMR executives to conduct a geological research study in the Northeastern part of Thailand to determine the causes of the area’s saline soil and propose a proper solution to the problem present. In response to the King’s advice and initiative, the DMR has set up a project called “Saline Soil Area Development in the Northeast”. A small saline affected area located within Nam Un watershed, Sakon Nakhon Province has been selected as the first study area. The Royal woRds on 9Th augusT 2007 “…A hazard has recently occurred in the Northeastern areas; rain water eroded down to the deeper soils and caused saline soil in many rice paddy fields. As I noticed such problems, the Land Development Department The project employs three main strategies to sort out three different and other departments must integrate to solve this problem because this problems, which are: geological, agricultural and communal. The strategies hazard did indeed occur. This level of salinity is serious and is very harmful include the study on the origins of the saline soil and causes of salt dispersion in to plants…” the area; soil quality improvement methods; and selecting salt tolerant plants and rice strains for use in affected areas. “…The level of salinity in the salt affected soil at Khao Tao pineapple The Saline Soil Development Learning Center has been set up at Tambon farm is getting higher after every crop. The foot hill of Khao Tao is covered Haiyong, Phangkhon District, Sakon Nakhon Province. Here, the development with alkaline soil, transported from surrounding hills, my suggestion to solve model from the study is passed on to groups of farmers to further test and distribute this problem is to move the alkaline soil up to the top…” the proposed solutions to the community to be applied in other affected areas. 4 5 What to Do With Saline Soils? In February 2008, the DMR launched the project called “Saline Soil Area Development in the Northeast” to study the causes and solve these soil salinity What Are Saline Soils? problems.The Integration of geological, agricultural and the communal strategies among participating offices and organizations are vital to the success of the Saline soils are soils containing high concentration of soluble salts which project. The organizations involved are as follows: Office of Natural Resources obstruct the growth of plants. Excessive salt damages plants by disrupting their and Environment, Sakon Nakhon Province; Rice Department; Department of intake of water and interfering with the absorption of nutrients. The table below Groundwater Resources; Pimai Salt Co., Ltd.; National Science and Technology shows the 5 classes of generally recognized saline soils and the effect on crops. Development Agency (NSTDA); Land Development Department, etc. The geological work that has been prepared is effective in creating a strong foundation for our continuing work due to its useful application in various Very strongly Only a few very tolerant crops exploration techniques including geological, geophysical and geochemical surveys yield satisfactorily saline on the saline soil project. The study of rice selection in particular has yielded great (%) Salt Concentration success. The success of our demonstration rice field, along with the participation 16 0.8 of the people, has resulted in an Action Plan for the entire Haiyong Community. Strongly saline Only tolerant crops yield satisfactorily Conductivity (dS/m) Conductivity 8 0.4 Moderately saline Yields of many crops are restricted 4 0.2 Slightly saline Yields of sensitive crops may be restricted 2 0.1 Non saline Salinity effects negligible Many provinces in the Northeastern part of Thailand (Isan) have been affected by saline soils which are caused mainly by dissolved sodium chloride from deep seated rock salt. During every dry season salt is interspersed on the lowland ground surface and it is leached away in the rainy season. The soil salinity has rapidly dispersed and has lowered the quality of life for many people; causing many economical, social and environmental problems. Salinity in the salt affected study area Gravity lows delineate salt domes 6 7 The Saline Affected Areas Strongly Saline Moderately Saline The Khorat Plateau covers one third of the country. Twenty nine percent of Sakon Nakhon Basin the Northeastern part, about 30.4 million Rais*, is mapped as saline soil terrains with 3 degrees of salinity. Udon Thani (*1 Rai covers an area of 40x40 square meters) Sakon Nakhon Nakhon Phanom 1. Strongly saline terrain Kalasin covers 1.4 million Rais of salt surface ground. Khon Kaen 2. Moderately saline terrain Roi Et covers 5.7 million Rais of scattered salt surface ground. Khorat Basin Yasothon Chaiyaphum 3. Slightly saline terrain Maha Sarakham Amnat Charoen covers 23.3 million Rais of some scattered salt surfaced ground Ubon Ratchathani Non-saline terrain, slightly saline terrain, 75.6 Million Rais 23.3 Million Rais Buri Ram Surin Si Sa Ket Saline terrain, Nakhon Ratchasima 30.4 Million Rais moderately saline terrain, 5.7 Million Rais strongly saline terrain, 1.4 Million Rais The strongly and moderately saline terrains covering fifteen provinces of Isan are located over the two sedimentary basins of the Khorat plateau There are fifteen provinces affected by the salinity as follows: Udon Thani, Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom, Khon Kaen, Kalasin, Chaiyaphum, Maha Saline soil is caused naturally by rock salts that are dissolved by the Sarakham, Roi Et, Yasothon, Amnat Charoen, Nakhon Ratchasima, Buri Ram, groundwater and dispersed in the lowland where the groundwater table is very Surin, Si Sa Ket, and Ubon Ratchathani. shallow. One serious, but avoidable, cause of the saline soil crisis is deforestation. The forest stabilizes groundwater table and simultaneously humidifies the atmosphere by absorbing groundwater via the roots and evaporating it through the leaves. Without the forest, groundwater table will rise up close to the ground surface and the air will be dry. These conditions are suitable for saline soil occurrences. 8 9 The Khorat Plateau and the Hidden Gigantic Rock Salt The cause, the shortcuts and the catalyst The northeastern saline soil is caused mostly by rock salt being dissolved and dispersed by groundwater. However, the saline soil would not have spread Under the Khorat Plateau lay various clastic sedimentary rocks of the widely over the plateau without the necessary shortcuts and Khorat group including conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale and mudstone. catalyst. The salt domes act as shortcuts Since the Mesozoic Era (251-65 million years ago), these sediments have been allowing the source of the salt to continuously deposited into a continental basin under an arid to semi-arid climate. move closer to the surface, while Capillary zone At the end of the Era, after the seawater transgression dried out by the the faults act as pathways for aridity, rock salt beds hundreds of meters thick were left behind. The rock salt was upward movement of the saline finally covered with very fine grained sediments transported by wind and water. groundwater. Fractures Groundwater table The uplifting of the Khorat Plateau caused deformations and fractures in the Salt dome rock sequence. Under great load pressure, the rigid rock salt behaves as a plastic After the groundwater body and flows upward through weak zones in the upper rock units to form salt dissolves the salt domes, the domes. The fractured cap rocks can easily collapse when the top of the salt domes catalyst to the saline soil crisis is the are leached by groundwater. Nowadays, many reservoirs spread throughout the capillary force which pulls the brine up, Khorat plateau indicate the shallow buried salt domes. against the gravity, to the surface. At this point, pure water evaporates from the brine and only salt is left behind. This process happens continuously under dry weather conditions where the groundwater table is shallower than 4 feet and the top soil is sandy. Capillary zone Salt affected terrain Groundwater table rises up Salt dome Humid air Dry air Deforest Forest Fault Fault formation Groundwater table Younger Salt dome n formatio Rock salt Older formations 10 11 The Geological Solutions on the Saline Soil Problems The DMR has acted in response to the King’s advice and initiative to help Bentonite is a combination of clay minerals altered from igneous rocks or people in saline soil affected area by cooperating with participatory offices and volcanic tuff, e.g. montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite, saponite and hectorite. organizations to study on the soil quality improvement. Many solutions have been When wet, bentonite absorbs water and forms an impermeable film which derived from the intensive study. The solutions are as follows: the use of salt inactivates the capillary force. Bentonite deposits in the northeastern are mostly leaching technique, the use of organic fertilizer, and the selection of salt tolerant found in mud seepages in some provinces, e .g. Chaiyaphum and Sakon Nakhon plants and rice types for the area. Provinces. The geological investigation by the DMR indicated that the saline soil is The clay of Nawa is a weathering product of mudstone, claystone and shale caused by the leakage of saline groundwater. One good solution to this problem of the Nawa rock member which is sitting on top of the rock salt beds. It composes is the salt leaching technique. However, a better solution is to avoid the catalyst of of kaolinite, montmorillonite and quartz. Nawa clay can prevent the leakage of the crisis by humidify the soil with agricultural materials, e.g.
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