The Polish Operation of the NKVD in the Minsk Oblast, BSSR: Statistics and Demographics.

Tomasz Sommer The population of the BSSR according to the census of January 1937 nationality population % Belarusians 4,361 ,804 83,90% Jews 363,217 6,99% Russians 248,169 4,77% Poles 119,881 2,31% 65,416 1,26% Others 11,579 0,22% Latvians 10,240 0,20% Niemcy 9,677 0,19% Lithuanians 5,422 0,10% Tatars 3,475 0,07%

Number of people repressed in the BSSR during the Kulak Operation (order no. 00447)

Type of repression Population %

death penalty 6,869 0,13

other penalties 17,340 0,46 Number of people repressed in the BSSR during the Kulak Operation (order no. 00447)

(na podstawie: Марк Юнге, Геннадий Бордюгов, Рольф Биннер, „ВЕРТИКАЛЬ БОЛЬШОГО ТЕРРОРА. История операции по приказу НКВД № 00447”, Moskwa 2008, s. 522) Number of people repressed in the BSSR during the Polish Operation (order no. 00485)

Type of Population % repression

death penalty 17,772 14,8

other penalties 2,159 1,8 Number of people repressed in the BSSR during the Polish Operation (order no. 00485) Number of people repressed in the BSSR during the Polish Operation (order no. 00485)

Number of victims of the Polish Operation as a percentage of the total Polish population in Belarus

Polacy Reszta Number of people repressed in the BSSR during the Polish Operation (order no.00485)

Number of victims of Polish Operation as a percentage of the total Polish population in Belarus sentenced to other penalties ofiary operacji polskiej reszta Statistics

•„Расстрелянные в Минске - Индекс граждан, расстреляных в Минске в 1920– 1950-е гг.”, Серыя «Беларускі Індэкс Рэпрэсаваных» Том 3, Складальнікі Вацлаў Арэшка, Ігар Кузняцоў

• index includes: - 5,804 names - 5,353 were repressed in 1937-1938 which is 92,2 percent

Repressed according to nationality

nationality population % Belarusians 3149 58,84% Poles 1346 25,15% Jews 398 7,44% Latvians 128 2,39% Russians 122 2,28% Germans 60 1,12% Lithuanians 45 0,84% No data 42 0,78% Ukrainians 39 0,72% Tatars 9 0,17% Roma 4 0,07% Bulgarians 2 0,04% Armenians 2 0,04% Hungarians 1 0,02% Czechs 1 0,02% Georgians 1 0,02% Koreans 1 0,02% Estonians 1 0,02% Finns 1 0,02% Repressed according to nationality

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 Repressed according to nationality

0.02% 0.02% 0.04% 0.78% 0.72% 0.02% 0.04% 0.02% 0.02% 0.84% 0.07% 0.17% 0.02% 1.12% 2.28% 2.39%

7.44%

25.15% 58.84%

Białorusini Polacy Żydzi Łotysze Rosjanie Niemcy Litwini B.d. Ukraińcy Tatarzy Cyganie Bułgarzy Ormianie Węgier Number of women repressed according to their nationality

•Number of women: 325 (6,1%)

Nationality % Belarusians 44,0% Poles 39,3% Jews 7,3% Latvians 2,8% Russians 2,8% Lithuanians 2,5% Ukrainians 0,6% Germans 0,6% Number of women repressed according to their nationality

Litwinki Ukrainki Niemki Rosjanki 2.5% 0.6% 0.6% 2.8% Łotyszki 2.8%

Żydówki 7.3%

Białorusinki 44.0%

Polki 39.3% Number of Polish victims (Poles or the victims of the Polish Operation): 3,395 (63.4 %)

Number of victims of the Polish Operation: 3,150 (58.8 %) (It may be an underestimate because of the ambiguity of the category of "espionage") nationality population % Belarusians 1582 50,11% Poles 1172 37,12% Jews 248 7,86% Russians 54 1,71% Lithuanians 23 0,73% No data 24 0,76% Ukrainians 20 0,63% Latvians 15 0,48% Germans 10 0,32% Tatars 4 0,13% Roma 2 0,06% Armenians 1 0,03% Hungarians 1 0,03% Estonians 1 0,03%

Victims’ nationality

1800

50.11% 1600

1400

37.12% 1200

1000

800 1582

600 1172

400 7.86% 200 248 1.71% 0.73% 0.76% 0.63% 0.48% 0.32% 0.13% 0.06% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0 54 23 24 20 15 10 4 2 1 1 1 Białorusini Polacy Żydzi Rosjanie Litwini B.d. Ukraińcy Łotysze Niemcy Tatarzy Cyganie Orminin Węgier Estończyk Performing anti-kulak theater in Team for the fight against religion. Commemorative photo before heading out into the field. (central Russia, early 1930s) Reading the anti-religious press. Newspaper: "Down with Easter" Collectivization brigade before heading into the field. (Russia, early 1930s) Anti-religious lesson in elementary school. Ukraine, 1930. Kids during anti-religious demonstrations Anti-religious poster: “We do not want the reward in heaven”

Congress of the godless Exercises in a park in Moscow Parade of the athletes, Red Square in Moscow (May Day 1937) Exercise in the countryside Demonstration in defense of the birds. Russia, early 1930s Weddings in Moscow in 1936 lasted 5 minutes. Another couple is waiting for their turn. Praise of terror Stalin, like Hitler, wanted to build a new capital The Polish bishops prosecuted for the fact that they refused to give money (1923) German – Soviet cooperation (mid 1930s) Auction of Tsarist property (1927) Auction of Tsarist property (1927) Monk near Leningrad (1920s) Restaurant in the church (1930s) Museum of atheism (Isakiyevski Sobor, Leningrad) Destroyed crosses Demolition of the church in Kharkov Destroyed church bells Lenin on the church tower Propaganda on the field near Kiev Collecting taxes in Guarding a granary during the Terror-Famine in Ukraine The wife of an “Enemy of the People” Dances of the working class Dances of the working class