PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE GOVERNOR'S LAND AT TWO RIVERS JAMES CITY COUNTY, VIRGINIA
Submitted to:
Governor's Land Associates, Inc. Post Office Box EJ KilYiamsburg, Virginia 23187
May lYYl
James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. 77ze Yeardley House Jarnestown, Virginia 23081 (804) 229-9485
PHASE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TIIE GOVERNOR'S LAND AT TWO RLVERS JAMES CITY COUN'IY, VIRGINIA
JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE
for
ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
2080 Jarnestown Road Williamsburg, Virginia 231 85 (804) 229-9485 ABSTRACT Beginning in 1988, the James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (JRIA) conducted a Phase 1 archaeological survey on a 1,440 acre tract of privately-held land called the Governor's Land at Two Rivers, planned for residential and recreational development by Governor's Land Associates, Inc. The project area is located in James City County, Virginia, adjacent to the confluence of the James and Chickahominy rivers. The objective of the Phase I survey was the identification of all archaeological sites in the project area. Research supporting the project was multi-disciplinary and consisted of a review of archaeological site forms and reports for the study area on file at the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR); archival research including a land title search and review of other sources of pertinent historical documents and maps; and a comprehensive archaeological survey of the entire property. In general, the results of the survey indicate that site locations are closely associated with water resources, relatively arable and moderately well-drained soils, and roadways. Few indications of prehistoric and historic occupation were observed within large tracts of poorly drained land within the interior north-central portions of the property. This evidence corresponds with the current understanding of settlement patterns in the region.
A total of 94 sites were investigated during the survey. Of these, 49 have been recommended for Phase I1 significance evaluation (see Tables I and 11). TABLE OF COATTENTS
Page Abstract ...... ii List of Figures ...... iv List of Tables ...... v Introduction ...... 1
Environmental Setting ...... 7
Prehistoric overview ...... 28
Historic Overview ...... 39
Previous Research ...... 90 Prehistory ...... 92 Historical ...... 101
Research Design ...... 104
Survey Methods ...... 115 Survey Conditions ...... 127
Survey Results ...... 128 West Tract ...... 128 East Tract ...... 185 Summary ...... 215
Proposed Paspahegh District Nomination ...... 235
Bibliography ...... 253
Appendix A . Finds Lists ...... 264
West Tract ...... 264 East Tract ...... 325
Appendix B .Site Forms ...... 354
West Tract ...... 354 East Tract ...... 431
iii LIST OF FIGURES
Page 1 . Location of Governor's Land at Two Rivers ...... 2 2 . ~oundariesof the Survey Area ...... 5 3 . Soil Characteristics of the Survey Area ...... 26 4 . Virginia Discovered and Discribed. 1610 ...... 44 5 . Chart of Virginia. 1608 ...... 45 6 . Virginia and Maryland. 1670 ...... 66 7 . [Untitled Map of Virginia]. 1681 ...... 67 8 . Virginia and Maryland. 1690 ...... 68 9 . Survey for Thomas Lord Culpeper. 1683 ...... 70 10 . A Map of the Most Inhabited Part of Virginia. 1755 ..... 72 11 . Plan du terein a la Rive Gauche de la Riviere de James. 1781 ...... 77 12 . Hare's Map of the Vicinity of Richmond and the Peninsula Campaign. 1862 ...... 82 13 . Map of New Kent. Charles City and James City Counties. 1863 ...... 83 14 . James)River. Virginia. from College Creek to Chickahominy River. 1873-1874 ...... 85 15 . Chickahominy River. 1873-1874 ...... 86 16 . Plat of the Pine Dell Land Company's Land. 1940 ...... 89
17 . Location of survey zones .west tract ...... 119 18 . Location of survey zones .east tract ...... 120
19 . Location of archaeological sites .west tract ...... 129 20 . Location of archaeological sites .east tract ...... 130 21 . Proposed Paspahegh Archaeological District ...... 237 LIST OF TABLES
Table I . West Tract Site Recommendations ...... 230 Table I1 . East Tract Site Recommendations ...... 233 Table I11 . Sites Containing Native American Components Within Proposed Paspahegh Archaeological District ...... 239 Table IV . Sites Containing Historic Colonial or Later Components Within Proposed Paspehegh Archaeological District ...... 241 INTRODUCTION
Governor's Land Associates, Inc. contracted the James ~iver Institute For Archaeology, Inc. (JRIA) to conduct a Phase I archaeological survey of approximately 1,440 acres that will be impacted by a planned residential and recreational community called the Governor's Land at Two Rivers, located in James City County, Virginia (Figure 1). The Phase I survey was originally undertaken as a proffer to James City County by Governor's Land Associates, and represented the county's first large-scale archaeological proffer . The survey was initiated by the property owners in anticipation of the presence of important archaeological remains within the property which would require identification for management purposes. At the time of the survey, there were no federal permits or jurisdiction on the property. Since December, 1990, no archaeological work has been conducted on the property.
The survey area is a contiguous tract of land, roughly rectangular in shape, extending north from the shores of the James River and west from Shellbank Creek to the confluence of the Chickahominy ~ivernear Barrets Point. The average north-south width of the project area is one mile, and its length is approximately 3.5 miles. The northern boundary of the survey area corresponds approximately with State Route 5. This property is known as the "Governor's Land" because of its proximity to the 3,000 acre 17th-century tract associated with the governor of
3
Virginia from 1618 to 1699. Yet, the property has a complicated history which does not clearly define it as part of the historic Governor's Land estate, although at times tenants and occupants appear to have moved freely between the neighboring settlements.
The Governor's Land at Two Rivers property consists of a diverse series of broad and dissected terraces of coastal lowlands and interior uplands adjacent to the confluence of the James and Chickahominy rivers. The property contains discrete areas of prime farmland and large tracts of poorly drained soils within the predominately forested tract.
The results of the recent JRIA survey, combined with the results of previous studies by the College of William and Mary, have produced an important body of archaeological and historical information for one of the last large undeveloped tracts of riverine land in James City County. Decades of previous interdisciplinary research in the middle section of the James-York
Peninsula (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 1986) have produced a body of comparable data through which the Governor's land at T'wo Rivers tract can be understood within local, regional, and national contexts.
In order to meet the planning needs of the property owners, JRIA identified all archaeological resources on the property, and prioritized the most important of these for avoidance or redesign 4 of construction plans, if practical, in place of data recovery. The present report includes revisions as suggested by the State Historic Preservation Office in Virginia required to bring the project in to compliance with federal preservation legislation, regulations, and guidelines concerning the affect on cultural resources of activities conducted under federal permit.
The original field survey was conducted by the staff of JRIA, under the field supervision of William Leigh 111 and the direction of Senior Archaeologist Nicholas Luccketti. The field survey was conducted from July 13 to November 4, 1988; during July 1989; and from March 14 to April 21, 1990. The entire 1,440 acre tract was examined in an attempt to identify and inventory all cultural remains on the property (Figure 2). The property was surveyed using practical and comprehensive sampling techniques designed to accommodate the varying conditions of surface exposure in the area.
The principal authors of the archaeological sections of the report are Nicholas Luccketti and Charles Hodges. The original survey data were compiled by Luccketti and William Leigh. Beverly Straube and Todd Behrens cataloged the historic artifacts in the survey collection. Antony Opperman cataloged the prehistoric artifacts. Opperman and Hodges wrote the section on the environmental setting of the project area. Martha McCartney wrote the Historic Overview, and consultant Paul Green wrote the bulk of
the Prehistoric Overview which was contributed to by Hodges. Mary
6 Ellen Hodges authored the Paspahegh Archaeological District proposal with the assistance of Charles Hodges and Luccketti. Project and site location maps were drafted by Jamie May. Luccketti and Mary Ellen Hodges edited the report, while Jennifer West managed its preparation and compilation. Field records and artifacts are currently stored at JRIA offices in Jarnestown. Final disposition of the artifacts will be with the appropriate federal or state agency. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
Introduction
It is important to recognize that cultural systems have a close interactive relationship with the natural environment in which they are located. his relationship is an adaptive one in which the environment not only imposes constraints, but also provides a variety of behavioral options from which a culture can select practices necessary to insure continuity. A brief review of the project area's natural environment, and how it has changed through time, is therefore a prerequisite for any assessment of its past occupation.
The immediate environs of the project area are characterized by a diversity of environmental settings. The dominant features are the Chickahominy River and James River estuaries which provided such resources as freshwater shellfish, anadromous fishes, migratory waterfowl, and aquatic plants for both prehistoric and historic subsistence use. Both Native American and European agricultural activities also would have been encouraged by the suitable, though geographically limited, soil and drainage characteristics of the lowland Barrets Point area. Though the remaining upland interior portions of the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract are of lesser agricultural value, they would have been utilized on a transient basis for Native American hunting and 8 gathering activities as well as for limited historic settlement. The primary focus of past cultural activity on the Barrets Point area is, therefore, a predictable pattern given the environmental diversity of that locale, its isolation from other areas of equal environmental value, and the character of past economic and settlement behavior.
The following section provides a preliminary overview of the environmental characteristics of the study area which have influenced the course of human settlement. Specific physical characteristics sf the study area that have arbitrated past human adaptive behavior within the study area are identified and discussed.
Physical Location and General Characteristics of the Studv Area
The approximately 1,440 acre project area is located in the inner portion of the Coastal Plain Province in Virginia, situated about eight miles southwest of the City of Williamsburg and five miles west-northwest of Jamestown Island. The tract spans areas at or near the confluence of the James and Chickahominy Rivers at Barrets Point, extending east to Shellbank Creek and north to
Virginia State Route 5. The parcel is about 3.5 miles long east to west with an average width of one mile. Not included in the survey area is a large, roughly triangular parcel directly south of the
Route 5 Chickahominy River Bridge northeast of the survey area, which has been retained by owners other than Governor's Land 9
Associates, Inc. A small parcel known as the Nathan Stewart Estate, within the south-southeast boundary of the survey area, also is not included in the project.
An important feature of the project area is the confluence of the James and Chickahominy rivers, which includes 21,750 linear feet of river shoreline. Additionally, there are both extensive and restricted areas of tidal and non-tidal wetlands, mixed pine and hardwood forests, open farmland, and several nearshore islands along the James River (Espey, Huston and Associates, Inc. 1988: 6) .
Geological Settinp,
The project area is located on Virginia's Lower Peninsula in the Coastal Plain physiographic province. The Lower Peninsula is a large but relatively narrow landform bounded on the north and south by the York and James rivers, respectively. The Coastal Plain is an area of low topographic relief extending from west of the Suffolk Scarp and east of the Piedmont fall line (Oaks and Coch 1973:5). In general, the landforms in this area are characterized by relatively low relief along the major rivers and their principal tributaries with increasingly elevated and dissected conditions as one proceeds into the interior. The basement rock of the province is overlain by unconsolidated sediments of marine and fluvial origin which thicken and slope eastward (Oaks and Coch 1973:32-33).
The surface landscape consists of a series of broad, flat terraces 10 and scarps associated with past cycles of marine transgression and regression (Onuschak 1973:113).
The survey area is underlain by the Shirley Formation which consists of pebble to boulder-sized particles, sand, silt, and clay with scattered peat and organic silt beds. The Shirley Formation is manifested as an upward-fining sequence comprised of basal gravelly sand that grades upward into a fine to coarse sand overlain by clayey silt or clayey, silty fine sand. The formation was created by fluvial, estuarine, and marsh conditions. Portions of the survey area may also contain areas of barrier, bay, nearshore marine, and aeolian deposits dating from the Late Middle Pleistocene, for these features have been noted further southeast within the Lower Peninsula (Johnson and Berquist 1989:15-16). The presence of potential aeolian deposits (fine wind-blown sand and silt deposits) may have important bearing on buried prehistoric cultural strata, but this possibility remains untested.
The landscape within the study area is dominated by two major terrace formations. The project area is specifically situated on the "45-Foot Plain," with a small portion of the lower "15-Foot Plain" represented along the James River shoreline east of Barrets Point (Johnson 1969). The 45-Foot Plain is a characteristic feature along the north bank of the James River from the Chickahominy River to Newport News, and is adjacent to such better- known examples of the 15-Foot Plain as Jamestown Island, Hog 11 Island, Mulberry Island, and Ragged Island. Both terraces are poorly dissected and drained, though some relief has developed along their perimeters as expressed locally within the project area.
The 1v45-Foot Plain" at Governor s Land actually averages between 30' and 35' above sea level (ASL) as the project area is located within the portions of the 45-Foot Plain referred to by geologists as the Huntington Flat. The Huntington Flat is of apparent Middle Pleistocene age and contains gravelly, coarse sand with poorly drained silt and clay from the upper Shirley Formation deposited over it. Accordingly, the Huntington Flat is associated with poorly drained surface soils notable within the north-central portions of the study area. In general, it is the Norfolk formation which underlies the higher 45 foot plains. The Norfolk formation is made up of cross-bedded medium to coarse sand, sandy pebble gravel, silty sand, and laminated sandy clay units. It is of particular consequence for understanding the archaeology of the project area that there is little possibility that buried post- Pleistocene land surfaces are present within the upland terrace portion of the tract (Gerald Johnson, personal communication to Sprinkle 1984:33).
As no recent geological study has been made of the Surry Quadrangle (the southern portions of the parcel), the age of the lower terraces along the James and Chickahominy rivers cannot be 12 attributed in great detail. The Late Pleistocene Tabb formation (Lynnhaven Member), which consists of sand, silt, and clay, has been mapped within the Norge Quadrangle at the northern tip of the lower river terrace opposite Barrets Point and directly below Mattapament Bay. By analogy, elevations in this area may inform us on the origin of other 10'-20' terraces within the Surry Quadrangle. Because of erosion and varying slopes, the formations are variably exposed across the lower terrace areas making broad generalizations are difficult.
On the lower terrace floodplains which parallel the James and Chickahominy rivers, it is probable that more recent Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of alluvial and colluvial origin cover these formations within the drowned stream valleys of the James and Chickahominy rivers. The Holocene accretional environment of the lower floodplain terraces, which is not evenly distributed throughout the floodplain unit, may have bearing on the archaeological potential of this area of the property. Slightly elevated low terraces within the floodplain are particularly notable as optimal settlement locations. Currently, these areas are not included within the 100-year floodzone (Espey, Huston and Associates, Inc. 1989:26-28).
The lower floodplain in the Governor's Land tract contains important lithic resources. Quartzite, quartz, and sandstone cobble exposures are notable along the banks of the James and 13
Chickahominy rivers. These resources were exploited during the prehistoric period for the manufacture of stone tools, and, to a lesser extent, for stone boiling and/or broiling during cooking and processing activities. These locally accessible sources of workable rock were especially important to prehistoric inhabitants during the later Archaic and Woodland periods as settlement systems became increasingly sedentary.
As to the origin of the cobble formations, some information is available, again from analogous studies (Bick and Coch 1969:19,22). To the immediate south, it is known that no cobbles are found in formations older than the Bacon's Castle formation and no younger formation lacks cobbles. This suggests that most cobbles are derived from the Bacon's Castle formation and were redeposited through cliff recession associated with fluvial, estuarine, and marine processes. The formation of these deposits is probably a lag deposit formed of material carried by infrequent floods of exceptional magnitude. Continued winnowing of finer grained sediments, and perhaps large boulders transportation by ice, eventually concentrated these cobbles at the base of the formation.
The depth of the cobble zone below land surface in the project area may provide some information about the potential for buried cultural deposits. The cobble exposures are especially notable along the shoreline and eastern inland areas of the modern floodplain near Barrets Point. Inspection by limited inland subsurface testing indicates a shallow depth of one to two feet below modern surface for some cobble deposits. Lines or bars of sand and/or gravel lie between the cobbles. These lines and bars undoubtedly correspond to the lag deposits and related old river levees noted above. This information suggests that although post- Pleistocene alluvial and colluvial deposits may be present in the area, it is unlikely these will be very deep (at least in the more western extremities of the greater Barrets Point area). However, buried Holocene deposits which have not been disturbed by plowing may be present in somewhat restricted specific zones: (1) near the boundary of the higher coastal uplands and lowland terrace elevations to the east of the Chickahominy and to the north of the
James where alluvium is supplemented by colluvium; (2) within restricted Npocketsu between old river levees, lag deposits and
escarpments (which are not presently understood in any detail) ; and
(3) within restricted small streamside settings in the floodplain.
Maior Environmental Chan~es
Coastal submergence is a critical environmental characteristic of the Coastal Plain and has affected the past occupation of the region as well as the survival of the archaeological record. At the height of the Late Pleistocene glaciation, sea level is
estimated to have been as much as 300' below modern conditions
(Edwards and Merrill 1977). The current project area would have constituted an interior landscape with substantially fewer "coastalttcharacteristics when man first arrived in this region approximately 12,000 years ago. Coastal submergence over the subsequent 5,000 years resulted in the creation of the Chesapeake Bay estuary by the "drowningttof the ancient lower Susquehanna River system (including the tributary James, York, Rappahannock and Potomac rivers) and extensive portions of the continental shelf. The observed paucity of early prehistoric archaeological sites in portions of the Coastal Plain is a direct consequence of the post- Pleistocene marine transgression that has submerged those areas of intensive Native American occupation prior to approximately 5,000 B.C.
Coastal submergence has also resulted in the continuing process of shoreline erosion that has removed nearly 400' of land in the vicinity of Barrets Point since the early 17th century (l.O1/year, Byrne and Anderson n.d.:29). Eugene Hofmeyer (personal communication) has suggested that shoreline loss at the mouth of the Chickahominy River has been at least 70' in the last 50 years. An old shoreline is indicated by a line of bald cypress trees currently offshore from 44JC308 which was originally along the river bank edge when Hofmeyer was a young man. The vulnerability of the Barrets Point area to erosion was further confirmed in a recent shoreline assessment (Espey, Huston and Associates 1988). The physiographic configuration of the Governor's Land tract, however, indicates that shoreline erosion has had a greater affect on the lower 15-Foot Plain than on the 45- Foot Plain. Though portions of the archaeological record in lowland areas have certainly been lost, particularly in areas along the James River, the past record of occupation on the 45-Foot Plain should be represented in its entirety.
Detailed environmental studies have also suggested that this area, though not covered by the Late Pleistocene glacial advance, formerly had a substantially different forest cover with boreal evergreen species being dominant (Carbone 1976; Edwards and Merrill 1977; Whitehead 1973). The warming post-Pleistocene climate eventually resulted in the replacement of boreal conditions with an oak-hickory-pine forest by approximately 5,000 B.C., the type of
forest present throughout most of southeastern Virginia at the time of initial European colonization (Kuchler 1964:lll). Braun (1950) has labelled this area as the ecotone between the Atlantic Slope Section of the Oak Pine Forest Region and the Southeast Evergreen
Region (Espey, Huston and Associates 1988:31). It is important to
recognize that the environment of the project area and surrounding region have not remained static through time, and that human adaptation to these changing conditions must also have occurred.
Drainages
Both riverine and interior water resources are probably the most important factors that affected the settlement history and other behavioral activity at the Governors Land at Two Rivers. The drowning of the James River stream valley in the post-glacial period produced alluvial and colluvial deposits which provide the 17 most fertile land on the floodplain within the study area. From the James River northward, the rivers which traverse the Coastal Plain are tidal as far west as the Fall Line (at Richmond on the James River). Salinity declines as the rivers progress westward. The saltwater-freshwater transition zone on each river separates what archaeologists in the region have referred to as the nestuarinev'and t'interioru portions of the Coastal Plain (Egloff
1985:229-231). This transition zone is centered near Jamestown Island on the James River and just downriver from West Point on the York River. The fact that the study area is situated at the confluence of the James and Chickahominy rivers is significant. The Chickahominy River provides a tremendous volume of fresh water to the James within the project area, which acts to dissipate the volume of brackish water flushed up from the lower James River by strong tidal action (Espey Huston 1988) . Therefore, the study area is considered a freshwater zone with some brackish content.
The project area lies on the south side of the Lower Peninsula. Although the project area is situated within the James
River drainage, the Lower Peninsula is only 12 miles wide east to west at this point, and the heads of streams draining into the more estuarine sections of the York River can be reached in less than a day's walk. Regional adaptations to the area may have a unique, complicated quality resulting from the unusual diversity of nearby fresh, brackish, and salt water environments which supported a diverse range of plant and animal resources. 18
There are no substantial drainage systems within the interior coastal uplands of the study area. This is an extremely important factor in understanding the potential for prehistoric settlement within the study area. The uplands do, however, contain approximately six small spring-fed stream systems. These often support a series of independent spring heads fed by aquifers contributing to a single low order stream. At present, these streams support both everflowing stream flows as well as intermittent or seasonal stream flows. The inland spring systems are notable as interior drainages along the outer (or west and south) portions of the upland terrace formation which deeply dissect the sideslopes of these formations along courses which lead to lowland terraces. The lower portions of the spring-fed streams give way to micro-environmental zones of upland swamps at higher elevations and contribute to lowland swamps and marshes at lower elevations within the poorly drained portions of these terrace formations.
In the past, these spring heads (which have undoubtedly been affected by modern changes in the water table) provided important sources of sweet potable drinking water well inland of the James and Chickahominy river shorelines. Any well-drained area near a spring can be considered an optimal settlement location. Potter (1982) and Gardner (1982) have noted the importance of interior freshwater sources for prehistoric settlement; and Kelso (1982) and Smolek (1984) have noted the importance of springs to colonial 19 Chesapeake settlement. Smolek, in particular, has demonstrated the impact of the natural resources of spring heads on settlement in Maryland, where a general absence of labor-intensive wells during the 17th century has been noted.
The largest interior drainage system in this area of James City County is Shellbank Creek, a small tributary of the James River. The creek is about 2-114 miles long and flows generally north to south along the east side of the project area. The creek is tidal for a short distance into the interior, but these effects dissipate rapidly within the project area. The main channel is
outside of the project area, but tributary streams along the northeastern portions of the project area are evident. A 4,300' long drainage (unnamed) to the northwest of the study area opposite Mattapament Bay is also notable. Although the USGS Norge Quadrangle (1984) does not clearly depict it, a southwestern branch
of the large marsh system of this drainage includes 450' of wetlands with a central stream channel along the margin of the study area.
The only other noteworthy drainage system on the property has been affected by modern road systems and erosional processes so that the term drainage may no longer apply without qualifications. This area includes a two mile stretch of non-continuous low-lying land presently containing an intermittent stream flow and associated with 164 acres of wetlands (Espey, Huston and Associates 20
1988). The course of the partially interrupted system extends from a point just north of Barrets Point east to areas paralleling the James River shoreline. In the areas along the James River, the water system corresponds with the low-lying marshy land situated between the first low terraces 5' ASL and nearshore islands, and the inland terraces (5' to lo+' ASL) located 50' to 1,0001+ north of the James River shoreline. Net shoreline retreat in this area has been one foot or less per year, with more loss occurring in the eastern section on the James River than on the Chickahominy side
(Espey, Huston and Associates 1988:15-17). Changes within this system through time may have created situations ideal for the burial of some cultural deposits, while destroying others.
The upper deposits within stream floodplains, estuaries, marshes, and swamps in the project area are of recent Holocene formation. Holocene deposits fill the valley floors and may partially overlie the side slopes of lower terrace elevations (Johnson and Berquist 1989: 16-17) . Within interior areas of central James City County, the lower stream terraces have been demonstrated to contain well-preserved small prehistoric sites
buried in colluvial deposits (Hunter et al. 1987).
Soils
The character of the soils at Governor's Land is an important factor affecting the culture history of the project area, presenting both options for and constraints on human settlement and exploitation.
The soils at Governor's Land are typical of low coastal plain and river terraces within James City County. Most of the soils consist of alluvium, especially those found in marshes, low flats, and stream terraces. Alluvial soils are also found on high stream terraces or in fluvial-marine sediments on very steep escarpments and sideslopes adjacent to upland areas (Espey, Huston and Associates 1988:lO). The study area has two predominant soil associations: Levy-Pamunkey-Dogue, which is found on the lower terraces; and Peawick-Emporia-Levy, which occupies the upland terraces (Hodges et al. 1985). Sprinkle (1984:31-32) has briefly noted the importance of the major soil associations as they may have affected human settlement. Consequently, he employed these to stratify and identify his survey quadrants. The two major soil associations are described briefly in the General Soil Map of James
City And York County And The City Of Williamsburq, Virqinia.
Levy-Pamunkey-Doque: Deep, very poorly drained, and moderately well drained soils that dominantly are clayey or loamy and are nearly level or gently sloping; in freshwater marshes and on low terraces;
Peawick-Emporia-Levy: Deep, moderately well drained, well drained, and very poorly drained soils that are predominately clayey or loamy and are nearly level to very steep; on 22
high terraces, escarpments, and side slopes and in freshwater marshes [Hodges et al. 19851.
The Governor's Land tract contains 17 different soil types which are dominated by Newflat Silt Loam and Peawick Silt Loam, located particularly in interior areas isolated from the Chickahominy and James rivers (Espey, Huston and Associates 1988: 15; Hodges et al. 1985) . Of archaeological consequence are soils rated by soil scientists as prime farmland (Hodges et al. 1985: 43-44) . Espey, Huston and Associates (1988:15-16) notes three such soils: Augusta Fine Sandy Loam (where drained); Slagle Fine
Sandy Loam with 2 to 6% slopes; and Tetotum Silt Loam. Their report does not note the large areas of deep and well-drained State Fine Sandy Loam defined in the vicinity of Barrets Point within the 15-Foot Plain (Hodges et al. 1985:36;43;78-79). These State soils are located primarily on the floodplain and within intermediate areas, below the Huntington Flat and portions of the upland 45-Foot Plain. Although they are of somewhat limited extent and frequently discontinuous, they are among the finest agricultural soils in James City County (Hodges et al. 1985:43-44).
The prime soils in the project area would have been of particular importance to late prehistoric Native American societies whose economies were heavily reliant on horticulture. Further, areas of prime soils near deep water channels would have been optimal locations for early 17th-century English settlement, 23 especially if these areas were previously cleared by Native American groups. Despite the English settlerst seeming reliance on Native American settlement decisions, Walsh (1977) and Smolek (1984) have demonstrated that the English had an understanding of good soils which was a predictable extension of their Old World English agricultural tradition. A recent study by Lukezic (1990) examines the relationship between tobacco production soil fertility and settlement locations for the 18th-century tidewater area within James City and York County. Tobacco production was the primary economic base of the tidewater colonial economy, and Lukezic found a strong correlation between high settlement density and good soil types. Lukezic (1990:6) rates Slagle Fine Sandy Loam and Tetotum
Silt Loam as moderately productive (40 - 50 bushels wheat) ; Augusta Fine Sandy Loam of low fertility (30 bushels of wheat); and provides no information on State soils (presumably since none were in his study area).
Poorly drained soils with very low permeability and seasonally high water tables (which occasionally support discrete areas of non-tidal wetlands) impose important constraints on agricultural development, building, and road construction within the project area (Espey, Huston and Associates 1988:lO-15; Lower James River Association 1988). In excess of wetland areas associated with natural drainage systems and escarpments, studies by Espey, Huston and Associates ("Wetland Mapu 1988) have specifically identified seven large non-tidal wetlands areas (later divided into three; 24 Areas 9, 10 and 11) which cover 48.04 acres within the north central upland portion of the property.
Review of the local soil survey map (Hodges et al. 1985) indicates that additional areas within the northern-central portion of the study area contain soils which are poorly drained. These areas contain soils of the Chickahominy Silt Loam soil type frequently associated with Altavista, Augusta, Dogue, Newflat, Peawick, and Tetotum soils. Of these seven types, ~hickahominy Silt Loam is the most poorly drained and has more clay in the subsoil than Altavista, Augusta, or Tetotum (Hodges et al. 1985:65). The location of Chickahominy soils correlates well with the location of interior upland wetlands identified by Espey, Huston and Associates (1988) and with soils which are typical of the Huntington Flat formation with poorly drained silt and clay contents as noted previously. Within the project area, the excessively poorly drained Chickahominy Silt Loam is normally bounded by seasonably poorly drained Newflat Silt Loam (Hodges et al. 1985:73-74). In addition to these soil associations, linear bars of very poorly drained Levy Series soils formed of clayey fluvial sediments are associated with wetland areas within the southern and northeastern portions of the study area. These areas comprise lower terraces along creeks and rivers and on tidal marshes that are inundated twice daily by primarily fresh water (Hodges et al. 1985:72). 25 Of the poorly drained soils discussed above, ~hickahominySilt Loam and Newflat Silt Loam soils within the northern portions of the property define extensive areas which are of low probability for human settlement during the Late Woodland and Historic periods. Further, exploitation during the early prehistoric period may also have been inhibited on a seasonal basis. During Spring and late Winter (times of dietary stress when interior exploitive forays were especially critical to the survival of the larger social group), these areas probably held standing surface water.
To summarize, the soil characteristics of the project area can be used to evaluate the potential of different locations to contain archaeological resources. The distribution of soils within the project area is shown in Figure 3. In respect to their archaeological potential, the soil types can be categorized as listed below:
Hiqh Probability Settlement Areas (especially for Late Woodland and Historic Period settlement, A.D. 900 - 1950): Prime Farmland State fine sandy loam Tetotum fine sandy loam Slagle fine sandy loam, 2-6% slopes Augusta fine sandy loam, rare 'eaxy Aa~xnsaqq 30 sa~qs~~aqae~eq3TTOS -C aznbyd
PREHISTORIC OVERVIEW
This outline of the cultural setting in prehistoric coastal Virginia is intended for use in cultural resource management projects. As such, it is an overview rather than a comprehensive treatment of all pertinent issues. Statements of fact included here derive from the patient labors of many archaeologists, geologists, and biologists throughout the Mid-Atlantic region; however, the authors are responsible for the manner in which they have been summarized below, including any errors of omission or commission.
General Prehistoric Cultural Background
The prehistory of Virginia is organized into three major time periods based on diagnostic artifact types and general changes in cultural behavior. The time periods are Paleo-Indian (before 6,500 B.C.), Archaic (6,500 - 2,000 B.C.), and Woodland (2,000 B.C. - 1600 A.D.). Recent review undertaken by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation (1986) in preparing a local preservation plan has defined four broad prehistoric study units which are directly applicable to the project area and the immediate James City and York County region. These study units are sensitive to the important cultural changes which are reflected in the archaeological record dating from prior to A.D. 1560. Two 29 additional study units which are concerned with Native American life on the Lower Peninsula c. A.D. 1560 - A.D. 1646 are also pertinent to the project area. The interpretive framework provided in the local preservation planning document forms the basis for this overview.
Paleo-Indian Period: Earlv Hunters and Gatherers (10,000-6.500 B.C.)
When the glaciers reached their maximum extent, sea level fell more than 180' below the current mean and the shoreline was far to the west of its present position. It was during this period, roughly 12,000 to 8,000 B. C., that the first humans began to occupy this part of North America. While the scattered remains of large Pleistocene mammals on the continental shelf testify to the presence of a probable food source for Paleo-Indians, nothing is yet known of such ancient coastal sites and their environments.
The Paleo-Indians were a mobile population of hunting bands exploiting large game animals over a wide but defined territory. They probably moved along and between river drainages as best suited their survival. While hunting of large game such as mammoth, mastodon, deer, and elk was important, a variety of food resources was undoubtedly used by these people. The traditional material traits for this period are fluted projectile points associated with specialized tool kits crafted from relatively scarce cherts and jaspers. 30
Coastal Paleo-Indian sites are represented by a few types of fluted points, such as Clovis, Hardaway, and Palmer. Most sites in the Virginia Coastal Plain are temporary hunting camps; however, at the Williamson Site in the Piedmont and at the Flint Run Complex in the Shenandoah Valley, archaeologists have identified large quarry sites, quarry reduction sites, and living sites associated with quarrying.
Archaic Period: Foragers in a New Environment (6.500 - 2.000 B.C.)
As the glaciers continued to melt, the sea level in the Mid-
Atlantic region rose rapidly, in geological terms, between about 8,000 and 3,000 B.C. Paleo-Indian occupation was replaced by Archaic cultures, whose sites are far more numerous and widespread than the former. Temporal boundaries for the Archaic period are imprecise, but generally fall between 8,000 and 1,000 B.C., again identified by characteristic stone tool types such as Kirk, Morrow Mountain, and Savannah River. Evidence from other areas in North America suggests that Archaic peoples intensively exploited both marine and riverine aquatic resources, and one might easily suppose that Archaic groups lived by the coast in the Mid-Atlantic.
The long period of Archaic occupation is also characterized by a more diverse subsistence strategy based on the seasonality of resources. These new adaptations were linked to a warming climate and an expansion of plant and animal communities. The Archaic economy was based on generalized hunting and gathering with the 31 exploitation of small and large game, aquatic resources, and a variety of nuts, berries, roots, and other foodstuffs. There was also a shift toward the use of locally available quartz and quartzite for tool manufacture and a radically decreasing dependence upon chert and jasper materials.
Coastal Virginia was probably occupied continuously throughout this long period of time. Even so, selective preservation and survey biases have made it difficult to accurately estimate the range and distribution of site types. Base camps, temporary hunting camps, and sites for procuring special resources (clay,
shellfish, wild plants, nuts, etc. ) were probably located in riverine or estuarine settings and along the margins of swamps.
Early and Middle Archaic period sites (to about 3,000 B.C.) are identified by particular forms of knife blades or projectile points, such as Kirk, Stanly, Morrow Mountain, Guilford, and
Halifax (Coe 1964). The Late Archaic period (c. 3,000-1,000 B.C.) saw the use of steatite or soapstone for vessels, weights, and ornaments; the widespread use of a large knife termed the Savannah River blade; and possibly the first semi-permanent settlements in the lower Chesapeake Bay, although no direct evidence of these has yet been found.
After about 1,000 B.C., the abundance and variety of artifacts found at larger sites marks the transition to the Woodland period, 32 during which time permanent settlements, full-fledged agriculture, complex social and political organization, and exchange systems evolved.
Transitional Woodland Period: Permanent Settlement and Population Growth (2.000 B.C. - A.DL 1000) The economic transition from seasonal hunting and gathering to more sedentary horticulture characterizes the beginning of this time period, the transition from the Archaic to the Woodland. This period, which includes the traditionally defined Early and Middle Woodland periods, is well-represented throughout southeastern Virginia. Many excellent sites from this period have been scientifically investigated in Virginia, although for the most part the focus has been on large base camps and villages located on the major rivers.
In general, the Woodland period is characterized by a gradual shift in economic strategies toward an increasing focus on plant foods, leading eventually to the adoption of intensive horticulture by the Late Woodland (after about A.D. 1000). Ceramics are the most useful diagnostic artifacts of the period. Differences in manufacturing techniques, tempering materials, clays and stylistic attributes have allowed archaeologists to distinguish the presence of many cultural traditions. Even though certain phases of the Woodland period have been identified, many unrecognized or undefined cultural traditions remain to be studied. 33
In Virginia, an aboriginal cultural sequence based on pottery types was first systematically described by Evans (1955) and
Stephenson and Ferguson (1963) and more recently discussed by
Egloff and Potter (1982). Steatite-tempered Marcey Creek ware in the first millennium B.C. gave way to sand and pebble-tempered wares such as Accokeek, Popes Creek, Prince George, and Stony Creek
between about 800 B.C. and A.D. 200. Meanwhile, shell-tempered Mockley Ware appears to succeed the earlier Currituck Ware about two thousand years ago.
Late Woodland Period: Village Life and A~riculturalDevelopment (A.D. 1000- 1560)
After A.D. 800, Mockley shell-tempered pottery was replaced by the shell-tempered Townsend-Roanoke-Colington tradition. Net- impressed and cord-marked types are replaced everywhere in the Mid- Atlantic region by a fabric-impressed type, often with incision and/or punctation. A simple-stamped, shell-tempered type occurs as well, though always in small amounts and in a range focusing on the lower Chesapeake and Outer Banks. Townsend/Colington ceramics are widely distributed along the coast from New Jersey to North Carolina. This distribution may reflect the gradual expansion of
Algonkians down the coast from c. A.D. 1000 to 1350. This period was one of considerable warmth in the higher latitudes. Townsend ware is defined in the Delmarva and through most of eastern Virginia. Colington ware is the equivalent pottery in northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia, but includes a simple- stamped type. Shell-tempered, simple-stamped ceramics occurring in southeastern Virginia are often referred to as Roanoke ware.
During the Late Woodland period, c. A.D. 800-1650, villages appeared which were occupied year round and whose populations, numbering from several hundred to several thousand, were sustained mostly by domesticated plant foods, supplemented by fish, shellfish, game, and wild plants. Phelps (1983:36ff) equates the material culture of the Colington phase with Algonkian speakers, who occupied most of the Outer Coastal Plain of both Virginia and North Carolina. The Inner Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina was settled largely by Iroquoian speakers, equated by Phelps with the Cashie phase. In North Carolina, the Iroquoian-speaking Tuscarora occupied the Inner Coastal Plain; just to their north in Virginia were other Iroquoian speakers, the Nottoway and Meherrin. The Piedmont of North Carolina and Virginia was occupied by Siouan-speaking peoples.
The assemblage of the Colington phase is characterized by Colington pottery (shell-tempered with fabric-impressed, simple- stamped, incised and plain surfaces), small Roanoke points, blades, celts, gorgets, abraders, milling stones, shell hoes or picks, shell ladles, shell beads, copper beads, bone flakers, fish hooks, awls, punches, and pins, and smoking pipes of steatite or fired clay. The Cashie phase assemblage is characterized by Cashie pottery (pebble-tempered, with fabric-impressed, simple-stamped, incised, and plain surfaces), with the remaining material items largely duplicating those of the Colington phase.
In Virginia, Colington ware is commonly known as Townsend Ware
(earlier described by Evans [I9551 as Chickahominy Ware which erroneously includes both Mockley and Townsend diagnostic traits).
The Mockley wares of the Middle Woodland I1 cultural period are considered the immediate precursors of the same cultural groups utilizing Townsend ware which is found from coastal Virginia to
southern New Jersey (Potter 1982). Virginia equivalents of Cashie are less clear, though the ware itself appears to extend into southside Virginia up to the James River.
Many important economic and social developments occurred during this period. The use of more permanent habitation sites and an increasing dependence upon agricultural products such as beans, squash, maize, and other domesticates were the culmination of sedentary trends that began in the Late Archaic period. Although wild plant gathering, hunting, and fishing continued to provide a major portion of the diet, horticulture became increasingly important. The use of storage techniques to help produce a surplus of cultivated foods influenced settlement pattern, site location, and site structure.
More is known about Woodland site types than about sites of the preceding periods. The majority of these sites are located within an estuarine or riverine setting and range from villages and 36 hamlets to small seasonal camps and resource procurement stations. Many of the largest sites were occupied for relatively long periods of time. Important village sites in Coastal Virginia are The Great Neck site, Jordan's Point, Flowerdew Hundred, the Hatch site, and the Hand site. Changes in subsistence economies and technologies, as well as some preservation factors, contribute to sites of this period often leaving tangible archaeological evidence such as postholes of house structures and defensive palisades, cooking and trash pits, hearths, and individual and ossuary (multiple) burials.
As noted by Gardner (1982), two generalized site types have been identified for the Late Woodland period based on a review of existing archaeological data. These are:
1) VillageIHamlet - These sites, as traditionally defined, were probably long-term, though some sites may have been seasonally occupied. Late Woodland sites are characterized by artifacts indicating the presence of diverse activities. Diagnostic house remains, individual burials, ossuaries, storage pits, and possibly defensive palisades are indicative of Late Woodland occupation. The vast majority of these sites have multiple components which may span several thousand years, making absolute identification of the Late Woodland components difficult.
2) Procurement Sites - These sites are characterized by individual artifact finds, limited concentrations of artifacts, 37 and small ceramic and/or lithic scatters. The sites represent short-term hunting, fishing, and gathering forays into interior locations. They are probably related to the procurement of seasonally-occurring resources, although some sites may have been occupied for a major portion of the year. Excavated data suggest some sites may be spring fishing camps, while others may be long- term hunting stations. Many of these sites contain ceramic scatters with little lithic material present. In general, however, the use of interior areas during the Late Woodland period is significantly less than during earlier portions of the Woodland Period, probably reflecting increased sedentism in the larger villages and the intensification of horticultural activities.
Tool kits and ceramics associated with the onset of village life exhibit patterns suggesting interaction among various cultural groups of different physiographic provinces. The subsistence base, technology, and social and political systems that evolved during this period were those eventually described by the earliest European explorers and colonists. The accounts and drawings left by these people give archaeologists an invaluable tool to use in interpreting aboriginal life.
Protohistoric/Earlv Contact Period (A.D. 1560 - 16461
From 1560, the coastal lands of what is now Virginia and North Carolina were visited repeatedly by European explorers and settlers
(Lewis and Loomie 1953; Quinn 1985; Quinn and Quinn 1955). The 38 earliest contacts during this period probably had little significant impact on native cultural systems, with perhaps one exception. The epidemic spread of European disease could have greatly reduced the size of native populations, an effect which potentially would have had wide ranging repercussions throughout the native culture.
With the establishment of the first permanent English settlement in North American at Jamestown in 1607, the potential for significant change within native cultural systems increased dramatically. Unfortunately, although historical accounts indicate interactions between the two cultures were frequent, insufficient detail is provided for understanding the dynamics involved in Native American responses to this cultural intrusion. Much previous archaeological research has been focused on changes in the material culture of native peoples at this time, with results indicating that European goods merely served as replacements for comparable native items without significant alteration of traditional practices. More recent historical and archaeological research is beginning to document changes in native subsistence and settlement patterns and socio-political organization resulting from European contact (Potter 1989; Rountree 1990). The Early Contact period ends in the vicinity of the project area with the signing in
1646 of a treaty between the Powhatan Indians of the Virginia Coastal Plain and the English prohibiting Native American settlement between the James and York rivers east of the Fall Line. HISTORIC 0 VERVIE W
Research Strategy
Preliminary archival research on the property known as the Governor's Land at Two Rivers (traditionally known as the Piney Grove tract) focused upon the examination of historical maps, plats and surveys that are on file at the Colonial Williamsburg Research Archives, the Virginia State Library, the ~irginiaDepartment of Historic Resources, the Virginia Historical Society, the Library of Congress, the National Archives and the James City County Courthouse. Maps reproduced in secondary sources such as The Official Atlas of the Civil War and the American Cam~aisns of Rochambeauts Army also were utilized. The principal goal of this research was to identify specific areas that might be expected to contain subsurface cultural features.
A copy of a privately owned, undated 18th-century plat of the Piney Grove plantation was of great value in pinpointing culturally sensitive areas. Tabulations of James City County plats and surveys that are on file at the Huntington Library (in San Marino, California) and the Virginia Historical Society were examined. One plat, the original of which is housed in the clerk's office of Stafford County, England, was of considerable use in identifying 17th-century property boundaries and land use patterns. 40
Research was carried out in published sources that are maintained at the College of William and Mary's Swem Library, the Virginia Historical Society, the Virginia State ~ibrary, the ~illiamsburg Regional Library and the Colonial Williamsburg
~oundationResearch Archives. Use was made of the ~irsiniaGazette Index and E. G. Swem's Virsinia Historical Index. It was determined, early on, that the Governor's Land at Two Rivers was part of a 3,000 acre parcel that in 1619 was set aside by officials of the Virginia Company of London and occupied by some of the people they sent to occupy Company-owned land.
Preliminary efforts were made to trace the property's history and place its occupants within an appropriate historical context. Seventeenth, 18th and 19th-century narratives and documents generated by Virginia officials as first a colony and then a commonwealth were searched for references to people and events that were associated with the study area. Specialized reference works pertaining to the American Revolution and the Civil War also were examined in an effort to determine whether combat ever occurred within the study area. Land and personal property tax records, which commenced being compiled in 1782, and deeds, wills and other local court documents were studied as a means of determining who owned/occupied the study area at various points in time. ~enealogicalrecords also were used. Data Limitations
The availability of documentary records that pertain to the settlement and development of the study area can be characterized as limited but good. Although James city County's antebellum court records were destroyed during the civil War, when ~ichmond was burned, a relatively large body of data is available. ~irginia's earliest land patents are transcriptions of the original documents, which consisted of loose leaves that were suspended on a string. Not surprisingly, many of the earliest land patents are missing. A careful examination of the 1624 census, the 1625 muster, and other contemporary records reveals that a significant number of colonists' names were omitted from demographic records altogether. Typically, document transcriptions that were made during the late nineteenth and early 20th century were poorly indexed, necessitating a close reading of those materials.
The importance of the James River in the region's strategic - defense, commerce, and trade led to its being mapped carefully by successive generations of cartographers. These maps range in date from the arrival of the first explorers and settlers, through the Civil War. Commencing in the mid-19th century, the shore line of the James River was drawn in great detail by topographic and hydrographic engineers.
James City County Deed Book 1 opens on January 5, 1854 and 42
Will Book 1, on August 14, 1865. ~rocessioners records, which commence in 1890, reference earlier land transactions, sometimes filling gaps in extant records. James City's earliest dated plat book commences in January 1899 and its land books open in 1909. Earlier dated land tax rolls are on file at the Virginia State Library.
Historical Background
On April 26, 1607 Captain Christopher Newport and the three small vessels that were under his overall command arrived in Virginia, having withstood the rigors of a trans-Atlantic crossing that took nearly four months. Newport, a capable mariner whose experience was unrivaled, was in the employ of the Virginia Company of London, a joint stock company under whose aegis Virginia was to be colonized (Quinn 1977:392-393; Tyler 1907:125-126).
After exploring the Chesapeake Bay and the region's rivers, the colonists seated themselves upon a marsh-rimmed peninsula, where they built a triangular fort in which they mounted artillery, for Virginia Company officials had instructed them to select an inland site that was readily defensible against a foreign or domestic foe (Tyler 1907:5-23,35,123; Billings 1972:20-21). The colonists called their settlement James Fort or James Cittie (later, Jamestown) in honor of their monarch. The site upon which Captain Christopher Newport and his men had chosen to settle was in 43 the territory of the Paspahegh Indians, whose land extended from that of the Kecoughtans (near the mouth of the James River) westward beyond the mouth of the Chickahominy River. Captain John Smith's map of Virginia reveals that the Paspahegh king's principal village was near Dancing Point, where the Chickahominy River departs from the James, and that Mattapament and two other Indian villages were located between Jamestown and the entrance to the
Chickahominy (Smith 1610; Zuniga 1610) (Figures 4 and 5).
Virginia's first colonists were overwhelmed by the task of providing for themselves in a frontier wilderness, for they lacked the very skills upon which their survival depended. The rigors of frontier life nearly led to the colony's extinction. Hunger gnawed at the settlers constantly, while malaria, typhoid, dysentery and other maladies relentlessly claimed many lives. During the summer months, the river water was especially brackish and those who drank from the river or from Jamestown's shallow well perished from salt poisoning or contagious diseases spread through poor sanitation. It was more than a decade before Virginia Company officials recognized that there was a link between environment and disease. They also learned that the colony's success depended in part upon its inhabitants being allowed to exercise personal initiative (Tate and Ammerman 1979:96-125).
In 1618, when the Virginia Company of London received its '(0191 qq~rns)paqTmsTa pue pala~o3s-rae~u?bl?~ *p axnbyj
46 third and final charter from King James I, Company officials issued instructions to Governor George Yeardley that brought about sweeping changes. Foremost was the introduction of a system that made private land ownership legally possible, providing an incentive to prospective immigrants to leave overcrowded England to seek their fortunes in Virginia. This in turn helped alleviate the colony's labor shortage, for men and women who could not afford to pay for their own transportation to the colony could come to Virginia as indentured servants. The prospect of acquiring massive tracts of land also encouraged groups of wealthy investors to underwrite part of the expense of colonization. The opportunity to reap substantial profits from the cultivation of tobacco, a highly marketable commodity, coincided with these changes. In combination, these factors fueled the spread of settlement and attracted new immigrants and investors to the colony (Craven 1957:45; McIlwaine 1934:xvii; Robinson 1957:21-22).
Other major changes that came about under the Virginia Company's third charter included the division of the colony into four corporations or boroughs (one of which was James City) and the institution of a legislative assembly, the first of its kind in the New World. The Virginia Company instructed Governor George Yeardley to set aside special tracts of land in each of the colony's four corporations, the acreage of which was to be used for the support of government officials and to reap profits for Company
investors. Within each corporation 3,000 acres were designated as 47
Company Land, 1,500 acres as Common Land, and 100 acres as a glebe for the corporation's incumbent clergyman. In the Henrico corporation, a vast tract was laid out for the establishment of a university and college, for Virginia Company officials believed that by converting the Indians to Christianity, they could be civilized and won over to an appreciation of English ways (Hatch 1957: 35-38) .
In accord with the Company's instructions, each of the parcels of land that were earmarked for special purposes were laid out and surveyed. Within the corporation of James City, a 3,000 acre tract was set aside for the support of Virginia's governor, what became known as the Governor's Land. The eastern boundary of the Governor's Land was located behind Jamestown Island and the tract extended westward along the banks of the James River to what became known as Deep Creek or Lake Pasbehay. Immediately upstream from the Governor's Land was the 3,000 acre parcel that had been laid out as James City Corporation's Company Land. The Company Land extended from the east side of the mouth of the Chickahominy River downstream to Deep Creek, where it abutted the upper limits of the Governor's Land. Thus, the study area lies within the bounds of the 3,000 acres of land in the corporation of James City that the Virginia Company of London set aside for its own use (Hatch 1957:35-38,92; Parks 1982:276; Robinson 1957:21-22; Kingsbury
1906-1935:III:99-1011310). 48
The Virginia Company intended to place its own servants upon Company-owned land and certain other specially designated tracts. Company servants were obliged to serve for seven years, during which time they worked as sharecroppers who retained half of what they earned. Of the Virginia Company's half-share of the Company tenants' profits, a moiety (or third) was to go toward the salary of the colony's council of state and other officials and a fifth of the profits were allotted to "the Wages of the Bailiffs and other Officers which shall have the oversight and Government of the said Tenants and Lands and the dividing, gathering, keeping or shipping of...the profitsn (Hatch 1957:35-38,92; Parks 1982:276; Robinson
1957:21-22; Kingsbury 1906-1935:III:99-101,310).
In September 1619, Sir Edwin Sandys reported that in January the Virginia Company had sent 50 men to the colony who were to be employed as tenants on their four parcels of Company Land; in March another 24 men set out to join them. Company men also were assigned to the acreage allocated to the College and the colony's governor. Later, the Virginia Company published a pamphlet listing the names of the ships and numbers of people who had been sent to the colony at Company expense during 1619. In addition to the tenants who were sent to settle upon the tracts allocated to the governor, the Company, the College and the glebe of each
corporation's clergyman, 90 young women were sent as prospective
wives to the tenants and 100 boys who were to be the tenants1
apprentices (Kingsbury 1906-1935:III:115,217,277). First European Settlement
On November 4, 1619, 100 men, who had been sent to the colony at the expense of the Virginia Company, arrived in Jamestown aboard the Bona Nova. Half of the new immigrants were to settle upon the College land in Henrico and the others, on the Company's Land in James City. The Company men bound for Henrico were under the command of Captain William Weldon whereas those destined for the Company's Land in James City were led by Lieutenant Jabez Whittaker. Thanks to the fact that the newcomers were ill provisioned, poorly clothed and unaccustomed to frontier living conditions, Virginia's governor and council advised Weldon and Whittaker to rent out the greatest part of their people for a year, placing them with experienced planters who would see that they were llhowsed and provided with necessaries but be trayned up also in the usual workes of the Country and be well Seasoned." On November 12th, it was reported that a suitable site on the Company's Land in Pasbehay had been selected, upon which Captain Jabez Whittaker and the Virginia Company servants under his charge were to be seated. Four days later Whittaker and his men set out from Jamestown, enroute to a site "some fower miles from James Citty westward towarde the mouthe of the Chickahominie river1' (Kingsbury
1906-1935:111:226-227,229,245).
In June 1620 Virginia Company officials declared that they were planning to send 800 people to Virginia, 400 of which were to 50 be Company tenants. They noted, however, that none of these men were to be sent to the Company Land in James City where "there are a hundred and more already." Company servants also were allocated to the governor, the College, various public officials, and some of the colonyts "Old Planters," i.e., those who had come to Virginia before 1616. Livestock was to be sent, including 100 cattle which were to remain "in a perpetual1 stock upon the Companies Land to be lent to new Planters," plus 400 goats, 20 mares, and 80 asses or mules that were to be procured from France (Kingsbury
1906-1935: 111: 313-315).
In May 1621, Captain Jabez Whittaker wrote Virginia Company officials that he had taken custody of a new group of Company servants who arrived aboard the London Merchant, the Jonathan and the Trial, and that at first he had been ill prepared to receive them. He said, however, that he had subsequently taken steps to improve their situation and to provide better care to Company servants who came to the colony in the future. He stated that he had learned through trial and error that placing six men in one house was unsuitable and that he had doubled the number of houses he had on hand, assigning only three men to a house. He said "I have alreddy built a guest hous of forty foote long and twentie foote wide to receive them at there [sic] first landing, and have placed an oulde woeman in it to wash their clothes and keep the hous clean." He also had built "a little roome for ye surgeon [that] he may be ever neere and helpful." He also indicated that 51 he was then in the process of building more houses "upon ye ground where I meane to seat them which are to come, [so] yt they may at first . . . enter upon their own portion [of ground] without any stay or long expecting [wondering] what shall become of themt1 (Kingsbury 1906-1935:441-442).
Jabez Whittaker said that he had received ten young cattle, which were thriving and expecting calves and that he had enclosed "with a firme substantial1 ralett200 acres of ground for them to graze upon. He also said that the year's tobacco crop had been gathered in and that the Virginia Company servants swore that they had been promised that they did not have to contribute part of their annual earnings to the Company during their first year in the colony. He said that his men were indebted to the Company for 1,500 fish, wooden platters, spikes, iron pots and a supply of cans (drinking vessels) and commented the new men's provisions of meal and oil were scanty and that he had been obliged to purchase the fish. Whittaker stated that he had set to work four carpenters, three sawyers, two smiths and three tailors and that the remainder of the men under his charge were putting in crops of corn and tobacco. He said that he had "caused as many to worke upon other trades besides ye ground as I could, both for ye handsomer building in my plantation and the benefit of ye Colonie, and my own ease." Whittaker said that although he had planted grapevines the preceding year, he had no confidence that the fruit they yielded would produce good wine (Kingsbury 1906-L935:III:441-442). 52
In July 1621 Virginia Company officials in England expressed their desire that "the Guest house wch Mr. Whittakers hath built may be appoynted for the entertaynment of their people some two monneths after their first landinge yt [so that] they may be able to build theire houses81 (Kingsbury 1906-1935:1:513). In 1621
Captain William Norton and the Italian glassmakers that the Virginia Company sent to the colony were dispatched to Jabez Whittaker's plantation as soon as they arrived in the colony. There, in Whittaker1s guesthouses, they were able to recuperate from their ocean-crossing and undergo the "seasoning1'process. The glassmakers were to stay with Whittaker until they found a convenient place to build their furnace, a site that was near a well-inhabited place. That the Virginia Company's Italian glassmakers, Vincencio and Bernardo, did indeed survive the seasoning process is evidenced by the fact that they were residing at James City's glasshouse in 1624 and were still alive in 1625. Jabez Whittaker's efforts on behalf of the Virginia Company didn't go unrecognized, for in 1620 he was awarded land and in 1621 he was given the use of two servants who were to be sent to him in 1622
(Kingsbury 1906-1935:111:477,489,494; Hotten 1980:180,235).
On March 22, 1622, the Indians of the Powhatan Chiefdom, threatened with the loss of their land through the inroads of expanding settlement, launched a carefully orchestrated attack upon the sparsely inhabited plantations along the James River, hoping to drive the colonists from their soil. At the end of that fatal day, an estimated 347 men, women and children lay dead, approximately a third of the colony's population. Several colonists lost their lives at Southampton Hundred, on the west side of the Chickahominy River's mouth, but it is not known whether anyone perished in Pasbehay. The inclusion of Captain Jabez Whittaker's servant, Thomas Holland, in the list of those slain suggests that Whittaker's settlement near the mouth of the Chickahominy may have been attacked (Kingsbury 1906-1935:111:571).
Despite the dangers of the situation, Virginia Company officials were anxious for the settlers to return to their plantations, for they feared that political support for their endeavors would erode rapidly (not to mention public sympathy), as would the Company's investment in the colony. In August 1622 the Virginia Company's treasurer and council sent a letter to Virginia, stating that re-establishing the settlements that had been abandoned was "of absolute necessitie.I1 They recommended that private individuals be invited to first "sett down uppon the Companies Land, occupieing and manuringe to their owne benefitt only, such quantitie thereof as they can manage, until1 such time as they may go uppon their own Dividente," at which juncture the Company's tenants or servants were to reimburse them for having cleared the ground, built houses and made other investments in the land. If that proposition were to prove unpopular, Company officials recommended that each family or household who would settle upon the Company's Land would be given 10 acres in perpetuity, so long as "the land be not left uncultivated & the houses uninhabitedtt(Kingsbury 1906-1935:111:670).
During the fall and winter of 1623, as the ~irginiaplanterst fears subsided and their confidence began to return, they gradually commenced re-occupying their outlying landholdings. Many of these men were armed with outmoded military equipment sent from the Tower of London, but "still of use against a naked People." Regular retaliatory raids were undertaken against the Indians, during which the settlers burned their villages and cut down their corn (McCartney 1985:54).
Governor Francis Wyatt, who rued his arrival in the colony on the eve of the massacre, in an April 7, 1623 letter he wrote to a Virginia Company official claimed that Captain Whittaker had wrongfully charged him for the maintenance of eight Company tenants. Wyatt also alleged that he had ttplacedCaptain Whitakers upon the best ground I had, where he had neere 5,000 wt. of tobacco if he placed no more of the Companies tenants there but two" and he said that he had no more ground to spare and in fact Itwas streightened for roume.It He also said that "such was the charge of guarding, as I had not above a 1,000 wt. (of tobacco) of [from] 16 tenants of mine, yt Planted at PasbehaighesIt and that he had lent his tenants (many of whom had wives and children) more corn than their entire tobacco crop was worth (Kingsbury 1906-1935: IV: 104-105) . 55
Sir George Sandys, who also dispatched a letter to Company officials, provided a different perspective. He reported that "the Companyes tenants are planted on the barrenest places in a1 the CountryIttthanks to the policy of settling land that had already been cleared and was worn out. He said that "Captaine Whittakers lost yearly his labor on the place where he was seatedt1and that he had obtained only 180 wt. of tobacco from Whittaker and his men. Sandys indicated that Whittaker was then (April 1623) at Kecoughtan, where he had gone to join Captain William Nuce shortly before the latter's death, and that he had required Whittaker to post a bond to pay for the expenses of the tenants he currently had and those he formerly had commanded (Kingsbury 1906-1935:IV:107).
In June 1623 Peter Arundle, who was living at Buckroe or the Indian House Thicket, the Virginia Company's 3,000 acres of Company Land in Kecoughtan, informed a Company official that there had been discord between Captain Jabez Whittaker's chief man and Anthony Bonall, who had attempted to gather mulberry leaves upon Whittaker's land (Kingsbury 1906-1935:IV:230). This, coupled with a later dated reference to Whittaker's having occupied part of the Company-owned land in Buckroe, suggests that he had been allocated acreage in that area that was for his own personal use (Nugent 1969-1979: I:8) . By 1624, the fear of Indian attack had subsided somewhat. Thus reassured, the colonists began claiming the land to which they were entitled under the headright system and established planters acquired new acreage by bringing servants to Virginia. 56
In February 1624, when a tabulation was made of the colony's inhabitants, an estimated 88 men, women and children were living in "The Maine," a territory that appears to have encompassed all of the land between Jamestown Island and the mouth of the Chickahominy. Assuming that Jabez Whittaker obeyed the Virginia Company's orders to re-occupy the plantations that had been established prior to the Indian massacre, some of the settlers whose names were included in the 1624 census may have been living on the Company's land near the mouth of the Chickahominy River (Hotten 1980:176-177). It should be noted, however, that most (if not all) of the individuals who in February 1624 were identified as residents of The Maine by January 1625 were associated with the Governor's Land, i.e., the 3,000 acre tract abutting Jamestown Island, and that by that date the Virginia Company was defunct for seven months.
In March 1624 Captain Jabez Whittaker was accused of not supplying John Vaughan, a former Virginia Company servant at Elizabeth City, with the corn and clothes he was due at the end of his period of indenture (McIlwaine 1934:lO-11,29). Whittaker was among the burgesses who in March 1624 signed the list of laws and orders that had been approved by Virginia's Council of State and assembly (Kingsbury 1906-1935:IV:585). He also signed a lengthy document that recounted the colonists1 tribulations during the time the colony was under the government of Sir Thomas Smith and claimed that conditions were much improved, thanks to the leadership of Sandys administration (Tyler 1907:426).
On November 25, 1624 Captain Jabez Whittaker requested official permission to return to England. Approval was forthcoming and shortly thereafter, Jabez and Mary Whittaker and their children departed from Virginia, having sent on ahead a shipment of tobacco. They were never to return (McIlwaine 1934:31-32,87). Prior to the time the Whittakers set sail for England, word had reached the colony that the Virginia Company's charter had been revoked. Thus, Jabez Whittaker may have believed that his prospects for future gain were somewhat limited.
In 1625, when a muster was made in order to determine how many colonists were then living in Virginia and how well they were armed and provisioned, the census-taker defined The Maine as that portion of the mainland which was situated behind Jamestown Island and he called Pasbehay the acreage that lay immediately to its west. In January 1625 35 men, women and children (including eight individuals who were servants of Dr. John Pott) were living at The Maine. Another 30 people, who were described as residents of Pasbehay, were grouped with 12 men who were identified as the Governor's men, suggesting that these 42 people were residing upon the 3,000 acre tract that in 1619 had been set aside for the support of the colony's governor (Meyer and Dorman 1987:26-28). Thus, it is doubtful that anyone was then residing upon the Virginia Company's 3,000 acre tract at the mouth of the Chickahominy River (McIlwaine 1934:25).
By early February 1625 Jabez Whittaker was dead. As he had failed to make a will, the colony's general court was obliged to see that his estate was settled. Sir George Yeardley stated in court that he had asked Thomas Hobson (one of the decedent's servants who was "as his Sonne and Child kept by him in his life timev1)to take an inventory of 'la11 such goods and provisions as were then to be found in the said Mr. Whittakers house" and to take them into his custody. Yeardley recalled that Whittaker, at his
death, had on hand about 10 barrels of corn which Thomas Hobson, Jarrett Hollock, John Flood, and a man named Ruben (all of whom were Whittakervs servants) were obliged to use in feeding themselves (Kingsbury 1906-1935:IV:510-511). In January 1626 the late Jabez Whittaker s debts were the subject of litigation involving Abraham Piercy, the colony's cape merchant (McIlwaine 1934:31-32/87).
The dissolution of the Virginia Company in May 1624 placed the colony directly under royal control, leaving the bankrupt Companyls investors deadlocked in a struggle for power. Although efforts were made to revive the Company, they proved unsuccessful, for most Virginians were united in their belief that they would fare better under the Crown. By 1626, some of the land that had once been owned by the Virginia Company had been conveyed into private ownership and some of the men who had been Company tenants patented 59 the land they had been occupying (Craven 1957:57; Kingsbury 1905-1935:IV:536-537). No records have come to light that reveal how soon after the Virginia Company's dissolution settlers began laying claim to acreage that eventually became part of the study area.
In January 1627, several individuals who were free men and residents of Pasbehay requested the courtlspermission to relocate. They complained about "the barreness of ye ground whereon they plant, the badness of their utterly decayed houses, & of their small strength & ability to defend thernselve~.~~Almost all of the men who sought permission to move had been residing in The Maine or Pasbehay in 1625; one man (John Milnhouse) was a former servant of Virginia's governor (McIlwaine 1934:129). It is likely that all of these individuals were tenants of Virginia's governor and occupied the 3,000 acre tract near Jamestown that had been allocated toward his support, not the property of the then-defunct Virginia Company of London, whose future was uncertain.
In August 1628 a peace treaty was made with the Indians, only to be called off by the English the following January, for officials felt that it was "a safer Course for the Colony in general (to prevent a second Massacre) utterly to proclayme and maintayne enmity and warres with all the Indians of these partesl1 (McIlwaine 1934:184). Historical records reveal that the Indians were allowed to enter the more densely settled area near Jamestown 60 only at "the appoynted place, at Pasbehay," an indication that in the peace agreement the Indians had ceded to the English a part of their land (Mcilwaine 1934:198). An intriguing reference to a "truckingN or trading point at Igold Pasbehay," which occurs in an 1637 patent for land that lay further up the Chickahominy, raises the possibility that Natives intending to enter the area held by the colonists may have come in on the so-called Chickahominy Path, the right-of-way of which appears to have followed portions of the
forerunners of Routes 5 and 614, passing through the study area. By 1630, a planter named Bridges Freeman patented acreage on the east side of the Chickahominy River s mouth, adjacent to a tract of land he owned in partnership with Francis Fowler, a former servant of the Virginia Company. Thus, the two men came into possession of part of the Virginia Company's 3,000 acres that eventually became known as the Piney Grove plantation (Nugent 1969-1979:1:69,299).
First Patentees
Bridges Freeman was born in Preston Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, England. Like many of the people who immigrated to Virginia in the early 17th century, Bridges Freeman moved several times before becoming settled. In January 1624, at age 21, he was living in the corporation of Elizabeth City, where his name was listed with that of Jabez Whittaker. Francis Fowler, who later became his partner,
was a former servant of the Virginia Company (Hotten 1980:182; Meyer and Dorman 1987:39,294). 61
By 1626, Bridges Freeman was living at Martins Brandon, on the lower side of the river, where he and James Sleight (a yeoman) leased a plot of land from Captain John Martin and established a household. In 1627, Freeman and Sleight requested permission to leave Martins Brandon in order to settle at a more secure place
(McIlwaine 1934:140,142,149,151,182). But precisely where they went is not known.
In 1629, Bridges Freeman made a legally binding contract with Francis Fowler, who later became his partner in a number of land ventures. Fowler was obliged to build Freeman "three lengths of housing with a chimney and a partition." Freeman was obliged to share the cost of having the dwelling inspected, after it was completed. Bridges Freeman may have then been in the process of establishing a home on the Virginia Company land that he patented at Piney Grove (McIlwaine 1934:182,199; Nugent 1969-1979:1:63). In March 1629 he was appointed commander of the magazine at Jamestown. In a 1632 land patent, Bridges Freeman was described as a gentleman, an indication of his status in Virginia society (McIlwaine 1934:192,199; Nugent 1969-1979:1:18).
During the 1629-1630 session of the Grand Assembly, Bridges Freeman served as a burgess for Pasbehay. In 1632 he represented the planters living along the Chickahominy and in 1642 was James City County's delegate. In 1640 Freeman was appointed a tobacco viewer for the settlements at Sandy Point and the Chickahominy 62 Parish. He became the area's collector of revenue in 1647 and in April 1650 was named to the Council of State, a position he held until 1655. Francis Fowler also gained prominence. In 1642 he was a member of the colony's Grand Assembly. Bridges Freeman rose in the ranks of the local militia, becoming first a captain and then a lieutenant colonel. Bridges Freeman's first wife, Bridgett, and his brother, Bennett, were listed as headrights in his December 1635 patent. Freeman's second wife, Jane, was the eldest daughter of George Evelyn, an English gentleman who was involved in colonizing Maryland and settled in St. Mary's County (Meyer and Dorman 1987:294-295).
Throughout the 1630s, Bridges Freeman and Francis Fowler separately and collectively patented land on both sides of the Chickahominy River's mouth and further inland. The descriptions of the acreage they acquired suggests that their property on the east side of the river included the sunken marshes at what later became known as Gordons Creek. During the early 1640s, Bridges Freeman, continued to acquire land in the area. By 1643 he had come into possession of 750 acres on the east side of the mouth of the Chickahominy River, between the mouths of Merryman's (Gordons) Creek and the Chickahominy River, and extending eastward along the James Mr. Thomas Harvey's land. It is perhaps significant that both Thomas Harvey and John Tyos, whose land was near Bridges Freeman's, were former servants of the Virginia Company. This raises the possibility that they had lived in the study area while 63 it was part of the Virginia Company's 3,000 acres. Within the bounds of Bridges Freeman's property was acreage called The Woodyard. During the mid-17th century the entrance to the mouth of the ~hickahominy River was called the ~hickahominy Gate and contemporary references to Bridges Freeman's landholdings make note of the Piney Woods and Piney Point, implying that land in that vicinity was then richly forested in pine. It was likely the land's appearance that gave rise to the name Piney Grove, by which Bridges Freeman's acreage was known during the 18th and 19th centuries. Genealogical records reveal that Bridges Freeman's partner, Francis Fowler, was dead by 1644 and that Bennett Freeman (Bridges1 brother) patented some of his landholdings, acreage that Fowler's widow, Antonia, had bequeathed to ridges himself (Nugent 1969-1979: I:19, 33, 36-37, 63, 113, 123-126, 160,224; Meyer and Dorman 1987:294-295).
In 1646, after a second Indian uprising had claimed nearly 400
lives, a treaty was made whereby the Natives became tributaries to the Crown and relinquished to the occupation of the colonists all of the James-York peninsula east of the fall line. Indians entering the ceded territory without a badge of safe conduct (a stripped coat) could be killed on sight. One writer reported in 1648 that three Indians "without badge incroachingl' had dared to trespass into the ceded area and had been shot by "valiant Captain Freeman,'' an apparent reference to Bridges Freeman (Force 1836-1846:11:8:25) . 64 In 1654 Bridges Freeman re-patented 1,325 acres called Tomahun that lay on the southwest side of the ~hickahominy's mouth, opposite the 1,011 acres he owned on the east side of the river. The description of his 1,011 acres made reference to the southwesterly portion boundary line, which commenced at his landing on the Chickahominy and extended down to the ''long point1' at the river's mouth. Bridges Freeman's patent then ran eastward along the James for 5,643 feet, to Thomas Harvey's land, whose line it followed as it headed north, then turned westward, tracing the meanders of Merryman's (Gordon's) Creek to its mouth. Freeman's patent boundary then proceeded south, following the banks of the Chickahominy River, rimming a bay near its mouth, finally terminating at his landing. Bridges Freeman's 1654 patent description suggests strongly that his plantation's landing was located to the northwest of Barrets Point, at the site where the Chickahominyls bank heads abruptly east (Nugent 1969-1979: I:19,
33, 36-37,63,113,123-126,160,224,299; Virginia Land Office Patent Book 3:307).
Bridges Freeman was alive in January 1658, when he was mentioned in a surviving land record, but dead by March 18, 1663. In August 1664 Barrendine Mercer patented two parcels of land, one of which had been bequeathed to Edward Harrisonn by the late Col.
Bridges Freeman (Meyer and Dorman 1987:295). Bridges Freeman 11, like his father, took an active role in public life and in 1680 and 1685 he served as a justice of James City County. During the 1680s 65 he disposed of land on Virginia's Eastern Shore, acreage that had descended to him via his father, who had inherited it from his second wife's family. In that transaction Bridges Freeman I1 was described as a gentleman "of Chiccahomini River, James City County," indicating that he lived in that vicinity. In 1670, when Augustine Herrmann prepared a map of Virginia and Maryland, he identified Bridges Freeman's property as Freeman's Point and indicated that structures stood at the edge of the small bay and in the east-central portion of the property, overlooking the James River (Herrmann 1673) (Figure 6). Other early cartographers also identified the geographically distinctive Freeman's Point
(Anonymous 1681; Thornton 1690) (Figures 7 and 8). ridges Freeman 11's name was missing from the 1704 quit rent rolls for James City County (Meyer and Dorman 1987:295-296).
In 1685 John Turner patented land that extended "from
Chickahominy Gate along Freeman's land, to the ferry path, I' an indication that a ferry was then in operation at the mouth of the ~hickahominy River; a 1691 patent also made reference to the ~hickahominyFerry. John Turner's land abutted "Freeman's alias
Chickahominy Pathg1(most likely the forerunner of Route 5) as did George Harvey's patent (Nugent 1969-1979:11:293,371). By 1702 the ferry was specifically described as plying the Chickahominy River at Freeman's Point. It was still in operation "at the usual placei1 in 1705 and most likely was in continuous service for many years to come. In 1718 a group of men petitioned for the "better regulating
'(0691 uoqu~oy&)puelA~e~ pue P~UT~XTA-8 a~nbrj 69 the ferry over Chickahominy River near the mouth thereof'' by which time it had been shifted inland to a more sheltered location on the property of the Barretts, who during the 1690s began patenting land behind Bridges Freeman's property. In time the new ferry site became known as Barrets Ferry (Hening 1809-1823:111:219,471;
McIlwaine 1979:619-621; Parks 1980:256). By 1704 George Harvey, whose 1691 patent abutted the land of the late Bridges Freeman, was in possession of 1,425 acres of land in James City County (Smith 1957:41). As Thomas Harvey's patent had been located in the vicinity of Deep Creek, George (as his descendant) may have retained that land and acquired some of the acreage that during the 17th century belonged to Bridges Freeman.
During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Jamestown continued to serve as a center of commerce and trade. It is likely that the ferry at Freeman's Point and its inland successor brought a steady stream of planters into the area by means of the ~hickahominyPath. A map of the Governor's Land tract (the 3,000 acres that in 1619 had been set aside for the support of Virginia's governor), the western boundary of which was Deep Creek, reveals that dwellings were scattered throughout the countryside (Soane 1681) (Figure 9). During the second half of the 18th century, the countryside adjacent to Jamestown Island was sparsely populated and throughout Tidewater, large plantations were interspersed with small and middling farmsteads. Contemporary maps reveal that no major plantation seats were then located within the study area
(Henry 1770; Fry and Jefferson 1755) (Figure 10).
17ze Travis Family's Landholdings at Piney Grove
By the fourth quarter of the 18th century, the Piney Grove tract was owned by Champion Travis, whose family traditionally resided upon Jamestown Island. Champion Travis' immigrant ancestor, Edward Travis, had come to Virginia by 1637 and married the daughter of John Johnson, an Ancient Planter who in 1624 was residing on Jamestown Island. By 1625 Johnson had patented 100 acres of land on the eastern end of Jamestown Island, to which his daughter, Ann, fell heir. Ann Johnson Travis' landholdings on Jamestown Island formed the nucleus of the plantation that the Travis family owned and occupied for several generations. Edward and Ann Travis produced a son, Edward 11, who married Elizabeth
Champion of Surry County. They produced a son, Edward Travis 111, who married and had several children, including Edward Champion Travis (Meyer and Dorman 1987:375-377).
Edward Champion Travis, like his forbearers, resided on Jamestown Island and was one of James City County's wealthiest and most prominent citizens. He represented James City County in the House of Burgesses until 1765 and was a colonel in the local militia (Meyer and Dorman 1987:378). According to tax rolls, in
1768 Edward Champion Travis was credited with 1,652 acres of land in James City County and he owned 44 tithable slaves. Later dated '(5353'L-t UosJaJJaf- pue AJJ) eru~6J-r~30 ?xed paqrqequI qso~aqq 30 dex y -01 axn6rj 73 tax records reveal that his plantation on Jamestown Island comprised approximately half of his real estate. Although the location of Edward Champion Travis's other James City County land is not specified in surviving archival records, the possibility exists that he had come into possession of acreage in the vicinity of the Piney Grove tract. In 1769, when Edward Champion Travis's son, Champion, came of age, he gave him 10 slaves but no land (Williamsburg-James City Tax Book 1768:44; 1769:42-43; James City County Land Tax Lists 1782-1801).
During the early 1770s Edward Champion Travis purchased a 578 acre tract of York County land known as TimsonlsNeck, to which he relocated, relinquishing his old home on Jamestown Island to his son Champion. In December 1778, when Edward Champion Travis made his will, he left to Champion, "all my lands and tenements with the appertenences lying and being in the county of James City." However, he stipulated that Champion was to pay to another heir 262 pounds 10 shillings current money, "so much due me for the land I purchased of Turner Henley." The existence of an undated plat of the Piney Grove tract, prepared for Champion Travis during the fourth quarter of the 18th century, raises the possibility that it was the Henley plantation comprised the acreage that Edward Champion Travis was in the process of selling to his son at the time of his death in 1779 (York County Wills 1771-1783:458-459; Thompson n.d.; Headley 1987:342). 74
James Thompson's survey of the Piney Grove plantation, prepared at Champion Travis's request, reveals that there were then seven structures on the property, including a sizeable dwelling identified as the ''Brick House." The Piney Grove plantation extended from the mouth of the Chickahominy River eastward to a small tributary of the James that lay to the west of Deep Creek, then crossed the forerunner of Route 5, and followed the confluence of Gordons Creek. To the east was the land of Benjamin Warburton and to the north was that of William Barrett. Piney Grove was sub-divided into 27 smaller parcels, whose boundaries conformed to the lay of the land. Development was concentrated in the western portion of the tract, near the Chickahominy's mouth, where six of the seven structures were located. There was a spring not far from Gordons Creek. A dam had been constructed to the west of Deep Creek, where a small waterway entered a low-lying area. Although James Thompson's survey is undated and he failed to disclose the size of the Piney Grove tract, its boundaries conform remarkably to those of two contiguous parcels that are delineated on a 1940 survey of the Pine Dell Land Development Corporation's land (Thompson n.d.; James City County Plat Book 8:36-37). In 1782, when James City County land tax records commenced being compiled, Champion Travis was in possession of 2,038 acres. His landholdings
then consisted of 838 acres on Jamestown Island and 1,200 acres at Piney Grove (James City County Land Tax Lists 1782-1800).
Champion Travis resided at the family seat on Jamestown Island 75 and like his forefathers, took an active role in politics. In 1769 he served as a burgess, representing Jamestown Island, and he participated in the conventions of 1774 and 1774. He also held the rank of colonel of the state regiment in 1775 and was a naval commissioner in 1776. He was a county justice and sheriff and a member of the Williamsburg Masonic Lodge (Stanard 1910:141-145).
Land and personal property tax rolls reveal that Champion Travis was one of James City County's wealthier planters. In 1782 he paid taxes upon 24 slaves of tithable age, plus 10 horses and 66 cattle, and he had an aggregate of 2,038 acres of James City County land. Between 1787 and 1794 Champion Travis was responsible for two groups of slaves, horses, and cattle, one of which was at Jamestown Island and the other at Piney Grove. In 1787 he paid the capitation taxes of William Stitt, a free white male tithe. Stitt was likely Travis's overseer or farm manager, for the Jamestown Island and Piney Grove plantations were more than four miles apart and each property had a population of slaves and livestock that would have required attention. The taxable personal property on Champion Travis's plantations (though not identified by name) were listed as two separate entities through 1794, after which time they were consolidated. Approximately two-thirds of Champion Travis's slaves and livestock resided upon one of his plantations, whereas the remaining third were located on his other tract, presumably his home plantation on Jamestown Island (James City County Land Tax Lists 1782-1787; Personal Property Tax Lists 1782-1794). 76
~uringlate 1780s and early 1790s, Champion ~ravis'sfortunes waned, for the quantity of slaves and livestock upon which he paid taxes declined. He, like many others who supported the American Revolution, may have found himself deeply in debt after the war was over. During the summer of 1781, the British and Allied armies had clashed just to the east of Piney Grove, on the Governor's Land, and the British had moved over the Greenspring Road to confront their adversaries at Centerville. It is likely that during these actions, Champion Travis's crops and livestock fell prey to the foraging armies. One map that was prepared by a French cartographer in 1781 reveals that the land on both sides of Deep Creek was wooded and that troops were positioned on the east side of the creek (~esandrouin1781; James City County Personal Property Tax Lists 1788-1800; Hatch 1945:170-196; Lossing 1976:240) (Figure 11). Thus, it is likely that Travis's real and personal property sustained some damage.
In 1801 Champion Travis sold his 1,200 acre Piney Grove tract to Francis M. Whittle of Norfolk, but retained his 838 acre ancestral plantation on Jamestown Island. Personal property tax rolls indicate that Champion Travis was frequently absent from James City County during the early 1800s. By 1816 he was dead and the county tax assessor commenced attributing his landholdings to his estate (James City County Land Tax Lists 1801-1816; Personal Property Tax Lists 1800-1815).
27ie Whittles
Relatively little is known about Francis M. Whittle, the man who purchased the Piney Grove tract from Champion Travis in 1801. Personal property tax rolls reveal that shortly after he bought the property, his son, Conway Whittle, took up residency in James City County and commenced paying taxes upon one adult slave. By 1802 Conway Whittle was credited with six slaves and five horses. As he owned no local real estate, it is likely that he was occupying and managing the Piney Grove plantation on behalf of his father (James City County Land Tax Lists 1801-1813; Personal Property Tax Lists 1801-1813. In 1818, Conway Whittle and two other individuals sold the Piney Grove plantation to John and Samuel G. Adams and Hezekiah Kitchum, who were residents of Richmond. The tax assessor noted that the three men were being credited with a 1,249 acre parcel that formerly had been charged to Francis M. Whittle as 1,200 acres. By 1820 Piney Grove's 1,200 acres had been partitioned and distributed among its owners. John Adams was in possession of the easternmost third of the property, whereas he and his partners shared ownership of the remaining two-thirds of the tract. In 1820, when the county tax assessor commenced listing the value of buildings that stood upon local real estate, a structure worth $75 then stood upon that portion of the Piney Grove tract which was owned by the three men as joint tenants. In 1821 John Adams added a building worth $25 to his 312 114 acres. Throughout the next few years the value of the buildings on the Piney Grove plantation 79 remained constant (James City County Land Tax Lists 1818-1827). It is likely that during this period, when the farm was in absentee ownership, its buildings and acreage were leased to tenants or occupied by one or more farm managers.
In 1828, Conway Whittle of Norfolk was credited with 832 213 acres (or two-thirds) of Piney Grove and the tax assessor noted that it had been conveyed to him by the trustees of the three men who previously had owned it. Concurrently, the president of the United States Bank was credited with the remaining third of the tract (416 113 acres), which had been mortgaged to the bank by the Adams* and their business partner. The collective value of the improvements on the 1,249 acre piney Grove tract was $100 (James City County Land Tax Lists 1828-1834).
In 1835, Conway Whittle and the president of the United States Bank sold the 1,249 acre Piney Grove tract to Nelson W. Hall of York County. Hall retained the property until 1838, at which time he sold it to Goodridge Durfey and Andrew H. Bennett. They in turn conveyed Piney Grove to Joseph and Bennett Fletcher in 1840. Throughout this period, the collective value of the buildings on the 1,249 acre farm was $100, an indication that the structures standing on the tract were insubstantial. The Fletchers retained Piney Grove until 1849, at which time they sold it to Moses R. Harrell. Moses R. Harrell of Piney Grove
In 1850 Moses R. Harrell enhanced his investment in Piney Grove through the addition of $350 worth of new buildings. The following year he substantially added to the collective worth of the buildings at Piney Grove, which rose to $1,000. A resident of James City County, Moses R. Harrell may have taken up residence at Piney Grove. It was during this period that more sophisticated farming techniques, crop diversification and increased interest in various forms of animal husbandry led to the strengthening of Virginia's agricultural economy. By 1861 Moses R. Harrell had moved from James City County to the city of Williamsburg. He was likely living there when the Civil War began (James City County Land Tax Lists 1835-1851; Personal Property Tax Lists 1850-1861).
Early on, the Hampton Roads area was caught up in armed conflict. In 1862 Union leaders became convinced that if they could move up the James-York Peninsula from their stronghold at Fort Monroe, they could capture Richmond and bring the war to a timely end. The Confederates, meanwhile, erected fortifications at strategic locations across the peninsula and along the James and
York Rivers, in a determined effort to retard the progress of their adversaries. As the Union Army swept up the peninsula in May 1862, James City County fell under its control. Men and armed vessels moved up and down the James as Union forces made their move on Richmond. One map prepared by a Union Army cartographer reveals 81 that the Union Army crossed the ~hickahominyRiver at Barrets Ferry and marched toward Williamsburg (Hare 1862) (Figure 12).
When Confederate cartographers prepared topographically sensitive maps that included the countryside west of Jarnestown, they identified Piney Grove Point at the mouth of the Chickahominy River and showed the site of Barrets Ferry, upstream. In the eastern part of the Piney Grove tract and to the west of Deep Creek were two structures, whose occupants were not identified by name
(Gilmer 1863) (Figure 13). As these were the only buildings that the map makers identified on the Piney Grove acreage, they may have been the domestic complex occupied by Moses R. Harrell before his removal to the city of Williamsburg. No records have come to light suggesting that combat actually occurred on the Piney Grove tract.
Moses R. Harrell and his wife, like many of their contemporaries, experienced financial adversity during the ~econstructionera and in November 1866 were obliged to mortgage Piney Grove in order to secure a loan. Four years later, when the Harrells found themselves unable to repay their creditors, Piney Grove was offered for sale at public auction. The firm of Field and Williams, which purchased Piney Grove in 1870, also was unable to pay in full for the property and in 1885 the farm again went on the auction block. This time it was purchased by L. W. Lane and ' (~981 ale^) ub~edmeaeTnsuTuad aq3 pue puomq~?~jo Aq~u~3-r~aqq. 30 de~s,axe~ -ZT alnb~d
84
Moses R. Harrell as the high bidders (James City County Deed Book 4:573-574). It is likely that tenants were living at Piney Grove during the 1870s and 80s.
In 1873, when the shore line of the James River was mapped by topographic engineers, the eastern part of Piney Grove was wooded, whereas the western part consisted of predominantly cleared land. Buildings were shown at seven different locations, all but one of which were in the eastern part of the property. Each structure overlooked the river, a marsh or a ravine and was surrounded by a relatively modest amount of cleared land. The pair of structures shown by Confederate map-makers in 1863 seemingly correspond to a site where, in 1873, a pair of buildings stood on a bluff
overlooking the James River. A network of minor roads ran through Piney Grove, connecting its outlying fields and buildings. Most of the structures that had been present on the property during the
fourth quarter of the 18th century when James Thompson prepared his plat, were no longer standing. A road that extended to the riverside, which in the late 1700s had been flanked by buildings, was indistinct in 1873. To the east, a new road had been built toward the river. During the century that had elapsed, the principal focus of development had shifted from the western to the eastern part of the property (Thompson n.d.; Patterson 1873-1874a, 1873-1874b) (Figures 14 and 15).
More Recent Owners
In 1906 L. W. Lane and Moses R. Harrell, who were residents of Williamsburg, sold the 1,249 acre Piney Grove tract to Cornelius Nightingale, who kept the farm for more than a decade before deeding it to Clarence B. Sturges. A year later, Sturges sold Piney Grove's 1,249 acres and four other tracts to the Pine Dell Development Corporation, Inc. (also known as the Pine Dell Land Company. Among the properties Sturges sold was land that was situated on both sides of Deep Creek (a part of Green Spring that abutted the east side of the creek plus a portion of the Deep
Bottom tract) (James City County Deed Book 4 :573-574; 9: 68-69; 13:
532;17:175;19:121,164-165,222-224)-
In 1926 the Pine Dell Development Corp. , Inc. sold the several tracts they owned back to Clarence B. Sturges. Included were the parcels that Sturges had sold to the firm in 1918, plus part of the Deep Bottom tract, the Green Spring plantation, Powhatan Swamp property, part of a tract called Crawleys, and several miscellaneous rights-of-way (James City County Deed Book 23:144-148). In 1940 a plat was made of the Pine Dell Development Corporation's landholdings. Among them were 1,226-75acres, which abutted the Chickahominy and James Rivers, plus a 303.31 acre tract that abutted the west side of Deep Creek, the Deep Bottom property. Excluded from the Pine Dell Development Company's landholdings was a small tract that already had been sold to Nathan J. Stewart 88
(James City County Plat Book 8:36-37) (Figure 16). At Clarence B. Sturgesl death his James City County landholdings descended to his wife, Marion S., whose own executors later disposed of them. In December 1941 Nanna S. Brooke, Mrs. Sturgesl heir and sole surviving executor, deeded the Piney Grove tract and 303.31 acres, part of Deep Bottom, plus 690.91 acres that comprised that portion of Green Spring that lay south of Route 5, to Clyde C. Hall of Williamsburg. In 1962 Hall, his wife and their trustees conveyed their landholdings to the First Land Corporation (James City County Deed Book 34:92-95;88:186-191). In November 1967 the First Land Corporation (otherwise known as Harrison and Lear Land Corporation) and its trustees deeded their 1,435 acres on the west side of Deep Creek to The Governors Land, a limited partnership. It was the partnership known as The Governor's Land which commenced calling their land on the west side of Deep Creek the Governor's Land. In July 1988 the partnership of investors known as The Governors Land deeded its landholdings to Walter F. Witt, Jr. , and Patrick J. Milmore (Milmoe), its trustees, in whose name the property is still listed (James City County Deed Book 114:291, 293, 295; 189:31; 1990
Tax Book:Sections 43 and 44).
PREVIOUS RESEARCH
Prior Surveys Within the Studv Area
Prior to the current study, the project area was surveyed three times between 1967 and 1988 on a Phase I archaeological reconnaissance level.
The first serious systematic survey of the Chickahominy River Basin began in October 1967 under the direction of Dr. Norman Barka, and was funded as a four year grant from the National Science Foundation (Barka and McCary 1977:73). Although intensive general survey work was performed, it is not certain how extensively the current study area was tested and by what means that testing occurred. Unfortunately, no formal survey report of these activities has ever been published or made available to scholars. Sites registered from this early date include 44JC23 llIndianw,44JC24 "18th Century", and 44JC25 all widely dispersed along the western portions of the property adjacent to the mouth of the Chickahominy River (VDHR Archives). All registered sites were found somewhat inland of, but near, the confluence of the Chickahominy River, and presumably this information is the result of the general Chickahominy River Survey initiatives. The importance of historic map research discussed by Barka and McCary (1977) will be noted in greater detail in the prehistoric section of this chapter. 91 In 1980, in anticipation of future commercial and residential development of the privately held land in the southwestern portion of the original Governor's Land tract, Mark Wittkofski of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) contacted Harrison and Lear, then the current owners of the parcel, for permission to perform an archaeological survey (VDHR, William and Mary Archives). Restricted funding prevented the VDHR from following through with the proposed survey. Later, Dr. Theodore Reinhart, professor of anthropology at the College of William and Mary, arranged with the VDHR to conduct the survey as a student project. The college could sustain a survey with student funding and an educational support facility. An initial survey was implemented between 1983 and 1984 by John Sprinkle (1984) who was gathering data for his master's thesis. Sprinkle was assisted by students from the College of William and Mary Field School and was directed in his research by Dr. Reinhart. Substantial portions of the 1440 acre tract of land
south of State Route 5 were examined using probabilistic and purposive survey techniques. This area was in excess of the 1975 Governor's Land Archaeological District survey conducted by the VDHR .
The survey work on the property was performed by either Reinhart, his sons and students, and Sprinkle, primarily in the spring of 1983, but also in the following fall and winter. All sites registered with numbers above 44JC23 and below 44JC476 in this report were initially located by archaeologists affiliated 92 with the Department of Anthropology at the College of William and Mary. Sprinkle's survey will be discussed later and in greater detail within the prehistoric and historic sections which follow in this chapter.
Additional survey work within the current study area was performed by Virginia Commonwealth University after the William and Mary survey. The VCU Archaeological Research Center filed three site registration forms at the Virginia Division of Historic Resources (VDHR Archives). These sites include: 44JC476, a large "crater" located within an interior upland landform associated with slag, brick and mortar fragments; 44JC477, a submerged multicomponent site including prehistoric, 18th and 19th-century debris destroyed by shoreline erosion; and 44JC478, an historic 19th-century site on a forested beach front. The location of these sites suggests a linear transect representing a north to south proposed "road corridoru study area. No project report is referenced on the site forms filed for these three locations.
Previous Prehistoric Ke~ionalResearch
Although substantial progress in prehistoric research has been made in the last 15 years, much remains to be learned. At present, only an outline of the area's prehistory is known. A brief review of the body of information on prehistoric excavations in James City County demonstrates a severely restricted data base. 93 In his ceramic study of Virginia, Evans (1955) was able to examine artifacts from only two sites in James City County: the Hofmeyer Site (due north of the project area) and the Old Ship Yard Site. Both sites are situated along the Chickahominy River. Reinhart examined prehistoric sites at Kingsmill (1975) and on Powhatan Creek (1976) and College Creek (1978). At the Croaker Landing site, located on the south bank of the York River, a rare, deeply-stratified oyster shell midden dating from 1,000 B.C. to A.D. 1500 has been studied (Egloff et al. 1988). The site was found in relative isolation, yet the natural benefits of the environment there were such that various cultural groups separated by a wide time span selected the same location as a temporary encampment. These findings convey an important point in the culture history of the region for, despite changes in the material culture, there is an apparent continuum in settlement choices and behavioral activities. Often when the natural benefits of the landscape are strongly conducive to habitation, archaeologists have to contend with finds representing a long period of settlement which generally include evidence of Late ~rchaicthrough Late Woodland occupation.
Of particular pertinence to the present study is an extensive survey in 1984 on nearly the same tract as the present survey, but
using controlled stratified sampling units instead of a comprehensive areal survey technique. The Governor's Land survey was conducted by the Department of Anthropology at the College of 94
William and Mary, with overall coordination by Dr. Theodore Reinhart (Sprinkle 1984). The survey indicated that prehistoric occupation of the property occurred primarily during the Late Archaic to Late Woodland period. The archaeological sites were found thinly scattered near water sources except in the floodplain area near the confluence of the Chickahominy and James rivers near Barrets Point.
Sprinkle (1984:54-56) observed what he called "lithic reduction base campsw and "hunting stations" as the principal prehistoric site types in his survey units, with the latter being scattered more widely throughout the region. Discrete areas producing small quantities of fire-cracked rock were not registered as sites, nor were these locations recorded in the documentation associated with the project. Sprinkle noted that few Woodland period sites were identified on the property. Ceramics were recovered from only three sites, and then only in small quantities.
Prehistoric research into smaller micro-band base camps and/or foraging encampments away from riverine settings may allow some comparison with analogous interior sites at Governor's Land. Such studies have been undertaken nearby along the Powhatan Creek drainage east of the project area as well as to the northeast, far inland of Governor's Land at Two Rivers, along the proposed Route 199 extension corridor. Since prehistoric exploitation tends to follow inland drainages, these studies, when considered together, 95 provide valuable documentation for studies of a representative minor drainage. Reinhart (1976) examined a stratified and partially disturbed Late Archaic to Middle Woodland site (44JC26) on Powhatan Creek three miles southwest of Williamsburg. Several miles inland of this same drainage, the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation's Office of Archaeological Excavation conducted a Phase I1 evaluation study of the Route 199 corridor, documenting numerous small prehistoric sites (Hunter and Brown 1987). Presently, field work for the Phase I11 project has been completed on the same sites and these are under analysis by staff of The College of William and Mary. Similar evidence of surprisingly rich interior settlement has been noted along the Ware Creek drainage by Hunter (personal communication), along the Powhatan Creek drainage by Hodges (JRIA Archives), on the Alternate 4 study at Green Spring (JRIA Archives) and along Powhatan Creek at Neck of Land (JRIA Archives).
Preliminary analysis by Hodges of artifacts associated with the interior James-York Peninsula recovered during the Route 199 Phase I1 evaluation (Hunter and Brown 1987:133-166) suggests that interior exploitation was most intensive during the Middle Woodland period, 500 B.C. to 900 A.D. The full range of diagnostic materials indicated overall exploitation of the interior spanning the Late Archaic to the Late Woodland periods (c. 2500 B.C. to 1600 A.D) . These frequency trends are complementary to research within or near the Fall line of the James River (Doug McLearen personal communication). Recovered ceramic materials corroborate typologies 96 developed by Evans (1955), and refined by Eglof f and Potter (1982). In some cases, preliminary analysis of the small assemblage demonstrates agreement with some regional wares identified by Virginia Commonwealth University (McLearen and Mouer 1989) along the more interior James River drainage at and just below the Fall line. This information indicates that not only did the east-west orientation of the Lower Peninsula channel social interaction between cultural groups along the same axis, but some of these cultural groups ranged widely throughout the area of the Inner and Outer Coastal Plains, perhaps on a seasonal or annual foraging schedule punctuated by fusion and fission of social group size.
Other deficiencies in regional research are somewhat compensated for by an extensive body of ethnohistorical narratives and maps which have survived the ravages of time and which document Contact period Native American settlements and lifeways. During the Contact period, the tribal group occupying western James City County and eastern Charles City County along the lower Chickahominy were the Paspahegh, who were affiliated with the Powhatan Chiefdom and had an estimated total population of 135 people (Feest 1978:255-257). Due to very early and sustained English incursions into their territory, not the least of which was the Jamestown settlement, the Paspahegh disappear from the early narrative literature by 1610. McCary (1957:5) suggests that their principle town was located at Sandy Point in Charles City County. 97
McCary and Barka surveyed the lower tidal Chickahominy River basin. One of the research initiatives of this survey was an attempt to test the accuracy of the 1612 John Smith map of Virginia and the Zuniga map of 1608 (probably copied from an earlier Smith sketch). Although a detailed report of the findings of this study has not been published, an overview of the survey with regard to the accuracy of the historic maps is available (McCary and Barka 1977). That account mentions no archaeological (village) findings within the present study area, yet the synthesis of questions raised about village occupations and comparative map research is relevant to sites possibly located at Governor's Land at Two Rivers.
Preliminary research indicates that both the Smith and Zuniga maps place one or more Paspahegh village(s) at or due north of a clear landmark on all maps, namely Barrets Point, at the confluence of the James and Chickahominy rivers on the east bank. At the time of early English exploration, it is noteworthy that despite conflicting village names and exact locations, historical evidence places the primary Paspahegh settlement at or near the mouth of the Chickahominy River on either the east or west bank. In "The Draughte by Robarte Tindall of Virginia Anno: 1608" (the earliest recorded English map of Coastal Plain Virginia showing tidal rivers with ethnographic details), Tindall placed the presumed main village of the Paspahegh on the west bank of the Chickahominy River near Sandy Point in Charles City County (Strachey 1953:31). Yet, 98 in November of the same year John Smith drafted and sent a map to
England of his early waterborne explorations in Tidewater, Virginia providing evidence of greater settlement density in the vicinity of the project area than does Tindall.
The John Smith map was later altered somewhat and printed as
The MaD of Virsinia, 1612 (Arber 1910:385; Barka and McCary
1977:74). It is significant that this map places "ordinary housesw in the immediate vicinity of Barrets Point and near a named village called Mattapanient on the east bank of the mouth of the ~hickahominy River. The name seems to be associated with three ordinary house symbols located at or near the named point above.
Don Pedro de Zuniga, the Spanish ambassador to the English court, forwarded to King Philip 111 of Spain a map which has been suggested to be the only preserved copy of Smith's 1608 map. The Zuniga map, though in a more informal "sketch styleu, is perhaps even more informative than Smith's about potential area-specific settlement on the Governor's Land tract. On the eastern side of the mouth of the Chickahominy and spanning Barrets Point and north to Nettles Creek, three clusters of houses are shown somewhat less symbolically than on Smith's map, but are nonetheless complimentary to the three villages shown in the published version of Smith's map of 1612. One cluster is shown close to Barrets Point, but clearly within the mouth of the Chickahominy River area; another is placed northeast and equally near the river. According to McCary and 99 Barka, the latter site may be the E. Hofmeyer Site which may correspond with Mattapanient (Smith 1612) and Cinquactock (Zuniga 1608). Of these, Cinquactock may almost certainly be south of this, and may be contained within the project area. A third village is near what is probably Nettles Creek and is suggested to be the Minor Site (McCary and Barka 1977:5,73-86).
The Paspahegh appear repeatedly in a number of early ethnohistorical narratives between 1607 and 1610. It is clear from these that enmity and distrust, and on occasion the violent exchanges which resulted, led to forceful English retribution, particularly between 1609 and 1610. In 1609 John Smith captured the King of the Paspahegh (Arber 1910:467-468), and this humiliation resulted in the Paspahegh transferring precious stored corn to the English after a poor planting season. In 1610 Captain Pearcie and some 50 or 60 armed English militia were sent to "correctu Paspahegh depredations and the worrying of the English. When the English punitive raid arrived at the Paspahegh village, according to Smith (Arber 1910:503), "...the Saluages flying, they (the English) burnt their houses, tooke the Queene and her children prisoners, whom not long after they slew. " The killing of women and children violated major Native American cultural taboos and a period of small scale Indian warfare ensued. The name "Paspahegh" in reference to a Powhatan Chiefdom tribal group disappears from the written record after 1610 (Feest 1978:257). Randolph Turner (personal communication) suggests that the remnant tribal group had 100 moved south of the James River after 1610, where they were absorbed into other tribal groups.
Turner (1976) has asserted that without the ethnohistorical record of the Powhatan Chiefdom and the ranked society that sustained it, the archaeological record is remarkably mute. Turner suggests that the Powhatan Chiefdom data base will only be gleaned by more intensive large scale surveys and excavations. Since potential site areas on the floodplain at Barrets Point are almost certainly specifically germane to the Powhatan Chiefdom, these resources may be highly instructive to gaps in our current knowledge. Some aspects of the ranked society may be revealed through the shrewd but brutal English retributions in 1609-1610. The surprising effectiveness of Pearcie's raid may well underscore early understanding of the role of the main village as a political and religious center which also contained precious communal food storehouses important to the tribe for community level survival during lean seasons. Rountree (1974:48) considers this expedition against the Paspaheghs as an event of pivotal historic importance because, based on her extensive studies, Itit marks the end of the Initial Contact Period in Virginia."
Turner (1976:23-24) has listed basic attributes of sociocultural complexity that he feels would characterize such material remains: (1) The presence of specialized structures, namely chief's houses, storehouses, and temples;
(2) Differential distribution of restricted rank-denoting artifacts (e-g., copper artifacts, pearls, and certain shell artifacts) within settlements, between settlements, and within burials; and
(3) A settlement hierarchy similar to the one described by Smith for the Powhatan.
Previous Pertinent Historical Research
The study area lies within an area of the Middle Atlantic seaboard that contains cultural resources, some of which are of national as well as local and regional importance. Some of the earliest historical archaeological investigations performed in the nation took place at Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the New World and the capital of colonial Virginia
between 1607 and 1699 (Harrington 1942, Cotter 1958). Throughout much of the 18th century, Williamsburg was the capital of Virginia. Jamestown and Williamsburg, both of which are relatively close to the study area, were sites where wealth, political power, and mercantile interests were concentrated.
Historically, the survey area lay immediately upstream from the 3,000 acre tract above Jamestown that in 1618 was set aside for the use of the Colonyls governors. Within the so-called "GovernorlsLandn, scattered settlements were established as early as 1617. Two communities evolved as the property developed. The one closest to Jamestown became known as Itthe Maine", whereas the one that lay further to the north (or west) was called "Pasbehayl'. Portions of the Governor's Land were set aside as an archaeological district during the 1970's on the basis of a survey conducted by the VDHR. The VDHR also conducted extensive excavations at several sites on the Governor's Land including the Maine, c. 1619-1625, Pasbehay Tenement, c. 1635-1650, and the home site of a landowner at the Drumrnond site c. 1650-1725. The history of these activities is described in an extensive excavation report prepared by Alain Outlaw (1978, 1989) which details important impermanent architectural forms and other more typical earthfast structures, burials, a spectacular collection of weapons and armor, and ceramic finds .
Other archaeological research in the area was conducted on the historic Green Spring estate occupied by William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, 1642-1652, 1660-1677. In 1940, J. C. Harrington, National Park Service archaeologist, located traces of a road that linked Green Spring with Jarnestown. In 1954 and 1955, the Green Spring manor house and mansion, portions of its service yard, including a pottery kiln, were excavated by Louis Caywood (1955) who also was affiliated with the National Park Service. Artifacts recovered from the Green Spring site represented occupation from 1643-1797 (Caywood 1955:2). Green Spring undoubtedly was Virginia's most substantially-built early dwelling. By 1683 (or earlier) the mansion house contained a five-arched arcade (Morgan 1975:146, Noel Hume 1963:143). ' 103
Noel Hume (1963:138-145) has described the Green Spring plantation as one of the three most important archaeological sites that have enhanced our considerable knowledge of plantation life and the importance of the tobacco trade. Noel Hume's report contains an extremely important survey that was discovered in the William Salt Library, in Stafford, England. Drawn up by John Soane in 1683 (1963), the survey of the Governor's Land shows a small sketch of the Green Spring manor house and outlines the domestic seats and internal property boundaries for 16 tenant occupancies who are identified by name. Noel Wume emphasizes how historical documentation such as the architectural details of the Mansion house as depicted on the Soane map, can influence archaeological and historical interpretations.
Locally-made ceramics recovered by Loius Caywood at or near the Green Spring pottery kiln have been studied by James Smith (1980), whose research incorporated a study of both the kiln technology and ceramic remains. Later he presented a preliminary typology of the pottery vessels that were produced there. Smith's research provides information about regional trade networks and date ranges for production and corresponding product availability.
Other information on above described research projects is available within the RP3 (Brown et al. 1986) and is discussed more thoroughly in the survey design section of this report and elsewhere. GENERAL. RESEARCH DESIGN
Anticipated Resources
Within the survey area, certain types of sites were anticipated because of several factors, including: a review of the previous archaeological survey of a portion of the property; other surveys in the project vicinity; prehistoric and historic settlement models developed for the James-York Peninsula; historical research; and environmental variability across the property. Anticipated site types included prehistoric base camps and limited activity sites situated within riverine and interior settings; Late Woodland and/or Contact period sites associated with a village settlement of the Paspahegh Indians; first quarter of the 17th-century sites related to settlement by the Virginia Company of London; second to third fourth quarter 17th-century planters; and 18th-century and 19th-century sites of tenants and/or slaves.
Ob-iectives of the Study
The research objectives of the survey were to locate and make . recommendations for future evaluation of archaeological sites at the Governor's Land at Two Rivers. The goal of the archaeological survey of the Governor's Land at Two Rivers was to facilitate the long-term management of archaeological sites in the proposed development area. The current report has been designed to serve as a planning document, and, as such, addresses the issues of resource: 1) identification; 2) evaluation; and, 3) plans for
104 105 protection. Sites are evaluated in terms of National Register of Historic Places criteria.
Resource Identification
The research strategy was designed to identify the presence or absence of previously unknown archaeological resources, and to examine previously recorded sites. The resources were identified and assess on the following:
1) Site Size was based on the horizontal distribution of artifacts within shovel tests, and/or by surface inspection of the artifact distribution in relation to the landform(s) where these materials were observed. This information indicates a minimum of information about predicted social group size, intensity of occupation, overlapping occupations, or potential status of the occupants.
2) Site Age was based on diagnostic artifact types indicating the predominant temporal framework of the occupation(s). For historic periods, archival research was employed in an attempt to isolate potential or obvious property ownership.
3) Site Type and/or Function was determined by the presence of absence and relative density of artifact types. Settlement models of similar sites within the Coastal Plain were also extensively utilized in this identification process. Within historic sites,
ceramics, glass, and kitchen midden (food refuse, bone, shell etc. ) 106 in association with architectural remains allowed a determination of probable domestic occupation. Historic sites without ceramic finds or devoid of a strong sheet midden were interpreted as work stations. Low artifact density areas with architectural remains were identified as outbuilding/ work complexes or modest quarters. Because of the complexity of prehistoric site types and the physical mobility of these cultural groups, prehistoric site function was identified by both artifact assemblage and settlement models in relation to environmental zones. Diagnostic lithic tool forms, projectile points and blades, lithic debitage, and ceramic wares were informative about the function of these sites. Tentative site identification for each cultural period was based primarily on settlement models developed by Gardner (1982) for the Late Archaic/Transitional to Late Woodland within the Mid-Atlantic region, and by Potter (1982) for the Middle Woodland to early historic period. For earlier cultural periods, more generalized settlement models were employed.
4) Site Intesrity was evaluated by the presence or absence of disturbances, examining site formation processes, and assessing horizontal and vertical integrity, as well as possible intact
subsurface deposits. Phase I1 was recommended when sufficient evidence remained for meaningful comparison to other sites.
Archaeolo~icalSurvev Desirrn
The objectives of the research design were met by several coordinated phases in the overall study. The specific research design of the archival research is included at the introduction to that section. The basic approach to site location and assessment included:
1) background and literature review (providing information outlining previous documentation pertaining to the study area which might inform researchers about anticipated resources, and providing identification of these resources - if not by site, then by probable groups or classes of anticipated sites);
2) environmental and physical setting review (providing a summary of the history of the landform within the study area, as this may affect the sum total of the archaeological resources and their preservation characteristics, and outlining the predictable environmental options and constraints to cultural groups through time) ;
3) adaptation of field techniques to the study area's physical conditions, ground cover, and current and former land use;
4) systematic archaeological testing, and conversations with local informants;
5) analysis of the collections and survey data; and
6) report compilation and completion including a review of previous regional research for perspective purposes.
Relation of the Present Studv to Ke~ionalStudies
The present Phase I survey can contribute substantially to
regional research for the following reasons: 1) the large size of
the property; 2) the rich variety of ecological zones; 3) the
historical associations of the study area; and, 4) the abundant research existing on the Chesapeake region. 108 James City County has experienced major population growth in recent years. In response to burgeoning development pressure in the Williamsburg-James City County area, the VDHR issued, in 1985, a Survey and Planning Subgrant to the Office of Archaeological Excavation, Department of Archaeology of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation to develop a preservation plan for the area. Entitled
Toward A Resource Protection Process: James City County, York County, City of Poquoson, And City of Williamsburq (RP3) (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 1986), the resulting document divides the culture history of the study area into "Study Units" which organize prehistoric and historic cultural resources into related scholarly themes and provide evaluation guidelines and a practical operating plan in Light of these research concepts. The Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract potentially contains archaeological sites relating to all of the RP3 study units, except for littoral, heavy industrial, and urban study units. The present survey area contains extensive acreage along one of the major state river transport systems, the James River, and a major tributary, the Chickahominy River. The regional preservation plan identifies such settings as highly sensitive archaeologically for prehistoric, protohistoric, and 17th-century sites. Indeed, survey of the 1,000' belt along each bank of the James and Chickahominy rivers was recommended as an identification goal for James City County (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 1986:517). Testing both high probability and marginal areas within the Governor's Land at Two Rivers will enhance current knowledge of land use through time by 109 prehistoric peoples, Native Americans, Afro-Americans, and Euro- Americans.
Prehistoric Regional Research Domains
Future excavation in James City County and elsewhere in coastal Virginia and in neighboring states will further define the local pottery sequence with respect to chronology and spatial distribution. Likewise, additional work is needed to refine poorly understood lithic typologies. These data are crucial for understanding research topics such as seasonality, settlement patterns, horticultural economics, ethnic identification, and social/exchange networks.
Survey of the project area should provide information on site chronology, size, function, and setting needed for understanding the development of prehistoric settlement systems and social organization. Based on prehistoric settlement models for the Virginia Coastal Plain proposed by Gardner (1982), Governor's Land at Two Rivers should contain Late Archaic and Woodland base camps within riverine settings, as well as interior foraging encampments. Size, complexity, and intensity of settlement at some optimal base camp locations should increase through time, as settlement systems become more sedentary and the size of social units increases. Documentary research indicates that riverine locations should also contain remains of village settlement dating from the Late Woodland (A.D. 900-1600) and early contact (A.D. 1607-1610) periods. 110 Survey information from the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract is important in light of recent prehistoric research on the James-York Peninsula, particularly within James City County. The project area includes upland settings up to a mile inland from the James and Chickahominy rivers. These areas should provide important comparative data with recent studies of more interior sites on low-order drainages several miles inland (Hunter et al.
1987). Much remains to be learned about how proximity to core habitation zones (for example, riverine settings) affects the amount of activity within the immediate interior uplands, as opposed to more inland locations along low-order streams. A combination of the research initiatives in the area provides an idealized transect between the riverine and interior habitation and activity zones.
The project area also lies at the transition between the Estuarine and Interior Coastal Plain, an important setting for understanding prehistoric adaptations in the region. Current research has indicated that, while populations associated with these two areas can be distinguished on interior sites from as early as the Middle Woodland period, there was also considerable interaction between interior and estuarine-adapted peoples dating from as early as the Late Archaic and extending into the Late
Woodland (Egloff 1985). Since the project area is situated on the narrow James-York Peninsula, it can potentially provide information regarding the extent to which this movement was channeled by the 111
major rivers and may determine how much interaction occurred across major drainages.
Historic Regional Research Domains
Survey data from the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract will also be used to test current models of historic period settlement in Virginia from the 17th through the 19th century. The comprehensive survey of both riverine and interior upland areas will provide information on the possible association of particular environmental settings with settlement by different social and economic groups during successive cultural periods. Kenneth Lewis (1984) has discussed in some detail the progression of settlement models at Governor's Land for the early frontier period. Under current historic settlement models, it is proposed that initial and/or wealthier landowners tended to acquire the most fertile agricultural areas conveniently located near the international trade routes provided by large tidal rivers. Indentured servants serving out their tenure, former tenants taking their own private holdings, and new immigrants were accordingly compelled to either move west to less desirable locations along the frontier or to take up less productive lands in more interior locations within settled areas. As the 17th century ended, a decrease in English immigrant labor coupled with higher tobacco prices led simultaneously to the increasing importation of African American bonded labor and the economic stagnation of many smaller planters. Because only a relatively small number of landowners could obtain and control 112 large labor pools, wealth and power tended to be concentrated within an increasingly elite social group (Kulikoff 1986).
The new tidewater elite was able to obtain and consolidate large land holdings, often entailing one or more large plantations that were frequently administered by overseers and tenants under absentee ownership. Much of the project area was operated by absentee ownership during the 18th and 19th centuries. Often very early in the colonial period, tobacco production led to soil depletion and rapid land exhaustion. Despite several attempts at agricultural diversification, largely in response to the dominance of tobacco or as a result of poor soils, new crops and soil liming techniques were not successfully begun until c. 1830 - 1850.
Virginia was dominated by extensive agricultural endeavors from 1618 to 1865, and in some areas until 1930. Much of the interior land away from the river terrace at Barrets Point did not contain highly productive soils and was accordingly of marginal utility. How these marginal areas were utilized, and the density of occupation within them, are important considerations in obtaining an overall view of historic adaptations. Previous bias towards research within high probability areas with optimum settlement locations is understandable, but it has created an unbalanced view of historic occupation.
The project area appears to be uniquely suited for the study 113 of interaction between local Indians and early English colonists during the Contact Period. The project has uncovered evidence of substantial Late Woodland occupations, perhaps at the peak of Woodland cultural evolution during the Powhatan Chiefdom. Because the fate of the English colony was not certain during the first quarter of the 17th century, many critical cultural exchanges took place which would eventually determine the destiny of both cultures. Captain John Smith ' s map of Virginia (see Figure 4) , prepared sometime between 1608 and 1610 (Smith 1612; Arber 1910), shows three Indian villages situated on the east bank of the Chickahominy River at its mouth. The Zuniga map clearly depicts three villages associated with the Paspahegh Indians at a location directly south of Mattapament Bay and spanning south to Barrets Point. The map identifies the area as the village Cinquactock. Because of their proximity to the English settlement at Jamestown, the Paspaheghs were considered a direct threat to the infant English colony. Clearly the insecurity was mutual. Hostilities ensued during a time of relatively great Indian strength (1607 - 1610), when the military power of the English was not extensively tested. It is likely that the Paspahegh corn lands on the east bank of the ~hickahominyRiver at Governor's Land were among the first to be seized and utilized.
Contemporary records refer to the earliest English settlement at Governor's Land as llPasbehay",the former Native American tribal name. Almost certainly, the English settlers took advantage of the 114 previously cleared, cultivated fields of the Paspahegh, using them for their own crops of tobacco and Indian corn. However, more direct and positive interactions may also have occurred. Friendly exchanges of trade goods can be anticipated (even after potential destructive raids) and surviving Paspaheghs or other Native American cultural groups may have lived and worked among the English, probably as uniquely skilled and knowledgeable servants. Based on the historic background study by McCartney, a rare trading area (within the study area, if not eroded or otherwise destroyed) was located near the old "Chicahominy Path" (State Route 5
antecedent) "old Pasbehay" in 1637.
Finally, previous archaeological research in the project area provides a firm thematic background for the present study. A large portion of the west tract of Governor's Land at Two Rivers has been studied using probabilistic and purposive survey techniques (Sprinkle 1984) . The present survey provides a largely complimentary expansion of the data base of this study and, to some extent, a realistic test case of its interpretive assertions over a larger physical area. This comprehensive survey was especially sensitive to rapidly increasing knowledge of settlement patterns
developed since 1982 by regional prehistorians and historic archaeologists. SURVEY METHODS
All 1,440 acres of the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract, excluding steeply sloped landforms or wetlands areas, were surveyed, including areas of low probability. Methodology varied to accommodate varying surface and vegetation conditions.
Field Survey Strategy
Prior to beginning the field survey, regional, historical and archaeological research pertaining to the property was reviewed. All previously recorded sites logged in the VDHR site files were plotted on a 1" = 200' scale base map. The location of sites suggested by 18th and 19th century maps was plotted on to the base map as well. Next, an overall inspection of the property was conducted to determine survey needs and strategies.
A survey strategy was devised based on the decision that sampling was not desirable, and all 1440 acres should be examined, including areas of previously recorded sites. Survey methods would have to be flexible in order to accommodate differences in ground cover and surface visibility.
Survey Techniques Cultivated fields that were plowed, disked, and rain-washed
were surveyed by surface inspection with crew members spaced at 20' intervals. The presence or absence of buried cultural deposits was
115 116 investigated by selective shovel-testing and, where appropriate to the location, by examination of shoreline exposures. Woods and cultivated fields that had not been plowed recently or with poor visibility were to be shovel-tested at 50' intervals or less. The spoils from each shovel-test were carefully trowel-sorted for artifacts. Trowel sorting was employed as a technique since it had been used on other surveys conducted prior to the Governor's Land survey that were approved by VHDR. The profile exposed in each shovel-test was also examined for the presence of artifacts and cultural features. Characteristics of cultural or natural stratigraphy exposed in the profile were also recorded. Isolated finds were recorded in the field notes and plotted on the survey map.
Artifacts recovered in the survey were provenienced using temporary field designations and retained for subsequent cleaning
and identification using a standard descriptive artifact inventory form. Certain artifact types, such as brick, were not collected, but their presence and frequency were noted in the field survey records.
Survey information was recorded on standard JRIA Phase I survey forms developed for in-house use. These forms include the following basic categories of information along with room for comments, notes, and drawings: methods used; ground cover; local topography and proximity to water; site dimensions; artifact 117 density (for various types such as shell, brick, fire-cracked rock, debitage) ; diagnostic artifacts recorded; and the number of total test pits excavated within observed site areas versus the total number of test pits that yielded artifacts. The field notes also included information on site integrity and research potential.
Exact site boundaries as defined by artifact distribution were recorded on the 1" = 200' base map and on quad sheets. Information relating to the condition of each site was recorded, including whether the site was plowed or not plowed, disturbed or well- preserved, or whether horizontal and/or vertical integrity was retained.
The project employed the use of a metal detector, White's 5000 Series 11, to supplement standard survey techniques in heavily forested areas and at ravine heads. It was employed only after these areas were tested by conventional shovel-test techniques. The metal detector was also used to identify historic sites that might be expected to have low archaeological visibility. This technique assisted in locating property types such as outbuildings and agricultural structures not easily determined through surface studies. The metal detector was also used to increase the probability of identifying 17th-century sites. Early English sites in the 17th century are generally characterized by limited artifact assemblages and the wide-spread use of highly degradable building materials (i.e. wood frames, clay chimneys) . In some cases, remote 118 sensing retrieved diagnostic metal artifacts that helped to identify a vague or otherwise indeterminate site.
Survev Strategy For Specific Testing Zones
Because the specific conditions of past land use affected surface visibility, different techniques to identify the presence of archeological resources were employed across the property. Most of the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract is heavily forested and has been logged several times in the past century. The last extensive logging occurred c. 1950. The property also contains recent agricultural fields, which are located at the confluence of the James and Chickahominy rivers on a low, relatively fertile river terrace near Barrets Point and adjacent to it in restricted upland areas. Three general testing strategies were used within inland areas: one for forested areas with shovel tests placed
every 50'; one for cultivated fields, which were to be plowed and disked and then surface collected; and one for beaches, which would be surface collected. The major survey zones and their
subdivisions (Figures 17, 18) used in the project are described below, along with a description of the specific archaeological testing methodology employed in each.
Zone 1: Beach Survey
The shoreline areas of the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract were considered to have high potential for containing archaeological resources dating from both the prehistoric and
OZT 121 historic periods. The continually eroding beach shorelines of both the Chickahominy and James Rivers often contained artifact deposits dislodged from the adjacent banks. Large portions of the beaches are bracketed inland by high cliffs or wetlands, and changing tidal schedules made it difficult to coordinate testing of the beach and nearby inland areas. Therefore, the beach survey results must be considered a separate body of data from that generated through testing of the high ground immediately above the rivers. In scheduling survey along the beaches, tides were monitored so that field reconnaissance could take place during optima1 low tide conditions, maximizing the physical size of the beachfront and the area of surface visibility within the inter-tidal zone.
Beach finds were appraised as artifact concentrations that did not necessarily reflect the precise location of possible sites. It seems likely that artifact distributions on the beach have been altered by transport along the shore. The location or spatial extent of some artifacts might be obscured by sedimentary deposits or beach detritus. The distance from the beginning to the end of each identified artifact concentration was carefully noted, however, and the location of the concentration was then mapped.
The boundary of each beach site was designated on the map by a semi-circle projecting inland from the river. ?'he survey crew inspected the beach cliffs for evidence of archaeological features or cultural stratigraphy. Inland areas adjacent to the beach 122 collections were surveyed using systematic transect intervals.
The presence of large spalled cobbles and fire-cracked rock along the beaches was noted, but these items were not retained for the collection. A sample of lithic flakes, if present, was collected. All stone tools and any other types of diagnostic artifacts were collected.
Zone 2: Cultivated Fields and Forrnerlv Cultivated Fallow Fields
Earlier in the 20th century and until very recently, four large tracts of floodplain, upland terrace, and intermediate areas near Barrets Point were extensively cultivated. Nearly all of these areas were considered optimal settlement locations for the Late Woodland and Historic periods. When planning the present survey, JRIA requested that all previously cultivated fields that were only recently fallow be plowed and disked to improve surface visibility. After a rain had fallen, increasing artifact visibility even further, these areas were to be systematically examined by surface inspection along transects spaced at 20' intervals. The survey transects were to be supplemented by shovel tests excavated in order acquire information on site formation processes and the presence or absence of intact subsurface deposits below plowzone.
The first artifacts noted on a transect within an area were flagged. The surveyors then continued forward along the line to 123
establish the limits of the artifact distribution. These limits were also flagged. When the end of the transect was reached, the crew reassembled within the area defined by flagging. This area was examined again to refine the site boundaries through additional transects oriented at a 90 degree angle to the original transect lines. The location of the site was plotted in relation to local landforms. All diagnostic artifacts seen were collected. Other materials, such as brick fragments, mortar, coal, and slag, were sampled selectively or noted on survey forms.
Wooded areas at field boundaries were shovel-tested on 50' intervals. All other areas between field systems were also shovel- tested at 50' intervals to complete the coverage of the entire area within or near field systems.
Zone 2A:
This area consists of the most southerly field located
directly east of Barrets Point. The landform averages 5' ASL. The field is a rounded, trapezoid shape measuring approximately 2,000' long northeast to southwest by up to 1,000' wide. The southern portions of the field front on the James River shoreline. Scheduling problems prevented the subcontractor from plowing and disking the field before it was inspected; consequently, the field was in stubble during the survey. Although some surface visibility was provided between plant rows, the field was also examined with shovel-tests placed on 50' intervals. Zone 2B
The second most southerly field on the property defines Zone 2B, which is separated from Zone 2A by wetlands. The field is triangular and measures 1,350' long east to west by 1,300' wide north to south. The field fronts on the mouth of the Chickahominy River and lies at approximately 5' ASL or less. Zone 2B was plowed and disked prior to the surface survey; however, the field was not "bush-hogged" or mown prior to plowing. The disking, therefore, did not break up the clumps effectively, and a subsequent light rain only served to encourage rapid weed growth. Since surface visibility was poor, shovel-testing was conducted to supplement surface information. Later, a metal detector was used to identify historic sites which might have been missed.
Zone 2C:
Zone 2C is the most northerly of the fields adjacent to the mouth of the Chickahominy River above Barrets Point proper. This southeast extension of the field corresponds with a low terrace rise running east to west at the southern end of the field. The field is 2,500' long north to south by an average width of 1,000' feet east to west, except for a projection that makes the southern terminus of the field 1,600' wide. The elevations in this area average between 5' to 10' ASL. Only portions of this field were plowed and disked prior to the survey. These areas were examined
by surface inspection along transects spaced at 20' intervals in conjunction with selected deep shovel tests. The remainder of the 125 field was shovel tested at 50' intervals along marked transect lines.
Zone 2D:
Zone 2D comprises a large cultivated field associated with two 20th-century occupations near the terminus of the upland terrace adjacent to and east of Zone 2C. The outline of the field is irregular, especially in the northern section. The field measures approximately 2,800' long east to west by 1,000' to 1,200' wide north to south. Elevation ranges from 10' to 35' ASL, with the majority of the field lying at the higher end of that range. The field was well-plowed and disked prior to inspection. A surface inspection was conducted with selective shovel testing.
Zone 3: Shovel Testing with Metal Detector Augmentation:
Zone 3 consists of a relatively large survey area due east of Zone 2 and Barrets Point, and north of the James River. The area consists of isolated areas of well-drained, low-lying land bounded by extensive wetlands along the James River flood plain. This area was examined with shovel tests excavated along marked transect lines spaced at 50' intervals. A metal detector was also used to locate sites. The metal detector was only employed under two conditions: (1) when shovel testing of high probability areas was unsuccessful; (2) when shovel tests produced positive results, but no diagnostic artifacts were recovered, the detector was used to help locate diagnostic metal artifacts. Zone 4: Heavily Forested Areas:
This area represents, by far, the largest survey zone on the property. Surface conditions on the landform away from Barrets
Point include: open to densely vegetated forest (40 year old second growth forest) ; overgrown fallow fields; restricted meadows in full, late season growth; logging roads; graveled or otherwise unpaved access roads; small trails; or surveyorst cut lines. There was little to no surface visibility in these areas, except in deep ruts caused by logging vehicles or tree-falls typically covered in moss or low growth.
The forested portions of the property were shovel-tested at
50' intervals. The shovel test interval was reduced occasionally, to gather more information on the size of small prehistoric sites or on obscure areas in general. Some additional shovel test units were selectively excavated in high probability areas when negative results were obtained using normal transect intervals. Such areas included well-drained landforms near ravine heads, streams, and upland or lowland swamps.
As in the survey of cultivated fields, the first artifacts encountered within an area of previous negative (non-artifact bearing) space were flagged. Surveyors continued to excavate shovel tests on the transect lines until the limits of the artifact distribution were reached and subsequently flagged. Once the pattern of artifacts was established, the crew tested from the 127 center of the distribution outward in expanding concentric circles to better define the site boundaries and obtain additional information on cultural affiliation, site type, and artifact density. The boundaries of the site were plotted on maps. All diagnostic artifacts were collected. Other debris, such as brick fragments, mortar, coal, and slag, was sampled selectively or noted on survey forms.
Survey Conditions
Conditions affecting the survey varied according to the vegetation changes that affected site visibility. Most of the property, except for areas near Barrets Point, were heavily forested or overgrown, the ground cover was not always consistent due to changes of vegetation. The majority of the interior portions of the property were tested during the summer under dry conditions when no standing water was evident. Additionally, since many recently cultivated field were fallow and somewhat indifferently prepared for surface inspection, the exact conditions of each field have been described in the methodology section. SURVEY RESULTS
The survey area was divided up into two tracts, west and east, in compiling this report. Figures 19 and 20 indicate the location of sites found in each tract.
WEST TRACT
West Tract Shoreline Sites
Sites 44JC159, 44JC317, 44JC527, 44JC528, 44JC532, 44JC533, and 44JC534 have been grouped together for discussion and evaluation since they are in the same topographic situation. They are all situated on the same low coastal plain landform within or immediately north of the Barrets Point proper vicinity. The shoreline assessment of Governor's Land at Two Rivers reports that erosion in this location has been severe, about one foot or less
per year (Espey, Huston & Associates 1988:12). Therefore, all of the sites exposed along the shoreline are samples of sites. Sites
44JC159, 44JC317, and 44JC532 have been recommended for Phase 11 significance evaluation, the rest of the sites have been likely been lost.
44JC159: Middle to Late Archaic Period Site (GL21) This site is located along a stretch of Chickahominy River beach about 130' long and has a poorly defined inland site boundary. The resource was originally identified during the 1984
128
131
Sprinkle survey, and at that time the site boundaries were projected inland parallel to a low order drainage. Lithic debitage was observed in a 50' wide area stretching at least 100' inland. During the JRIA survey, the site was readily observable through surface inspection of deflated materials along the beach with diminishing artifact density along the low terrace margin. A modest quantity of lithic debitage was found, along with one quartzite axe, a stemmed projectile point fragment, and a bifacially modified flake. The site dates from the Middle to Late Archaic Period at a time when the shoreline was predictably several hundred feet to the west (Espey Huston & Associates 1988:12). Therefore, the site was formerly oriented around the low order drainage within the interior of the floodplain.
Site Impacts and Recommendations:
Part of the site was cleared and fill has been spread across the entire site. Armor stone was stockpiled here. Past substantial erosion may have significantly diminished the research capabilities of this resource. A Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of the site.
44JC317: Late Archaic Period Site (GL19)
This site was recorded during Sprinkle's 1984 survey of the area. Sprinkle reported flakes and quartzite chunks from an emerging wheat field, and he accordingly identified the site as a "Lithic Reduction Station" . Sprinkle was unable to define the site boundary or dimensions. During the JRIA survey, beach 132 collection finds were located in a discrete area, approximately 40' long north to south with uncertain dimensions inland. ~rtifacts consisted of a concentration of lithic debitage, including fractured cobbles, a core, a blank, primary and secondary debitage flakes, a quartzite ax, and a fragment of a Savannah River projectile point (small variant) along the beach in deflated contexts. The eroded material was west of a truncated fallow field, dissipating into a small woods near a swampy environment due north of an intermittent stream. This information suggests a c. 2,000 B.C. Late Archaic site probably produced by small family- sized band units (micro-bands) who were encamped and/or engaged in quarrying and reducing the abundant quartzite cobble sources nearby. Additional inland shovel-tests along the adjacent bluff indicate that, although the site has been severely impacted by erosion, some of it still may survive inland. Site Impacts and Recommendations:
The site has been severely affected by shoreline stabilization. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to ascertain the research potential of the surviving portions of the site.
44JC527: prehistoric Site (GL22)
This site extends for about 55' along the Chickahominy River beach and is very close to its mouth. Debitage and fire-cracked rock was found on the beach, along with one quartz projectile point with a contracting stem (unidentified). Cleaning of the exposed 133 bluff revealed no features, while five shovel-tests excavated along' the adjacent floodplain--which was a formerly cultivated field-- produced no artifacts. Monitoring of plowzone removal for an adjacent golf hole also revealed no cultural features and only an occasional lithic debitage flake. It is likely that nearly the entire site has been lost to erosion. The shoreline assessment of Governor's Land at Two Rivers reports that erosion is this location has been severe (Espey, Huston & Associates 1988:12). Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site was affected by shoreline stabilization. The majority of the site has been severely eroded and remaining portions, if any, were likely destroyed by the stabilization. The site has diminished research potential for contributing significant information to understanding the prehistory of the region, and the site does not meet minimum criteria for the National Register. No further work is recommended.
44JC528: Prehistoric Site (GL23) This site is located on a stretch of Chickahominy River beach about 55' long, very close to the river's mouth. Artifacts found here include four flakes, one of chert (source unknown) , a piece of an unidentified tool, and one projectile point (reworked, with a contracting stem). The site could not be dated precisely, but the projectile point shares attributes of Late Archaic/ Transitional diagnostic types. No evidence of occupation was observed by cleaning the face of the adjacent bluff, nor was any exposed by the 134 removal of plowzone for an adjacent golf hole. Five shovel-test holes excavated on the adjacent floodplain produced no artifacts or features. It is likely that nearly the entire site has been lost to erosion. The shoreline assessment of Governor's Land at Two Rivers reports that erosion in this location has been severe
(Espey, Huston & Associates 1988:12).
Site Impacts and Recommendations:
The site was affected by shoreline stabilization. The majority of the site has been severely eroded, and remaining portions, if any, were destroyed by stabilization. The site has diminished research potential for contributing significant information to understanding the prehistory of the region and does not meet minimum eligibility criteria for the National Register. No further work is recommended.
44JC532: Prehistoric Lithic Workshop (GL35)
On the beach at the confluence of the James and Chickahominy Rivers, widely scattered evidence of lithic debitage 150' long by 20' (obscure) inland was observed. Dominant artifacts consisted of large pecked and fractured quartzite cobbles (only one example collected). This site consists of a probable prehistoric lithic work station primarily evidenced by initial core reduction. The site has been subject to severe erosion and the artifacts collected at the site were from purely deflated contexts. Cleaning of the exposed face of the bluff, five shovel-tests excavated in the adjacent floodplain (a formerly cultivated field), and monitoring 135 of the removal of plowzone from a nearby golf hole produced only an occasional lithic find. Although it is likely that most, if not all, of this site has been lost to erosion. The shoreline assessment of Governor's Land at Two Rivers reports that erosion in this location has been severe (Espey, Huston & Associates 1988:12).
Site Impacts and Recommendations:
Part of the site has been affected by shoreline stabilization, and the remainder will be in buffer. The majority of the site has been severely eroded and may have compromised research potential.
Phase 1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine whether any of the site survives in the buffer.
44JC533: Middle Woodland Period Site (GL36) 44JC533 is represented by a light scatter of prehistoric artifacts on this 65' stretch of Chickahominy River beach near the river's mouth. The objects recovered include minor lithic debitage, fire-cracked rock (not collected), and two pieces of aboriginal pottery; one coarse sand-tempered and one shell-tempered, suggesting occupation in the Middle Woodland period. Cleaning of the exposed face of the bluff revealed no features, while five shovel-tests on the adjacent high ground produced no artifacts. Potential inland site areas have been extensively plowed in modern times, possibly disturbing the majority of the site occupational stratum. ~onitoringof the removal of plowzone from a nearby golf hole did not reveal any features, only an occasional flake. It is likely that most, if not all, of the site has been lost to erosion. 136 The shoreline assessment of Governor's Land at Two ~iversreports
that erosion in this location has been severe (Espey, Huston & Associates 1988:12). Therefore the site was oriented within the floodplain to what may have been a free flowing stream which now forms a silted-in wetland area. Site Impact and Recommendations: The site was impacted by shoreline stabilization. and the remaining portions, if any, were destroyed. The majority of the site has been severely eroded and contains widely scattered beach finds. The site has diminished research potential for contributing significant information to understanding the prehistory of the region and is not eligible for the National Register. No further work is recommended.
44JC534: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL37)
This site is located on a 60' stretch of Chickahominy River beach near the river's mouth. It consists of a light scatter of lithic debitage and fire-cracked rock (one thermally-altered quartzite flake retained), indicating prehistoric activity at some period. Cleaning of the exposed face of the bluff, monitoring of plowzone removal for a nearby golf hole, and the excavation of five shovel-tests on the adjacent upland uncovered no features and only an occasional lithic. It is likely that most , if not all, of the site has been lost to erosion. The shoreline assessment of Governor's Land at Two Rivers reports that erosion in this location
has been severe (Espey, Huston & Associates 1988:12). Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site was affected by shoreline stabilization and remaining portions, if any, were destroyed by this process. Research potential for yielding significant information about the prehistory of the region is minimal based on the widely scattered beach finds, and the severe erosion that has taken place. The site is not eligible for the National Register. No further work is recommended.
The shoreline sites (and possibly site 44JC161), all characterized by location in the eroding east bank of the Chickahominy River, could as a group of resources be considered eligible to the National Register. Phase I1 studies on surviving portions of the shoreline sites may be able to isolate enough intact areas that a compilation of valuable comparative data may yet still be possible.
Other West Tract Sites
44JC23: Multi-component Site: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site/l8th-Century Site (GL25,26) This site, which was recorded by Barka and McCary between 1967
and 1970, subsequently was relocated by Sprinkle (1984) and JRIA. It is located on the crest of a long, narrow ridge that overlooks
the Chickahominy River, 350' to the north. A relatively mature second-growth forest with natural soil formation suggests that 138 little or no previous disturbance has occurred at the site. Three of 10 recent shovel tests within the site locale produced evidence of both prehistoric and historic occupation. The prehistoric material is distributed for 200' along the ridge. As only lithic flakes and fire-cracked rock were found in humus levels, the site could not be dated. It probably represents a work area or other limited activity site that resulted from a series of short-term occupations. Historic material at 44JC23 was concentrated within a smaller area. Fragments of pearlware, wine bottle glass, and part of a lockplate suggest the presence of a small domestic site dating to the late eighteenth century, possibly a tenant-related occupation that may have occurred during the absentee ownership of Champion Travis (1775 - 1801). Site Impacts and Recommendations: Preliminary plans for this area include construction of house lots and roads. The site has been logged, but not severely. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of the site.
44JC24, 44JC307: Unconfirmed Colonial Site This site was originally recorded by Barka and McCary between 1967 and 1970. It appears to correspond with the eastern edge of site 44JC307, which was recorded in 1984 on the basis of a single sherd of stoneware. JRIA was unable to locate any evidence of a site in this area. Because sites were reported here, shovel- testing intervals were reduced to 20'. Further, metal detector 139 survey of the area failed to locate any artifacts. The earlier reported finds may represent simply an isolated artifact, probably transported from the nearby site, 44JC353. Site Impacts and Recommendations:
Survey evidence indicates that this is not a site. No further work is recommended.
44JC25: Late Archaic/Transitional Period Prehistoric Site (GL82) 44JC25 was recorded by Barka and McCary between 1967 and 1970. It was subsequently relocated in 1984 by Sprinkle. The site, as originally mapped, is located within a low terrace formation bisected by a farm road, in a small area of open ground (USGS Surry Quadrangle 1984) that was recently a cultivated field. 44JC25 was mapped as linear and is located on the crest of a discrete elevated terrace 5' ASL north of a wetland area associated with a silted-in low order drainage paralleling the James River shoreline, south of the upland terrace. The site was reportedly 500' long (east to west) by up to 150' wide (north to south). The base of a stemmed Savannah River projectile point was the only artifact found by JRIA within the same area during an intensive surface survey. Site Impacts and Recommendations: No impacts are currently planned for the site. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential. 44JC129: Late 18th-19th120th-Century Farmstead (GL84) This resource was identified in 1984 by Reinhart and Sprinkle, who noted that 19th and 20th-century components were present. When JRIA inspected this site, it was manifested as a light surface scatter in a formerly cultivated field, now fallow. There was 25-
50% surface visibility at the southwest quadrant of the intersection of the two main farm roads on the property. The surface collection was made over an area that was approximately 175' in diameter. Recovered from this site were small amounts of bone and shell, numerous fragments of modern brick, and creamware, pearlware, American blue and gray stoneware, and whiteware. Also present was modern glass, brick, and drainage tile corresponding with the late 19th and 20th-century finds that were collected in 1984. The site had been deep plowed. Monitoring of the stripping of plowzone revealed no features. The extended period of occupation at 44JC129 corresponds with the years during which the Piney Grove tract was in the hands of a series of absentee owners.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: 44JC129 was impacted by road construction. The dispersed nature of the findings suggests it was an ephemeral site. Other late 18th and 19th-century sites on the property are better preserved with greatly enhanced research potential
(44JC323,522,555,559,634). No further work is recommended.
44JC160: Late 18th\Early 19th-Century Farmstead (GL79,80) This site was identified by the College of William and Mary in 141
1984 as an 18th-century historic site with a prehistoric component. The original site survey forms describe 44JC160 as being 400' wide (north to south) by 500' long (east to west). During the recent JRIA survey, the apparent boundaries of the site were diminished to a 75' by 75' area on the top of a small wooded knoll, on the basis of artifact distribution. Artifacts were found in two locations in the overgrown cultivated field which was shovel tested. Six of 11 shovel tests directed by a metal detector produced artifacts. A brass powder flask nozzle, wrought nail fragments, and a brass bed bolt cover were found on the east side of the farm road that bisected the hilltop, whereas a brass ramrod thimble from a musket, cut nail fragments, and a sherd of whiteware were found on the west side of the hilltop. Initial inspection of the natural topsoil overlying the surface of the site suggests that it has not been greatly disturbed. This location corresponds approximately to a site depicted on eighteenth and nineteenth-century maps, during which period the Piney Grove tract was occupied by tenants. A small, discrete prehistoric site was noted along the eastern site boundary (GL79), and tentatively is identified as a prehistoric limited activity site. A single quartzite debitage flake was found . Site Impacts and Recommendations: An old farm road originally bisected the site. The road was widened by adding 2'-'3 of fill. The road passes through a low area between two knolls -- the artifact scatters found during the survey indicate the main areas of the site were on the high ground 142 on top of the knolls. The back of the 16th tee is located adjacent to the site. No construction activities have been approved for this area. Future development plans for this area include a sanitary sewer pump station and some development lots. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended in order to determine the research potential of this site.
44JC161: Late Archaic/Middle Woodland Prehistoric Base Camp (GL12)
This site was identified in 1984 as a "lithic reduction station1' producing diagnostic Savannah River projectile points. The JRIA survey found the site was manifested primarily as a stretch of beach along the Chickahominy River, about 100' long, that is strewn with deflated artifacts. The site consists of a series of Late Archaic through Middle Woodland I1 small band-sized encampments situated on an elevated landform formed by the Tabb
Formation at 5' to 10' ASL. The site is surrounded by the Chickahominy River on two sides and adjacent to a marsh environment and an everflowing springhead to the east. The beach finds consisted of five pieces of pottery (two coarse sand-tempered and three Mockley Ware), along with 18 flakes, and 11 complete and damaged projectile points, including primarily Late Archaic and Late Archaic/Transitional diagnostic projectiles. These include one Brewerton point, one Guilford, one Halifax, and three Savannah River projectiles. A solitary fragment of a Spanish jar vessel that dates from the 17th century also was found. Six shovel-tests on the adjacent bluff revealed that some intact portions of the 143 site are deeply buried in colluvial deposits to the east of the beach zone. The site had been previously impacted to the east by a logging road and a borrow pit earlier in the 20th century, and years of shoreline erosion.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site was located within a shoreline stabilization area. The stabilization consisted of placing armor stone with little cutback. The area is to remain a buffer. During the shoreline stabilization process, heavy machinery had driven over the eastern margins of the site and cleared away small trees and brush. The site boundaries were flagged and fenced with plastic mesh in order to protect the remaining portions of the site. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the site's integrity.
44JC298: 17th, 19th & 20th-Century Farmstead and Possible 18th- Century Slave Quarter (GL77, GL78)
This large site is located on the crest of the second bluff that looks westward toward the Chickahominy River, near the northwest corner of the property. It was partially excavated by the William and Mary field school in 1984 and 1985. 44JC298 contains standing structures that are associated with a late 19th/20th-century farmstead, including an open cellar hole and several framed outbuildings. Reinhart's survey data were collected while half of the site environs consisted of a mown fallow field (to the south) and the other half was comprised of a forested, overgrown early modern rural yard complex (to the north). 14 4 During the current survey, 12 out of 17 shovel tests excavated within a 700' by 400' area produced artifacts. Seventeenth-century materials recovered from the site include a fragment of a Spanish olive jar and sherds of mid 17th-century coarseware produced by the Jamestown and Lawnes Creek potters, c. 1680-1700. Flint, case bottle glass, and lead shot were also indicative of 17th-century occupation. Recent monitoring and excavations in the golf hole revealed four earthfast structures, refuse pits, and burials from three different phases of colonial occupation: an initial settlement c. 1619-1630; a farmstead from c. 1630-1665; and late 17th/18th century features that may be slave quarters. The early component of this site may be associated with the c. 1619-24 Pasbehay settlement of the Virginia Company of London.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: The original golf hole was redesigned to avoid the unplowed portions of the site, which were its core. Approximately one-third
to one-half of 44JC298 is located in the fairway of golf hole #l. Subsequent to completion of the excavations, the fairway was constructed. The remainder of the site is situated in a wooded area north of the golf hole, where no construction activities have been approved. The current plan does not call for any development in this area. The possible Pasbehay component has major research potential as well as being associated with events that made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history. The other components also have major research potential to understanding the history of the region. Therefore the site is 145 eligible to the National Register. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended for the rest of the site unless it will be protected by buffer.
44JC304: 17th-Century Domestic Site (GL40) 44JC304, which is located on a slight rise within a cultivated field, to the west of a small ravine that leads 500' west to the Chickahominy River, was originally identified in 1984. At that time, 7/64" and 8/64" bore diameter which ball clay tobacco pipe stems and other 17th-century domestic debris were collected within an area 50' in diameter.
The JRIA survey expanded the boundaries of 44JC304 to 100' x 100' on the basis of surface collections. Objects recovered from four shovel-tests and from a surface collection include wrought nails, lead shot, flint flakes, nine coarse earthenware sherds, one tobacco pipe stem fragment, one piece of case bottle glass, and a fragment of a stoneware Bellarmine bottle that includes part of the medallion. Archival evidence suggests that this site may be directly associated with Jabez Whittaker and the c. 1619-24 settlement he established on behalf of the Virginia Company of London. Later-dated artifacts suggest that the area was utilized during Bridges Freeman 1's ownership.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: 44JC304 lies within the fairway of golf hole 16. The site was delineated and the hole was redesigned in order to avoid grading 146 the site. Approximately 12-24" of topsoil is spread over the site and planted with grass. This possible Pasbehay-related site has major research potential as well as being associated with events that made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history and is therefore likely to be eligible for the National
Register. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended if this site will be disturbed.
44JC308: Late Woodland/Contact Period and 19th and 20th-Century Site (GL16,17,18,33) This site comprises a large area measuring approximately 800' (east to west) by 1200' (north to south). During the course of Sprinkle's survey, GL15 and GL4 were noted within the current boundary of 44JC308, in an area where Levy-Pamunky-Dogue soil associations suggest a relatively high site probability. To the northeast, and inland on the low terrace at GL4, the survey team noted a larger discrete area called a "Lithic reduction Base Camp". It contained whiteware, transfer print, prehistoric ceramics, triangular projectile point base and an archaic projectile point. The surface of the site consisted of a plowed field that contained an emergent wheat crop. Surface visibility was good.
Surface collections along the beach and within a mown fallow field were supplemented by extensive shovel testing on regular
transects, within inland areas. A total of 33 shovel-tests were excavated, of which 18 yielded artifacts. The historic component
of this site (GL16) is represented by a late 19th and early 20th- 147 century farmstead that is located immediately adjacent to the Chickahominy River shoreline. The farmstead's domestic components are well-defined and manifested by two brick piers that eroded from the beach embankment and collapsed upon the beach, in association with scattered domestic refuse; a third pier was noted immediately inland. Typical artifacts associated with this site component include whiteware, flat clear window glass, molded bottle glass, cut and wire nails, milk glass, and late porcelain. A few flakes and one thumbnail scraper also were found. The extreme southwesterly portion of the main house at 44JC308 appears to have intruded into the prehistoric component of this site, which is immediately south of the remnant of the old farm access road. Portions of the farmstead's outbuildings are located to the north of this road. The farmstead at 44JC308 is shown on the Patterson
Map (1873-1874) and the 1917 topographic quadrangle sheet (USGS 1917). It could have been inhabited by tenants and/or sharecroppers during the time the study area was owned by Moses R. Harrell or his successors, Cornelius Nightingale and Clarence B. Sturges. According to Eugene Hofmeyer, occupation extended into the second quarter of the 20th century (personal communication 1984). The individual who lived at 44JC308 during the 19th and early 20th century component at 44JC308 may have been involved in running the nearby wharf and/or the saw mill that was located immediately to the northwest at 44JC318.
The Late Woodland/Contact period aboriginal village component 148 of 44JC308 (GL17, 18, 33), is located in a field at the edge of the ~hickahominyRiver and extends onto the adjacent beach near the extreme western end of the property. Numerous prehistoric artifacts were exposed on the beach which was covered with cobbles,
including 12 flakes, four blanks, and three projectile points. Although the site almost certainly has been damaged by shoreline erosion, prehistoric artifacts that were found in the adjacent field included debitage flakes, bifaces, and pottery such as coarse sand-tempered wares and shell-tempered Roanoke Simple-Stamped Ware. Prehistoric artifacts cover an area at least 600' x 800'. Subsequent to the Phase I survey, monitoring of the removal of the plowzone overlying the site for golf hole 18 revealed evidence of Late Woodland and/or proto-Historic and early Contact period longhouses, pits, and burials. The remains exhibit evidence of intrasite community organization within what appears to be a dispersed hamlet type of village organization. There is a strong probability that the site was occupied by the Paspahegh tribal group who were members of the Powhatan Chiefdom. The site may have been inhabited in 1607, when Virginia's first colonists arrived, and it would have been abandoned by at least 1610. Technically, the site was occupied sometime between c.1330 and 1610, based upon the presence of Roanoke Simple-Stamped Ware (VDHR Archives). In all likelihood, 44JC308 is associated directly or indirectly with 44JC310, which lies to the north. It is likely that the prehistoric component at 44JC308 is linked culturally and temporally with 44JC310. Site Impacts and Recommendations: Much of 44JC308 lies within the area planned for the construction of golf hole 18. Earth moving activities were monitored by JRIA staff. On the advice of JRIA, paddle pan equipment was immediately replaced by more sensitive gradalls and the plowzone was carefully removed from hole 18, except for certain areas bordering the shoreline and overlying an access road. Since plowzone removal, nearly 30 longhouses (most of which are complete oval patterns), five known burials, and several pits and other miscellaneous features have been mapped in great detail. No subsurface excavation has occurred, with the exception of screened plowzone sampling in controlled spacing along the shoreline. The plowzone sample (screened through 114 inch hardware cloth) indicated that prehistoric artifact density (which included no pottery and only a few small flakes) was very sparse. Moderate amounts of 19th and 20th-century debris were found near the site's late component. The central component of 44JC308's historic occupation has seriously eroded. All inland subsurface components have been carefully mapped. Based upon this knowledge and the fact that late 19th-early 20th-century domestic sites are ubiquitous, no further work is recommended for the historic component of 44JC308.
The prehistoric site components at 44JC308, whose intact subsurface features have been mapped in detail, are deemed eligible for the National Register, as they meet eligibility criteria A, C, 150
and D. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended for the rest of the site.
44JC309: Limited Activity Prehistoric Site (GL13,14,24)
This resource was first identified by Sprinkle in 1984 when an unidentified depression was noted several hundred feet away from a field scatter. The only specimen recovered from the site at the time was a single whiteware sherd. JRIA re-identified the site along the crest of a high ridge overlooking the Chickahominy River, 200' away to the north, near the mouth of an unnamed tributary creek. The site environs consisted of open forest with very light
undergrowth. Nine of 13 shovel-tests within the site area produced artifacts in three separate clusters on the ridge. Artifact density was light to moderate in the nine shovel tests which produced nine debitage flakes (five decertification) and one fragment of fire-cracked rock. Because no diagnostic materials were found, the site cannot be dated more precisely. The site
measures about 200' x 1009, and the vertical and horizontal stratigraphic integrity is intact (short of bioturbation). These finds indicate a probable small family-sized band activity area or foraging encampment, possibly reused during repeated occupations.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site may be located in future house lots, however, this is
not certain at this time. A Phase 11 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of the site for yielding information on the prehistory of the area. 44JC310: Multi-component, Middle Woodland Base Woodland Village site (GL20, 31, 34)
The site was originally identified in 1984 by tht Mary field school as a prehistoric surface scatter , scatter not identified) within a plowed field of dimensions. The JRIA survey observed a large site, measi least about 650' x 250'. The site is located on a gently s terrace on the floodplain at Barrets Point, 75' from Chickahominy River to the north. The temporary field sur designations (GL20 and 34) reflect two somewhat separat concentrations within the boundaries of the site. The artifacts were collected from a mown fallow field with minimal surface visibility. A total of 31 shovel tests were excavated within the apparent site boundary and 26 shovel tests yielded artifacts. The artifacts recovered from the site include 19 sherds of Indian pottery -- eight coarse sand-tempered, 10 shell-tempered, and one Mockley Ware, 30 flakes, including some of chert and jasper, one projectile point, and two other tools that may be spokeshaves. The majority of the site probably represents a Middle Woodland micro- band base camp or series thereof, while the primary component is a strong Late Woodland presence relating to a predicted Proto- historic to ContactILate Woodland village. It is also likely that this site represents the core area of the same village located at
44JC308. It is important to note that any well-drained area
between 44JC308 and 44JC310 may have prehistoric components. Site Impacts and Recommendations: Currently, there is a single pile of armor stone stockpiled on 152 the periphery of the site. There are no construction activities currently approved for this area. The site is in an area slated for the future golf clubhouse, recreational area, and marina/boathouse. The Late Woodland/Protohistoric components of 44JC308 are likely eligible to the National Register based on criteria A, C, and D, though Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to define the site boundary and the nature of the subsurface remains.
44JC311: Multi-component Prehistoric and Historic Site In 1984, Reinhart and Sprinkle reported an area measuring approximately 450' long by 150' to 200' wide, which contained historic and prehistoric surface scatters. Surface collections were made there in 1983 during spring plowing when the area was highly visible. These site forms do not describe the type or density of historic and prehistoric artifacts that were discovered in the field. During the recent JRIA survey, no finds were made within the area designated 44JC311, despite surface inspection and shovel testing according to Zone 2C methodology. It is likely that the historic artifacts reportedly present at 44JC311 in 1983 represented a field scatter associated with 44JC314, which is located to the immediate east and on the same landform. site Impacts and Recommendations: There are no current plans for the area. It is probable that this area is not a site. No further work is recommended. 44JC312: Prehistoric Lithic Scatter
This site was recorded by Sprinkle in 1984 on the northern edge of a plowed field within the floodplain at Barrets Point (on the ~hickahominy side). The survey form does not identify the nature of the artifacts recovered. The site was mapped as a elongated oval approximately 500' long east to west by 150' to 200' wide north to south. The area was identified under poor visibility conditions, and a recommendation was made that the site be surface collected under better conditions. The JRIA survey in this area employed shovel tests and surface inspection in the stubble-covered fallow field and found no evidence of a site. The resource likely consists of a widely and thinly dispersed prehistoric lithic scatter. Site Impacts and Recommendations: This conjectural site may have been impacted by landscaping, topsoil stripping, and heavy machinery trafficking throughout the center of the field. The ephemeral nature of the site suggests it has uncertain research potential. No further work is recommended.
44JC313: 17th-Century Colonial Site This site, which is located on the James River side of Barrets
Point, was identified by the College of William and Mary in 1984 through surface collection in a fallow field and shovel testing which produced a single fragment of wine bottle glass, brick bits
and some metal scrap. The artifacts were found within a 700' 154 elongated oval, which is oriented northeast to southwest and has an average width of 125' to 175'.
Surface inspection and shovel tests produced only occasional brick bits. Because of the presence of the reported historic site, a metal detector survey of the area was conducted and made no contacts. Because the few previously recorded artifacts came from such a broad area it is likely that the reported finds were part of a field scatter from the nearby site, 44JC353. Site Impacts and Recommendations:
44JC313 is in all likelihood only scatter from nearby 44JC353. No further work is recommended.
44JC314: Prehistoric Lithic Scatter and 19th Century Non- Domestic Site (GL43) This site is located in a plowed field on a low rise above marshy land, 60' from standing seasonal water. It was originally recorded in 1984 by Sprinkle, who noted a multi-component prehistoric and historic surface scatter. The artifacts from these components were not identified. The site's dimensions were approximately 400' by 200' in an oval form. During the JRIA survey, the recently plowed field had poor visibility, since the field contained heavy stubble. Eight shovel-tests excavated within an area approximately 100' by 50' revealed a modern plowzone low+ deep, and four shovel tests produced artifacts in moderate to heavy density. Shovel-tests based on metal detection produced cut nail fragments and a solid shot. A fragment of unidentified aboriginal 155 pottery also was found. The absence of historic pottery, glass or other domestic debris suggests that 44JC314 was some sort of work area during the 19th century; it was likely associated with other nearby sites. The historic artifacts recovered from the site provide few clues to its function while it was in the hands of absentee owners. Site Impacts and Recommendations: Plans for the area of the site are uncertain at present.
Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of the site.
44JC315: Prehistoric Limited Activity and Late 18th-Century Domestic Site (GL32) This site is located within a fallow field on the top and eastern slope of a low ridge; it is situated 350' from the Chickahominy River, near an intermittent spring fed stream. 44JC315 first was identified by Sprinkle, who noted a surface scatter of lithic debitage within a plowed field, which he identified as a "hunting station". During the JRIA survey, several artifacts from the late 18th century were found on the surface of the site. These included fragments of American brown stoneware, creamware, and white salt glaze stoneware. Five additional shovel tests within the area of the surface collection indicated low artifact density since only one test yielded artifacts. The shovel testing did not locate any features, but did produce a few brick fragments and a fragment of coal. The site is small, approximately
65' by 75' with very light artifact density. It probably 156 represents a small dwelling area of the period c. 1770-1800, when the property was in the hands of absentee owners.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: This area is tentatively scheduled for house lots. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of the historic component. The prehistoric component will receive additional examination at this time, although its ephemeral nature suggests it has little research potential.
44JC316: Map-Predicted Site by Sprinkle
This site was predicted in 1984 on the basis of an historic map projection and could not be found in the field. During the JRIA survey, no archaeological evidence was found either. The site Sprinkle observed on an historical map may now have been lost to erosion, which is estimated at 1' or less per year (Espey, Huston and Associates, Inc 1988, 1989).
Site Impacts and Recommendations: This site apparently no longer survives. Therefore, no further work is deemed necessary.
44JC318: Industrial Component: Saw Mill and Wharf This site, which was located during the 1984 survey, consisted of wharf remains that can be readily seen during low tide, and a nearby brick structure. Sprinkle interviewed the Hofmeyers, former residents who identified the inland area as a saw mill complex that was serviced by a narrow gauged railroad which hauled trees from 157 forest to mill. Hofmeyer also speculated that the wharf remnants were associated with the Barrets Ferry, which prior to the construction of the Route 5 bridge, crossed the mouth of the ~hickahominyRiver. The ferry site was noted on the Patterson map of 1873-1874 and the 1917 Surry quadrangle sheet (USGS). Late 19th and early 20th-century maps indicate the ferry crossed the river to the north of this location, near the present Route 5 bridge. The site was not tested during the JRIA survey. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site has been impacted by shoreline stabilization, and all areas within 50' of the shoreline received heavy vehicular traffic and clearing. Sawmills were commonplace in early 20th-century Virginia and the servicing of a sawmill by a railroad or other transportation conduit is not unique. The site has little research potential. No further work is recommended.
44JC319: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site; Late 18th Century and 19th-Century Scatter This site was surveyed by Sprinkle and Reinhart in 1983 and was described as being located in plowed fields that were situated on a high plateau 30'-35' in elevation. Several ancient streams appear to have descended the slope to the immediately adjacent lowland plain which is 10' in elevation. 44JC319 was surface collected during the conditions of an emergent wheat crop. The artifacts that were recovered from this site were primarily located along the edges of the ravines formed by the low order drainage. The finds included small numbers of late reduction stage lithic 158 debitage flakes, plus a sherd of creamware and a sherd of ironstone dating from the late 18th and 19th centuries. 44JC31g1s prehistoric component was tentatively identified as a hunting station and the historic component as a trash deposit.
The recent JRIA survey in this area consisted of surface collection and shovel testing. No historic artifacts were located. The historic component does not appear to represent any substantial occupation and is likely scatter from nearby 44JC29. According to the 1917 quadrangle, a structure was then present to the west of 44JC319, most likely the source of the ironstone pottery found at the site. The presence of 44JC129 to the immediate east of this area also may explain the creamware. Site Impacts and Recommendations: Both components have little research potential. No further work is recommended.
44JC353: 17th-Century Domestic Site (GL15) This site was first identified by Sprinkle in 1984. It is located on high ground with a small ravine to the east and overlooks the Chickahominy River which is about 100' away. The site was in the condition of in a mown fallow field during the JRIA survey and has a relatively deep modern plowzone. In an area of about 100' x 1001, all five shovel tests yielded artifacts including two lead shot, seven wrought nails, three sherds of coarse earthenware pottery, and one white ball clay tobacco pipe 159 stem with a hole diameter of 7/64". All suggest occupation dating to the first half of the 17th century. No brick pieces were found, indicating that any buildings on the site were post structures, also typical of the 17th century. The 1984 survey collected several white ball clay tobacco pipe stems with bore diameters of 7/64'! and 8/64". The site may date as early as the first quarter of the 17th century, in which case, it is likely associated with Jabez Whittaker and/or the Pasbehay settlement established by the Virginia Company of London. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in future house lots. A Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine whether the site meets criteria A, C, and D for eligibility to the National Register.
44JC354: 19th-Century Site This resource, reported in 1984, lies a considerable distance from the tip of Barrets Point and is located on an upland terrace within an agricultural field on the north side of a farm access road. There was good surface visibility when the field was surface collected. Pearlware, a "flow blue1' vessel handle fragment, and clear bottle glass were collected in the immediate vicinity of a concentration of brick fragments and oyster shell (VDHR Archives).
The JRIA survey, which consisted of surface inspection and shovel tests in the area in which 44JC354 reportedly is located, 160 strongly suggests that this site is surface scatter. No features were found. The modest nature of the evidence at 44JC354 suggests that it is a questionable site and possibly is only scatter from 44JC129. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site has been impacted by road construction and landscaping. The site had little research potential as there are other, better preserved sites of this period elsewhere on the property (44JC323,522,555,559,634). No further work is recommended.
44JC355: Prehistoric Site and Late 18th to 20th-Century Site 44JC355, which was identified by Dr. Reinhart via surface inspection of a plowed field, inland from Barrets Point proper and on an elevated upland terrace, was collected during good surface visibility. Within an area 100' (east to west) by 50' (north to south) Reinhart and William and Mary students observed quartzite flakes, cores, and fire-cracked rock, indicative of prehistoric utilization. They also found historic debris including a white ball clay pipe stems with a 7/64" bore diameter, a pipe bowl fragment, and 19th-century earthenware.
During the JRIA survey, 44JC355 was surface inspected and shovel tested under poor surface visibility, and JRIA could not confirm the presence of this site. 44JC355 may have been surface scatter from 44JC129. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The northern two thirds of the site environs have suffered serious surface disturbances thereby reducing the research potential of any cultural features that once were present. The site had been impacted by the spreading of fill on top of the plowzone. The ephemeral nature of the site also indicated that it had little research potential. No further work is recommended.
44JC356: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site, Late 18thIl9th-Century Site (GL85) This resource was first identified in 1984 by Reinhart and his students, who noted that it was located within an upland terrace, in a newly cultivated and planted field. The site was surface collected during good surface visibility. Items collected within a 50' diameter area included lithic debitage flakes, green bottle glass, and salt-glazed stoneware. During the subsequent JRIA survey, surface inspection and shovel tests located a light concentration of brick fragments and artifacts south of the main farm road to Barrets Point. Despite extremely poor visibility, the site was detected primarily by surface inspection, which located two distinct concentrations that overlap. Ceramics recovered from
44JC356 include creamware, red stoneware, white salt glaze stoneware, Albany slip stoneware, whiteware, flow blue, and American brown stoneware, which suggest occupancy ranging from the mid 18th century through the fourth quarter of the 19th century. Later occupation is indicated by concentrations of bottle glass including clear, aqua, and solarized. Later 20th-century finds 162 were not collected. The diameter of 44JC356 was enlarged to 75', 75' to the south of the map-projected William and Mary location. his variance may be accounted for by shifts in the road. The northern half of the 44JC356 environs was found to have been severely disturbed, affecting its integrity.
Site Impacts and Recommendations:
The light and mixed artifact assemblage suggests the site has little research value and may be surface scatter. There are other, better-preserved sites of this period on the property (44JC232, 522,555,559,634). No further work is recommended.
44JC357: Late Archaic and Late 18th/l9th-Century Site This resource, which is located within an elevated upland terrace north of a farm road, was first identified by Dr. Reinhart and his students. The collection conditions during the JRIA survey were good, as surface visibility was enhanced by recent plowing. A Savannah River projectile base, a Guilford projectile point and debitage flakes from prehistoric components, and Buckley Ware, blue and white underglaze porcelain, and a 5/64'' bore diameter pipe stem (white ball clay) were collected, suggesting 18th century/early 19th-century use or occupancy. The site environs, which measured 25' in diameter, were found to have been severely impacted by road construction and other earth-disturbing activities. During the recent JRIA survey, surface inspection and shovel tests strongly suggest that the artifacts found during the 1984 survey comprised part of a thin surface scatter that emanated from other sites in 163 the area, notably 44JC129. There was no differentiation from nearby 44JC356. Within the site locale is evidence of a prehistoric camp site that was utilized during the Late Archaic period, c. 3,500-2,000 B.C. Deep plowing was found to have severely disturbed this site, greatly reducing or eliminating its research potential. Site Impacts and Recommendations: 44JC35j'~as impacted by plowing, road widening , landscaping, and heavy vehicular traffic. If this is more than a field scatter, other better-preserved sites of this period are in the project area
(44JC323,522,555,559,634). No further work is recommended.
44JC358: English Colonial Site This site, which was identified by Reinhart and Sprinkle during inspection of the floodplain to the immediate northeast of Barrets Point proper, was inspected during a period of good surface visibility shortly after spring plowing. Two artifacts were collected during field work, a piece of green bottle glass and an English flint. Reinhart identified 44JC358 as a domestic site and described it as an oval approximately 200' wide (northeast to southwest) by 100' wide (northwest to southeast). During the JRIA survey, 44JC358 was plotted on the master plan, carefully surface- inspected on transect runs, and shovel tested. No finds were made, which suggests strongly that the few finds made by Reinhart consisted of a surface scatter that emanated from other nearby sites, probably 44JC304. The site is located in a field that currently is fallow. Site Impacts and Recommendations: This site was impacted by golf course construction. The site is in all probability isolated finds from 44JC304. No further work is recommended.
44JC526: Prehistoric Work Area (GL11) This site was indicated by a stretch of deflated beach finds along a 125' long area at the base of a point that extends into the Chickahominy River just east of the extreme western tip of the property. Only flakes and fire-cracked rock were found here; no diagnostic material was located. Further inspection inland of this area indicates no intact portions of the site survive as the adjacent land consists of a poorly-drained lowland swamp. The deflated artifact collection from the beach may be evidence of previous land linkage with 44JC161, near the mouth of a low-order spring fed stream, before total destruction by shoreline erosion. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in buffer. The deflated site has little research potential. No further work is recommended.
44JC529: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL27) This site was found by shovel-testing on the tip of a sloping point of land above a marshy creek that leads north to the Chickahominy River. In a small area, about 30'x 40g,four out of a total of 10 shovel-tests produced a small amount of debitage and 165 fire-cracked rock. The site is situated in a colluvial formation with a developed A-Level soil horizon indicating no substantial disturbances or historic plowing. This well-preserved site is tentatively identified as a limited activity area or a foraging encampment utilized by small family-sized bands during indeterminate cultural periods. Site Impacts and Recommendations: Current plans indicate that this site is located in future house lots. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of the site for yielding significant information on the prehistory of the region.
44JC530: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL28) This site is located on a low-lying but well-drained landform next to a relatively substantial brackish water marsh environment,
80' from a unnamed tributary creek that leads northwest to the Chickahominy River. Examination of the site indicates that the cultural deposits are well-preserved in a colluvial formation with an undisturbed A - Horizon. The approximate size of the site is 15' in diameter. As a function of the surrounding landform, the possible maximum size of the site may be 45' by 45'. Four shovel tests in the site area produced a single flake and a large amount of fire-cracked rock (three pieces retained) , the majority of which was still formed into a hearth (left in situ). This evidence probably represents a prehistoric campsite oriented towards cooking and/or processing activities probably directly related to 166 procurement of resources from the adjacent marsh environment. Evidence of minor lithic curation activities is also indicated. Site Impacts and Recommendations:
The site is in proposed green space buffer. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential for yielding significant information on the prehistory of the region, if the site will be impacted.
44JC531: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL29) In this area, on a sloping tip of land above a marshy unnamed tributary of the Chickahominy River, one shovel test of a total of two test units produced three flakes and several pieces of fire- cracked rock. The artifacts were found in a minor colluvial formation with an undisturbed A-Level . The minimum site size is suggested to be 5' by 5' and restrictions in the level portions of the landform suggest a site no larger than 20' by 20'. Twelve shovel tests on the adjacent upper terrace failed to turn up any further evidence of occupation. In general, a small campsite and/or work area is tentatively indicated. These activities were probably oriented towards cooking and/or processing activities probably directly related to procurement of resources from the adjacent marsh environment and immediate upland environment. Additionally lithic curation activities were undertaken. Site Impacts and Recommendations: Currently, it is uncertain whether the site will be in a buffer or house lots. Phase I1 significance evaluation is 167 recommended to determine research potential for yielding significant information on the prehistory of the region.
44JC536: Late 19th-Century Domestic Site (GL45) This site, which measures 100' in diameter, is located on a wooded plateau that is situated above a marshy area which is part of the James River floodplain and lies 150' from seasonal standing water. Five out of 10 shovel tests yielded heavy concentrations of late 19th-century artifacts, including fragments of whiteware, a porcelaneous saucer, molded bottle glass, and window glass, plus wire nails. Soil layers in this area have been severely disturbed by plowing and earlier 20th-century construction activities, ( although some areas appear to have been well-preserved. A tenant house may have stood here during c. 1850-1900, while the Piney Grove tract was owned by Moses Harrell (1849 - 1906) and his successors Cornelius Nightingale (1906 - 1916), Clarence Sturges
(1917; 1926+) and perhaps the Pine Dell Development Corporation, Inc. It should be noted that a11 of these individuals were absentee owners, with the exception of Moses Harrell who lived elsewhere on the property. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is 'located in future house lots and roads. This site, which dates to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, lacks research potential as it has no major architectural remains and was occupied by individuals whose identity and ethnicity is unknown. Moreover, sites of this period and type are ubiquitous throughout eastern Virginia. No further work is recommended.
44JC537: Microband Base Camp (GL46)
On the crest of a forested terrace, 120' from seasonal standing water on the James River floodplain, of 10 shovel-tests within the perceived site area, two produced a quartzite flake.
The tests were 5' apart. Ten other shovel-tests in the vicinity produced no artifacts. The site likely represents a work area or other limited activity prehistoric site of indeterminate date. The site has been previously logged and has a notably thin topsoil layer below the forest humus. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The future impacts are uncertain at this time, as the site will be in either buffer or house lots. The low artifact density, lack of diagnostic artifacts, logging disturbances, and the generally ephemeral nature of the site type indicate that it has minimal research potential for yielding significant information o the prehistory of the region. No further work is recommended.
44JCS38: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL47) This small site is located on the tip of a point of land bounded on either side by small ravines that lead down to the James River floodplain. The site lies adjacent to a stream within an optimal upland environment, and is one of the few recognizable micro-band base camps within the interior uplands of the property.
Three shovel-tests in an area of about 7' x '7 struck a heavy 169 concentration of lithic debitage and fire-cracked rock. Two stone mortars with heavily worn depressions were found, of which one was broken. The site appears to be a prehistoric work area. Heavy logging disturbances noted in shovel-test profiles compromised the integrity of the site. Twelve other shovel tests in the vicinity revealed no further features and only one additional flake. Site Impacts and Recommendations: This site has been impacted by the creation of a lake. Due to the severe previous impacts, the site had minimal research potential for yielding significant information on the prehistory of the region. No further work is recommended.
44JC539: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL48) This site is located on a sloping point providing a weak colluvial formation which is bounded by low marshy areas that are part of the James River floodplain, 130' from seasonal water. Out of a total of five shovel-tests within the perceived site boundary, two contained artifacts. Artifacts recovered consisted of a single decertification flake and a fragmented Savannah River-like stemmed projectile point (contracting stem) indicating probable Late
Archaic site utilization. The site measures about 15 by 15 I. The soil formation of the A-Level has some integrity, but is relatively thin, perhaps indicating substantial erosional loss due to natural forces (soil creep) and 20th-century logging disturbances nearby. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site will be affected by future house lots. Due to the low 170 density of artifacts and the apparent ephemeral function of the site, it has minimal research potential for yielding significant information on the prehistory of the region. No further work is recommended.
44JC540: 20th-Century Still (GL49) This well-preserved early 20th-century still is situated near a currently dry spring at the base of a point where the terrace rises out of the lowlands along the James River. Surface evidence consisted of a blown-out cooker (deliberately destroyed), a coal pile, a tin-lined spring and ditch, barrel hoops, kerosene cans, ceramic drain pipe, and copper tubing. No artifacts were collected. Site Impacts and Recommendation: The site will be affected by golf course construction. The site contains minimal research potential for yielding significant information on the history of the region. No further work is recommended.
44JC541: Late 19th and 20th-Century Domestic Site (GL50) This site, which is wooded, stands on the brow of a broad plateau that is bounded by a creek bottom and a ravine. It consists of three artifact-laden depressions that are visible
within an area approximately 50' in diameter. Test pits within these features produced large quantities of domestic debris dating to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Four out of eight test 171 pits and shovel tests produced heavy concentrations of artifacts, including a nearly complete English brown stoneware beer bottle, an intact aqua soda bottle embossed "C.L. BALTIMORE1', and a complete aqua miniature bottle. 44JC541 has been severely impacted by logging operations and other earth-disturbing activities. It was likely occupied by tenants during the time the Piney Grove tract was owned by Moses Harrell (1849-1906). The Patterson map (1873- 1874) indicated that a structure was then located in this area, whereas a 1917 USGS quadrangle sheet suggests that the area had been vacated. Site Impacts and Recommendation: 44JC541, which was found to have been extensively disturbed, lies within proposed open space and may be impacted peripherally by golf course landscaping. The lack of archaeological integrity, architectural remains, and ubiquitous site type indicate the site has minimal research potential. No further work is recommended.
44JC542: 19th-Century Domestic Site (GL51) 44JC542, which is located in a clearing that contains two walnut trees, is situated on high ground near the center of the study area. It is 250' from a dry stream head that leads in a southeasterly direction to the James River. A total of 23 shovel tests within a 60' circle that was perceived as the site environs produced six historic period artifacts: fragments of transfer- printed whiteware, yellow ware, cut nails, an iron gouge, and clear and cut glass. One isolated prehistoric artifact was found, a Late 172
~rchaictype projectile point, with side-notching and a concave base. The historical artifacts indicate that 44JC542 was occupied during the second and third quarters of the 19th century. 44JC542 most likely was occupied by the tenants of Moses Harrell (1849 - 1906), during which time the area was depicted in detail on the Patterson map (1873-1874). Site Impacts and Recommendations:
44JC542 has been impacted by golf course landscaping. Because the site type is in general ubiquitous, lacks substantial architectural evidence, and was previously logged the research potential for yielding significant information on the history of the region is minimal. No further work is recommended.
44JC543: 20th-Century Still (GL52) This site is situated in a ravine that is in close to 44JC540, another still that dates to the early 20th century. Barrel hoops, a kerosene can, ceramic pipe, cable, and an elliptical, brick-lined fire hole were noted during surface inspection of this site. No artifacts were collected. Stills of this era were common throughout Virginia. Site Impacts and Recommendations: 44JC543, which is located in an area designated for house lots, has minimal potential for yielding significant research information on the history of the region. No further work is recommended. 44JC544: 17th, 18th and 19th-Century Farmstead (GL53/1, GL53/2) The later-dated component (GL53/1) of 44JC544 consists of a large deposit of shell-mortared brick rubble that is situated on an L-shaped point above a marsh, at the head of a large ravine. It is 200' from a creek that leads south to the James River. A test hole that was excavated into the center of the rubble disclosed a brick floor that is situated l15'I below grade. Another test hole revealed that the rubble is 2'2" deep but produced no evidence of the brick floor. Tests conducted in the area around the rubble covered an area approximately 200 x 200 . Twelve out of 24 shovel tests and test pits yielded 18th and 19th-century artifacts. Eighteenth-century finds include Buckley coarse earthenware, delftware, white salt glaze stoneware, case bottle glass, wine bottle glass, and an English clay tobacco pipe stem, whereas 19th- century artifacts include whiteware, molded amber glass, and a milk glass button. 44JC544 was likely a domestic complex which was used from the 18th through the 19th century. One test pit (GL53/2) produced a feature containing artifacts that date to the first half of the 17th century. This feature's fill dirt consists of grey loam that contains oyster shell fragments and the remains of locally-made tobacco pipes, one piece of a Spanish olive jar, and sherds of North Devon gravel-tempered ware.
44JC544, which appears to be well-preserved, has a lengthy, perhaps continuous history that spans at least two centuries. Its 17th century-occupancy was likely associated with Bridges Freeman 174
I and I1 (1630-1663) or Barrendine Mercer (1664+), whereas its early 18th-century occupation is more obscure. The site's late 18th, 19th and 20th-century owners have been identified, ie. those who owned Piney Grove between 1775 and 1906. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The originally designed fairway for golf hole 12 was shifter south to avoid this site. The site is located on the top and crest of a large knoll. The area was left undisturbed down to the bottom of the slope. As a precaution, after the 12th fairway was cleared, an excavator with a smooth-edge bucket was brought in to strip the area of the fairway at the base of the knoll to check for any remote archaeological features associated with the site. There were no features present. A cart path located just north of the fairway travels through the extreme southern perimeter of the site. There are no other approved construction activities in this area other than the golf hole. The northern portion of the site may lie in a future development area; however, it is believed that the site can be avoided through the use of an archaeological easement. The remainder of the site lies in open space between the golf cart path
and the golf course right-of-way. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended if the site is to be impacted.
44JC545: Historic Site, Probable 18th-Century (GL53/3) Near 44JC544 another concentration of brick rubble, perhaps a chimney fall or collapsed brick pier, is visible on the surface of 175
the soil. One test pit struck what appeared to be an intact section of brick foundation. The brick rubble that overlies the brick foundation remains is covered by a layer of fire-hardened clay, the presence of which has not yet been explained. It may have resulted from a fire that occurred in the immediate area after the structure at 44JC544 deteriorated, collapsed, and became partially silted in. Seven other shovel tests that were excavated within an area that was nearly 40' in diameter produced only one artifact: an iron fragment of unknown origin. The proximity of 44JC545 to 44JC544 suggests strongly that the two sites are related.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: The originally designed fairway for golf hole 12 was shifter south to avoid this site. The site is located on the top and crest of a large knoll. Future impacts are uncertain at present, although it is likely that the site will be affected by house lots
and roads. A Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of this site.
44JC546: 17th and 18th-Century Domestic Site (GL54) This site is located 125' from water on a gently sloping point of a terrace that overlooks low, marshy ground. Shovel tests in this area produced artifacts dating to the 17th and 18th centuries, including two brass belt buckles, lead shot, a lead musket ball, locally-made clay tobacco pipe stems, a sherd of Pennsylvania coarseware, two fragments of an iron cauldron, wrought nails, and 176 one cut nail. The size of 44JC546 is estimated at 35' by 40', based upon horizontal artifact distributions. Seven out of 14 shovel-tests produced artifacts. 44JC546's later components may represent a small dwelling or outlying area that was associated with the domestic complex at 44JC544. It has a very shallow A- Level that extends only to an average depth of 0.4' below the surface of the site.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: This site has not been affected by construction activities.
It is located north of golf hole 12, just outside the golf course right-of-way. Development lots are planned for this area in the future. The site will be examined further to determine if it can be avoided, possibly through an archaeological easement. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended, if this site is to be impacted.
44JC547: Historic Site (GL55) This site, which is situated on high ground immediately across the ravine from 44JC546, is located 125' from marsh that borders the James River. The estimated size of 44JC547, based upon the horizontal distribution of artifacts associated with it, is approximately 35' by 40'. Five out of the 15 shovel tests, aided by metal detection, that were excavated within the site boundaries produced artifacts, including a pewter button, a musket ball, an iron spade blade, a brass ring, and some miscellaneous iron fragments. The absence of pottery or glass, the most typical sort 177 of domestic debris, suggests that the site may be industrial or agricultural rather than domestic. Perhaps it is yet another outlying area associated with the dwelling at 44JC544. Site Impacts and Recommendations: This site has not been affected by construction activities. It is located north of golf hole 12, just outside the golf course right-of-way. Development lots are planned for this area in the future. The site will be examined further to determine if it can be avoided, possibly through an archaeological easement. There are no approved construction activities in this area other than the golf hole. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended if this site it to be impacted.
44JC561: Small 17th-Century Site (GL88) This site, which measures 125' by 75', is situated on a hill that overlooks the James River. Wetlands lie to its north, below the river's second terrace. The 44JC561 site locale is forested with moderate undergrowth and appears to have been severely eroded. It was initially surveyed by means of a metal-detector, which was then followed by 10 shovel-tests. The metal detector located 10 hand wrought nails, a lead musket ball, and a brass jetton. Two of the shovel-tests produced daub. One sherd of whiteware and a Sharps and Hankins Civil War carbine bullet were found at this site. No subsurface cultural features were noted. It is possible that the site may be associated with the Virginia Company settlement and the Freeman tenure. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in proposed buffer, although it might be affected by possible shoreline stabilization in the future. The site apparently has research potential to yield significant
information about the history of the region. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential for yielding important information on the history of the region.
44JC562: Historic Site (GL89) This site is located on a hill, between the James River and wetlands south sf the second terrace. It measures nearly 100' in diameter, and is forested in light undergrowth. A metal-detector survey revealed the presence of hand-wrought nails, indicative of colonial period occupation. Five shovel-tests failed to yield any other artifacts. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in proposed buffer, although it might be affected by possible shoreline stabilization in the future. The site apparently has research potential to yield significant information about the history of the region. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential for yielding important information on the history of the region.
44JC563: First Half of the 17th Century (GL90) This site was identified on a finger of land that protrudes from a broad rise that is situated in the marshlands between the 179 second terrace and the James River. The surface of 44JC563 is covered with light undergrowth. 44JC563 measures 100' by 125' and is located approximately 400' from the James River. A metal detector survey produced several wrought nails, lead scrap, lead shot, a bandolier cap, and a key bow. Five shovel-tests unearthed occasional daub bits and revealed a well developed topsoil, suggesting that the site has not been greatly disturbed. The site is apparently associated with the Freeman tenure, and perhaps the Virginia Company of London settlement. Site Impacts and Recommendations: It is uncertain whether this site is in buffer, or future residential lots. It may be affected by possible shoreline stabilization in the future. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the site's research potential to yield important information on the history of the region.
443C564: 19th-Century Site (GL92) This site, which was located through the use of a metal detector, was manifested by a scatter of cut nails and cut spikes that were distributed across an area measuring 150' x 100'. It is located on a small knoll adjacent to the marsh. Five shovel-tests failed to yield any other artifacts. 44JC564 appears to be of relatively modern origin and may constitute the remains of a hunting blind or other insubstantial feature. Site Impacts and Recommendations: 44JC564, which is located in proposed buffer and has little research potential. No further work is recommended.
44JC565: 19th-Century Site (GL93) This site, which is located on the ridgeline of an island that rises out of the marshland between the James River and its second terrace, measures approximately 175' by 100' and is forested with light undergrowth. 44JC565 was located during a metal detector survey. Four out of eight subsequent shovel-tests produced 19th- century artifacts, including Albany slip stoneware, whiteware, blue bottle glass, and cut nails, plus an 18th-century brass harness boss. The site appears to be relatively undisturbed. This site, which dates to the mid-to-late 19th century, was occupied/utilized during a period when the study area was in the hands of absentee owners. No intact archaeological features were identified during field tests, and the site's occupants are unknown. Site Impacts and Recommendation:
The site is located in future house lots. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine its potential to yield important information on the history of the region.
44JC566: 17th-Century site (GL94) 44JC566, which is situated on a rise of an island in the marshlands between the James River and its second terrace, measures approximately 125' by 150' and is covered by forest and light undergrowth. Standing water is located 200' to its west. It was subjected to a metal detector survey and shovel testing. Five out 181 of the eight shovel tests yielded colonial artifacts, including Rhenish brown stoneware, case and wine bottle glass, wrought nails, lead shot and musket balls, a lead fishing weight, and part of a hoe. 44JC566 is covered by a layer of well-developed topsoil and is in a good state of preservation. The site likely dates to the Freeman tenure of the property. Site Impacts and Recommendations:
44JC566 is located in lots that are to developed. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine its potential to yield important information on the history of the region.
44JC629: Possible Paleo-Period Site (GL31) Near the extreme southwest corner of the site 44JC310, one shovel-test produced flakes, fire-cracked rock, and a fragment of a Clovis point. Such points were made in the Paleo-Indian period, 10,000-8,000 BC. It is premature to speculate as to the relationship between the lithic debitage and the Clovis projectile point fragment, however, it may suggest that a rare Paleo site is present. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site may be affected by future residential construction.
Phase 11 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of the site to yield significant information on the prehistory of the region.
44JC630: Historic Site (GL38, GL38A) 182
A wine bottle base dating to c. 1660-1680, found along the shoreline, was the first indication of this site. No artifacts were observed in an adjacent bank. A subsequent metal detector survey located wrought nails, an iron spike, an iron harness buckle, three unidentified iron objects, and an unidentified brass object, all of which could date to any time during the colonial period. Four shovel tests within the area of the metal detector survey (about 60' in diameter), failed to produce artifacts or subsurface features. 44JC630 is located on a low knoll along the James River that is bordered by wetlands that lay between the river and its second terrace. The 44JC630 site environs are forested with moderate undergrowth and may have been severely eroded.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: 44JC630 is located in proposed buffer that may be affected by future shoreline stabilization work. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential to yield important information on the history of the region.
44JC635: Early 19th-Century Outbuilding (GL81) This site, which measures approximately 40' in diameter, consists of a scattering of cut nail fragments and associated slag finds that were found by metal detection. It is located about 100 from 44JC160, in a cut fallow field, and may be an associated with a barn or other agricultural building. Eight shovel-tests produced only two quartzite debitage flakes, suggesting minor prehistoric usage. 183
Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in an area planned for future house lots and roads. Although the ephemeral nature of 44JC635 suggests that it has minimal research potential, Phase TI significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential for contributing information on the history of the region.
44JC636: Historic Period Site (GL86) This site consists of a heavy but discrete surface concentration of brick that is distributed across an area approximately 75'in diameter. No other artifacts were found. It was examined during low visibility conditions, in a heavily overgrown fallow field.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: This site was affected marginally by road construction. The road construction was monitored and no features were present when the plowzone was stripped. The remainder is located in a wooded buffer zone. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended.
44JC638: 19th-Century Non-Domestic Site (GL95) This site is situated on a finger of an island that juts into the marshland between the James River and its second terrace. A metal detector survey located the site, which is covered by forest and light undergrowth. Six shovel-tests that were excavated within an area 100' by 50' produced cut and wire nails and several big 184 pieces of unidentified iron. 44JC638 may have been created by timbering activities. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in a proposed buffer and has minimal research potential. No further work is recommended. EAST TRACT
44JC321: Historic Site
The site is located along the James River within the south- central portions of the study area. Sprinkle describes the site environs as a relatively open wooded area on the crest of a point of land, to the north of the extensive wetlands inland from the James River (VDHR Archives). Shovel tests revealed the presence of 19th century stoneware and ironstone. Although JRIA noted no subsurface cultural features within this site's parameters, as defined by Sprinkle, immediately to the east at 44JC548 a brick base, barrel bands, and the top of a distilled water drinking bottle were observed within a 30' by 25' area. It is likely that
44JC321 and 44JC548 comprise one site that extends across the same
landform. Neither the Gilmer (1864) nor Patterson maps (1873-1874)
nor the 1917 Quad (USGS) depict a structure at 44JC321 or 44JC548. Thus, the cultural features in this area may be of more recent origin. The site could have been occupied/utilized by persons of unknown identity while the study area was in the hands of absentee owners. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The presence of this site could not be confirmed and is likely
part of 44JC548. It is located in a delineated conservation easement. No further work is recommended. 186
44JC322: 19th to 20th-Century Domestic Site This site initially was located in 1984 and described as being situated on a high ridge of land that overlooks a small creek to the west of Shellbank Creek. 44JC322 consists of a 20th century mobile home that is adjacent to a somewhat earlier, dilapidated framed structure. Sprinkle examined the nails in this dwelling, and concluded that it was of nineteenth century origin. The JRIA survey did not collect any additional information on this house. The site is depicted on the 1917 Quad, but not on the Patterson map of 1873-1874, suggesting that it is of late 19th or early 20th century origin. The dwelling was likely occupied by tenants or sharecroppers during the absentee ownership of Cornelius Nightingale (1906-1916) and Clarence B. Sturges (1917-1918; 1926+), whereas the trailer indicates occupation during Pine Dell Development Corporation, Inc. ownership (mid-20th century). None of these household occupantst identity is known. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The research potential of this site is minimal, and it is of a type of domestic site that is ubiquitous. No further work is recommended.
44JC323: 19th and 20th-Century Domestic Site (GL3) 44JC323 first was recorded in 1984. A relatively extensive site, it sits upon a high terrace overlooking the James River, 250' from the shoreline and a quarter-mile upstream from the mouth of Shellbank Creek. The core area of 44JC323 (a probable inner yard) 187 measures about 80' x 125' and is the largest nineteenth-century domestic site on the Piney Grove tract. Additional outbuildings are expected to be located to the north, whereas a probable spring house has been identified to the northeast. A deep circular feature (perhaps a well or ice house) and a mound of brick rubble (presumably from a chimney fall) are clearly visible on the surface of 44JC323. A11 seven shovel-tests dug in the area produced diagnostic artifacts, including American brown stoneware, Chinese export porcelain, whiteware, milk glass, and cut and wire nails. Thus, this site appears to have been occupied from the mid-to-late 19th centuries into the early 20th century. It has an intact, undisturbed deep A-soil horizon in the majority of the household yard complex. During the spring, bulbs perennially appear in recognizable clusters and lines, indicating excellent site surface integrity.
44JC323, a relatively elaborately developed domestic complex, appears to be surrounded by a small number of subsidiary domestic sites (44JC520, 44JC521, and 44JC522) It may have been the site at which Moses Harrell lived between 1850 and 1861, prior to relocating to Williamsburg. Sprinkle's site forms (VDHR Archives)
indicate that a structure appears on John W. Donn's map, "James River from College Creek," and on an anonymous 1908 map called the "James River, Point of Shoals to Sandy Point." These maps depict a house with plowed fields and a fenced-in yard. Additionally, the site is depicted on the Patterson map (1873-1874) and the 1917 188
Surry Quad. The Harrell domestic complex, erected in 1850-61 was likely occupied by their tenants and those of the Harrellts successors, Cornelius Nightengale (1906-1916) and Clarence B. Sturges (1917-1918).
Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is apparently located in a buffer zone. A Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the site's research potential if it is not in buffer.
44JC324: Early 20th Century Industrial Complex This late resource was identified by Sprinkle during his 1984 survey. It encompasses a large area along the northern downward slope of a high terrace 50' to 100' south of a branch of Shellbank Creek. Sprinkle indicated that cinderblock foundation footings, a well head, and two cement structures were present at a location close to the stream. Reportedly 19th and 20th century ceramics were recovered from shovel tests in 1984. 44JC324 was inspected by
JRIA survey crew members who found what appear to be a series of pipe systems and water tanks within the complex, and a probable water tower platform connected to a spring fed branch of Shellbank Creek. A few large, unidentifiable cast iron and steel machinery parts lie disconnected, implying that other, perhaps more important parts, were salvaged for other usage. The surface of the site is strewn thinly with tin cans, bottle glass, mason jars and other early 20th century debris that is partially covered with forest litter. A discarded cast iron safe, decorated with molded relief 189 in the late Victorian style (Sears and Roebuck Baroque), was observed at 44JC324. This small industrial complex may be related to lumber milling operations or some sort of industrial processing. The site, which includes above ground buildings and machinery, appears to have been dismantled, stripped and transported elsewhere or salvaged for scrap, thereby reducing the research potential of this resource. The ceramics and glass fragments Sprinkle reported may have been associated with a worker lunch area or other worker usage. No structures were depicted by Patterson (1873-1874) in this vicinity, nor do they appear on the 1917 quadrangle. Therefore, the industrial complex at 44JC324 was probably installed later, perhaps during the absentee ownership of Clarence B. Sturges (1917-1918; 1926+) or the years the site was part of the landholdings of the Pine Dell Development Corporation, Inc. (1918+). Site Impacts and Recommendations:
Plans for the area are uncertain. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential.
44JC325: Waster Piles from the 20th Century "Jamestowne Collony Potteryw & Redeposited colonial and Prehistoric Material (GL60, GL61) This site was identified during the Sprinkle survey in 1984 as a group of standing structures that were associated with a logging operation. sprinkle's assessment partially was based upon testimony of local informants. 44JC325 is located near the intersection of Route 5 and State Rural Route 613 (Brickbat Road). 190 JRIA testing discovered a waster dump area from the modern "Jamestowne Collony Potteryu in an area to the southwest of the standing structures at this site. These buildings, originally may have been associated with the ceramic production, and converted to use by loggers after the pottery operation was closed, perhaps shortly after World War 11. The redeposited material in the waster dump (GL61) is located on high ground about 50 yards from Route 5, near the center of the study area's northern property line. No nearby water source is nearby. A pile of trash is visible on the surface of the site and reproduction lead-glazed earthenware was found near the trash pile. Two pieces recovered from this context are dated 1933 and 1941. While most of the objects collected or observed at 44JC325 date to the twentieth century, a few artifacts were found intermixed that date to the 17th and 18th centuries. Additionally, a few flakes and one piece of aboriginal pottery were found nearby. It appears that historic and prehistoric sites were disturbed and that the spoil from these projects was transported and redeposited in this area. Neither prehistoric nor colonial sites have been identified in the vicinity, which is distant from a source of potable water.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is likely located in buffer, although this is uncertain. A farm road runs along the west side of the site and a construction road along the north side. There are no current plans for further development in the immediate vicinity. The site is likely of state and local significance. Phase 11 significance 191 evaluation is recommended to determine the site's research potential.
44JC476: 19th120th-Century Industrial Site (GL66)
This site, which has a light ground cover, is located near the center of the property, in open woods, at the headwaters of a small intermittent stream. 44JC476 was previously recorded by VCU and consists of a large, amorphous crater, that is visible on the surface. Six shovel-tests in an area 50' in diameter surrounding the crater produced brick pieces, sand mortar, and slag, but no domestic debris. No diagnostic artifacts, other than the mortar (which appears to be a type used in the 19th or early 20th-century) were found. The site appears to be industrial in nature.
In the absence of diagnostic artifacts to pinpoint the period of 44JC476's use, it is difficult to associate this site with a specific function or owner. It is located near a 19th century domestic site at 44JC560, which it appears to postdate. It is likely that industrial activity of some sort occurred at 44JC476 during the years that Cornelius Nightingale (1906-1916), Clarence B. Sturges, or the Pine Dell Development Corporation, Inc. (1917- 1941) owned the study area. Site Impacts and Recommendations: Plans for this area are uncertain. The site has minimal research potential or compelling historical associations. No further work is recommended. 192
44JC477: Late 18thll9th-Century Site This site was originally located by VCU. It was reported as a submerged site, destroyed by erosion.
Site Impacts and Recommendations:
The site is completely gone. No further work is necessary.
44JC478: Late 19th-Century Site
This site was originally located by VCU. It was reported as partially destroyed by erosion.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: This site is completely gone. No further work is necessary.
44JC520: Post-1850 Commercial/Industrial Site (GL1) Located near the base of a sloping point above the James River, at the extreme southeast corner of the property, this site is bounded by marshlands and the river which lies only 30' to the south. Four shovel-tests in an area 30' in diameter located concentrations of presumably robbed hand-made bricks, wire nails and window glass, building materials typically used sometime after c. 1850, probably much later. The entire site environs has been severely disturbed by logging and erosion. No maps depict historic activity at the site.
It is difficult to ascribe the site to a particular individual, however, a relatively short distance to the north of 44JC520 is a small 19th century domestic site (44JC521), to which 193
44JC520 may be related. Brick was found on the surface of both sites. 44JC520 may have functioned as a boathouse or fishing shack for the domestic site at 44JC521. If so, activity on this site probably occurred during or slightly after the Moses Harrell ownership period (1850-1906). Site Impacts and Recommendations: 44JC520 has been severely damaged by intensive logging and erosion. The integrity is so poor that the site has little or no research potential. The site is planned to stay in buffer. No further work is recommended.
44JC521: 19th-Century Domestic Site (GL2) This small site, measuring ca. 35' in diameter, is located on a level point above the James River, near the southeast corner of the property. It is bounded on two sides by marshes. A total of four shovel-tests were excavated within the site's parameters; two of these tests produced artifacts. One shovel-test placed in a shallow depression struck a layer of oyster shell that contained a few post-1820 artifacts, including a sherd of a transfer-printed pearlware plate, a fragment of molded bottle glass, and an unidentifiable piece of iron. A small mound of bricks was found nearby. Eight shovel-tests outside the area produced no artifacts.
Although the general vicinity of 44JC521 has been damaged by logging and erosion, the area near what appears to be the probable house lot has integrity. 194 A small dwelling of some sort probably stood at 44JC521 sometime during the 19th century, habitation that may have been subsidiary to the larger core settlement at 44JC323. Although the structure at 44JC521 is not depicted on historic maps, it may comprise a tenant house that was associated with Moses Harrellls occupation of the property (1850-1861). Close by to the south, near the river, is a small ambiguous, and poorly preserved site (44JC520) that also may be related to 44JC521. Site Impacts and Recommendations:
The site is planned to stay in buffer. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended if it is located outside the buffer to determine the site's research potential.
44JC522: Small 19th-Century Domestic Site (GL4) This small site, which measures only about 50' x 50' and is located on the neck of a high terrace with ravine heads on either side, is about 1001 from a creek that leads to the James River. Five of eight shovel-tests within the core site area produced artifacts. A test pit dug into a small mound feature struck a layer of fireplace ash that contained nineteenth-century artifacts. American brown stoneware, whiteware, window glass, molded bottle glass, an iron button, and cut nails were recovered from four other shovel-tests. The overall site environs have been impacted by logging, but the apparent household yard compound has a well preserved A-Level soil layer, and the site's surface and subsurface features seem to be well preserved. 195 ~iagnosticartifacts suggest that 44JC522 was a small domestic site that was in use between 1820-1880. It is not depicted on any 19th century maps. Like sites 44JC520 and 44JC521, 44JC522 may be a tenant's home that was associated with the 19th century core settlement at 44JC323. The small c.1820- 1880 domestic complex at 44JC522 suggests occupation by a family of relatively low socio- economic status. Site Impacts and Recommendations: Although logging activity has diminished the degree of information the site can yield, the presence of intact components was noted. A Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine research potential if the site is outside buffer. It is uncertain if the site will be in house lots or buffer.
44JC523: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL8) The site consists of a lithic reduction station occupying an area approximately 60' by 80'. The site is situated near the tip of a long, sloping finger of land surrounded on three sides by deep, marshy ravines that lead to the James River where parent lithic source materials may have been collected. Of a total of 15 shovel-tests undertaken within the apparent site boundaries, four produced a light scatter of artifacts. A single shovel-test located a concentration of eight stone flakes and an abraded cobble. Stratigraphic examination indicates that the site has no remaining topsoil below a recent forest humus level. Severe logging disturbances, manifested by the presence of mottled orange 196 clay and white silt loam immediately below surface, have compromised the integrity of the site. Site Impacts and Recommendations: Logging, slopewash and other erosional factors have probably impaired the research potential of the site, The site is located in proposed park and open space. No further work is recommended.
44JC524: prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL9)
This small site, which has been badly disturbed by logging, is located in open woods with light ground cover at the head of a level point, 275' from a creek that leads to the James River. The site consists of a prehistoric lithic workshop and a probable associated limited activity site located along a low-order stream tributary. Three quartzite flakes were recovered from five shovel- tests concentrated in a 10' by 10' area, indicating a discrete lithic workshop area within what may be a larger limited activity site. Examination of representative site soil profiles indicates a greatly reduced A-Level soil horizon, meaning the site integrity has been greatly reduced. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in proposed house lots. The research potential of this site for yielding significant information on the prehistory of the region has been severely diminished by intense logging activity. Therefore, no further work is recommended. 44JC525: Prehistoric Hearth (GL10) The site is situated on the tip of a point of land between two branches of a creek that both lead to the James River. Evidence of an intact hearth (fire-cracked rock concentration probably subject to bioturbation) and a single quartzite flake indicate limited prehistoric activity or a small family-sized band encampment. A total of five shovel-tests were excavated within the perceived 30' by 30' site boundary. Two of the tests produced artifacts. Excepting the fire-cracked rock concentration, artifact density per shovel-test was low. The site has been plowed, and only a very thin severely truncated A-Level soil horizon remains. A deep disturbance level created by historic surface plowing and/or logging has greatly affected the integrity of the site.
Site Impacts & Recommendations: The site is located in proposed house lots. Since segments of the site below surface grades are intact (as indicated by the hearth concentration), Phase 11 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential.
44JC535: Multicomponent Prehistoric, 17th-Century, and 19th- Century Site (GL39) This site extends for 150' along the beachfront of a small island in the James River. A wide variety of objects were recovered from the beach. Possible 17th-century artifacts consisted of a white ball clay tobacco pipe stem fragment, pieces of case bottle glass, and a sherd of Staffordshire Midlands Purple coarseware. One 19th century sherd of Albany slip stoneware was found as well as prehistoric materials--flakes, fire-cracked rock, and a blank fragment. Handmade bricks were also present. The location of the site on the edge of the waterfront makes it very difficult to ascribe it to any specific 17th century settlement. It is remote from Jabez Whittaker's settlement near the mouth of the Chickahominy. It may have been associated with Bridges Freeman's patent, or that of Thomas Harvey, which lay directly to Freeman's east. It is possible that some sort of satellite habitation affiliated with Whittaker, Freeman, Harvey or some other early settler may be located at 44JC535. The solitary 19th century artifact found at 445C535 may be intrusive, or related to much later activity on the leeward side of the island. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in a delineated conservation area. Phase I1 significance evaluation to determine research potential is recommended if the site will be impacted in the future.
44JC548: 20th-Century Still (GL56) This twentieth-century still stands near the tip of a point that extends into the swamp along the James River. Barrel hoops, a brick base for the still, and the top of a large distilled water bottle are visible on the surface.
Site Impacts & Recommendations: The site is located in a delineated conservation area. No further work is recommended. 44JC549: 18th-Century Domestic Site (GL57) This site is located only a short distance down river from large eighteenth-century sites at 44JC544 and 44JC545 with which it may be associated. It is situated on the tip of a high point in open woods with light ground cover, with a creek on one side and the James River marshlands on the other. Six of 10 shovel-tests within an area 50' x 60' produced artifacts including an English clay tobacco pipe stem, a sherd of Pennsylvania coarse earthenware, hand wrought nails and pieces of brick.
This site may be an eighteenth-century slave quarter or tenant farmstead associated with the core settlement at 44JC545. Maps and historical documentation suggest that the site could be attributed to the occupational phase of Champion Travis (1775-1801). Further work could corroborate this theory. Also, the Patterson map (1873- 1874) depicts a yard complex at the location of 44JC549, alluding
to the presence of standing structures, if not activity, into the last quarter of the 19th century. Perhaps tenants occupied the site at various times in the 19th century. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The golf fairway for the 7th hole was shifted south outside the boundaries for the site. As a precaution, after the fairway was cleared, an excavator with a smooth-edge bucket was brought in to strip the area of the fairway closest to the site to check for any remote archaeological features associated with the site. One
tree hole with a small amount of 18th century artifacts was found, 200 recorded, and excavated. Subdivision lots have been recorded in the vicinity of the site. Currently, a survey is being conducted to verify the location of the site with respect to the golf course right-of-way and/or the subdivision lots to determine the probability of future impacts. If the site falls within the rear of subdivision lots, it is anticipated that the site will be preserved by means of archaeological easement(s). A Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of the site.
44JC550: 20th-Century Pottery Kiln (GL58) This 20th century site is the kiln where reproduction pottery was made that was sold at a Jarnestown gift shop during the second quarter of the 20th century. It stands at the intersection of Rt. 5 and the eastern-most dirt road on the property. All ten shovel- tests undertaken within the perceived 200' by 150' site boundary produced artifacts. The kiln base, some wall ruins, a drive shaft for a pug mill, and clay pits are all visible on the surface. The site is associated with a dump and possibly buildings at 44JC325.
Site Impacts & Recommendations: The main entrance into Governor's Land at Two Rivers impacted this site. Current plans call for the remainder of the site to remain in green space. Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of 44JC550, in conjunction with 44JC325 (a waster dump for the kiln). 44JC551: 20th-Century Well (GL59) Near the center of the study area, on a branch of a ravine that leads south to the James River, is an abandoned, open, wood- lined well. An old sawdust pile about 90' away suggests that the well may be associated with sawing or logging operations, perhaps as a source of drinking water or water needed for steam driven machinery, such as a portable saw mill. No artifacts were recovered from a total of three shovel-tests, which were excavated within a 15' by 15' area around the well.
Site Impacts & Recommendations: It is uncertain if the site is in either proposed house lots or open space. It has little research potential to yield significant information about the past. Therefore no further work is recommended.
44JC552: 20th-Century Still (GL63) This still site is located in a deep ravine that leads to the
James River floodplain, 7' from seasonal standing water. Twelve exploded 55-gallon drums are strewn about the site, perhaps the result of prohibition-era law enforcement. Also present are barrel hoops, a wash tub, iron pipe, coal, brick and a nicely preserved cooker.
Site Impacts & Recommendations: The site eventually will be submerged by a lake. This site has little potential to yield important research data about the past. No further work is recommended. 44JC553: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL64) This site is located on the narrow tip of a point above a wide, swampy ravine that leads to the James River floodplain. Four shovel-tests were concentrated in a 10' by 10' area, the apparent core site area. Two flakes and one sherd of coarse grit-tempered aboriginal pottery was collected. The artifacts suggest a Woodland Period campsite. Additional reconnaissance of the site indicates that poorly bonded bog iron very similar to friable early Woodland pottery was present as well as fire-cracked rocks. Soil profiles revealed the presence of a thin colluvial formation, and portions of the site may have been deposited via slopewash from higher elevations. Because of this, the integrity of the site is compromised,
Site Impacts & Recommendations: This site is located in proposed buffer or open space. A
Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the site's research potential if the site is not in buffer.
44JC554: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL67) This site is situated in open woods near the head of a small ravine that leads south to the James River floodplain 1200' away. Four shovel-tests were excavated within the perceived 20'x 20' site boundary and two produced artifacts. Twelve shovel-tests in the immediate vicinity uncovered no other artifacts. The only artifact type recovered was lithic debitage including two debitage flakes, three decertification flakes, and two fragments of fire-cracked 203 rock. The site has a thinly developed A-Level soil horizon. It appears the site possibly was a prehistoric lithic reduction work station and/or campsite.
Site Impacts & Recommendations: The site has been disturbed by golf course construction. A subsequent field check did not find any of the site left. No further work is recommended.
44JC555: Late 18th and 19th-Century Domestic Site (GL68) This substantial site sits on top of a bluff overlooking the James River floodplain. The ground cover consists of a forest environment with low lying growth. Three out of six shovel-tests excavated within the 50' by 40' site boundary produced artifacts. A number of diagnostic artifacts were recovered, including a 1773 Virginia halfpenny, an 1841 Liberty Head Penny, a tinned brass lockplate, a large iron spoon-like utensil, sherds of green shell- edged pearlware and whiteware, and cut nails. Two mounds and two small depressions are visible on the surface. 44JC555 appears to have good vertical soil integrity near the house lot although logging may have disturbed portions of the yard complex and the site's perimeters.
44JC555 may have been occupied by tenants or sharecroppers during the period c.1790 to 1850. Although physically separate from the late 18thIl9th-century complex located at 44JC556, this site is likely to be associated with it. It may relate to the 204 champion Travis ownership phase (1775-1801), or that of Conway and c ran cis whittle (1802-1818), John and Samuel Adams (1818-1838), or the Moses Harrell occupation (1850-1861). The Patterson map (1873- 1874) depicts a structure at 44JC555, suggesting that intermittent activity took place at this site for perhaps a century.
Site Impacts & Recommendations: A road-cut through the periphery of this site was monitored. No features were apparent when the topsoil was stripped. Currently subdivision lots have been recorded in the vicinity of the site and will impact it. A portion of the site appears to fall within the rear setback of the above mentioned lots and/or in platted open space behind the lots. It is anticipated that an archaeological easement will protect that portion of the site that falls within the setback and/or open space. The open space behind the lots was created in an attempt to minimize the impacts to the site. A Phase
I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of the site.
44JC556: Late 19th-Century Domestic Site (GL70) This site sits on the slope of a bluff overlooking the James
River floodplain. A mound about 5' in diameter and l1 high, full of bricks, is visible on the surface and is tentatively interpreted as a chimney fall. Eight shovel-tests in a large area around the mound, about 100' by 175', yielded fragments of whiteware, American brown stoneware, molded aqua bottle glass, a cut nail, and a plate lock for a box or trunk. A large portion of the site has been logged.
This site, which seems to be a domestic complex associated with the period c.1850 to 1900, is likely related to tenants or sharecroppers. The Patterson map (1873-1874) depicts a structure that was at the site, and a road is shown leading down to 44JC556 from the uplands, suggesting the location of a main house. This complex is likely associated with Moses Harrell who owned the tract between 1850 and 1906. 44JC555, which is nearby, may be related, as it is contemporaneous. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in either future house lots or buffer. A
Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of the site.
44JC557: Prehistoric Site, Probable MicroBand Base Camp/ Lithic Reduction Station (GL73) The concentration of lithic debitage and fire-cracked rock at 44JC557 is one of the largest found in the survey area and seems to represent a substantial site although no diagnostic material was recovered. The site is situated on low ground within a colluvial formation at the base of a high terrace near at the edge of the
James River floodplain. The site measures about 30' x 65' based on the horizontal artifact distribution. Six out of eight shovel- tests excavated at 44JC557 produced artifacts. The site does not appear to be to be disturbed by logging, and the A-Level soil horizon demonstrates natural soil formation sequences, indicating excellent stratigraphic integrity.
Site Impacts & Recommendations: It appears that this site is located in Chesapeake Bay Resource Protection buffer. Currently, subdivision lots have been recorded in the vicinity of the site and may impact it if it is not in buffer. A field survey is being conducted to determine the precise location of the site; however, the site is likely located in the buffer of two house lots. If located within the buffer, the site will remain undisturbed. Additionally, the majority of the site appears to be within the 195 acre conservation easement where it will remain protected from any disturbances. A Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of this site.
44JC558: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL74) This site is located in open woods on a bluff overlooking the James River flood plain, just east of a swampy ravine. Lithic debitage was recovered fromthree out of six shovel-tests excavated at 44JC558. The horizontal artifact distribution indicates a
diminutive site boundary, approximately 12' by 7', probably pertaining to a lithic workshop station. Collected finds include one decertification flake and two debitage flakes. The stratigraphy of the site indicates that integrity is good, and the area has not been heavily disturbed by logging or other historic activities. 207
Site Impacts and Recommendations: This site appears to be located in either the Chesapeake Bay
Resource Protection buffer or the 195 acre conservation easement or both. Currently, subdivision lots have been recorded in the vicinity of the site. A field survey is being conducted to determine the precise location of the site. A gravel nature path has been approved in the vicinity of the site within the conservation easement. Site boundaries will be marked off and the nature trail will be designed to avoid the site. A Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine the research potential of the site.
44JC559: Multi-component Prehistoric and 19th-Century Site (GL75) This site is located in open forest, on a bluff overlooking the James River floodplain, just west of a swampy ravine. Within the site confines, a 60' by 30' area, nine shovel-tests were excavated of which three produced artifacts. Three flakes were recovered from one test pit. No other evidence of prehistoric occupation was found. The historic component of 44JC559 includes several features that are visible on the surface: two low mounds; one 6' in diameter and 1' above surface, the other 4' in diameter and 7" above grade; a shallow rectangular depression 4' wide and
11' long; and a circular depression 3'6" in diameter was also located. No domestic objects were found, only cut nails, pieces of limestone, and bricks with sand mortar. The artifacts suggest that the area has been used for some industrial or agricultural purpose 208 in the 19th century, but it is not clear what took place there. The area has been disturbed by logging. Site Impacts and Recommendations:
Future development plans are uncertain. The site may be located in either house lots or buffer. The prehistoric component appears to have limited research potential for yielding important information about the past. The presence of surface features warrants Phase I1 significance evaluation for the 19th-century component to determine research potential for understanding the history of the region.
44JC560: 19th-Century Domestic Site (GL76) This site sits on a narrow forested finger of high ground between two branches of a narrow ravine that leads south to the James River flood plain. Two small mounds of brick are visible on
the surface of the site, about 20' apart; they may represent the end chimneys of a tenant house. Based on the horizontal
distribution of sheet midden, the inner core of the site is 30' by
30' wide. Within this area, seven out of seven shovel-test units, produced in moderate density. Numerous nineteenth-century artifacts were found, including fragments of American blue and gray stoneware, an iron skillet handle, an iron trowel, a lead strip, and a piece of brass scrap. The general area has been severely disturbed by logging.
The 19th century saw a handful of documented landowners and 209 tenants occupy portions of the survey area. 44JC560 could be attributed to almost a half dozen owners or their renters, although
it is probably associated with a tenant occupation. Possible associations include the tenants of John and Samuel Adams (1818- 1835), Nelson Hall (1835-1838), Bennett Fletcher (1838-1849), or Moses Harrell (1849-1906). Further work is warranted to more accurately ascribe the site to one or more of these periods. Site Impacts and Recommendations: Future impact to the site is uncertain. The site may be
located in either buffer or house lots. A Phase I1 significance evaluation is necessary to determine the research potential of the site.
44JC625: Spring (GL5) This site is a natural spring that has been altered for human use, probably during the 19th century. The spring flow has been artificially modified into an elliptical basin measuring 4' x 6'. This cache basin may have been utilized for washing, or as a spring house to provide drinking water. The basin is dug into the edge of a swampy ravine that apparently drained the spring southward into the James River. The only artifact found at 44JC625 was a fragment of burned bottle glass.
The proximity of the man-made springhead with nearby sites indicates that it may be associated with sites 44JC521 or 44JC522. Both of these sites date to the 19th century and appear to be domestic in nature. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in proposed buffer. A lack of artifacts or associated features indicates that this is an isolated site with little potential to yield important information about local or regional history. No further work is recommended.
44JC626: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL6) On a level terrace point above a marshy branch of Shellbank
Creek near the northeast corner of the property, 150' from the nearest Pow order streams, a shovel-test struck a concentration of stones that had been cracked and reddened by fire -- the remains of a prehistoric hearth. Sixteen stones were found in situ imbedded in the subsoil, while 17 other stones that had been dislodged by logging were found in test holes. There was no stain or hearth outline, and only a few charcoal flecks were present. Eight other holes dug around the hearth turned up very little, only one piece of fire-cracked rock. The intact and disturbed hearth material in the form of fire-cracked rock concentrations suggests the site was a prehistoric limited activity site or foraging encampment. Based on artifact depth, the site probably dates from sometime between the Late Archaic to Middle Woodland I1 cultural periods. The A- Level soil horizon at 44JC627 was observed to be thin due to soil loss from the high terrace top. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in proposed buffer. The site contains 211 potential for yielding important information about the past and a
Phase I1 significance evaluation is recommended to determine its research capability.
44JC627: Prehistoric Limited Activity Site (GL7)
This site is located on a level terrace point above a marshy branch of Shellbank Creek near the northeast corner of the survey area, 120' from water. Artifacts recovered within a very small area, 5' x 7', provide the only concrete evidence of horizontal artifact distributions. Two of three shovel-tests produced three flakes, suggesting an ephemeral prehistoric camp or work area. The A-Level soil horizon on the site is extremely thin, indicating substantial soil loss perhaps due to later historic activities including logging disturbances. Site integrity is poor.
Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in proposed buffer. The research potential of this ephemeral site is limited by low artifact density and diminutive site size. No further work is recommended.
44JC631: 20th-Century Still (GL62) This still stands in level wooded and brushy terrain not far from Route 5 in the eastern quarter of the survey area. Artifacts on the surface at 44JC631 include many barrel hoops, a 55-gallon drum, an iron pipe and a pile of coal and brick. Fifteen kerosene cans that seem to have been axed suggest that the still was destroyed by legal authorities. 212
Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is to be located in green space and not affected by development. It has very limited research potential. No further work is recommended.
44JC632: 19th-Century Feature (GL65)
This site consists solely of a small mound, 7' in diameter and
1'6" high. It is located on a level terrace at the head of a ravine that leads to the James River floodplain. The mound contains evidence of burning (charcoal and fired clay) and a few nineteenth-century artifacts. Five cut nails and a milk glass button were recovered from shovel-tests. Tests in the area around the mound failed to turn up any further evidence of occupation or utilization. The site may be an old burn pile associated with timbering activities. Site Impacts and Recommendations: The site is located in future house lots. It has little potential for yielding significant research data on the history of the region. No further work is recommended.
44JC634: Multicomponent Prehistoric, 18th, 19th-Century Site (GL69, 71, and 72) This site is located on a bluff overlooking the James River
floodplain, next to a broad, shallow ravine approximately 400' from water. Artifacts at this site are concentrated in three separate, but closely spaced areas. One area yielded a variety of materials from the second half of the eighteenth century, including wrought 213 nails, creamware, white salt glaze stoneware, an English c lay tobacco bowl and American brown stoneware. A depression (perhaps a well or ice house) is visible on the surface of the site. A few yards to the west is a limited activity prehistoric site where only flakes and chunks of quartzite were recovered. A few yards further west is a nineteenth-century component where shovel-tests produced sherds of blue shell-edged, transfer-printed, and annular pearlware; whiteware, window glass, a piece of clear glass, and nails. A brass token with three castle turrets and the date 1810 on one side and a rampant lion with key on the other was found here. It is not clear whether occupation was continuous or comprised two separate periods. Taken together the site is quite large, about 150' x 80'. Within this total area 16 shovel-test units were excavated of which 11 produced artifacts. Shovel-test profiles indicate that much of the site has never been plowed in modern times although its A-Level soil horizon is shallow.
The 18th century component at 44JC634 may be associated with tenants of Champion Travis (1775-1801), the most notable property owner in the second half of the century. The 19th century activity may be attributable to Conway Whittle (1802-1818) or tenants of John and Samuel Adams (1818-1835). If the 19th century occupancy stretched in the middle of the century, the site may be associated with nearby sites 44JC555 and 44JC556, and both of these may be parcels belonging to Moses Harrell (1849-1906). *Axoqs~qleuorbax pue Iesol qnoqe uoTqemlojuT queqxodm~pla~A 03 aqrs aqq 30 lerquaqod qaxeasax aqq au-cmxaqap oq Axessaaau ST uorqenleAa aaue~-cc~ub~s
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Summary of Prehistoric Resources
The Phase I archaeological survey of the Governor's Land at Two ~iverstract indicates substantial prehistoric exploitation of the area. Including components of historic sites, a total of 42 prehistoric sites were located on the property. Following interpretive site models developed by Gardner (1982), the majority of sites can be categorized as interior limited activity or llexploitive forayI1 sites. A smaller number of small and intermediate-sized sites are interpreted as base camps. Certain sites located on the floodplains of the James or Chickahominy rivers, as well as in some interior upland areas, may be interpreted as lithic reduction or lithic work stations, but it is probable that a variety of other activities also took place near these locations. Finally, two extremely important and closely related Late Woodland to early Contact period sites have been interpreted as villages (44JC308, 44JC310).
In the introductory sections of this report it was stated that Phase I surveys can provide significant information about settlement systems as the sites lay unexcavated, and thus it is
difficult to discuss them with clarity. As Sprinkle (1984) has surveyed large portions of the property using probabilistic and purposive survey techniques, a review of his conclusions in light of the recent, more extensive survey is instructive.
215 216 Sprinkle (1984:54-56) observed that "lithic reduction base campsgtand "hunting stationsu were the principal prehistoric sites in his survey units. Hunting stations were scattered more widely throughout the region, while lithic reduction sites were observed primarily along the floodplain near Barrets Point. Sprinkle accurately predicted that larger sites, or base camps, would be observable in this area of Levy-Pamunkey-Dogue soil associations, especially in riverine settings which suggested areas of relatively high site probability.
Prehistoric Woodland sites producing pottery were a minority site type, and Sprinkle found only three such sites. Even at these sites, pottery was present in only minor quantities. In his thesis conclusions, Sprinkle (1984:56) observed:
Missing from the list of prehistoric sites found at Governor's Land are large agricultural base camps. Pottery was found only at GL-4 and subsequent excavation at GL-6 and GL-10 revealed several small pieces. The absence of clear evidence for large Woodland period sites is probably a result of the large amounts of the Governor's Land that have eroded into the James River since Woodland period occupations.
During the current survey, ceramics were found on only four sites, all in riverine locations. The presence of village settlement at 44JC308 was difficult to assess from information on artifact density derived from shovel-testing. Only site 44JC310 was interpreted as a village. 217 In terms of information on limited activity sites, data derived from Sprinkle's survey and that of the present project cannot adequately be compared since in the former survey, discrete areas producing small quantities of fire-cracked rock were not registered as sites. During the recent survey, the presence of fire-cracked rock or hearths were recorded as discrete sites. When fire-cracked rock was found in small quantities, shovel testing was directed towards finding additional artifact classes which usually resulted in the collection of some minor quantities of lithic debitage.
Lirnited Activitv Sites
These sites appear to have been occupied by small, family- sized social units (micro-bands), and the array of artifacts recovered normally included small quantities of fire-cracked rock, as well as lithic debitage relating to lithic reduction or tool curation. The fire-cracked rock almost certainly relates to food preparation or food processing. Diagnostic artifacts were extremely rare, but Gardner (1982) has suggested that this type of site was in use especially during the Late Archaic to Middle
Woodland periods. Potter (1982) and Hunter (Hunter and Brown 1987) have demonstrated that sites of this type were used up through the Late Woodland period, especially during times of seasonal dietary stress.
Limited activity sites were found normally in two locations 218 within the Governor's Land tract. In both areas, average terrace elevations were above 10' ASL and soils were primarily of the Peawick-Emporia-Levy soil association. A large number of resources were identified along intermediate to high upland terraces within
150' or less of unnamed low order streams tributary to Shellbank Creek, Mattapament Bay, or drainage systems flowing indirectly or directly into the major rivers. A second group of sites differs only in distinction of terrace location and immediate environment. These sites were located on low, intermediate level, and high upland terraces within 10' to 150' of extensive lowland freshwater marshes. Although similar resources may have been exploited within easy walking distance, the site types probably overlap, but not without some probable functional differences.
In the research design, the importance to regional research of understanding variance in settlement density has been stressed, particularly within interior upland areas which have easy access to riverine locations. Within the present survey area, interior locations are no more than a mile inland. Interestingly, general interior exploitation of this property appears similar to site density in more interior locations such as the Route 199 survey area (Hunter and Brown 1987). This information may be skewed by the small number of large creeks and streams within the current survey area, site disturbances due to logging, and destructive erosional processes. 219 Within the east tract, sites designated as limited activity sites appear to be evenly distributed in locations convenient to water resources. Along unnamed tributaries of Shellbank Creek, sites 44JC626 and 44JC627 were located. Along a group of unnamed low order tributaries of the James River to the west of Shellbank Creek, sites 44JC523, 44JC524, 44JC525, 44JC553, 44JC554, 44JC634, 44JC558, and 44JC559 were found.
Within the west tract, sites continue a pattern of even distribution convenient to low order drainages with a large unoccupied gap within the center of the parcel. Site 44JC539 is located along a wetland tributary that parallels the James River shoreline between the first and second terrace. Sites 44JC309, 44JC523, 44JC530, and 44JC531 are south of a large unnamed tidal creek tributary to the Chickahominy River, and include extensive marsh environments. Minor prehistoric components were observed at sites 44JC298, 44JC523, and 44JC315, south of the spring heads flowing into the preceding drainage of the tributary Chickahominy drainage.
Of the sites discussed above, sites 44JC309, 44JC525, 44JC529, and 44JC531 are intended to be impacted, yet each yielded a sufficiently high density of artifacts and is sufficiently well-
preserved to warrant further Phase I1 significance evaluation investigations. The prehistoric component at 44JC634 will be
studied under Phase 11, based on the primary historic component, as 220 the prehistoric resource alone does not merit further study. A large number of limited activity sites will be protected by buffers, green spaces, and parks. Protected sites in this class include: 44JC530, 44JC553, 44JC535, 44JC558, and 44JC626. The following sites are poorly preserved with only meager remains, indicating ephemeral occupation, and have limited research potential: 44JC523, 44JC524, 44JC526, 44JC537, and 44JC539.
Base Camps
A small number of sites have been tentatively identified as base camps based on relative site size per locational model, larger numbers of artifacts, or generally more informative or diverse artifact types and classes within the site areas. Riverine base camps along the mouth of the Chickahominy River near the Barrets Point floodplain include 44JC526 (Late Archaic to Middle Woodland), 44JC310 (Middle Woodland) , 44JC317 (probable Late Archaic) , and 44JC159 (Middle to Late Archaic). At 44JC557, near an extensive wetlands setting along the James River second terrace rise, a microband (small) base camp was notable by larger site size and artifact density per shovel test unit. The site appears to have been utilized as a lithic reduction station, although other activities are also anticipated. At 44JC538, a microband base camp was found along an interior low order drainage tributary to the James River floodplain. Designation here was based on the identification of two large (boulder-sized) stone mortars in addition to fire-cracked rock and lithic debitage. By way of 221 comparison, sites such as 44JC309 and 44JC523 have large site size, but the lack of artifact finds in the majority of shovel tests indicate that site size is the result of a series of ephemeral occupations which drifted across the terrace.
Shoreline sites identified as base camps have suffered substantial shoreline erosion. Because of this damage and previous modern disturbances, the research value of site 44JC161 has been greatly reduced and only a portion of the site will be preserved as a buffer. At sites 44JC159 and 44JC317, shoreline erosion dictate the necessity to perform Phase I1 significance evaluation, in order to determine eligibility to the National Register based on obscurely defined inland site areas. Serious logging disturbances have compromised 44JC538, and no further work is recommended. 44JC557 will be protected. Finally, a predicted Middle Woodland base camp (associated with Mockley Ware) at 44JC310 is intended for
Phase I1 and Phase I11 level data recovery based on the original work plan.
Riverine Prehistoric Resources
This broad heading includes sites within the James and Chickahominy river floodplains near Barrets Point. Sites located here average 3-15' ASL and are found in areas of Levy-Pamunkey- Dogue soil associations. Technically, four of the base camp sites could be included in this category: 44JC161 (on an elevated
landform) ; 44JC310 (Middle Woodland) ; 44JC3 17 (severely eroded) ; 222 and 44JC159 (having a large site area). It should be noted that sites in this area along shorelines were once entirely landlocked, except for the very latest sites which have, however, sustained erosional damage. It is likely that for a large number of the resources the core area of the site has been lost to erosion. The shoreline assessment of Governor's Land at Two Rivers reports that erosion in this location has been severe (Espey, Huston & Associates 1988:12).
It is difficult to characterize all the floodplain sites with abbreviated statements. Many of the sites display a wide variety of tool types and diagnostic artifacts. The presence of diagnostic indicators, rare within inland sites, provides evidence of strong areal exploitation by Late Archaic cultural groups with some material (especially in areas north of the floodplain and paralleling the Chickahominy River) extending into the Middle Woodland. One site provides tentative evidence of Middle Archaic habitation. It should be noted here that early historic maps indicate village locations on both sides of the Barrets Point landmark, and early 17th-century settlement in these areas may be following previous land clearing. Some of these sites may be contained within currently uninformative riverine site areas. Most sites predictably provide evidence of core reduction and blank preparation using the abundant quartzite cobble source locations nearby. 223
The following sites are grouped loosely under the arbitrary heading of riverine sites: 44JC161, 44JC526, 44JC527, 44JC532, 44JC533, 44JC534, and 44JC638 (east of Barrets Point).
Based on the current condition of shoreline sites, resources 44JC526, 44JC527, 44JC533, and 44JC534 have little research value and monitoring of construction in the area is recommended. In all cases, the eroded shoreline sites should be monitored and, if deemed necessary, tested for additional inland components on a
reduced scale, below the scope of a formal Phase 11 evaluation. These recommendations are made in anticipation of additional inland improvements which include residential, recreational, and road development.
Villa~eSites
Based on Phase I archaeological reconnaissance, historic map research, and subsequent data recovery, it is possible to contend that 44JC308 and 44JC310 provide evidence of discrete Late Woodland village occupations. These occupations may have been contemporaneous, or they may have been only narrowly separated temporally, representing village relocations during times of drought or fallow field horticultural techniques. It may be postulated that 44JC310 is the core of the village, and 44JC308 is a dispersed hamlet nearby. Shovel testing between these two areas recognized define gaps in the artifact distribution across the floodplain, north of 44JC308 and south of 44JC310. The sites 224 technically postdate the 14th century based on the collection of Roanoke Simple-Stamped ceramic finds within these site areas, and yet they can probably safely be assigned to the late 16th century and early 17th century. Native American occupation by Paspahegh tribal groups was terminated by the English in 1610. Additional information on these occupations is reviewed in the section of this report entitled Previous Research, as well as in the appropriate site descriptions sections. The most extensive documentation of these resources may be noted in the Data Recovery Plan for 44JC308, December 1990 (working draft JRIA, VDHR Archives). The sites preserve critical information about intrasite community organization, architecture, burial practices, foodways, and other behavioral activities of Powhatan Chiefdom-affiliated Native American cultural groups.
44JC310 and 44JC308 are both eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places under criteria A, C, and D.
Phase I1 and Phase I11 level research have recommended, and the project awaits a decision on jurisdiction regarding Federal 106 legislation in relation to U.S. Army Corps of Engineer shoreline stabilization permits.
Summary of Historic Resortrces
Over 60 historic site resources, including multicomponent and single component sites, was identified on the survey. The range of 225 site information forms an impressive body of information about settlement systems through time and space. Historic site dates extend from 1618 to the 20th century; and site types range from outbuildings and work areas to plantation seats with extensive outer yard complexes. The subject is enormously complicated and the following discussion attempts to provide the background of a narrative discussion using specific sites as examples of settlement system trends.
Seventeenth-Century
Sprinkle's (1984) probabilistic and purposive survey strategies described extensive historic sites scattered thinly near water sources to the east of Barrets Point. At Barrets Point proper, a dense cluster of site activity was noted. The current survey is complimentary to Sprinkle's general conclusions about historic settlement systems, but has tended to expand the site density within interior locations and increased the total number of 17th-century sites near water. These latter sites reflect the benefits of riverine settlement location where more tillable and fertile Levy-Pamunky-Dogue soils were available and water transport avenues allowed access to international trade markets. Sites such
as 44JC304 were seated directly on the floodplain, or presumably operated extensive fields from more elevated terrace domestic seats
such as at site 44JC298.
During the Virginia Company administration of the property, 226 extensive settlement is noted not just near Barrets Point, but extending east along smaller sites such as 44JC561, 44JC562, and 44JC563. Sites such as these may be associated with the Jabez Whittaker occupation. Later in the century, Bridges Freeman, a wealthy planter, took over these estates and may have attempted to clear more land at higher elevations. Access to both upper and lower terrace agricultural fields and domestic seats may have encouraged a trend to occupy areas near the ready-made improvements of ravines which provided natural avenues for physical transportation of people and goods. An early component at 44JC544 is a good example of this trend.
Sites that are likely associated with settlement established during the time the colony was under the aegis of the Virginia Company of London (1607-1624) are 44JC298, 44JC304, 44JC353, 44JC561, and 44JC563. The principal settlement during this period probably occurred at 44JC298. This site is eligible for the National Register. There are no planned impacts for the unexcavated portion of the site. Phase I1 significance evaluation has been recommended for all five possible Virginia Company period sites, although 44JC561 is to be protected in buffer. The remaining three sites most likely possess considerable research potential; however, no impacts are anticipated for sites.
The Bridges Freeman I or 11, or George Harvey occupation of the property may be represented at 445C298, 44JC535, 44JC544, 227 44JC546, 44JC566, and 44JC630. The core site of this period is likely 44JC298. 44JC298 is eligible for nomination to the National Register; however, no impacts are planned for the unexcavated portion of the site. The five remaining sites have research potential and have been recommended for Phase I1 significance evaluation, although 44JC535 and 44JC630 will be preserved in a buffer zone.
The study area's interior uplands contain heavy, poorly drained soils of Peawick-Emporia-Levy associations that are of somewhat marginal utility for agriculture. Archival research provided by McCartney has demonstrated that the study area was in the hands of well-to-do absentee owners during the years that the tract was extensively occupied. This trend may have been the result of economic downturns and the tendency of wealthy landowners to exploit their marginal land through the tenants, or placing farm managers upon their property who supervised gangs of slaves. These practices may have decreased the level of sophistication of the property types on the tract.
The main 18th-century site within the bounds of the study area is 44JC544 with probable associated sites that include 44JC545, 44JC546, 44JC547, and 44JC549. All five of these sites have been recommended for Phase I1 significance evaluation. 44JC298 and 44JC315 are possibly related less affluent residents and may 228 represent outlying quarters, tenant homsteads, or agricultural activities. 44JC315 has been recommended for Phase I1 significance evaluation. 44JC298 is eligible for nomination to the National Register, and there are no impacts planned for the unexcavated portion of this site. Two possible 18th-century sites, 44JC562 and 44JC636, have research potential but are preserved in buffer. Two other sites related to the 18th century, 44JC23 and 44JC129, have little research potential and no further work is planned.
Late 18thI 19th Centu~Tenants/Slaves ('?)/Sharecroppers
Later dated historic sites within the study area do not demonstrate the same sensitivity regarding convenient water sources, although natural interior upland spring heads may have encouraged occupation. It should be noted, however, that wells were actively excavated. Other factors that influenced settlement systems were overland transportation networks, such as roads and ferries. The increased number of upland sites from the late 18th to the 19th century reflect the importance of convenient access to overland transportation, for example, Route 5's antecedents. Extensive research of these sites are likely to reflect a downward spiral of site development, with the passage of time. Sites near the core unit probably were occupied by sharecroppers and tenants well into the present century.
Major sites related to these occupations include 44JC555,
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622 - I. Table I West Tract Site Recommendations Site # Description Recommendations 44JC159 Mid to Late Archaic E 44JC317 Late Archaic, Late E Woodland/Contact 44JC527 Prehistoric Limited Activity NFW 44JC528 Prehistoric NFW 44JC532 Prehistoric Limited Activity E 44JC533 Middle Woodland NFW 44JC534 Prehistoric Limited Activity NFW 44JC23 Multi-component: Prehistoric E Limited Activity, 18th-Century 44JC24 Unconfirmed Colonial NFW 44JC25 Late Archaic/Transitional E 44JC129 Late 18th-Century, 19th-Century, NFW 20th-Century Farmstead 44JC160 Multi-component: Prehistoric E Limited Activity, late 18th/earPy 19th-Century Farmstead 44JC161 Late Archaic-Middle Woodland E 44JC298 17th-Century, 19th-Century, 20th- E/ELIGIBLE Century Farmstead and possible 18th-Century Slave Quarters 44JC304 17th-Century Domestic E 44JC307 Isolated Find NFW 44JC308 Multi-component: Late Woodland/ E/ELIGIBLE Contact, 19th-Century, 20th- Century 44JC309 Prehistoric Limited Activity E 44JC310 Multi-component: Middle Woodland E Base Camp, Late Woodland Village 44JC311 Questionable Prehistoric and NFW Historic Site 44JC312 Prehistoric Lithic Scatter NFW 44JC313 Questionable 17th-Century NFW . Table I
West Tract Site Recommendations Site # Description Recommendations 44JC314 Multi-component: Prehistoric E Lithic Scatter, 19th-Century Non- domestic 44JC315 Multi-component: Prehistoric E Limited Activity and Late 18th- Century 44JC316 Questionable Map-Predicted Site NFW 44JC318 Industrial Component: Sawmill, NFW Wharf 44JC319 Multi-component: Prehistoric NFW Limited Activity, Late 18th- Century and 19th-Century Scatter 44JC353 17th-Century Domestic E 44JC354 19th-Century Scatter NFW 44JC355 Multi-component: Prehistoric, NFW Historic Scatter 44JC356 Multi-component: Prehistoric NFW Limited Activity, Late 18th/19th- Century Farm 44JC357 Multi-component: Middle and Late NFW Archaic, 18th-Century 44JC358 Questionable Historic NFW 44JC526 Prehistoric Work Area Buffer?/NFW 44JC529 Prehistoric Limited Activity E 44JC530 Prehistoric Limited Activity Buff er?/E 44JC531 Prehistoric Limited Activity E 44JC536 Late 19th-Century Domestic NFW 44JC537 Prehistoric Limited Activity NFW 44JC538 Microband Base Camp NFW 44JC539 Prehistoric Limited Activity NFW 44JC540 20th- Century Still NFW Table I West Tract Site Recommendations Site # Description Recommendations 44JC541 Late 19th-Century and 20th- NFW Century Domestic 44JC542 19th-Century Domestic NFW 44JC543 20th-Century Still NFW 44JC544 17th-Century, 18th-Century, 19th- E Century Farmstead 44JC545 Historic, probably 18th-Century E 44JC546 17th and 18th-Century Domestic E 44JC547 Historic E 44JC561 17th-Century Buf fer?/E 44JC562 Historic Buffer?/E 44JC563 17th-Century (pre 1650) E 44JC564 19th-Century Buffer?/NFW 44JC565 19th-Century E 44JC566 17th-Century E 44JC629 Possible Paleo E 44JC630 Historic Buf fer?/E 44JC635 Early 19th-Century Outbuilding E 44JC636 Historic Buffer?/E 44JC638 19th-Century Non-Domestic Buffer?/NFW
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EIZ Table I1 11 East Tract Recommendations 11 Site # Description Recommendations I I 44JC559 Multi-component; Prehistoric, E 19th-Century 44JC560 19th-Century Domestic E 44JC625 spring Buffer?/NFW 44JC626 Prehistoric Limited Activitv Buffer?/E 44JC627 I Prehistoric Limited Activity Buffer?/NFW 44JC631 20th-Century Still NFW 44JC632 ( 19th-Century I NFW 44JC634 Multi-component: Prehistoric, E 18th-Century, 19th-Century
Key: E = Evaluate; NFW = No Further Work; Buffer?/NFW = In Probable Buffer/No Further Work; Buffer?/E = In Probable BufferlEvaluate; Easement?/E = In Probable Easement/Evaluate Proposed Paspahegh National Register L)istrict
The limitations of standard Phase I archaeological survey methodology are such that detailed information on the boundaries, cultural affiliation, date, type, and integrity of identified sites often is lacking. However, the present survey, combined with related historical and archival research, has produced sufficient information on the archaeological resources within the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract to suggest that a portion of the property should be considered for listing on the National Register of ~istoricPlaces, as an archaeological district. When considered as a single group, the array of prehistoric and historic sites contained within the boundaries of the proposed district constitutes an important regional sample illustrating changing land-use patterns within the Virginia Coastal Plain from c. 3000 B.C. through the present. Specific sub-groups of sites address major historic themes of regional and national importance. The most significant of these sub-groups is comprised of a number of sites dating from the late 16th and 17th centuries, among which both Native American and European settlements are represented. These properties have the potential to provide important information on Native American-European interactions and European expansion within the earliest years of permanent English settlement in North America. The name chosen for the proposed district, Paspahegh, has historical associations in relation to this theme. 236 The proposed boundaries for the Paspahegh district were determined through consideration of site distribution density in relation to surface topography within the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract, as well as through consideration of the property's more significant historical associations. The boundary (Figure 21) encloses an area of roughly 750 acres, which encompasses a representative array of micro-environmental settings in both lowland and upland portions of this landscape, which is situated at the confluence of the James and Chickahominy rivers. Site density drops appreciably toward the interior upon the uplands. The eastern boundary of the district was determined by the distribution of identified sites associated with 17th-century English settlement within the tract. While Deep Creek, or Lake Pasbehay, formed an historical boundary between the Governor's Land (on the east) and the Company Land (on the west) established by the Virginia Company within the Corporation of James City in 1618, only one archaeological site with a substantial 17th-century English component (44JC535) has been identified in the area between Deep Creek and the eastern boundary of the proposed district. To the west of this boundary, nine sites with 17th-century English components have been identified.
The proposed district contains 59 archaeological sites registered with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, the
State ~istoricPreservation Office in Virginia. Of these, 20 have been documented as containing only components associated with
238 prehistoric or historic Native American settlement. Twenty-eight sites are known to contain only components relating to colonial settlement dating from the 17th or 18th century, or to later usage. Eleven sites contain components relating to both chronological/cultura~domains. The boundaries of several sites are unclear and are, perhaps, somewhat arbitrary. In many cases, it would be reasonable to consider as one group several of the separately registered sites situated within a single topographic situation.
Sites within the proposed archaeological district containing
~ativeAmerican components are listed in Table 111. Table IV lists those sites containing colonial or later-dated components. Of the total of 59 sites, two associated with 20th-century distilling operations are considered non-contributing properties because they lack significant historical associations. Another non-contributing site was registered on the basis of predictions an historic map. No archaeological remains have been identified in this area, although it has been surveyed by both the College of William and Mary and JRIA. Twenty-nine sites are considered non-contributing properties since their integrity has been severely compromised through the actions of natural or human agents. The remaining 28 sites are considered contributing properties at this time, although the full archaeological potential and integrity of most remain to
be determined through Phase I1 level significance evaluation study. Table I11 Sites Containing Native American Components Within Proposed Paspahegh Archaeological District Site # Cultural Affiliation Status 44JC23 Lithic Contributing 44JC25 Unknown Contributing 44JC159 Lithic Contributing 44JC160 Lithic, Woodland Contributing 44JC161 Late Archaic; Middle Contributing Woodland 44JC308 Late Archaic; Late Contributing Woodland/Early Contact 44JC309 Lithic Contributing 44JC310 Lithic; Middle Wood1and;late Contributing Woodland/Early Contact 44JC311 Lithic; Late Woodland/Early Non-contributing Contact 44JC312 Lithic; Late Woodland/Early Non-contributing Contact 44JC314 Lithic; Late Woodland/Early Contributing Contact 44JC315 Lithic Contributing 44JC317 Late Archaic; Late Contributing Woodland/Early Contact 44JC319 Lithic Non-contributing 44JC355 Lithic Non-contributing 44JC357 Middle and Late Archaic Non-contributing 44JC526 Late Archaic Non-contributing 44JC527 Lithic Non-contributing 44JC528 Lithic; Late Woodland/Early Non-contributing Contact 44JC529 Lithic Contributing 44JC530 Lithic Contributing 44JC531 Lithic Contributing - 44JC532 Lithic Contributing .. .pala~oaaluaaq ahey s3rrnexaa parj-cquaprun = pueTpooM !paquasa;rda~ aq Leu squauoduo3 pueIpooM lo ~req3xv !aqrs ayq uoxj pa~a~o3a~uaaq aAeq sqaejrqze 3~yq-r~= 3?qqr? :Aax
r bu~qnq~~quoa-UON 3TZ17T1 sE93rPP burqnqr~quo3 OaTed 6293I'PP burqnq~~quo3-uo~ 3req3~~aqeq ZPS3PPP burqnqr~quo3-UON DTeqaJy aqe? 6C53fPP bu~qnqr~quo3-UON a?W?T 8E53rPP 6u~qnq~~quo3-uo~ D?rl7r? ~~53fPP 73equo3 bu~qnqr~quo~-uo~~IJe3/pue~poo~ aqe? !Drqqr? PEs3PPP burqnq~~quo3-uo~ PU~IPOOM!arqqr? EES~PPP snqeqs uo?qdyxosaa # aq?S qajxqs~axeo~6o~oaeqoxv qbaqedsea pasodoxd u?YqTM squauodmo3 ue3Txaw aATqeN 6u?u?equo3 saqTS I11 a-Cq=;L
Table IV Sites Containing Historic Colonial or Later Components Within Proposed Pasbehegh ~rchaeological~istrict Site # Cultural Affiliation Type Status 44JC544 17th, 18th, 19th Domestic Contributing centuries 44JC545 18th century (?) Outblding Contributing 44JC546 17th-18th centuries Domestic Contributing 44JC547 Historic Industrial Contributing or Agric. 44JC561 17th century Contributing 44JC562 Historic Contributing 44JC563 17th century Contributing 44JC564 19th century Outblding Non-contributing or Hunting Blind 44JC565 19th century Non-contributing 44JC566 17th century Contributing 44JC630 Historic Contributing 44JC635 Early 19th century Outblding? Non-contributing 44JC636 Historic Contributing - 44JC638 19th century Non-domestic Non-contributing 243 Native American sites included within the proposed district constitute a regional sample well-suited for examining changes in cultural adaptations over time within the Virginia Coastal Plain. A broad temporal span is represented by these properties, most of which appear to date from the period c. 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1610, and the sites are distributed among a wide range of micro-environmental settings characteristic of this portion of the Coastal Plain physiographic province. Several sites have never been plowed and possess a high degree of archaeological integrity (44JC529, 44JC530, and 44JC531). Others, which are located in old agricultural fields, are known or are likely to contain intact cultural deposits below plowzone level (44JC308 and 44JC310).
Correlation of data currently available on the cultural affiliation and environmental context of Native American sites within the district suggests that the sample illustrates changes in the subsistence and settlement systems of native populations from the Late Archaic through Early Contact period. Archaic sites are found within the widest range of environmental settings and display the greatest use of the upland terrace, particularly locations along the lower reaches of this terrace that overlook interior stream and marsh environments (44JC309, 44JC23, 44JC529, 44JC530, and 44JC531). The only Middle Woodland sites yet identified are situated adjacent to the present shoreline of the Chickahominy River (44JC161 and 44JC310), perhaps reflecting a shift in adaptation towards a stronger riverine orientation. An increase in 244 the importance of horticulture in the subsistence economy is indicated by the association of large Late Woodland/Early Contact period village settlement (44JC308 and, probably, 44JC310) with areas characterized by soils of the Levy-Pamunkey-Dogue association, particularly soils of the State Fine Sandy Loam type, which are considered among the finest agricultural soils in the area (Hodges et al. 1985:43-44).
Because of the unique geographic position of the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract, Native American sites within the proposed district also constitute a particularly important archaeological sample for understanding territorial boundaries and cultural interactions among native populations within the Coastal Plain of Virginia. Analysis of the distribution of prehistoric ceramic wares within the province suggests that by at least A.D. 200, distinct population groups had developed within the Outer Coastal Plain, Inner Coastal Plain, and Piedmont in central Virginia, and within the Inner Coastal Plain south of the James River (Egloff 1985). The boundaries between these groups appear to have been somewhat flexible, however. Although a particular ware may be most strongly associated with one region, it may be found in low frequencies outside of that area. Boundaries between territories also display shifts through time. The proposed Paspahegh district lies along the James River near the eastern edge of the Inner Coastal plain, a strategic area for understanding the nature of interactions among native populations c. 3000 B.C. - A.D. 900 as 245 cultural traditions became more localized. The district has added importance because it is situated at the confluence of the James and Chickahominy rivers, two of the major fluvial systems within the Coastal Plain along which interactions were likely channeled.
The proposed archaeological district is also a key area for understanding the nature of cultural interactions among native populations of the Virginia Coastal Plain during the Late Woodland/Early Contact period, particularly in regard to the development and expansion of the Powhatan Chiefdom. When a permanent English settlement was established at Jamestown in 1607, the area encompassed by the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract was included within the territory of Paspahegh, one of approximately 31 districts that once comprised the Powhatan Chiefdom. Recent interpretations by Turner (1988) suggest that Paspahegh was situated near the junction of four major cultural or political regions that were eventually incorporated into the Chiefdom, albeit at different times in its evolution. Three of these regions are suggested by patterned variability in the distribution of Protohistoric ceramic wares in the Coastal Plain. The fourth, the ~hickahominydistrict, is known through ethnohistorical literature to have been politically independent from the Powhatan until 1616. Within the context of these lines of evidence, the Late Woodland/ Early Contact period sites within the proposed archaeological district are crucial for understanding the nature of social, political, and economic interactions within the Powhatan chiefdom and between the Powhatan and outside groups. It is relevant to note that historic and ethnographic accounts dating from as early as 1607 indicate the Paspahegh were fully integrated within the Chiefdom. The types of ceramics associated with the Late Woodland/Early Contact period sites within the proposed district, however, are almost exclusively of a type associated with areas farther down river, particularly on the south side of the James River, which included those districts among the last to be incorporated into the Powhatan chiefdom. As the Powhatan Chiefdom is Inone of a few examples of ethnographically known 'complex chiefdoms8 in the eastern United Statestt(Fitzhugh 1985:199), its origin and development are subjects of national significance and general anthropological concern, respectively, in understanding the rise of other complex societies within the United States and elsewhere within the world (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 1986:65, 87, 95; Fitzhugh 1985:199).
The proposed archaeological district is an important property on regional and national scales for its potential to provide information on the nature of interactions between native populations and Europeans in the earliest years of sustained English settlement in North America and on the effect contact had on each culture. Both sites associated with Late Woodland/Early Contact period Native American settlement and those associated with 17th-century English settlement are relevant to these themes. As discussed above, the Late Woodland/Early Contact period sites 247 identified at the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract are likely associated with Paspahegh, one of approximately 31 districts comprising the Powhatan Chiefdom. Because they were situated in such close proximity to Jarnestown, the Paspahegh Indians had frequent informal and formal interactions with the English in the early years of English settlement in Virginia. Historical accounts indicate that some English actions directed at the Paspahegh were intended as diplomatic messages to the paramount chief of the Powhatan, who in turn would direct the Paspahegh to act in accordance with the attitude he wished to convey to the English (Rountree 1990:54-55). Tensions between the English and Paspahegh increased through the early years of contact, culminating in an English attack on August 9, 1610 in which at least 60 Indians, along with the Paspahegh "Quene" and her children, were killed (Arber 1910:503). The Paspahegh were virtually annihilated by this action. They appear to have abandoned their traditional territory shortly afterward, since their name does not appear in the historic record after 1610 (Feest 1978:257, Table 1). At least one researcher has cited the 1610 attack on the Paspahegh as the event that signaled a turn in Native American-English relations in Virginia from an initial period of relative peace and friendliness to one of increasing competition and aggression, and initiated what is referred to as the First Anglo-Powhatan War (Rountree 1973:48, 1990:55) .
Once the area had been abandoned by the Indians, Paspahegh 248 territory was among the first to be settled by the English as they expanded beyond Jamestown. j he former territory remained a key area for culture contact, however, as historical accounts and records indicate it served as an entrance point c. 1628 for Native Americans entering the English settlement area and as a tttruckingw center c. 1637. Thus, while the Late Woodland/Early Contact period Native American sites within the proposed district have the potential to provide important information on the effects of contact on native subsistence and settlement systems, socio- political organization, and population size, structure, and health during the earliest years of sustained contact with Europeans, the several early 17th-century English sites within the proposed district may provide information on later interactions and their effect on English cultural systems transported to a Virginia setting. In recent excavations at site 44JC298, for example, very large sherds of Native American ceramic wares diagnostic of the Protohistoric/Early Contact period have been recovered within the fill of 17th-century English features. The large size of the sherds suggests they are primary deposits and may represent items used by the English settlers. To summarize, the historic themes addressed by this sample of Late Woodland/Early Contact period and 17th-century English sites are of national-level significance. Since the Coastal Plain of Virginia was the earliest region to witness sustained Native American-European interaction outside of the sphere of Spanish influence, it is generally acknowledged that properties associated with this theme have relevance to 249 understanding local experiences that were influential in guiding the course of interactions elsewhere within the United States and other parts of the New World (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
1986:87, 95; Rountree 1973).
Apart from their relationship to the theme of Native American- European interaction, the 17th-century English sites in the proposed archaeologicaldistrict are of national-level significance for the information they may provide on the specific course of English cultural adaptations to the New World in the crucial early years of the expansion of settlement beyond Jamestown. The historical research reviewed in an earlier section suggests the district area was first occupied by the English in 1619, coinciding with a rapid expansion of settlement after the Virginia Company instituted a new system for allocating lands to private individuals. At that time the proposed district lay within the Company Land of the Corporation of James City. A portion of the income from the land was intended to profit the Virginia Company.
Nine English sites dating from the 17th century have been identified within the proposed district area. The earliest settlement in the Company Land is associated with Lt. Jabez
Whittaker, who was sent there with 50 men in the early winter of 1619. The settlement expanded greatly in 1621. The number of houses was doubled and a guest house used to "season" new arrivals to the colony was erected. The several other 17th-century sites 250 within the proposed district suggested to date prior to 1650 (44JC298, 44JC353, 44JC561, 44JC563, 44JC544, 44JC546, and 44JC566) are possibly associated with this second phase of English settlement within the Company Land. These sites illustrate well the pattern of early English settlement in Virginia. All are situated on the lowland terrace or along the far outer edge of the upland terrace, showing a close association with prime agricultural soils and direct river access. Tt is likely that in choosing where to establish their settlements, the English took advantage of cleared areas within the Company Land formerly associated with the villages and agricultural fields of native peoples.
English settlement within "Pasbehay1I (which included both the Governor's Land and the Company Land in James City) was likely disrupted by the devastating attack on the colony by the Powhatan in March of 1622. Most farmsteads in the area were probably abandoned at least temporarily. Indeed, at present only one 17th- century English site within the proposed district shows clear evidence of continuous occupation from the first half through the end of the century. This site, 44JC298, is likely associated with Bridges Freeman, who patented land in the area in 1630. Structures apparently associated with the site are indicated on the Hermann map of Virginia dated 1673. The lack of other similarly late, 17th-century sites within the proposed district and the location of 44JC298 within an upland terrace setting are likely significant factors pertinent to understanding changes in land-use patterns in 251
Virginia as the English population increased and matured and settlement areas expanded in the mid-to-late 17th century.
Later sites within the proposed district also appear to illustrate regional patterns of land use related to trends in the agricultural and economic history of the James-York Peninsula. The region maintained a predominantly rural, agricultural character from the early 17th century up to World War 11, yet through this period such aspects as crop production and diversity, farm size, and labor structure varied. While the Virginia colony was founded and rapidly expanded on the strength of its agricultural economy, this declined in the late 18th and early 19th century as the natural productivity of the land was exhausted. The earlier period of prosperity in the 18th century is represented in the proposed district by two domestic and agricultural complexes indicated by sites in the vicinity of 44JC544 and 44JC298. The latter site may be associated with Champion Travis, who became one of the wealthiest planters in James City County.
/' The agricultural economy of Virginia Tidewater was revitalized by the mid 1800s through crop diversification and the introduction of improved farming methods (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 1986: 195-203) . This era is represented within the proposed district again by those sites in the vicinity of 44JC544. This complex was likely associated with Moses Harrell, who owned and occupied acreage within the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract c. 1850-1870. Historical records indicate Harrell added substantially to the worth of his property. In the fifty years preceding his occupation, the acreage that comprises the Governor's Land at Two Rivers tract passed rapidly through a series of owners who did little to increase the value of their property.
With the loss of slave labor following the Civil War, the structure of agricultural enterprises on the James-York Peninsula changed again. Small farmsteads such as those at site 44JC308 and sites in the vicinity of 44JC298 and 44JC129 appear representative of this period in which the number of farms in the region increased, and the average size of farms decreased (Colonial Williamsburg 1986:242). It is likely that the district area was cultivated by several tenants at this time. Abandonment of these small farmsteads appears to coincide with a significant decline in
farming by World War 11, and subsequent consolidation of small farms in the region into larger commercial enterprises (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 1986:270-272). BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous 1624 A Brief Declaration of the plantations of Virginia during the first twelve years and downe to this Present tyme by the Ancient Planters nowe remaing alive in Virginia. Colonial Records of Virginia, Richmond.
1681 Untitled map of Virginia. British Public Records Office: Maps and Plans General. Microfilm on file at Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg. Arber, Edward, and Arthur G. Bradley (editors) 1910 Travels and Works of Captain-John Smith. 2 Volumes. G. Grant. Edinburgh Billings, Warren M. 1986 Colonial Virqinia: A History. KT0 Press, White Plains. Billings, Warren M., John E. Selby and Thad W. Tate 1972 The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. Byrne, Robert J., and Gary L. Anderson n.d. Shoreline Erosion inxidewater Virqinia. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point. Carbone, V.A. 1976 Environment and Prehistory in the Middle Atlantic Province. Proceedinus of the -6th Annual Middle Atlantic Conference: 42-249. Caywood, Louis R. 1955 Excavations at Green Sprinq Plantation. Colonial National Historical Park. Yorktown, Virginia. Coe, Joffre Lanning 1964 The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, V:54 Part 5. Philadelphia. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 1985 Resource Protection Process for James City, York County, Williamsburqand Pouuoson, Virqinia, Draft Re~0rt a. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond. 1986 Toward a Resource Protection Process: James City County, York County, City of Poquoson, and City of Williamsburg. Second Edition. Department of Archaeology, Office of Archaeological Excavation. Cotter, John L. 1958 Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown Virginia. National Park Service Research Series 4. Washington, D.C. Craven, Wesley F. 1957 The Virqinia Company of London, 1606-1624. The University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville. Custer, Jay F. 1985 Woodland Ceramic Sequences of the Lower Delmarva Peninsula. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaeolosical Society of Virqinia 40: 145-166. Desandrouin 1781 Plan du terein a la Rive Gauche de la Riviere de James. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond.
Edwards, Robert L., and Arthur S. Merrill 1977 A Reconstruction of the Continental Shelf Areas of Eastern North America for the Times 9,500 B.P. and 12,500 B.P. Archaeoloqy of Eastern North America 5:l-43. Egloff, Keith T. and Stephen R. Potter 1982 Indian Ceramics from Coastal Plain Virginia. Archaeoloqy of Eastern North America 10: 95-117. Egloff, Keith T. 1985 Sphere of Cultural Interaction Across the Coastal Plain of Virginia in the Woodland Period. In Structure and Process in Southeastern Archaeoloqy, edited by Roy S. Dickens, Jr. and H. Trawick Ward, pp.229-242. University of Alabama Press, University, Alabama.
Egloff, Keith T., Mary Ellen N. Hodges, Jay F. Custer, Keith R. Doms, Leslie D. McFadden 1988 Archaeological Investigations At Croaker Landing: 44JC70 and 44JC71. Research Re~ortSeries 4. Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Conservation and Historic Resources, Division of Historic Landmarks, Richmond. Espey, Huston and Associates, Tnc. 1988 Preliminary Shoreline Assessment For The Governor's Land James City County, Virginia. Gloucester, Virginia. 1989 Characterization of Specific Areas of Environmental Concern on the Governor's Land tract in James City County, Virginia. Gloucester, Virginia. Evans, Clifford 1955 A Ceramic Study of Virginia Archaeology. Bureau of American Ethnoloqy, Bulletin 160. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. Feest, Christian F. 1978 Virginia Algonquians. In Handbook of North American Indians. Edited by William C. Strurtevant and Bruce Trigger. pp. 253-270. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D. C. Fitzhugh, William W., ed. 1985 Cultures in Contact: The Impact of European Contact on Native American Cultural Institutions A.D. 1000-1800. Anthropological Society of Washington Series. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Force, Peter, ed. 1963 Tracts and Other Papers Relatinq Principally to the Oriqin, Settlement and Proqress of the Colonies in North America. 4 vols. Peter Smith, Gloucester, Mass. Fry, Joshua and Peter Jefferson 1755 A Map of the Most Inhabited Part of Virginia. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond. Gardner, William M. 1982 Early and Middle Woodland in the Middle and South Atlantic: An Overview. In Practicinq Environmental Archaeoloqv: Methods and Interpretations, edited by Roger Moeller, pp. 53-86. American Indian Archaeological Institute, Washington,Connecticut Gardner, William M. 1982 Lost Arrowheads and Broken Pottery: Traces of Indians in the Shenandoah Valley. Thunderbird Museum, Front Royal, Virginia. Gilmer, J.F. 1863 Map of New Kent, Charles City and James City Counties. Virginia Historical Society, Richmond. Hare, I. Knowles 1862 Hare's Map of the Vicinity of Richmond and the Peninsula Campaign. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg. Hatch, Charles E., Jr. 1945 The Affair Near Jamestown (or The Battle of Green Spring) , July 6, 1781. Virqinia Maqazine of History and Bioqraphy 53:170-196.
1957 The First Seventeen Years: Virqinia, 1607-1624. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville. Headley, Robert K. 1987 Genealoqical Abstracts from 18th Century Virqinia Newspapers. Genealogical Publishing Company, Baltimore. Hening, William Waled. 1809-1823 The Statutes At Larqe: Beinq collection of All the Laws of Virqinia. 13 vols. Samuel Pleasants, Richmond. Henry, John 1770 A New and Accurate Map of Virginia. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond. Herrmann, Augustine 1673 Virginia and Maryland, 1670. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond. Hodges, Charles T. 1987 Preliminary Analysis of Prehistoric Artifacts. In Phase I1 Evaluation Study of Archaeoloqical Resources within the Proposed Route 199 Corridor, edited by Marley R. Brown, I11 and Robert R. Hunter, Jr., pp. 133-166. Office of Archaeological Excavation, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Williamsburg. Hodges, Robert L., P. Ben Sabo, David McCloy, and C. Kent Staples 1985 Soil Survey of James city and York Counties-and the Citv of Williamsburg, Virqinia. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Hondius, Henry 1619 Nova Virginiae Tabula. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond. Hotten, John C. 1980 Oriqinal Lists of Persons of Ouality, 1600-1700. Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore. Hunter, Robert R. and Marley R. Brown I11 (editors) 1987 Phase I1 Evaluation Study ofArchaeoloqica1 Resources within the Proposed Route 199 Corridor, Office of Archaeological Excavation, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Williamsburg. James City County 1782-1990 Deeds, wills and inventories, surveyors records, plat books, tax assessors book, land tax records, personal property tax records. Microfilm at ~irginia State Library, Richmond, and originals at James City County Courthouse, Williamsburg. Johnson, Gerald H., and C. R. Berquist, Jr. 1989 Geology and Mineral Resources of the Brandon and Norge Quadrangles, Virginia. Virsinia Department of Mineral Resources Publication 87. Charlottesville, Virginia. Kingsbury, Susan M. 1906-1935 Records of the Virsinia Company of London. 4 vols. Government Printing Office, Washington. Kuchler, A. W. 1964 Potential Natural Vegetation of the Conterminous United States. American Geographical Society Special Publication 36. Lamb, F. 1676 A Map of Virginia and Maryland. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond. Lewis, Clifford M. S.J., and Albert J. Loomie, S. J. 1953 The Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virsinia, 1570 - 1572. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. Lossing, Benson J. 1976 The Pictorial Fieldbook of the-Revolution. 2 vols. Caratzas Brothers, New York. Lukezic, Craig 1990 Soils and Settlement Location in 18th Century Colonial Tidewater Virginia. Historical Archaeoloqy 24(1):1-17. McCartney, Martha W. n.d. Early Planters and Immigrants to Virginia, 1607-1634, A Synthesis of First Settlement. Computer compilation on file with author. 1985 Seventeenth Century Apartheid: The Suppression and Containment of Indians in Tidewater Virginia. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeoloqy, I:51-80. McCary, Ben C., and Norman Barka 1977 The John Smith and Zuniga Map in Light of Recent Archaeological Investigations along the Chicahominy River. Archaeoloqy of Eastern North America 5:73-86. McCary, Ben C. 1957 Indians In Seventeenth Century Virqinia, The University Press of Virginia. Charlottesville. McIlwaine, H.R.,ed. 1934 Minutes of Council and General Court of Colonial Virqinia. The Library Board, Richmond.
1979 Leqislative Journals of the Council of Colonial Virsinia. 3 vols. Virginia State Library, Richmond. McLearen, Douglas C. and L. Daniel Mouer 1989 Middle Woodland I1 Typology and Chronology in the Lower James River Valley of Virginia. Paper presented at the Middle Atlantic Conference, Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, March 1989. Meyer, Virginia M. and John F. Dorman, eds. 1976 Adventurers of Purse and Person, 1607-1624/25. Dietz Press, Richmond. Moffitt, Lt. 1877 Chart No. 2, from Point of Shoals Light to Sloop Point. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, and Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg.
Morgan, Edmund S. 1975 American Slavery American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virqinia. W. W. Norton and Company, New York. Noel Hume, Ivor 1963 Here Lies Virqinia. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Nugent, Nell M. 1969-1979 Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virqinia Land Patents and Grants. 3 vols. Dietz Press, Richmond and Genealogical Publishing Company, Baltimore.
Oaks, Robert Q., and Nicholas K. Coch 1973 Post-Miocene Stratigraphy and Morphology, Southeastern Virginia. Virqinia Division of Mineral Resources Bulletin 82. Charlottesville, Virginia. Onuschak, Emil, Jr. 1973 Pleistocene-Holocene Environmental Geology. In Geologic Studies, Coastal Plain of Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Bulletin 83, Part 3:102- 153. Charlottesville, Virginia. Outlaw, Alain C. 1975 The 1975 Survey of the Governor's Land Archaeological District: James City County. V i r g i n i a Historic Landmarks Commission. Report on file, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond. 1980 An Interim Report, Governor's Land Archaeological District Excavations: The 1976 Season. Unpublished report on file, Virginia Research Center for Archaeology, Yorktown, Virginia. Parks, Gary, ed. 1982 Virsinia Land Records. ~eiealo~icalPublishing Company, Baltimore. Patterson, C. P. 1873-1874aJames River, Virginia, from College Creek to Chickahominy River. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg.
1873-1874bChickahominy River. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg. Percy, George 1965 Observations qathered out --of a Discourse of the Plantation of the Southern Colonie in Virqinia by the Enslish, 1606. AMS Press, New York. Phelps, David Sutton 1983 Archaeology of the North Carolina Coast and Coastal Plain: Problems and Hypotheses. In The Prehistory of North Carolina: an Archaeoloqical Symposium, Edited by Mark A. Mathus and Jeffrey J. Crow, pp. 1-51. Division of Archives and History, Raleigh. Potter, Stephen R. 1989 Early English Effects on Virginia Algonkian Exchange and Tribute in the Tidewater Potomac. In PowhatantsMantle, edited by Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley, pp. 151-172. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln Nebraska. Quinn, David B. 1977 North America from Earliest Discovery to First Settlement. Alfred Knopf, New York. Quinn, David Beers 1955 Editor. The Roanoke Voyaqes, 1584-1590. 2 Volumes. The Hakluyt Society. Cambridge. 1985 Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyaqes and Colonies, 1584-1606. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. Reinhart, Theodore R. 1975 The Prehistoric Sites of Kingsmill, James City County, Virginia. The Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeoloqical Society of Virqinia 29:165-182.
1976 Excavations at the Powhatan Creek Site, James City County, Virginia. guarterly Bulletin of the Archaeoloqical Society of Virqinia 31(2).
1978 Plow Zone Archaeology on College Creek, James City County, Virginia. guarterlv Bulletin of the Archaeoloqical Society of Virqinia 32(4) Robinson, W. Stitt, Jr. 1957 Mother Earth, Land Grants in Virqinia, 1607-1699. The University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville. Rolfe, John 1971 A True Relation of the State of Virqinia Lefte by Sir Thomas Dale Kniqht in May Last 1616. The university of Virginia Press, Charlottesville. Rountree, Helen Clark 1974 Indian Land Loss In Virqinia: A Prototype of U.S. Federal Indian Land Policy. P.H.D. Dissertation University of Wisconsin; University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
1990 Pocahontas' People: The Powhatan Indians of Virqinia Throuqh Four Centuries. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Sams, C. W. 1929 The Conquest of Virqinia, The Second Attempt. Keyser-Doherty Co., Norfolk. Shea, William L. 1983 The Virqinia Militia in the Seventeenth Century. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.
Smith, Annie L. W., comp. 1957 The Ouit Rents of Virqinia. Privately published, no place of publication listed. Smith, James M. 1980 The Pottery and Kiln of Green Spring: A Study in Material Culture. M. A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary. Smith, John 1610 Virsinia Discovered and Discribed [sic]. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond. 1910 Travels and Works of Captain John Smith, president of Virsinia and Admiral of New Ensland, 1580-1631, ed. by Edward Arber. 2 Vols. John Grant, Edinburg. Smolek, Michael 1984 "Soyle Light, Well-Watered and on the River:" Settlement Patterning of Maryland's Frontier Plantations. Unpublished ms. on file at the maryland Historic Trust. Soane, John 1683 Survey for Thomas Lord Culpeper. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg. Sprinkle, John H. Jr. 1984 An Archaeological Survey of "The Governor's Land," James City County, Virginia. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary. Stanard, William G. 1910 Travis Family. William and Mary Quarterly 18 (Ser. 1) :141-145. Stephenson, Robert L. and Alice L.L. Ferguson 1963 The Accokeek Creek Site: A Middle Atlantic Seaboard Culture Sequence. University of Michisan, Museum of Anthro~oloqv,Anthropoloqical Papers No. 20. Ann Arbor. St. Simone, Marquis de 1781 Carte de la Campagne de St. Simone. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond. Strachey, William 1953 The Historie of Travel1 Into Virsinia Britania (1612). The University Press, Glasgow. Tate, Thad and David Ammerman, eds. 1979 The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. Thompson, James n.d. Plat of Piney Grove Prepared for Champion Travis. Facsimile on file with Judge Robert T. Armistead, Williamsburg. Thornton, John and Robert Morden 1698 Virginia and Maryland. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond. Tindall, Robert 1608 The Draught. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond. Turner, E. Randolph 1976 An Archaeoloqical and Ethnohistorical Study on the Evolution of Rank Societies in the ~irqinia Coastal plain. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.
1988 Protohistoric Native American Interactions in the ~irginiaCoastal Plain. Paper presented at the American Society for Ethnohistory Annual Meeting, Williamsburg, Virginia, November 1988.
Tyler, Lyon G. 1907 Narratives of Early Virqinia. Barnes and Noble, New York. United States Geological Survey (U.S.G.S.) 1940 James River: Jamestown Island to Jordan's Point. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg. Velasco 1610 Map of Virginia. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond.
Virginia Land Office 1623-1666 Patent Books. ~icrofilmon file at Virginia State Library, Richmond, and Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg. Virginia State Library 1965 A Hornbook of Virsinia History. Virginia State Library, Richmond.
Voellinger, Leonard R., Robert L. Gearhart, 11, and Melissa W. Voellinger 1987 Archaeological Survey of Greensprings Development, James City County, Virginia. Report submitted to the Williamsburg Group by Espey, Huston, and Associates, Wharton, James 1957 The Bounty of the Chesapeake: Fishinq-in Colonial ~irqinia.University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville Whitehead, Donald R. 1973 Late-Wisconsin Vegetational Changes in Unglaciated Eastern North America. Quarterly Research 3 (4): 621- 631. Williamsburg-James City Tax Book 1768-1769 Microfilm on file at Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg. York County 1771-1783 Will Book. York County Courthouse, Yorktown. Zuniga 1608 Chart of Virginia. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond.
THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC23 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL25 Description:-- Context: Prehistoric Prehistoric 2 Decortication flakes, quartzite 2 Flakes, quartzite
Cataloguer: Antonv F. Opperman Date:Bbruary, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List_
Site #: 44JC23 - Name: Governor's Land CitylCounty: James City
Feature #: GL26 Description:
Context: post 1780 & Prehistoric Pearlware: plate fragment, 1 Molten glass: fragment Wine Bottle glass: fragment Clear glass: fragment
Nail : wrought, 1 ; fragment , 1 Lockplate: fragment
Brick: fragments, 4 including 1 glazed Prehistoric 2 Fire cracked rocks 3 Flakes, quartzite 1 Chunk, quartz
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date: Februau, 1989 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC129 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City Feature #:GL84 Description: Context 19th-20th century
American blue and gray stoneware: fragments, 4 Clay tobacco pipe bowl, local Creamware: fragment Pearlware, hand-painted: fragment Red stoneware: vessel fragment Rhenish stoneware: chamber pot fragment White ware: lid fragment; saucer rim Tile fragments, refractory clay: one has lead glaze on it, another is stamped ". . .LE REFRAC . . . 0 APRIL 19, . . .11 Modern glass, brown Unidentified iron object Brick: fragment; modern brick Drainage tile Bone
Cataloger: -Beverly A. Straube Date: October-1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List Site #:44JC159 Name: Governor's Land City/county: James City
Feature #: GL21 Description:- -- Context: Historic, Mid to Late - Archaic Wine bottle glass Brick fragment prehistoric: 3 quartz flakes 4 quartzite flakes 1 Decortication flake, quartzite, thermally-altered, bifacially modified 1 Projectile point fragment, distal, quartzite 1 Axe, quartzite 1 quartzite preform
Cataloger: Straube/Opperman Date: October 1989 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #:- 44JC160 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #:GL79 Description:
Context: p. 1.790
Nails: cut, 2; fragment Bed bolt cover, brass Powder flask nozzle, brass
Prehistoric: 1 quartzite flake
Cataloger: -Beverly A. Straube Date: October 1989 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY
Finds List
site #: 44JC160 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #:GL80 Description: .-
Context:18th & 19th century
White ware fragment Ramrod thimble, cast brass, 18th century Nails: cut, 6; fragment, 1 Unidentified iron object Brick fragment Prehistoric: 1 quartzite flake 1 fire cracked rock
Cataloger: -Beverly A. Straube -- Date: October 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC161 Name: Governor's Land City/County:-James City
Feature #: GL12 Description: Context: -Ute Archaic to Middle Woodland
Prehistoric 2 Aboriginal pottery, coarse sand-tempered, cord marked 2 Mockley Ware, cord marked 1 Mockley Ware, plain 1 Fire cracked rock 1 Decortication flake, quartzite 2 Decortication flakes, quartzite, thermally-altered 14 Flakes, quartzite 1 Flake, flint 1 Preform fragment, quartzite 1 Preform fragment, quartz, triangular 1 Preform fragment, quartzite, triangular 1 Blade fragment, distal, quartzite 1 projectile point fragment, convex base, lanceolate 1 Projectile point, quartz, corner notched, reworked, Brewerton 1 Projectile point, quartzite, Guilford 1 projectile point, quartzite, Halifax 1 Projectile point fragment, quartzite, Savannah River 2 projectile points, quartzite, Savannah River
Cataloguer: Straubefopperman Date: February, 198-9 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC298 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL77 Description:- Context: 17th - 18th Century
Coarseware, Jamestown: fragment Coarseware, Spanish (Seville): olive jar Coarseware, Lawnes Creek: pan rim Pearlware: hollow ware fragment Rhenish stoneware: mug medallion "GR"
Nail: wrought, fragment, 1 Flint
Cataloguer: Beverly A. -Straube Date:-February, 1989 273
THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site f: 44JC298 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL78 Description: Context: Historic, 20th Century
Coarseware: fragments, 2 Fiesta-ware: fragment
Wine bottle glass: fragment Case bottle glass: fragment Lead shot Prehistoric 1 quartz flake
Cataloguer:&verl~ A. Straube Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 44JC304 Name: Governor's Land City/County:-James City
Feature #: GL40 Description: Context: 17th Century Brown stoneware, Rhenish: bellarmine medallion fragment Clay tobacco pipe stem, English: fragment Coarseware: fragments, 9 Case bottle glass: fragment
Nails, wrought, 2 Shot, lead
Flint flakes, 2 (1 calcined)
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date: February, 1989 -.- THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 44JC308
Name: Governor's Land -- City/County: James City
Feature #: GL16 Description: --
Context: p. 1820 & Prehistoric
White ware: shell edge blue plate rim; plate rim; plate base fragments, 3
Modern window glass: fragments, 6 Molded bottle glass, clear: fragments, 5
Nail: fragments, 4
Brick: fragments, 2
Prehistoric 1 Flake, quartz 1 Thumbnail scraper, quartzite
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date:-FebruagyA- 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List Site #:44JC308 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL17 Description: Context:17th century and Prehistoric
Clay tobacco pipe stems, local, 2 Prehistoric 1 Decortication flake, bifacially modified 3 Flakes, quartzite 2 Blanks, quartzite 1 Projectile point, quartzite, thermally-altered, contracting stem 1 Projectile point, quartzite, straight base, lanceolate
Cataloguer: Antonv F. Opperman - Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 44JC30-8 -
Name: Governor's Land -- CitylCounty: James City
Feature #: GL18 Description:-. Context: Prehistoric Prehistoric 1 Debitage, flint 1 Core, quartzite 3 Decortication flakes, quartzite, thermally-altered 2 Flakes, quartzite 1 Flake, quartzite, thermally-altered 2 Blank fragment, quartzite 1 Projectile point, side-notched, straight base, expanding stem
Cataloguer: Antony F. Opperman - Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC308 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL33 Description: ---- Context: 18th-19th century and prehistoric (Middle Woodland)
Coarseware: fragment Rhenish stoneware: fragments, 2 White ware, hand-painted: saucer fragment Bottle glass, dark green: fragment
Brick: fragments, 5 Prehistoric: 2 sherds pottery 1 chert biface (triangular projectile point) 1 quartz scraper 2 quartz flakes 1 quartzite flake 1 quartz preform 2 quartzite bifaces 2 argillite flakes 2 Aboriginal pottery,coarse sand tempered, indeterminate sur- face treatment 1 Aboriginal pottery, shell tempered, indeterminate surface treatment 1 Core, quartzite 2 Flakes, quartz 3 Flakes, quartzite
Cataloguer: Straube/O~~erman Date:October/Februar~,1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #:_. 44JC309 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City-
Feature #: GL13 Description:
Context: Prehistoric - Prehistoric 1 Fire cracked rock, quartzite 2 Decortication flakes, quartzite 1 Flake, quartzite 1 Flakes, quartzite, thermally-altered
Cataloguer: Antony F. O~perman Date:Fgbruary, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC309
Name: Governor s Land -- City/County: James City
Feature #: GL14 Description :- --- Context: Prehistoric Prehistoric 1 Debitage, quartzite 3 Decortication flakes, quartzite 1 Flake, quartzite
Cataloguer: Antonv F. Opperman Date: February, 1989 THE .JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
--Finds List
Site #: 44JC310 - Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City-
Feature #: GL20 Description: ..
Context: Historic & prehistoric Nail fragment Brick fragments Tile fragment Prehistoric 2 Fire cracked rock, quartzite 3 Decortication flakes, quartzite 1 Flake, quartz 2 Flakes, quartzite f Flake, chalcedony 1 Flake, flint 1 Flake, jasper 1 Projectile point fragment, distal, quartzite
Cataloguer: Straube/Opperman Date: February, 1989
THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #:d4JC315
Name: Governor's Land - City/County :--James City
Feature #: GL32 Description: -
Context: p.1770 Brown stoneware, American: fragment Creamware: fragment White salt glaze stoneware: fragment Brick: fragment Coal
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube -- Date: February, 1989 -- THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Name: Governor's Land -- City/County: James City
Feature #: GL19 Description: Context: Late Archaic- Prehistoric 2 Cobbles, quartzite, fracture 1 Core, quartzite 1 Decortication flake, quartz 2 Decortication flakes, quartzite 1 Blank fragment, quartzite 1 Blade fragment, basal, Savannah River variant 1 Axe, quartzite
JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC356 Name: Governor's Land City/County:-James City
Feature #:GL85 Description: Cont 18th and 19th century
Albany slip stoneware: fragment Brown stoneware, American: fragments, 2 Creamware: fragment; plate fragment Flow blue: plate base with backmark Red stoneware: molded fragment Rhenish stoneware: fragment White salt glaze stoneware: star and diaper plate marly White ware: vessel base; plate fragments, 4 Wine bottle base Modern glass: cobalt blue fragment; solarized fragment; brown fragment; aqua fragment; clear fragment; window glass Prehistoric: 1 quartzite flake
Cataloger: -Beverly A. Straube Date: October 1989 , THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #:- 44JC527 - Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL22 Description:-. Context: Prehistoric Prehistoric 1 Flake, quartz 3 Flakes, quartzite 1 Blank, quartzite 1 Projectile point fragment, quartz, contracting stem
Cataloguer: Antonv F. O~perrnan Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 44JC528
Name: governor.!^ Land City/County:James City .
Feature #: GL23 -- Description:
Context: Historic & Prehistoric
Coarseware: fragment prehistoric 1 Decortication flake, quartzite 1 Flake, quartzite 1 Flake, quartzite, thermally-altered 1 Flake, flint 1 Tool fragment(?), quartz 1 Projectile point, quartz, reworked, contracting stem
Cataloguer: Antony F. Opperman Date: February, 1989 Aqr3 sauer :Aquno3/hra pueq s,xouxa~o3:aue~ THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 44JC530 ..
Name : Governor s Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL28 - Description:
Context: Prehistoric
Prehistoric: 3 Fire cracked rock, quartzite 1 Debitage, quartzite
Cataloguer: Antony F. Opperman Date: February, 1989 - THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC, Finds List
Site #: 445C531
Name: Governor's Land - - City/County: James City Feature #: GL29 Description: Context: Prehistoric
Prehistoric 1 Fire cracked rock 1 Debitage, quartzite 1 Decortication flake, flint 1 Flake, quartzite ~7~3samer :Aquno3/Aq~3 -. pueq s,xouxano3 :aue~ quamqeazq aaej~nsaqeuymlaqapur 'paxadmaq ITays 'A~aqqodleu?brxoqy 1 quamqeazq aaejzns aqeurmzaqapuy 'pa~admaqpues aszeoa 'Axaqqod ~eu~brxoqy1 DTxoqsryazd
nqy3 samer :Aquno3/Aq?3 pup? s,JouJaAo3 :ameN
THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds.List
Site #:-- 44JC536
Name: Governor's Land -- City/County: James City
Feature #: GL45 Description:
Context: p.1850
Porcelaneous: saucer rim; fragment White ware: fragments, 2; plate rim
Molded bottle glass: fragments, 3 including 1 solarized Window glass: fragments, 4 (modern)
Nails: wire, 8 + 2 fragments
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date:-February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 44JC537 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL46 Description:
Context: prehistoric .
Prehistoric 1 Flake, quartzite 1 Flake, quartzite, thermally-altered
Cataloguer: Antony F. Opperman Date:- February, 1989
THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC539 -
Name :- Governor I s Land -- City/County: James City
Feature #: GL48 Description: --- Context: prehistoric Prehistoric 1 Decortication flake, quartzite 1 Projectile point fragment, quartzite, contracting stem
Cata1oguer:Antony F. Opperman Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
-.Finds List Site #: 44JC541
Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City -- Feature #: GL50 Description: Context: 19th - 20th Century Brown stoneware, English: beer bottle, 314 complete Porcelaneous: cup "RockinghamW: fragment White ware: saucer section; tea cup base and handle fragments 3 (1) Molded bottle glass: base section, brown embossed "THIS BOTTLE NOT TO BE SOLD" and uAIJEXANDRIA1l;complete aqua miniature bottle; complete aqua soda bottle with blob top embossed "C.L. MAY BALTIMORE" in circular cartouche surrounding two crossed American flags and the words "TRADE MARKf1c.1880-1900; frag- ments, 4 Window glass: fragment
Nails: cut, 5; wire, 1; fragments, 3 Peach pit Oyster shell
Cataloguer: Beverly AL.Straube Date:Jebruary, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
-.Finds Lisz
Site #: 44JC542 - Name:-Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL51 - Description: Context: Late Archaic Coarseware: fragment White ware: transfer-printed blue hollow ware base; plate rim; plate fragment Yellow ware: hollow ware rim with slipped decoration; fragment Tumbler, glass: base fragment Clear glass: fragment Wine bottle glass: cut, 3; fragments, 3 Brass clasp Nails: cut, 3; fragments, 3 Gouge (?) , iron Prehistoric 1 Projectile point, quartzite, side notched, concave base
Cataloguer: Straube/Opperman - Date: February, 1989 __ THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC544 Name: Governorls Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL53 Description: Context: 18th - 19th Century Clay tobacco pipe stem, English: SHD 6/64 Coarseware, Buckley: fragment Coarseware: fragment Delftware, plain: fragment uRockinghamw: fragments, 2 White ware: annular bowl rim White salt glaze stoneware: fragment
Case bottle glass: fragments, 2 Wine bottle glass: fragments, 4 Window glass: fragments, 3 Molded glass: amber base or lid fragment; globe fragment Milk glass button, painted red on one side
Nails: wrought, 3; fragments, 2 Hammer head, iron Iron fragments, 3 Mortar, oyster shell Plaster Bone Brick
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date: February,,1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC544 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James Citv
Feature #: GL5311 Description: Context: 1st Ouarter C17
Clay tobacco pipes, local: 6 bowl fragments Coarseware, ~panish (Seville): olive jar fragments with exterior slip, 10 Coarseware, North Devon fine gravel temper ware: tall jar frag- ments, 4
Nail : fragment Shell Bone
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC546
Name: Governor's Land - - City/County: James City
Feature #: GL54 Description: -- Context: 17th - 18th Century
Clay tobacco pipe stems, local, 2 Coarseware, Pennsylvania: fragment
Wine bottle glass: fragments, 3
Buckles, belt: brass, 2 Scrap lead Musket ball, lead Shot, lead Cauldron: iron fragments, 2 Nails: cut, 1; wrought, 4
Cataloguer: Beverl~,,,A.Straube Date:-February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #:----. 44JC547 .- Name: Governor's Land. City/County: James City.
Feature #: GL55 Description:
Context: Colonial
Button, pewter Musket ball, lead Nails: wrought, 3 + fragment Spade blade, iron Brass ring unidentified iron object
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date: _February, -=89 305
JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List_
Site #: 44JC561-- Name:Governorls Land ~ity/County:James City
Feature #:GL88 Description: - Context: Lzth-19th century
Whiteware: fragment
Nails: wrought, 10; fragments, 2 unidentified iron objects, 2 Bullet, Sharps and Hankins Civil War Carbine, lead Musket ball, lead Jetton, brass Clasp knife, iron
Daub/clay, 1 ightly fired
Cataloger: Todd Behrens Date: May 1990 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 44JC562 Name:Governorls Land City/County:-James City
Feature #:GL89 Description:
Context:historic
No collection made; wrought nails found
Cataloger: Todd Behrens Date: May 1990 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 4.4JC563
Name:Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #:GL90 Description: -
Context:lst half 17th century
Nails: wrought, 5; fragment Key bow, iron Bandolier cap, lead Shot, lead Scrap, lead
Cataloger: Todd Behrens _ Date: May_ 1990 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 445C564 Name:@vernorts Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL92 Description:
Context :post 1780--
Cut nails, cut spikes - no collection made
Cataloger: Todd Behrens .- Date: May 1990 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #:--- 44JC565
Name:Governorls Land - City/County: James City
Feature #: GL93 Description: Context:18th-19th century
Albany slip stoneware: fragment Whiteware: fragments, 3 Wine bottle glass fragment Bottle glass fragment (pharmaceutical), blue
Harmonica fragments, brass, 2 Harness boss, scallop shell design, brass (18th century) Strap hinge, iron Nails, cut, 2 Stud Unidentified iron object Unidentified bronze object
Cataloger: Todd Behrens .- Date: May 1990 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
site f : 44JC566
Name :Governor:~ Land -- -- City/County: James City
Feature #: GL94 Description: -- Context:17th-18th century
Brown stoneware, Rhenish: fragment Clay tobacco pipes, English: 1 bowl fragment with worn mark on heel; 1 stem SHD 5/6411 Wine bottle glass fragment Case bottle glass fragment Hoe, iron Nails: wrought, 6 Unidentified iron objects, 3 (1 large, flat, folded piece) Fishing weight, lead Shot, lead, 2 Musket balls, 2 Unidentified lead object Spoon handle, brass, tinned Stove door, iron
Cataloger: Todd Behrens Date: May 1990
THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List_
Site #: 44JC630 -
Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL38 Description: --
Context: 18th century
Case bottle glass fragments, 2 including 1 lip (18th century)
Burned tooth Brick fragment
Cataloguer :-Todd Behrens - Date: May 1990 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
-Finds List Site #: 44JC630 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL38A Description: Context: Colonial, Prehistoric
Spike, iron Nails: wrought, 8 Buckle, harness, iron Unidentified iron objects, 3 Unidentified brass object
-prehistoric 1 sherd pottery
Cataloger: Todd Behrens Date: May 1990 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 44JC635 .. Name: Governor's Land- City/County: James Citv
Feature #:GL81 Description: - - - -. -
Context: p.1790,prehistoric
Clear glass fragment
Nails: cut, 7; fragment Slag
Prehistoric : 2 quartzite flakes
Cataloger: Beverly A. Straube -. Date: October 19.89 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 44JC637 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #:GL87 Description: -- -- Context: 17th century
Clay tobacco pipe stem, local
Cataloger: -BeverlyA. Straube Date: October 1989
THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
site #:-.-
Name:-Governor's Land City/County :--,James City
Feature #: GL34 Description: Context: Middle to Late Woodland Nail : fragment Brick: fragments, 3 Prehistoric 7 Aboriginal pottery, coarse sand tempered, indeterminate sur- face treatment 1 Aboriginal pottery, coarse sand tempered, cord marked 10 Aboriginal pottery, shell tempered, indeterminate surface treatment 1 Mockley Ware, cord marked 2 Debitage, jasper 2 Decortication flakes, quartz 1 Decortication flake, jasper 1 Flake, quartz 9 Flakes, quartzite 3 Flakes, quartzite, thermally altered 1 Flake, chalcedony 1 Flake, jasper 1 Flake, unifacially modified 1 Tool, quartzite, spokeshave(?) 1 Tool, jasper, thermally-altered, spokeshave(?) 1 Projectile point, quartzite, convex base
Cataloguer :. Antony-F. Opperman Date:..February, 1989 3 19
THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL41 Description:
Context: 18th Century
Rumbler bell, brass and iron
Cataloguer:-Beverly A. Straube Date: February, 1989- maqs burq~e~quo~'aq~zqxenb 'qurod a~rqaaco~d1 aTxoqsryaJd JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #:
Name:-Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #:GL82 Description:
Context: prehistoric -
1 quartzite biface (Savannah River type projectile point)
Cataloger: -. Beverly A. Straube Date: October 1989 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City,.-
Feature # :GL8 3 Description:
Prehistoric: 1 quartzite biface (Savannah River projectile point)
Cataloger: -Beverly A. Straube Date: October 1989 JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #:----
Name:Governorls Land City/County: James City
Feature #:GL91 Description:
Button, pewter: design in center, words in relief around Phoenix: 'lEX.ILAMMIS.CLARIOR1l
Cataloger: Todd Behrens Date: May 1990 APPENLIIX A - FINDS LIST
EAST TRACT uorqaas TMO~ :sse~bpassaxd quambexj :sse~baurM z 'squambexj :sse~by1-1~
quaubexj :aJeM aqTyM ( 1 ) E ' squambexj :6x3 ' axe~auoqs quambe~jaqe~d :azeIb~apun'uyela3~od asaurya aseq xeC :6~3uearzamy 'a~emauoqsUMOJ~ THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 44JC325
Name: Governor's Land City/County: James Citv
Feature #: GL6.0 Description: -
Context: c.1933
Cone (glaze tester?), stoneware inscribed It.. .Jarnestown, Virginia - PM 1933"
Cataloguer: Beverlv A. Straube Date: Februarv, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC325
Name: governor.'^ Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL61 Description: Context: 17th-18th Century & Prehistoric Brown stoneware, Rhenish: bottle fragment Coarseware, orange fabric with very little hematite inclusions, interior lead glaze
Wine bottle glass: base c.1680; neck c.1700; bases, 3 c.1780- 1800 Axe, iron Unidentified iron Pan tile
Cataloguer :-verlv A. Straube Date: February, 1989 --
THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC520 Name:-Governor's Land City/County:James City
Feature #: GL1 - Description: --
Context: p. 1850 Window glass
Nails: wire, 5; cut, 3; fragments, 3 Nail, cut with chisel tip
Cataloguer:-Beverly A. Straube Date: January,-l989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
-Finds List Site #: 44JC521
Name: Goverqorts Land - -- -. City/County: James City Feature #: GL2 Description:
Context:, p. 1820 Pearlware, transfer-printed: plate fragment
Molded bottle glass: fragment
Unidentified iron fragment
Brick: fragment Oyster shell (not collected)
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date: January, 1989-- - THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City Feature #: GL4 Description: --
Brown stoneware, American: fragment White ware: plate fragments, 6
Wine bottle glass: fragment Window glass: fragment Molded bottle glass: fragment
Nails: cut, 9; fragments, 3 Button, iron unidentified cast iron: fragment
Brick: fragment, with glaze
Cataloguer: Beverly A.-Straube Date:Januarv, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. -Finds List Site #:- 44JC523
Name :- Governor ' s Land - city/County:James City
Feature #: GL8 . Description:
Context : prehistoric
Prehistoric 1 Cobble, quartzite, abraded(?) 1 ~ebitage,quartzite 2 ~ecorticationflakes, quartzite 4 Flakes, quartzite
Cataloguer: Antony Opperman Date:" February, 1982 -- THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
--Finds List Site #: 44JC524
Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL9 . Description:--
Context: Prehistoric prehistoric 3 Flakes, quartzite
Cataloguer: Antony F. Opperman Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
-Finds List Site #: 44JC525 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GLlO Description: Context: Prehistoric Prehistoric 1 Decortication flake, quartzite
Cataloguer: Antony F. Opperman .- Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL39 Description: Everythinq waterworn Context: 17th - 19th Century & Prehistoric Clay tobacco pipe stem, English: fragment Coarseware, Staffordshire Midlands Purple: base fragment Albany slip stoneware(?): fragment
Case bottle glass: fragments, 4 including 2 necks Brick: fragment Prehistoric 1 Debitage, quartzite, thermally altered 1 Flake, quartzite 1 Blank fragment, quartzite, thermally altered
Cataloyuer:Straube/Opperman Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
site #:,.- 44JC549.----- Name:-Governor's Land City/County:-James City
Feature #: GL57 -- Description:
Context: 18th Century Clay tobacco pipe stem, English: SHD 5/64 Coarseware, Pennsylvania: rim fragment
Nails: wrought, 3
Prehistoric 2 Flakes, quartzite
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC550 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City Feature #: GL58 Description: C20 Pottery Kiln Context :20th century
Coarseware: pitcher fragments, overfired, 6(1); base, low-fired with micaceous inclusions inscribed "...TOWNE1I, 2(1); base fragment; unglazed fragments, 2; iron glazed fragments, 2; unglazed fragment incised "WELL1' Stoneware: molded fragments, 2, 1 with nFOUR1l;tile fragment
Nails: wire, 2 Unidentified iron Shotgun shell casing, brass Brick, including several pieced with glaze Kiln prop Brick, glazed and inscribed "Jamestowne CollonyV1
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date: February, 1989 . JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 44JC553 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL64. Description:
Context :_prehistoric
Prehistoric: 1 sherd pottery, quartz tempered 2 flakes, quartzite
Cataloger: -Beverly A. Straube Date: October 1989 OPE THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List_
Site #: 44JC555
Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City -
Feature #: GL68 Description: -
Context: 18th & 19th centuries Pearlware, shell edge green: plate rims, 2(1) White ware: hollow ware rim; fragments, 2 Coin: Liberty Head Penny, copper, 1841 Coin: Virginia Half Penny, copper 1773 Box lockplate, brass, tinned Nails: cut, 5 + 3 fragments Large spoon-like utensil, iron
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date:February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #: 44JC556
Name: Governor's Land - City/County:--James City
Feature #: GL70 Description:
Context: post 1820
Brown stoneware, American: fragment White ware: plate base
Molded glass: aqua fragment; brown fragment Nail: cut Plate lock for box or trunk, iron
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #:--- 44JC557
Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City -
Feature #: GL73 Description: Context: prehistoric Prehistoric 2 Fire cracked rocks, quartzite 1 Decortication flake, quartzite
Cataloguer: Antony F. Opperman Date: February., 1989
THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List
Site #:. 44JC560 Name: Governor's Land City/County:-James City
Feature #: GL76 -- Description: .-
Context: 19th Century
American blue and gray stoneware: fragments, 2
Nails: cut, 2; fragment, 1 Trowel, iron with ferrule Lead strip Skillet handle, iron Scrap brass
Bone
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube - Date: February, 1989
THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. ~indsList
Site #: 44JC626 Name:Governorls Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL6 Description: --.A- Context: Prehistoric Prehistoric 1 Flake, quartzite
Cataloguer: Antony-2. Opperman Date:-February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List Site #:-44JC627
Name : Governor s Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL7 Description: --. -. Context: Prehistoric Prehistoric 1 Debitage, quartzite 1 Decortication flake, quartzite 1 Flake, quartz
Cataloguer:-Antony F. Opperman Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List
Site #: 44JC632 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL65. Description: Context: 19th Century Buttons, milk glass, one-piece, four-holed, 2 Nails: cut, 5
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date: February, 1989 THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. Finds List Site #:--44JC634 Name: Governor's Land City/County: James City
Feature #: GL69 Description:
Context: p.1820 Coarseware, Pennsylvania: fragment Pearlware: shell edge blue plate rim; transfer-printed plate fragment; plate fragment; annular fragment White ware: fragment Window glass: fragment Clear glass: fragment
Token(?), brass with 3 castle turrets and date 1810 on one side and rampant lion with key on the other Nail: fragments, 3
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date:-February, 1989 - :qxa THE JAMES RIVER INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY, INC.
Finds List Site #:,44JC634
Name: Governor's Land City/County: James city -
Feature #: GL72 Description:
Context: post 1720-
White salt glazed stoneware: fragment
Wine bottle glass: fragment
Prehistoric 2 Flakes, quartzite 2 Chunks, quartzite
Cataloguer: Beverly A. Straube Date: February, 1989 APPENDIX B - SITE FORMS
WEST TRACT ( -- aspa 1qZrr -- aSp3 wolloq deui 10 34p3 palrl!~ciruo-11 anrlcjs!p 10) VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM
Name of Site: Governor's Land Site Number: 44JC23
Typeof'Site: Prehi storic/Historic Cultural Affiliation: rl d i d/ 18 c
Statel National Register Status:
USGS Map Reference: N 0 r e
U.T. M. Zone -18 Easti~ig- 334510 Northing 4124130 (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical rnap showing site boundaries.)
_)wner/Address/?'elephone: Williamsbury Group, P.O. Box EJ, Williamsburg VA Tenant/Address/Telephone: I ite Infomiant /Address/'l'elepl~one: X uU vl cumeyedBy(name,address,df~liaion,date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc., I le Yeardley House, Jarnestown VA 23081; 7/86
ieneral Environment and Nearest Water Source: T h e s i t e i s 1 0 ca t ed 0 n a cr es t o f a .near ridge, 350' from the Chickahominy River.
r)i~r~ensionsofSite:Prehistoric component: 200' ; Historic component: undeterminedI ,ire Description arid Survey Techniques: Shovel tests at 75' intervals revealed an historical component in the midst ,of the previously identified pretlis toric site 44JC23
'oriditionand PresentLandUse: Forest; threatened by erosiorl and development
CpecirnerisObtainedarldDepository: See attached finds list; JRIA, Inc. at the )eve address
pecirriens Keported and Owners/Add~.esses:
VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY SITE SURVEY FORM
N;~tneof s~tc;J~rle (GL-2) Site 1iul11ber YLf Jc 2~1
T\ pc of ~tc.His torlc Tinds~ot Cultural JI fil~atlo~i.~i ,z.toric hla~rcfcrencc. Wry USGS '7$ ' Qu ld
Latitudc (I " north. Longitude o " west. U.T.M. Zotle -Easting Nortlling (or distance from printed edge of !nap: bottom edge -: right edge -) Owner/addressFiarrison and Lea, hc,, Tower Box 66, 2101 Executive Dr. iJewiort Iiews, VA Tenant/address:i\T. & J. Hofmeyer, To;nahund plantation, Charles City, VA 25666 Att~tudrtoward tavestigatlon:~cellent I~~l'ori~~ant/address:~~f~~~~~~( abve) by' T. R. 3einhart 2nd Sons Date Spring 1983 General surrou~ldi~lgs. Fallow Fiel$,.- locxted on eastern side of south fork of Barret's Point Road. Field ex'ends south to Janes River.
Kearest water: nature, direction and distance: J~~~~~i~~~ c, 700 ft. south. filtermii;tant stream 230 f t. to the north. Dimension of site: Unknown 1 3. Descript~on: La depth, soil, collecting conditions: Fallowfield restricted visibility during survey. u Only one piece of buff-bodied szlt-glazed stonewase was found.
Specimens collected: kinds, quantities, materials: me uc. salt-glazed stonewae,
Spec~mcnsreported. owners. addresb I)epart of iint:ropolo,~, College of ',Jilliam and il
Otllrr ducu~nc~lt~t~u~lrcports. Ii~stor~~aIddtd lJOIle that area is se to that described I as "Piney G~ovs*~on vz;ous historic maps on file at VXX. I -3 rn- ( OII~I~IOII cr0>1~)ll.C~I~~IVJ~IOI~. ~?Yc~V;I~IC)I~. C~II~~~IIU~I~!~ Gultivztiorl fallow; Lmd on rnXket and will eventually be developed. z- 3 -X ReCommelldatlons Surface collection and shovel testing during better canditions.
Photo .,I ne Recorded '~2. H. S>rinlile, 3r.
(Use reverse side of sheet and additiorlal pages for sketches of site and artifacts) 'q P"\"""'S dle~pue uxerTIrM go a2a~~o3 ~~?IPPr'lllll'lllJOliil VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY 360 SITE SURVEY FORM #Ji i
, , Ty~coC sitc: dI5{61,C, Te~o. . ,",i ~LJ!~(z). Cultural dfili~tiot~ '- n - -;
L:~titudc o " north. Longitude o " wcst. CJ.T .M . Zone -Easting Northing (or distance from printed edge of tnap: bottom edge -. right edge -)
Owncr/uddress: G-,~vE 'c-:
hearest water: nature, direction and distance: I 000 ' s TO t uTa\n~TrArnt- SJ QG&rr\
Dimension of site: un ko we
Descriptioi~: depth, roil. collecting conditions: da~*Ls&, n5 . vi S; bl jq b(cued f.te\dj some bricks avrA brick rkbhle j many whtcwa\-e sherds .1a$qbd*l ls a\oy dqe of b lowed $;el4
Specimens collected: kinds. quantities. materials: h c,tonc c.etranl;c5 (1qt h and ~di, cev-kurle s), bu-kto~s(21, 31~55,some ollldlred peces & ~,-ci,
Specinicns reported. owners. address,
Otlirr ducu~nciltatiuli: rcports. historical data:
erosi.;;\ alcb~~3 edge j k,\es 09 u*lictent. debv-rs alcn 3 Cltid edqrL Recornmendar~ons.
Photo. Map. Recorded by Date
(Use reverse side of sheet and additional pages for sketches of site and artifacts) VIRGINIA 6c 2 DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS Y RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCIUEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM
Name of Site: Governor s Land Site Number: qYJL.12- 9 Type of Site: Historic Cultural Miation: 18C?, 19C, 20C State/ National Register Status:
USGS Map Referena: Surry
U.T. M. Zone 18 Easting 33V480 ~~w~41237e (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topgraphical map showing site boundaries.)
Owner/Address/Telephone: Governorrs Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ Tenant/Address/Telephone: Williamsburg, Virginia 23187 (804)220-1007 Site Infomant/Address/Telephone:
Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23801 7/88-5/90 General Environment and Nearest Water Source: The site is located on the second terrace inland from the Chickahominy River. Water is 300' distant. It is flanked by 44JC124 to the west and 44JC319 to the east.
Dimensions of Site: , in diameter P Site Description and Survey T~hniques: The site was located by surface inspection of a weed-covered fallow field. It is manifested by a heavy concentration of brick and 20C specimens, as well as a lighter scatter of L18C and 19C diagnostics which may be associated with one, or both, of the adjoining sites. Condition and Present Land Use: Fallow field ; to be developed. E Fi Specimens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List, James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). -f: 51
Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: .--U (I: VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCXIAEOLOGY AKCXAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM
Nameof Site: Governor's Land Site Nurnkr: -4- 1 5 9
Typeot Site: Prehistoric Cultural Affiliation: U n de t er m i n ed
Statei National Re~sterStatus:
USGS Map Reference:
U.T. M.Zone 18 Easting Northing (Attach photocopy of appropriate sec~ionof USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.)
OwneriAddressl-Telephone: Williamsbury Group, P.O. Box EJ, Mi7liamsbury, VA Teriant/Address/Telephone: I Site Infonrlarit /Address/ Telephone: 3 @.I fj 9 SurveyedBy(narne,ddress,affIliation,date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. S The Yeardley House, Jamestown VA; 8/88 I
General Environrrlent arid Nearest Water Source: T h e s i t e i s 1 o ca t ed o n a be ac h on t h e ast bank of the Chickahominy River.
SiteDescnptionarldSurveyTechniques: Surface inspectior1 of the river's edge at lo\./ tide revealed a dense lithic scatter, whch included a quartzite axe, a projectile point fragment, and a bigjacial ly modified flake. The site is probably associated with the previously identified prehistoric site, 44JC159.
ConditionandPresentLandUse: Eroded; beachfront; to be developed v: SpecinlensOb~airledand~pository:See attached finds list; JRIA, Inc at the above -0 address z! 3
Specimens Iieponed and Owner;/Addresses: VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY 364 SITE SURVEY FORM
Lrrtitudc ; . o " north. Longitude o " west. 1I.T.M. ZOIIC- Eusti~i~ -Nortl~illg -. (01 distance from prlr~tcdc'dgc 01' !nap- bottom cdgc -- . right cdgc -)
Owncrl~ddress-I-lx-zi sen ad Lea, hc,, '?a:rer kx65, 2101 Executive 2, ~ie.rzort2e:rs TcudfltlJddrcss 1:. -.z:ci 2. 20 keyer, .i'o~L:und ?la tzt.Lon, Chzrles CiQ, Vz Attltuds toward 11lvestrgdtton,:.~~11~~~ Infi~rnla~~tl~ddrc~s: Surveyed by. . - Date: i. i;. 3ei?bxt, J. EI. Sprinkle, Jr. ;?ring, 1334
General s~rrruu~~dil~gs::>lo.:sd fiel",, z-sroa. 4 :g 1 (;.!-3) 500 1 (z-:;~) ~ith ~r~ots Toor>- drzixed s.r=l.igs ZTC! strams s~-ro.~"iir?;sites. Sites zre 1oc:ted on ~3211rise (qp,-o:<. la+') in the s=a;?sm- ?xt of fhe field. rise is z lL?t=.r rice . . whicii r~~sZ-r1 lid i-,l:2-;3: t3--~r-zr-2 :lest wilere it entzs tile rooa as, hearcst water. nature. direction and distance. _ ~a2sli1iny is .2 j xiles ~UCc~cth.
Dirrlension of site: ;'_nklo-cn
Description: depth. soil. collecting conditions 3i;e .rls f 2und 1.1it11 s::ouel xestklg-. Sub%-fzce Pe~~es.[ere ciiscm, ~?rea,
-. Specimens collcctcd: k~nds.quantities. matcrl3Is. llrniftd ct-tif.:~c",ensi';y. ~lz:ncz~2;-ic date is . . ab.:ut 1773, I!ossialy e rliar. --s:;trs, zle other :r=es :rss2~t.
Photo ::-jnc Map .lone Rcc.ordcd bv Date J. ;L. S ri-L:le, Jr. 2-~--34
(Use rcversc s~dcof sheet aid dddlft011~1p~gcs for skclihcs of s~tcand art~f~sts) VIRGINIA 2c 2 DIVlSION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS w RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARC'HAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM
Nanie of Site: G 0 v e r n,o r s L a n d Site Number.: -- 44 J C 1 6L-- Cultural Nfihation: Type of Site: H i s t 0 r i c L I 8 / 19 c ? ;; State! National Register Status:
USGS Map Reference. s U r r y 18 U.?:M. Zone - Easting . Northing !Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 miriute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) ~wner/~ddress/Telephone: Williamsburg Group, P.O. Box EJ, Williarnsburg VA I Tenant /Addressi?elephone: ite lnfbmant/Address/'Telephone: 3w u CA Cx~veyedBy (name, address, affiliation, date): James River Institute for Arctlaeology, Inc. ,-z- ie ~eardle~House, Jarnestown VA 23081; 10188 1
;eneralEnvironnlentarldNearestWaterSoure: The site is located on top of a small knoll .:5 miles north of the James River.
9imensions of Site. U n de t e rm i n ed
~iteDescnptionandSurveyTech~~ques: Shovel tests at 75' interval s recovered a brass I ~owderflask nozzle and a brass ramrod thimble from the area previously ecorded as 44JC160. These finds confirm historic activity in the late _SC or early 19C.
I'ondition and Present Land Use: Fallow field; to be developed v: h- 7pecirnensObtainedandDepository: See attached finds list; JRIA, Inc. at the Z bove address c 3X 7
5pecimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY SITE SURVEY FORM
L,lt~tudc 11 " north. Longitude o " wcst 11 T M. Zone -East111g Nortllirlg (or d~sta~lcefrom pr~ntedtldge of' map. bottom edge r~ghtedge -1
Ownerladdress. Tenant/address. Att~tudetoward invest~gat~on: 1nl;)rniantladdress: surveyed by: F .Re bar t / j,,Spci-k\e. Date: 9-3-83
Celleral surr~ulldill~s.~eslchhedh +-\pcj& per\ 1 n su\a nea +LC ,fG\ oC the chwhhoph~n~~l~ec . I I, i , -
Fiearest water: nature, direction and distance: ~h,~k~\?o~,,,,e,ua dj-t , a / Dimension of site: i 100 .'.. along beach b 25' ulde Description: depth, soil, collecting conditions:
Specimens collected. kinds, quantities. materials: 2 s ry adNakR, ,,e(z. BPaAPBh. ?no 4 emLC 'i20\ ms V~RIOLLS chipped she 4 cobb\es
Spec~mensreported. owlicrs. address
1 , .-. . ^.I . -- Otller duculnc~~tatru~lrcports. h~stor~caldata.
tocrohloll. CLII~IVJ~IUII.~\cJvJ~I~)I~. ~YI~~~IIIC~I~II rhrra&np~( b7 def/afioo dncl
erosion doe fo achn mfeL movement I
Recommendations:
Photo. Map: Recorded bv: Date
- (Use reverse side of sheet and additional pages for sketches of site and artifacts) VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM
Name of Site: Gov~rnor'sLand Site Number: 4 4 J C 1 6 1 --
-Type of Site: Prehistoric cultural Aff&ation: U n de t er m i rl ed
State1 National Register Status:
USGS Map Reference: Norge
U.T.M. Zone ..aEasting 3 3 38 4 0 ~~fih~4124160 (.Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographcal map showing site boundaries.)
( vner,Address/Telephone: William~burgGroup, P.O. Box EJ, Williamsburg VA Tenant/Address/ Telephone:
7' :e Informant/Address/ Telephone:
9 cllrveyed By (name, address, affAation, date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc; 8 1 e Yeardley House, Jamestown VA 23081; 7/88
( nerd Environment and Nearest Water Source: ~h i t i 1 t ed a t the base f a i n t 311 the east bank of the Chickahominy River, near the river's mouth r Dmensions of Site: 1 2 5 I N - hLeDescnpt~on and Survey Techniques: Surface inspection of the beach at low tide revealed a lithic scatter coterminal with the previously recorded 44JC161
( nditionandPresentLandUse: Threatened by erosion and development
Snecirnens Obtained and Depository: See attached finds list; JRIA, Inc. at the 3uove address.
: xirners Reported and Owners/Addresses: VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY SITE SURVEY FORM
Nalllt' of s~te None
T\.~~ot. Cellar ruin and artifact CLII~LI~JIJl'fi113~1011 Historic ( 18th and scatter 20th-century components) hla~rct'crencc Surry Quadrangle
L;ttitudc o " north. Longitude o " west. q 11.T.M. Zone -Lasting Nortl~i~ig -2 u (or distallce from printed edge of ,nap: bottom edge : right edge Udfi6") (house shown on v:- 1965 USGS map) Ownerladdress: Harrison and Lear, Inc., Tower Box 66, 2101 Executive Drive, Newport News, Tenantladdress: N. and J. Hofmeyer, Tomahund Plantation, Charles City, VA VA 23666 P, Attitude toward investigation: Excel],ent $[I) I~ifor~i~a~it/address:Ho fmey ers (above) C, Date: 11/27/83 Sllrve~edby: T . R. Reinhart and sons r~P w Gelleral s~lrroulldillgs.House cellar ruin with standing chimney and several wooden outbuildings C, 0 on west edge of terrace; plowed field to south and west, road and plowed field to c 3 to east, and forest to distant north cf Y
Nearest water: nature, direction and distance: Chickahominy River c. 500 yards to west; swamp C. 100 yards to north Dimension of site: C. 200 ft. (north-south) and 100 feet (east-west) I z Description: depth, soil, collecting conditions: Thick grass covers the site but the plowed field uY on the slope to the west has an artifact scatter; dark occupation fill (?) seen 3- at one point along the edge of field behind the house cellar ruin where the CDfD 18th-century artifacts are concentrated in field -
Specimens collected kinds, quantities. materials: A 19 39 Mercury dime and 20 th-century whiteware, stoneware, nails (wire), glass were found scattered in the field adjacent to the house cellar; green bottle glass, including some kick fragments, yellow slipware, German stoneware, and pipestem fragments represent the 18th-century component addre'' Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary
1 Otlirr duculntlitutlul~ rcports. h~storlcaldata None know11 for early component, unless this is I associated with Piney Grove Plantation; Griesenauer family was last to live I in house represented by the cellar ruin ?? m- ( OI~~I~IOIItrouwi. CIII~IV~~IUII.CYC~VU~I~)~~. CUII~~IIIC~IUI~ Cultivation and fa1low; land on market and will eventually be developed z- 3
Recommendat~ons Test excavations planned for early 1984
Photo. None Map: None Recorded bv. T . R. Reinhart Date:11/29/83
(Use reverse side of sheet and additional pages for sketches of site and artifacts) VIRGINIA sc 3 DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS G RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCrHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM
44JC298 Nameofsite: Governor's Land Site Number: ripeofsite: Historic domes tic Cultural ~ffiation: -
Statel National Register Status:
USGS Map Reference: s u r r U.T.M. Zone Easting Northing 4ttach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.)
Owner/Address/Telephone: Governor's Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ, "enant/Address/Telephone: Williamsburg, VA 23187 (804)220-1007 :i te Informant/Address/Telephone: X 6 9 urveyed By (name, address, afffiafion, date): James River .Institute for Archaeology B The Yeardley House Jamestown, VA 23081 V, L1: ;enera1 Environment and Nearest Water Source: T h e s i t e o c c u pi e s t h e c res t o f t h e 7 7 second bluff, 500' E of the Chickahominy River. k
IimensionsofSite: Approximately 200' x 100' . I SiteDescnptionandSurveyTechniqucs: Shovel tests revealed a 17C component in additio tothe 18C and 20C components previously recorded as 44JC298.
I Condition and Present Land Use: To be developed as golf course fairway. I v: 6 S~~~ifllensObtainedandDe~ositor~:See attached finds list; JRIA, Inc., at the Z above address 5
IX
Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: VIR(;INIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY SITE SURVEY FORM
Na~iirof' sitc' None
TVIIC ot \ltc Historic/prehistoric occupation ('nltural ~lf11lat1011English colorlial ca . 1650/unidentified aboriginal hlap rc't'c'rc~~uc: Surry Quadrangle
L;~titudc o " nurtli. Longitude o " wcst C1.T.M. Zone -Eastilig Northing -- . (or distance from printed edge of map: bottom edge 21-1/2" right edge -$6"
Owner/uddress: Harrison and Lear , Inc. , Tower Box 66, 2101 Executive Drive, Newport News, Tenant1uddress:N. and J. Hofmeyer, TomaIlund Plantation, Charles City, VA VA 23666 Attitude toward itlvestigation: Excellent Inl'r~r~iiantladdress:None Surveyed by: T. R. Reiuhart -and students Date 12/18/83
General surroundillgs Agricultural field directly north of James River/Chickahominy River and Barret's Point; trees line small intermittent creek/swamp separating this field from field just east of it; site is on east edge of field ca. 100 feet west of this creek and directly opposite the access road/path between the two fields Searest water: nature, direction and distance: See above *
Dimension of site: Ca, 50-f oat diameter 3 Descript~on: depth, soil, collecting conditions. Surface collection made on winter wheat field u0 nhout n month nf tclr plontint;; cr\I\clc t lo\\ YO\\\\ lt \v\\# kul\d (#\\v\\\ltj3~\l ~ul'lhl tA when field in fallow) ; no soil stains visible. 5 -CD
V? C 1 1 Y -P L-F
Spec~rnenscollected k~nds,quantities. materials: Quartzite aboriginal flake; pipe bowl (3) arld CO 1 stem (10 at 8/64" and 3 at 7/64") fragments; 3 small pieces of burnt green bottle C: glass; 2 pieces of red earthenware (one with dark brown glaze); handle fragment x5
of stoneware with mottled brown glaze; base of spent shotgun shell (WESTERN F(I' XPERT No 12 MADE IN J.S.A.); 6 pieces of stone (2 gray chert flakes, 3 burnt Spcu'lllclls reported. ow'1crs. a dress grayish-white fragments , and a cream-colored fragment Department of Anthropology of polished stone with one end beveled). College of William & Mary Otller ducumelltdl~ull reports. ~IIS~OIIC~~data None
( oltdlt~c~n I C~I~~IVJ~IUII.~YGIVJ~IOI~. CUII,~IIIC~I~II Cultivation
Recornrne~id~t~onsTo be tested in summer of 1984
Photo None Map Recwrded bv T. R. Reinhart Date 1/31/84
(Use reverse s~deof sheet and additio~lalpages for sketches of site and artifacts) z VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS 7 RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY i! ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM
NarneofSite: Governor's Land Site Number: 4 4J C 30 4 .-
Typeofsite: Prehistoric Cultural Affiliation: U n d e t e r m i n e d
State/ Natiorial Register Status:
USGS Map Reference: S u r r y
U.T. M. Zone -18_ Easting -- - Northing \ ich photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) wrie~/Address/Telephone: Williamsburg Group, P.O. Box EJ, Williamsburg VA : mt /Address/ Telephone: I I Informant /Address/ Telephone: X P)
5 . )eyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. ,$ c Yeardley House, Jamestown VA 23081; 8/88 I V, 1,- :ralEnvironmerlta~dNearestWaterSource: The site is located immediately adjacer~t c the east bank of the Chickahominy River, near its mouth. 1 -3
) ensi ions of Site: A P P r 0 x 5 5 ' x 2 0 ' ,,r~DescriptionandSurveTechniques: The site was located during surface inspection - the river's e d' ge at low tide. Recovered lithics appear to be ociated with the prehistoric component of 44JC304. No historic materials .re observed. I :onditionandPreserltLandUse: Beachfront, to be impacted by go1 f course ~nstruction V: cimens Obtained arid Depository: 6 See attached finds list; JKIA, Inc., at above 5 ddress 3x 1
,pecimens Reported and Owners,'Addresses. VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY SITE SURVEY FORM
1 \ 1" 01 ,ltt- Litl~icreduction Base camp/3nknown C'ultural ~l'f~l~~t~u~iprehis?;oric/iiistoric hlap rcfc.rericc: Wry USGS 7%' Quad .. L;~titudc 11 " north. Longitude o west. 1I.T.M. Zone -Easting Nortlling (or distance from printed edge of map: bottom edge -I right edge -)
Owner/addres~.Harrisonand Leu, kc., Tower Box 56, 2101 Executive Q., lIew?ort IJe:fs, Vd Tenant1address:ji. and J. Xofneyer, Tomahund Plantation, Chzrles City, VB Att~tudr:toward i~ivestigat~on:~~~l~~~t
Inlbr~iia~it/address.~LCTeyers ,I ( -hove) Date. "lrveyed by^, R. Reklhart and Sons 4-3-93 It Gelirral surroundi~igs?loved fields 210% both sides of north fork of Bzrre t ' s Point Road. Site extends from Chickahomby River inlad,
Kearest water: nature, direction and distance: Directly adjacent to Chi&&omw River.
Dimension of site: unbowrl x Description: in 0 depth, soil, collecting conditions: surfacecollection done fields with -0 emerging whezt crop. (good visibility)
Specimens collected: kinds, quantities. materials: whiteware, transcer?rint, prehistoric cerunics, triulFl_r projectile soint base md archaic grojectile point-
Specimens reported. owliers. addressbJartnlent of ktkropolog, college of TJilliam ad IVm
Otlirr ducu~ncntat~url reports. histor~caldata
for subsurfzce features. Photo>lone Map. i'Ione Recorded b!, J, H. Sprinkle, Jr. Date: I-? 1-84
(Use reverse side of sheet and additional pages for sketches of site and artifacts)
.. . , VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS h RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM
Nameofsite: Governor's Land Site Number: --44JC308 --
Statel National Register Status: 1% USGS Map Reference: Surry
U.T.M. Zone 18 Easting Northing ' Ittach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.)
Owner/Address/Telephone: Williamsburg Group. P.O. Box EJ, Williamsburg, VA /Address/Telephone: ite Informant/Address/ 'Telephone: 3 -8 9 umeyedBy(name,ddress,fi&ation,date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. l! : e Yeardley House, Jamestown VA 23081; 9/88
ieneralEnvironmentmdNearestWerSource: The site is located on the crest and ?astern slope of a low rise 350' east of the Chickahominy River Vl C 7 7 k
)irnensions of Site: A r 70 0 1 4 0 0
SiteDescri~tionandSume~Techniques: Shove1 tests at 75' intervals confirmed the , .esence and suggested the spacial limits of previously recorded site
I .JC308
Condition and Present Land Use: F~ 11 ow f i e1 d ; t b e d ev e1 0 p e d
S~cimensObtainedmdDepositor~: See attached finds list; JKIA, Inc. at the ,Jdress above
Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTEK FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM
Nanie of Site: Site Number: YL/---) 3Qfi - Governor's Land Qpe of Site: Cultural Affiliation: Historic, Prehistoric 19C-20C, Prehistoric / State/ National Register Status:
USGS Map Reference: Surry
U.T.M. Zone L1 Y Easting 3 33 y20 . Northing ' 4123 680 (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topogradhical map showing site boundaries.)
( ~ner/Address/Telephone: Tenantj Address/Telephone: Governor's Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ ,C' 2 Infomant/Addre~s/Telephone:Williamsburg, Virginia 23187 (804)220-1007
Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23801 7/88-5/90 C nerd Environment and Nearest Water Source: The site is located at the edge of the Chickahominy River, into which it is steadily eroding.
Dirnensiorls of Site: 100' x 200' I.e Description and Survey Techniques: The site was located by surface inspection, augmented by shovel testing. It consists of three collapsed brick piers surrounded by a scatter of late 19C or 20C diagnostics, prehistoric debitage and a single lithic scraper. Diagnostic materials were sampled. mdition and Present Land Use: Impacted by erosion; to be developed. Specinlens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List, James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above).
xcimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: * a a tq s *qsa~o.yayq aSp?~-e jo a2pa ay~uo UY ;ra~7zaspla~j ayq JO qsal,, ~aajpaquny r-exanas pa~vao~SFH (i~~aa)uo~ssaxtiap 2 r B 'sT3FJ-Fqn Pm0.T PTaT.7 50 uoTT3aTTo3 a3FJq:suo!i!puo3 Su113a1103 '~!os'yldap :uo!~d!issaa moqun :ails jo uo!suaur!a *;raA?r! @~oy.ey~rw09 3sa~yqsou'$3 009 (Paureu=un) maJTs ~WJ~Orl. qTzou "43 005 :astrcls!p pue 110!1;7a1!p 4a~ni~~:,aim lsaieay
(- aRpalr@!l 1- a%pa wolloq :dnul jo affpa palu!~dWOJJ a3ue~s!plo) 8rl!rllio~ fflI!l~Cl- JrloZ 'w'L'I1 .Isam ,, n apnl!3uol .t1)iou ,. I) 3pnl!lt:l VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM
Name of Site: Gov$rnorl s Land Site Number:
Typeofsite: Prehistoric/Historic Cultural Affiliation: U n d et er m i n ed
State/ National Register Status:
USGS Map Reference: Su r r y
U.T.M. Zone 18 Easting Northing (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.)
3wneriAddressI Telephone: WillSamsburg Group, P.O. Box EJ, Williamsburg, VA ?enant/Address/ Telephone: iite Informant/Address/Telephone:
Tlurvey* By address*affiliation, date): J am es R i ve r I ns t i t u t e f 0 r A r cha e0 1 0 g y , 1n c !e Yeardley House, Jamestown VA 23081; 7/88
;eneral Environment and Nearest Water Source: T a a h i f a ridge, 200' south of the Chickahominy River.
9imensions of Site: A pro 3 5 0 1 1 1
Site Description and Survey Techniques: Shovel tests at 75' intervals defined four istinct comoonents of .the previously recorded site 44JC309; to the west, 1 imited activity prehis toric site measuring 20' by 30'; running SWINE, a 100' x 30' prehistoric si te; a circular historic depression; and, to the eas 2 limited activity prehistoric site measuring 5' x 7' Condition and Present Land Use: F t d ; t b d e1 d v:s S~cimensmtainedandh~ositor~:See attached finds list: JRIA, Inc. at the t: bove address
Specimens Reported and Owners/ Addresses: VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY SITE SURVEY FORM
.. Latitude (I " north. Longitude o west. I1.T.M. Zone -Easting Northing (or distance from printed edge of map: bottom edge -: right edge -1 Owner/address: Barison and Lea Inc., 'Tower ax66, 2101 Ekecuti~reDr. , iJebr_oort iJews, VA Tenantluddress: N. adJ. Hofmeyer, Toniaizund Plantation, Charles City, VA Attttudr toward investigation: &cellent I~iiorrnant/address: by: T. R. Reinhat and J. H. Sprinkle, Jr. Date: jprin;r, 1qa j Gerierul surroutid~~igs_"lowedfields, scatter 1oc;ted near northzrn edge of field north or" n~rthfork of &retls Point road;
hearest water: nature, direction and distallce: Ancient memder of Chickahominy -;liver north C . 21)0 ft i Dimension of ~ite:~klom
Description: depth, soil, collecting conditions: surfzce- collection of ploI.led field
Spec~menscollected: kinds, quantities. materials: aea3sberlt of ~t~lropoloa,college of uillim IIq
Specimclis reported. owners. address.
Otllrr duc~rrncr~tatro~lreports. li~stor~caldata I I - '~drt~orc.ro~or~. ~'~~Itr~atrv~~. e~~vatron. cvn~trttctro~i rD z- 3 -(D Reconlmelldatlons Yesting to dete-mine spatid, temporal, 3nd function-1 liniitations ol zitel PhotoiCone Recorded bvd. H. S?ridle, Jr.
(Use reverse side of sheet and additional pages for sketches of site and artifacts) VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEANCX CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM
Nameofsite. Gove,rnorls Land Site Number: -4.-.__---
-Ijlpe of Site. Prehistoric Cultural Mfiliation: N i dd 1 e t o L at e W oo d 1 a n d f;: I * Statel National Register Status: USGS Map Reference: No r ge I U.T.M. ZoneEasting 334U.--- Northing 4.1741 111 (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.)
Owrier/Address/Telephone: Williamsburg Group, Williamsburg VA Tenant /Address/Telephone: Site Ir~onnant/Address/Teiephone: Y SurveyedBy(nar~ie,acldress,affiliation,date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc., The Yeardley House, Jamestown VA 23081; 9/88 I GeneralEnvironmentandNearestWaterSource: The site is located on a gently sloping terrace, 75' south o f the Chickahominy River
Dimensions of Site: Approx 650' x 250' I SiteDescnptionandSurveyTechniques: Surface inspection, supplemented by shovel testing at 75' intervals, of a fallow field returned ceramic evidence that suggests that previously recorded site 44JC310 represents a village of the middle to late Uoodland Period.
I Cond~t~onaridPresentLandUse: Fallow field, to be developed F. S cimensObtanedandDepository: See attached finds list; JRIA, Inc. at the z aR ove address s
37
Specirner~sReported and Owners/Addresses: VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY . SITE SURVEY FORM 379
N;III~~.01' site None (GGB) Site lumber. YY a C 31)
Tvpc ot' SI~C' 5Wf~ceScatter Cultural al'filiution: ~i~tori~/~rehist0ri.c
htap rcfcrc~~cc:Surrj USGS 73 ' Quad
L;~titudc o " north. Longitude o " wcst. 1J.T.M. Zone -Easting Nortl~i~lg (or distance from printed edge of map: bottom edge -: right edge -) 0~11erladdressi.Iarrisonad Lear Inc,, Tower Bx 66, 2101 Ekecutive Drive, Mewport :Jews, VA Tenantladdress~X. uld J, Hofmeyer, Tornahund Pl,mtat:on, Chzrles City, Va Att~tudetoward ~nvestlgatlon:E;recellent Inl'or~~ia~it/address. Surveyed by: T. R, Reinhart, J. H, Sprinkle, Jr. Date. dinring, 1983
Grtierrl surrou~ldi~igs:,~~~~fie extendin, eastward Eroni the Chickdlominy Xver
- Nearest water. nature, direction and distallce: 200 ~ds-west to Ci.,ick&omW Liver.
Dimension of site: Unkrlown
Description: depth, soil. collecting conditions: -face collectionof plowed fields
Specimens collected: kinds, quantities. materials:
Specimens reported. owners. address Deuxbent of htkropolo,-y, College of Willim ad wry
Other duct11nc11tullu11 reports. li~stor~caldata
/ 3 d -CD Recommendatlons. Testing to detzmine spztial, ten?oral uld r"unctionXi limits of site. I PhotoiJo ~ecorheh" J. H, Sprinlcle, Jr,
(Use reverse side of sheet and additional pages for sketches of site and artifacts) VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY SITE SURVEY FORM
T\,l>cof \ltc skface sc2 tter ('uiturai dl'fiilatlull re12is toric hlap rctbrel~cc. S~u.,y USGS 72' ,,~2d
L~~titudc 11 " north. Longitude o " wcst. 1l.T.M. Zone -Easting Nortllir~g (or distance from printed edge of map: bottom edge - right edge -)
Owncr/addressfh.rris~n ad Lear Inc., Tower 30x 56, 2101 Zxecutive Dr., ;:exqort !Ie7,:s, VA Tenantladdress: i: adJ. Hofmeyer, Tomahund Plantation, Charles City, Va Att~tudetoward ~~ivest~gatton:%ce?_lent; Inlorli~a~it/address. 2. Reinhart, J. 3. Sprinkle, Jr. Spring, 1985 Gelirral surroundiogs.1ocilted on the northe-rn edse of the plowed fields irnmediztely adjxent to kret's Point, on the Chickahominy Kiver Side.
Kearest water: nature, direction and distance: Chic!caa3miny aiver, 100 yds. due lest.
Dimension of site: 'j*om 1
Description: depth, soil, collecting conditions surf collection of fallow field.Low surf ace vi sibility.
Specimens collected: kinds. quantities. materials:
Specimens reported. owlicrs. addresi I)eDzr-t;nent of atboplog, Colle ;e of Villiam and iCuj
I Other ducu~ncntat~unreports. h~stor~caldata. I
RecOmmrndatlons. Smface collection under better conditions. Photo, 1 e ~ecord'e%v. Jk9. 3;ruL (Use reverse side of sheet and additiorlal pages for sketches of site and artifacts) VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM 44JC476 of Site: Governorrs Land Site Number: 'Type of Site: H~~~~~~~ Cultural Affiliation: 19C-20C Statel National Register Status: USGS Map Reference: Surry U.T.M. zone aEasting 337/22 Northing ' 4123g6~ (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) ~wnerlAddress/'Telephone: Governorrs Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ Tenant/Address/Telephone: Williamsburg, Virginia 23187 (804)220-1007 ite Informant/Address/?elephone: Cu~veyedBy (name, address, affiliation, date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. The Yeardley House Jarnestown, Virginia 23801 7/88-5/90 (enera1 Environment and Nearest Water Source: The site is located on a forested terrace at the headwaters of a small intermittent stream. nirnensions of Site: , .,ite Description and Survey Techniques: The site is a southeast extension of the previously recorded 44JC476. It was identified through intensive shovel testing and is manifested by a concentration of brick, sand mortar and slag. 'ondition and Present Land Use: Forest : to be developed. 'pecimens Obtained and See Finds List, James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). ,pecimens Reported arid Owners/Addresses: 442 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARC'H CENTER FOR ARC'HAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Name of Site: ~2-4 Site Number YY\~cY_~_~- ofsite: DOMESTIC Cultural Affdation: HISTORIC 18&19th c. State/ National Register Status: USGS Map Reference: SURRY, VA U.T.M. Zone A&. Easting a-Northing 4%6;.-- (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographcal map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/Tele~ho~le:THE GOVERNORS LAND ATTENTION LEWIS HOWES 133 KINGSWAY Tenant /Address/ Telephone: MALL HAMPTON VA 23669 Site Informarit/Address/ Telephone: Surveyed By (name, address, affdation, date): VCU ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER 1814 WEST MAIN STREET RICHMOND, VA 23220 General Environ~nentand Nearest Water Source: SITE AREA IS SITUATED WITHIN A LOW PARTIALLY FLOODED JAMES RIVER TERRACE Dimensions of Site: UNDETERMINED Site Description and Survey Techniques: SITE WAS LOCATED BY ARTIFACTS VISIBLE ON THE JAMES RIVER SHORE LINE Condition and Present Land Use: SUBMERGED SITE DESTROYED BY SHORE LINE EROSION. FORESTED BEACH FRONT Specimens Obtained and Depository: 5 BOTTLE GLASS 1 YELLOWARE PANE GLASS 1 PLAIN PEARLWARE 2 FCR 2 STONEWARE 2 QUARTZITE FLAKES 1 BRICK FRAG. 1 HAND PAINTED DELFT FKAG. 1 SHELL EDGED PEARLWARE Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: 443 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Name of Site: ~2-5 Site Number: '?/YJCY 7%- Type of Site: ~0~~s.rIc Cultural Affiliation: H 1STOR IC 19t h c . Statel National Regster Status: USGS Map Reference: su RR y , v A U.T.M. Zone & Easting a&-.-Northing --4---- (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/Tele~hone:'THE GOVERNORS LAND ATTENTION: LEWIS HOWES Tenant /Address / Telephone: 133 KINGSWAY MALL Site Infonnant/Address/ Telephone: HAMPTON VA 23669 Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): VCU ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER 1814 WEST MAIN STREET RICHMOND, VA 23220 General Environment and Nearest Water Source: SITE IS SITUATED ON A TERRACE REMINANT ADJACENT TO JAMES RIVER Dimensions FULL DEMENSIONS UNDETERMINED SiteDescri~tionandSurve~Techniques:SITE WAS LOCATED BY SYSTEMATIC SHOVEL TESTING. SITE HAS BEEN PARTIALLY DESTROYED BY SHORELINE EROSION. Condition and Present Land Use: FORESTED BEACH FRONT Specinlens Obtained and Depository: 3 NAIL 1 ANNULAR PEARLWARE 3 BRICK FRAGMENTS 1 QUARTZ FLAKE 1 SALTGLAZED STONEWARE BOTTLE GLASS Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: e4,33+ VIRGINIA 6 a' :,.. 4 c : )$; ,$ DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS Y2 k,..-J =79 V.-?ggPJ RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY =L.- ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Name of Site: The Governor ' s Land Site Number: YY.I(.SL 0 I Type of Site: Historic Cultural Affdiation: C19 State/ "iational Reg~sterStatus. C USGS Map Reference: SurrY I U.TM. zone Easting 338 360 Northing 4/23 2sa (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/Telephone: The Williamsburg Group,P .0. Box EJ,~illiamsburg ,VA 23187 ~enantl~ddressj~ele~hone: Site Informant/Address/Telephone: Z g F Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): Leigh/Luccketti July 1988 James River Institute for Archaeology E The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 General Environment and Nearest Water Source: Located near the base of a sloping point above the James River. The site is bounded on one side by marshland (20' distant) and on the other by the James River (30' distant). Site Description and Survey Techniques: This site was located during a 75 ' interval shovel test of the area. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic materials were retained. Condition and Present Land Use: severely impacted by logging activity and I subsequenterosion, forested. F. Specimens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List. Artifacts stored with JRIA, Jamestown, Virginia Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: VIRGINIA 4 : <. - Name of Site: The Gove~nor' s Land Site Number: YYJ C 5 2 - Typeofsite: Ilistoric Cultural Affiliation: C19 State: National Regster Status: USGS Map Reference: SurrY 1 U.T.M. Zone Eating 338 3x0 Northing 4/23 33' (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) ,vner/Address/Telephone: The Williamsburg Group,P -0.Box EJ,Wi lliamsburg ,VA 23 187 Tenant/Address/Telephone: I ' re Informant/Address/Telephone: 3 3 Cun~eyedBy (name, address, affdation, date): LeigWLuccketti July 1988 James River Institute for Archaeology B The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 :neral Environmznt and Nearest Water Source: Located on a level point above the James River and bounded on two sides by marshes (approximately 175' from water. Dimensions of Site: appro xi mat el^ 30 ' x 3 0 ' 1 te Description and Survey Techniques: This site was located during a 75 ' interval shovel test of the area. Shove1 tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic materials were retained. andition and Present Land Use: severely impacted by logging activity and I subsequent erosion, forested. V: Specimens Obtained and Depository: 5 See Finds List. Artifacts stored with JRIA, 5 Jamestown, Virginia !+7 Jecirnens Reported and Owners/Addresses: VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM of site: The Governorfs Land Site Number: y l? . ) c----. Tq pe oi Site: Historic Cultural Affiliation: C19 Stare: Yational Register Status: USGS klap Reference: Surry U.T.M. Zone Easting 338 qoo Northing 412 357O (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/Telephone: The Williamsburg Group,P .O. Box EJ,Williamsburg ,VA 23187 Tenant/Address/Telephone: I Site Informant/Address/Telephone: 3 uw Surveyed By (name, address. dfiliation, date): Leigh/~uccketti July 19 88 James River Institute for Archaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 General Environmznt and Nearest Water Source: C/\ The site is located on the neck of a high C terrace with ravine heads on either side (approximately 100' from water) . m Site Description and Survey Techniques: The site was located during a 75 ' interval shovel test of the area. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic artifacts were retained. forested I Condition and Present Land Use: Impacted by logging activity I V: Specimens Obtained and Depositqry: See Finds List. Artif acts stored with JRIA, 5 Jamestown, Vlrglnia z ii.1 Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: &??%- VIRGINIA 92' - ''?. , i,, J DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS &."2 '& IJ"$3@>*7 't'":E-y$y RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY \y3~" ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Name of Site: The Governor ' s Land Site Number: L/ C/ J C 5 a?_- !. *Typeof site: Prehistoric cultural ~ff~~tio~:~nidentif ied State; Xational Register Status. L'SCS Map Reference: SurrY U.T.M. Zone .a.Easting 337 770 Northing S7d0 (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 ninute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/7elephone: The Wi lliamsburg Group,P. 0.Box EJ,Williamsburg ,VA 23 187 Tenarit/Address/Telephone: Site I nformant/Address/?elephone: Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): Leigh/Luccketti July 1988 James River Institute for Archaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 General Environment and Nearest Water Source: Located near the tip of a long, sloping finger of land, bounded on three sides by deep, marsh-filled ravines (approximately 100' from water). Dimensions of Site: approximately 80 ' x 60 ' Site Description and Sumey Tecilfiques: The site was located during a 75 ' interval shovel test of the area. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and " diagnostic materials were retained. Condition and Present Land Use: impacted by logging activity, forested Specimens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List. Artif acts stored with JRIA, Jamestown, Virginia Specimens Reported arid Owners/Addresses: VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM xameof site: The Governor ' s Land Site Nurilber: L/LIJ Cq 7-y i. 7jpe oi'~ire: Prehistoric cultural~ffiji~~i~~: Unidentified State; National Register Status: USGS Map Reference: Surry I U.T.M. Zone Easting 3376'fO Northing - 4/23760 (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/Telephone: The Wil liamsburg Group,P .0 .Box EJ ,Will iamsburg ,VA 2 3 187 Tenant/Address/ Telephone: Site Infonnant/Address/Telephone: 3 Surveyed By (name, address, affrlation, date): Leigh/Luccketti July 1988 James River Institute for Archaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 General Environment and Nearest Water Source: Located on terrace at the head of a level point (approximately 275' from water). Dimensions of Site: approximately 10 ' x 10 ' Site Description and Surve Techniques: The site was identified during a 75 ' interval shovel tese of the area. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic artifacts were collected. I Condition and Present Land Use: v: Specimens Obtained and ~~~~~i~~@e~erelyimpacted by logging activity, forested 5 f: See Finds List. Artifacts stored with JRIA, Jarnestown, Virginia h-I Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresss: c4D (2' , . -3 VIRGINIA ? $, <; , ?\. d ;$ DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS ,:k*i *W.$.JL?: += RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY -\-q.i--2vs I_ ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Same of'Site: The Governorfs Land Site Number: - '1 '!/J(-52 5 P. >pe oi Site: Prehistoric hearth cultural ~ffhaio~:~nident if ied State. National Register Status: L'SGS Map Reference: Surry U.TiV1. zone A Eating 3376 70 Northing 4/236lo (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner;Address/Telephone: The Williamsburg Group,P .O.Box EJ,~illiamsburg ,VA 23187 Tenant iAddress /Telephone: I Site Informant/Address/Telephone: w3 -0 !? Surveyed By (name, address, affdiation, date): Leigh/~uccketti July 19 88 James River Institute for Archaeology B The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 General Environmznt and Nearest Water Source: Located near the tip of a high level point above a marsh complex and bounded on two sides by water (approximately 150' distant). Dimensions of Site: approximately 30 ' x 30 ' Site Description and Survey Techniques: This site was located during the course of a 75' interval shovel test of the area, and appeared as a cluster of fire-cracked/reddened rock. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic materials were retained. I Condition and Present Land Use: hearvily impacted by earlier logging, forested v: Specimens Obtined and Depository: See Finds List. Artif acts stored with JRIA, 5 Jamestown, Virginia 3 B-'I Specimens Reported arid Owners/Addresses: ,a ; <.a '4 VIRGINIA i ?-. G DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS 7'- J ,$ +"***- e.&" RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY -+.-a= ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Narne of Site: The Governor ' s Land Site Nurnbe~:--!?!i!da3-(--- Type oi Site: Mu1 ti-component Cultural Affhation: Prehistoric, C17 State,' Yational Kepster. Status: USGS map Reference: SUrry I U.T.kl. ZUW _IB ~uting 336 6 EL.- ~oft~ilrg ql2303Q (Attach photocopy of appropriate sectiori of' USGS 7.5 rrlinute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) ~bner/Address/Telephone:The Williamsburg Group,P. 0.Box EJ,~illiamsburg ,VA 23 187 Tenant/Address!Telephorie: I ' i te I nforrnant! Address Telephone: x u0 CA Surveyed By (name, address, affiation, date): Leigh/Luccketti July 1988 2- James River Institute for Archaeology 2 The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 - h eneral Environment and Nearest Water Source: C Located on the beachfront of the James 7r, River along the shoreline of a long, narrow island. P Dirnensions of Site: 150 ' x ( 20 '? ) inland I ite Description and Survey Techniques: The site was identified during a surf ace inspection of the river's edge. ~iagnostic artifacts were collected. Tidal conditions were fair. 'ondir ion and Present Land Use: beachfront E Specimens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List. Artifacts stored with JRIA , i; Jarnestown, Virginia 3- ?7 r~ecirnerisReported and Owners/Addresses: ,&* ;.$. . -5 VIRGINIA p yi %8 DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS ?&gy.at~; 3 RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY 'k+p?.e$ 'k+p?.e$ ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Xarne of Site: The Goyernor's Land Site Number. 2'i'J cSY 8 .- Typeofsite: Still site Cultural Affiliation: C2 0 State1 National Register Status: USGS Map Reference: SurrY ~.~.~.~one18Easting- 336 510 Northing -- 4/23230 -- (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showirig site boundaries.) Owner/Address!Telephone: The Williamsburg Group,P. 0.Box EJ ,Williamsburg ,VA 23 187 Tenant/Address/Telephone: I Site Inforn~ant/Address/?elephone: x TIC, Cfl 3- 0 Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): Leigh/Lucckett i JUly 19 88 2 James River Institute for Archaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 General Environmznt and Nearest Water Source: Located near the tip of a long narrow point into the marsh (approximately 15' from water). Dimensions of Site: approximately 30 ' x 25 ' Site Description and Survey Techniques: The site was identified on the basis of surface litter. Present are: a brick base, barrel bands, and the top of a distilled water bottle. Condition and Present Land Use: The site area is heavily disturbed by logging activity and subsequent erosion. Forested. Specimens Obtained and Depository: NO art i facts collected. Specimens Reporred and Owners/Addresses. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICALs1.m INVENTORY FORM Name of Site. The Goyernor ' s Land Site Number: - Ll qJ L 5 7 -- Type of Site: Historic Cultural Mfiliation: C18 State,' Natlonal Register Status: USGS Map Reference: SurrY U.T.M. Zone /B Easting 336 5LK> - Northing - ~f12346O (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 rrlirlute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/Telephone: The Williamsburg Group,P. 0. Box EJ ,Williamsburg ,VA 23 187 Tenant/Addr.ess/.Telephor:e: I Site Irifon~iant/Address/~Telephone: wz P Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): Leigh/~uccketti July 1988 James River Institute for Archaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 General Erlvironrrlznt and Nearest Water Source: Located on a narrow, level point of terrace above marshland (approximately 300' from water). Dirnerisions of Site: approximately 50 ' x 35 ' Site Description and Survey TcchI$ques: Identified during the course of a 75 ' interval shovel test of the area. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic materials were retained. Condltlon and Present Land Use: Site has beer1 impacted by logging activity. Forested. Speclrnens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List. Artif acts stored with JRIA, Jamestown, Virginia Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses- &%- VIRGINIA $a :,p7 5 4 DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS $- = :' ..+'.~:,i2 RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLO(;Y *?L-Y-s" ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Name Site: The Governor ' s Land Site Number: ..-%Y-!.L < 5 0 'Type of site. Industrial/kiln Cultural Affiliation: C2 0 : "James Towne Collony Pottery" Stare/ National Reglster Status USGS Map Reference. Norge U.TM. Zone /B Eating 337870 Nanhng Y/Zi/37° (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical Irlap showing site boundaries.) L aner/Address/'Telephone: The Williamsbury Group,P .O.Box EJ ,Will iamsburg ,VA 23 187 *Tenarit/Address/~Telephone: I : e Informant/Address/Telephone: X U 3 9 C,srveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): Leigh/Luccketti July 1988 o James River Institute for Archaeology !2 The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 1 :neral Environrrlzrit and Nearest Water Source: Located on a gentle rise, approximately 650f from water. D~rnensio~~of Sire: approximately 200 ' x 150' ,.LC Descnptlon and Survey -Ikchniques: Identified during the course of 75 ' interval shovel test of the area. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic materials were retained. Present are: brick supports, some wall ruins, the kiln base reinforced with railroad irons, drive-shaft for a pug mill (?), nearby clay pits, a pile of brick wasters, and probable brick kiln ,ndition and Present Larid Use Minimal impact from loygi ng activities. Forested. v:.-- Spcclrnens Obtained and Depositqry: See Finds List. Art ifacts stored with JRIA, 0 Jamestown, Virylnia 3-I )ecirnens Reported and Owners/Addresses: 454 VIRGINIA 9c DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS Y2 RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM xameof site:The Governor s Land Site Nurnber. T~~~of site: Industrial : Wood-lined wel~,ltural,qfiliation: C20 I State: National Register Status USGS Map Reference: SUr'Y I U.T.M. Zone /8 Easting - 336?qO u-Nofihng Lt(238CO - (Attach photocopy of appropriate sectiori of USGS 7.5 rrllnute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Addrcss/7klephone: The Wi1 liamsburg Group,P -0.Box EJ ,W i 11i amsburg ,VA 23 187 7eriant/Address/?elephone: Site Infonnant/Address/Telephone: x w '0 w 1 3 Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): Leigh/Luccketti July 1988 0 James River Institute for Archaeology 2 The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 Gerieral Environment arid Nearest Water Source: Located on the second terrace above the James River, at the base of a gentle slope, near the edge of a low area. DlrTlensiorlsof Site: approximately 8 ' x 8 at eroded head; 2.5' x 2.5 ' in shaft Site Deicnption and SurveyTechfi ues- Identified during the Course of a 75 ' interval shovel test of t% e area, this site is an instructive example of a hand-dug, wood-lined well in its early stages of ruin. An old sawdust pile located about 90, away, a discarded tin gas can, and a tire suggest that this feature is probably a saw mill-related water source. Condition and Present Land Use Forested v: Specimens Obtained and Depository: NO collection made. 6 7- P-.I Specimens Reported and Owness/Addresses: :sassa.~pp\~/sraumopur? pavoday suawisads apeux uo.73~a1TO=, ON :ICrol!sodaa pue pau!eiqo suau~rsads - paqsaxoA :asn prrq lnasaq pue uo!l!puo-~ -2ayooD ayq pue 'saseq let ssp16 a6ze~30 a~dno~e '~eo~ 'y~yzq 'ad~d uoq ue 'qnq qseM e 'spueq Ialzeq 'smnzp uo11e6-55 paq~meuAp~7: :sapnpur aauapTAa aDejxnS -puq sq~50 a~dmexa6urpueqs3no ue ST pue uo~qe~~asa~d jo aqeqs 3uaTIasxa ue u~ ST aqrs s~y;~-can ayq 30 3saq TaAoys TeAxaquT ,SL e 30 asznon ayq 6u~lnppaTJTquapI :sanbn~qDa~Laruns prle uo!ld!~~saaal!S (J~APM Ieuoseas uxo~j ,L A~a3eurxozdde) ado~saaezxaq ayq 30 aseq ayq buo~earrTnex daap e u~ paqeno7: ST aqrs ay;L :alnoS lareM IsalEaN pue ~U~LJ.JUOJ!AU-J 1elauat.J 1801~ e~ur6q~'u~oqsamep asno11 La~pxea~ay;L Abo~oaey~xy203 aqnqrqsuI xaa-ra sauep 88 6 7: A~np -pqay~~nr~/ybya?::(alEp 'rlo!le~[r~p'ssalpp 'aweu) /Cg paiCa~n~ (-sa~punoqal!s 8u~oqsdew psgd~Bodolsauas amup S.L SDS~JO uo!l~as aleudoldde JO Ldo301oqd qsenv, - --- rLt y/hZUY~ON 018 LC& 8u!1923 81 arloz -m-1-n 75 ) 3 (- h hc- :JaqunN al! S puey s,~ouxgAof> ayj; :~I!SJO~WVN 27 >+% VIRGINIA I 'k i 3 -83 DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS %'?"YI %, .$&5+ += RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY +G'--xx%a- -9 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Name of S~te.The Goyernor's Land Site Number. 9 L/J L- Cg.3 Type of Sire: Prehistoric cultural Af'filiaion: Woodl and Stare; 5ational Register Status: USGS Map Reference: Surry U.T.M. Zone --!%.- Easting -.=no Northing 41 23 6 00 - (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showirlg site boundaries.) Owner!Address!Telephone: The Williamsburg Group,P -0.Box EJ ,Williamsburg ,VA 23187 TenantlAddress/'Telephorie: Site Infomant/Address/7'elephone: Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): Leigh/Luccke tti July 19 88 James River Institute for Archaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 General Environmznt and Nearest Water Source: Located on the narrow tip of apoint above a swampy wetland, approximately 40' from water. Dimensions of Site: 1 O ' x 10 ' Site Description and Survey Techniques: This site was identified during the course of a 75' interval shovel test of the area. Shovel tests were trowel- sorted and diagnostic materials were retained. Condition arid P;esent Land Use: Forested. Specimerls Obtained and Depository: See Finds List. Art if acts stored with JRIA, Jamestown, Virginia Specinlens Reported and Owners/Addresses: r2:- *' '9. .. VIRGINIA * \ ?\+ 2 DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS &,. -J =q 'kt.*-eg $W @p&- RESEARC'H CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY iuC= ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM sameof site. The Governor ' s Land Site Nurnber- 9%) L 5sY T~~~of sire. Prehistoric culturalafiliation: ~nidentif ied Srntc; Sarional Register Status: USGS Map Reference: SurrY U.T.M. Zone rt3 Easting - 3 3 Northing -Lf123 8i 0 (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) 3wner/Address/Telephone: The W il liamsburg Group,P -0.BOX EJ ,Williamsburg ,VA 23 187 l'enant/Address/Telephone: j~teInformant/Address/Telephorie: Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): Leigh/Luccketti July 1988 James River Institute for Archaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 ;enera1 Environrncrit and Nearest Water Source: Located on a terrace, near a ravine head, approximately 1200' from water. Site Descnptlon and Survey Techni ues: The site was identified during the course of a 75' interval slovel test of the area. Shovel tests were trowel- sorted and diagnostic materials were retained. Condltiorland Prese?t Land Use: The site has been moderately impacted by timbering activltles. Forested. Specimens Obtained and Depositqry: See Finds List. Art if acts stored with JRIA, Jamestown, Virglnia Spec~rnensReported arid Owners/Addresses. VIRGINIA DIVISION QF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCI-IAEOLOGICAE SITE INVENTORY FORM Sameof Site: The Governor ' s Land Site Number: 4 'IJ C 5 5s Type oi Stte Historic Cultural Affiliation: Late C18 - C19 Stars' National Register Status: USGS !Map Reference: SurrY U.T.M. Zone 16 Eating 3372C/O Northing f4123SZO (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical rriap showirlg site boundaries.) wner/Address!Telephone: The Williamsburg Group,P. 0.Box EJ ,Wi lliamsburg ,VA 23 187 Tenant /Address/Telephone: I cite Informant/Address/Telephone: Z C] Q 9 Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation,date): Leigh/Lucckett i July 19 88 CD James River Institute for Archaeology 9 The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 0\ ':neral Erlvironnlznt and Nearest Water Source: c Located on a high terrace above a & P marshland and the James River (approximately 600' from water). Y Dimensions of Site: approximately 100 'x 120 ' te Description and Survey 7kchniques: This site was identified during the course of a 75' interval shovel test of the area. Present are two mounds, two depressions, and a concentration of 19th century artifacts. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic materials were collected. I ondition and Present Land Use: The site area has been impacted by logging activities and is presently forested. E- Specimens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List. Artifacts stored with JRIA, CD Jamestown, Virginia g 8-7 -'necirnens Reported arld Owners/Addresses: &&c- g7 .?$---& VIRGINIA Q 9 ,$ DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS T%[email protected].&? RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY *&-fa&- a+m -9 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Narne of Site: The Governor ' s Land Site Number. -L/ LD L Type of Site: Historic Cultural Affiliation: C19 State,' National Register Status: USGS Map Reference: SurrY I U.T.M. Zone --/8 Easting - 33 72z0 Northing -. q/23410 (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/-relephone: The Williamsburg Group,P .O. Box EJ ,will iamsburg VA 23187 TenantlAddresslTelephone. I Site Informant/Address/Telephone: z -s m Surveyed By (name, address, affhation, date): ~e igh/luccketti July 1988 % James River Institute for Archaeology C The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 General Environrncnt and Nearest Water Source: The site is located on the sloping tip of a point above marshland (approximately 150' from water). Dimensions of Site: approximately 100 ' x 175 Site Description and Survey Techniques: Identified during the course of a 7 5 ' interval shovel test of the area. A mound feature (5' in diameter and 1.2' high) of brick and redeposited subsoil is present. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic materials were collected. Condition and Present Land Use: The site area has been impacted by logging I activities. Forested. v: Specimens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List. Artif acts stored with JRIA, -0 Jamestown, Virginia 5 Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses. ,&? ,&? VIRGINIA ." )&; v, DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS 4, ,tJ ?&*ww: " RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY 4;-% ,+g ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Same of Site. The Governor ' s Land Site Nu~nber:- L14J ( ( 7 i -Type oiSite: Prehistoric Cultural Affhaion: Uniden t i f i ed State,'Yational Register Status: USGS Map Reference: Surry U.T.M. Zone 18 Easting 337Lf00 Northing - 4'2- 3 3 20 (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner~Address/~reiephone:The Williamsburg Group,P .O. Box EJ,~illiamsburg ,VA 23 187 Tenant/Address/Telephone: Site Informant/Address/Telephone: Surveyed By (name, address, affhation, date): Lei gh/Luccketti July 198 8 James River Institute for Archaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 General Environment and Nearest Water Source: Located on a low, sloping tip of point along marshland (approximately 60' from water). Dirnerlsions of Site: approximately 30 ' x 65 ' Site Description and Survey Techniques: Identified during the course of a 75 ' interval shovel test of the area. The site appeared as a modest concentration of debitage and fire-cracked rock. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and debitage was sampled. Condition and Present Land Use: Forested. Specinlens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List. Artif acts stored with JRIA, Jamestown, Virginia Specimens Reporred and Owners/Addresses: -paqDaTTon seM abeqrqap pue paq~os-~amo~qazaM sqsaq TaAoyS 'abeqrqap 30 JaqsnTa paqexqua~uoa e se pazeadde aqrs sryq 'eaxe ayq 30 qsaq TaAoys TeA-IaquT ,SL e 30 asxnon ayq bu~xnppaTrquap1 :sanbprpal./Ca~nspue uo!ldu2saa airs -(~aqe~mozj ,051 L~aq-em~xoxdde)pueTyszeu aaoqe pue auraex buo~e a3ex1a3 jo qurod bu~do~se rro paqe~oy :mnoSJaleM IsaleaN pue ~U~ILIUOJIAUJ lelana3 180~~PTUT~JTA 'u~oqsamep asnoH La~pzea~ay& dbo~oaeynxy203 aqnq-tqsuI 2aA-q samer 8 8 6 7: A~nr ~qqaywnq/ybra~:(a~p 'no!reqyp 'ssalppe 'aur~u)iCg paAaun~ 2' ,,,. - r$)J VIRGINIA - i" DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS $% ;J 08 *k. '5 RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY +\i--& +,,, - -- ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Name of Site: The Governor ' s Land Site Number: A 4. ) c < 9 -- Type of Slte. Prehistoric/Historic Cultural Affiliatiorl: Unidentified, C19 State/ Xational Iiegister Status: USCS Map Reference: Surry U.T.M. Zone (8 Easting ---.- 33699 Northing 4/23V'iO (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) lwner/Address/Telephone: The Will iamsbury Group,P. 0.Box EJ ,Williamsbury ,VA 23 187 ?eriant/Address/Telephone. 5ite Infomant/Address/Telephone: Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): Lei gh/Lucckett i July 198 8 James River Institute for Archaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 -~eneral Erivironmznt and Nearest Water Source: Located on the second terrace above the James River, situated directly above a marsh and lowlands (approximately 300' from water). Dimensions of' Site: approximately 60 x 30 ' Site Description arid Survey Techniques: Identified during the course of a 75 ' shove 1 test of the area. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic materials were collected. The prehistoric component was very small and concentrated. The C19 component was non-domestic. Condition and Present Land Use: Impacted by logging activities. Forested. Specinlens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List. Arti facts stored with JRIA , Jarnestown, Virginia Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH C'ENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Name of Site: The Goyernor ' s Land Site Number: -Type of Site. IIistoric Cultural Affhation: mid State; Sational Register Status: USGS Map Reference: SurrY U.T.M. Zone (B Easting 3 3 7020-- Northing - 4/23700 (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/Telep~1one:The Willi amsburg Group,P .0 .Box EJ ,~i lliamsburg ,VA 2 3 187 Tenant lAddress/Telephone: I Site Info~mant/Address/Telephone: x a vl Surveyed By (name, address, affiation, date): Le igh/Luccketti July 19 8 8 James River Institute for ~rchaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 General Erlvironrnznt and Nearest Water Source: Located on the seond terrace above the James River, near the edge of a long, level finger, bounded on both sides by ravines, approximately 150; from seasonal water. Dimensions of Site. 3 0 x 3 0 ' I Site Description and Survey Techruques: Identified during the course of a 75 ' interval shovel test of the area, the site appeared as two small mounds and a concentration of mid C19 artifacts. Shovel tests were trowel sorted and diagnostic artifacts were collected. Condition and Present Land Use: Heavily impacted by logging activities. Forested. I V: Speci~nerisObtained and Deposilori: See Finds List. Art if acts stored with JRIA , 5 Jamestown, Virginia gd- 2 Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: VIRGINLA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS KESEARC'H CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Name of Site: Site Number: '/Y, C 2 5 -- Land Type of Site: overn nor's Cultural Affiation: State/ ~ational%@$&R&: Undetermined USGS Map Reference: U.l:M. Zone EasAgrry 338 330 Northing YIz3 70 (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showirrg site boundaries.) )wner/Address/Telephone: Tenant/Address/Telephone: ?ite Informant/Address/Telephone: Governor s Land Associates, P .0 . Box EJ Wllliamsburg, Virginia 23187 (804)220-1007 F Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): S James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. The Yeardley House qeneral Environment and Nearest Water our&?^^^^^^^ 7/88-5/90 The site is located near the bottom of a swampy ravine that leads to the James River. It is an elliptical basin surrounding a natural spring. Dimensions of Site: 4' x 6' ite Description and Survey Techniques: The site is a man-made elli~tical basin surrounding a natural spring. ~t was discovered by surface inspection. A fragment of burned bottle glass and a modern tile were collected. Zondition and Present Land Use: Intact feature; to be developed. - Specimens Obtained and Depository: ii; See Finds List, James River Institute for 5 Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). 3 52- pecinierls Reported and Owners/Addresses: c*q% . 2' ;<.. VIRGINIA p +i--% $ DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS $ Y *$+e:2 RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY +-,&,, +-,&,, -9 we- ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM N~~~ of Site: The Governor ' s Land r. Sirc Nu~bcl:_- Yy,' c (12-L '~ypeofsite: Prehistoric hearth Cultural Aff~ation: Archaic(?) State: National Reeter Status: USGS Map Reference: ~CF I U.TM. zone /A Easting - 7-367.0° - Northing - 4/2970 (Attach photocopy of appropriate seaion of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner!Address/Telephone: Tenant/Address/Telephone: The Williamsburg Group,P .0 .BOX EJ, Williamsburg ,VA 2 3 18 7 I Site Informant/Address/Telephone: 3 u0, 9 Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): Leigh/Luccketti July 1988 5 James River Institute for Archaeology The Yeardley House General Environmznt and Nearest Water ourd dame st own I Virginia 2 081 Located on level point of terrace above marshland (approximately 150' from water). Dimensions of Site: approximately 2' x 1' Site Description and Survey Techniques: This site, which was identified during the Course of a 75' shovel test of the area,appeared as a dense cluster of fire-cracked/reddened stones imbedded in the subsoil. Minimal charcoal(f1ecks) survive. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic materials were retained. Condition and Present Land Vse: severely impacted by logging activity, forested. Specimens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List. Artifacts stored with JRIA, Jamestown, Virginia Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: c4,z== VIRGINIA .'. ; ?. - -.j\ b, -< DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS 2~-;? !%*$$LA.g A ,J RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY -c&-- ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM xameof' site: The Governorrs Land Site Number: qCIJ L27 P >pe of site: Prehistoric Cultural Aff~Liation: Unidentified State; National Iie,olster Status: USGS Map Relcrence: Norge U.T.M. zone -!&- Easting 73fi ~Lrc Nonfing 4/2//200 (Attach photocopy of appropriate sectiorl of USGS 7.5 minute series topographcal map showing site boundaries.) ,wner, Address/Telephone: The Wi 11 iamsburg Group,P -0.Box EJ ,Will iamsburg ,VA 2 3 18 7 lenant i Address/lelephone: Cite Infonnane/Address/Telephone: Surveyed By (name, address, affiation, date): Leigh/~uccketti July 19 88 James River ~nstitutefor Archaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23081 reneral Envirorimsnt and Nearest Water Source: Located on level point of terrace above marshland (approximately 120r from water). Dimensions of Site: approximately 5 ' x 7 ite Description and Surve Techniques: The site was located during a 75 ' interval shovel tese of the area. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic materials were retained. ondition and Present Land Use: impacted by logging activity t forested- Specimens Obtained and De ositqry: See Finds List. Artif acts stored with JRIA , Jamestown, &rglnia pecirnens Reported and Owners/Addresses: VIKGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCI-IAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM The Governor ' s Land \arm of Sire: Site Number: -. yc/Jc63/ Still site C20 Type oi Sire: Cultural Affiliation: Stare, Xatlonal Keglster Starus USGS Map Reference: Norge I /. :; U.7:M. Zone Easting . ?Sm0 -- Northing -4&/7~ (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 rninute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) TheWilliamsburgGroup,P.O.Box EJ,Williamsburg,VA 23187 Owrier/Address/Telephone: Tznant /Address!Telehone: Site lniomant/~ddrkss/~ele~hone: Z ~eigh/Luccketti July 1988 Su~e]:edBY (name, address. affiliation, date): J~~~~ ~i~~~ ~~~tit~t~for Archaeology The Yeardley House Jarnestown, Virginia 23081 General Environrnant and Nearest WaterSource: Located on a level terrace approximately 325' frorn a ravine head. No nearby water source. approximately 45' x 45' Dimensions of Site: The site was identified during the course of Site Descd7~3rba?&??~&a~h?&h~e1test of the area. Surface evidence includes : an abundance of barrel bands, 15 "axed" kerosene cans, a 55 gallon drum, an iron pipe, and a pile of brick and coal. Forested. Condition and Present Land Use: NO collection made. Specimens Obtained and Depository: Spec~rr~erirReported and Owners/Addresses ,-7%. +<4,~++Y+.- , 3 VIRGINIA 'r. . <: . DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS & -'- *; 'A ??;t,;lL>L, 2 *i,,/;---.& RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY -+,,--- ARCHAEO1,OGICAL SITE INVENTORY FOIiM hame of Site: The Governor's Land Site Number: Ll YJ 3.p~oi Sire. Historic Cultural Affiliation- C19 Srnrr: National Iisgister Status: USGS Map Reference. Surry U"TMZone -ic? Eating 337330 - . Northing 41.23 7542 -- (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) )wner;AddressjTelepho~le: The Will iamsburg Group,P. 0.Box EJ,Will iarnsburg ,VA 2 3 18 7 lenant lAddress/Telephone: Site lrifornlant/Address/Telephone: Surveyed BY (name, address, affhation,date): Leigh/Luccketti July 198 8 James River Institute for Archaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, ~irginia 23081 General Environmznt and Nearest Water Source: Located on a level terrace above the head of a ravine. No nearby water source. lte Descnprlon and Survey Techmques: The site was identified during the course of a 75' interval shovel test of the area. Shovel tests were trowel- sorted and diagnostic materials were retained. A mound, 7' in diameter and approximately 1.5' high and containing evidence of burning (charcoal and fired clay), is present. Shovel tests beyond perimeter of mound feature failed to yield cultural evidence. "ond~rionandPresentLandUse The site area has been impacted by timbering activities. Forested. bpecimens Obtalrled and Depository: See Finds List . Artifacts stored with JRIA, Jamestown, Virginia \pecimen, Reported and Owners/Addresses: ,c4-<---- cij =&. 7.*.' 2.7 <&. Fa VIRGINIA d 1 !'. , DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS $4 ,. -J 3 y; %;33;V&' RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEO1,OGY -2 - --.%A‘5?- ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM sameof site: The Governor ' s Land Site Number. _-%C63 q :. T~peo(Stre Multi-component Cultural Affillatlon. Unidentif ied Prehistoric, C18, C19 St'lre Uatlonal Regster Status LSGS >lCipReference. Surry 1- U.T M. one -&.-Eastirig 3.373&3 Northing Y/L?1'53 (Atrach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical rnap showing site boundxies.) 0i5ner,Address!Telephone: The Williamsbury Group,P. 0. Box EJ,Wi lliamsbury ,VA 2 3 187 Tenanti Address/Telephone. I Site Infomant/Address/Teleptlor~e. zr: Surveyed By (name, address, af'idiation, date): Leigh/Luccketti July 198 8 James River Institute for Archaeology The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virqinia- 23081 General Environniznt and Nearest Water Source: Located on the brink of a high terrace above a marshland and the James River, approximately 300' from water. Slte Dt.scnptlon and Survey Techni ues: Identified during the course of a 75 ' interval shovel test of &e area, three distinct artifact clusters showed up within this site area: limited activity prehistoric, C18, and early C19. Also located within this site area is a probable well feature. Shovel tests were trowel-sorted and diagnostic materials were collected. Condlrlonand Present Land Use. Moderately impacted by logging activities. Forested. v: Specimens Obtained and Depositqry: See Finds List. Artifacts stored with JRIA , E Jamestown, Virylnia zC 3z 7 Specir~iensReponed and Owners/Addresses- A??%& z+; z+; , *$: +- VIRGINIA !y 3 DIVISION OF I-IISTORICLANDMARKS =J/ $>.lp- +-s&2 RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVEN'I'ORY FORM Narne of Site: Governpr'Land Site Number: .%A_= 6 Type of Site: ~i~~~~i~ State/ National Re9ster Status: USGS Map Reference: SUrry U.T.M. Zone Easting 33q 400 Northing 4/23 LGkZ.- 210 (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 rninute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Iwner/Address/lelept~one: Governorls Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ Tenant/Address/Telephone: Williamsburg, ~irginia23187 (804)220-1007 Tire Infomarit/Address/Telephone: The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23801 ;enera1 Environmznt and Nearest Water Source: site is located near the western of a forested hill that rises from the wetlands between the James River and the second terrace. The site is 70' from the James River. Dimersions of Site ca . 100' x 100' jite and The site was 1ocated during a metal detector survey. A moderate scatter of wrought nails defined the site's perimeters. No specimens were collected. Coriditiori and Present Larid Use: Forest , to be developed Specirrieris Obtained and Depository: See Finds List, James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM . . Kame of S~te:G~~~~~~~ I ~~~d Site Number: --- 5peof Site: ~i~t~~i~Culiural Affi1iatio:i: Early 1-7~ State/ National Re5ster Status. I USGS Map Refererice: surry U.T.M. Zone 18 Eastirig - Northing 4/2319C (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographcai map stlowing site boundaries.) C)wrier/Address/Telephone. Governor's Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ Tenant/Address/Telephone: Williamsburg, ~irginia23187 (804)220-1007 I Site Ir~fonnant/Address,'7elephone: x C, -0 E d CD (name, address, affiliation, date): James ~i~~~ Institute for Archaeology, Inc - -0 The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23801 5/90 r/\ P The site is located on a forested hill c denera1 Environment and Nearest Water Source: A that rises from the wetlands between the James River and the second E terrace. Three narrow fingers of land extend into the marsh east -C of the hill. The site rests on the middle one, 200' west of the water beyond its tip. Dimersions of Site: ca. 1 5 1 I Site and -rechfiques: The site was located during a metal detector survey. It was manifested by a moderate scatter of artifacts which included several wrought nails, a piece of lead shot and a lead bandolier cap. Condition and Present Land Use. Forest, to be developed 'pecimens Obta_lnedand See ~i~d~List, James ~iv~~ Insti tute for Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). Specimens Reporred and Owness/Addresses. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCI-IAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Sameof Sire Goverr;lorrs Land Site Number: 3-YJ L<6Y- T)pe of S~te: ~i~t~~i~Cultural Affiliation: 19th Century State! Nationd Regstet Status: USGS Map Reference: Surry I U.T.M.Zone -IF)Easting .q'35730 Northing - 4123zlo---- (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topogaphical map showing site boundaries.) OwneriAddress/ lelephone: Governor's Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ Tenant/Address!Telepklone: Williarnsburg, Virginia 23187 (804)220-1007 Site Irfonnant /Address/Telephone: 6 Surveyed BY (name, address, affLhtion, date): James River ~~~titutefor Archaeology, InC . 2 The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23801 5\90 1 Gerieral Environrncrlt and Nearest Water Source. The site is located on low ground at the south edge of a forested island that rises from the wetlands between the James River and the second terrace. The site is adjacent to the marsh. Dirnensions of Site: ca. Site and Techniques: The site was located during a metal detector survey. It was manifested by a light scatter of cut nails and cut spikes. No specimens were collected. Condition and Present Land Use: Forest, to be developed Specinlens Obtairled and Depository: See Finds List , James River Inst itute for Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses" VIRGINIA S :k- is,3 DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY \2.Q~&2-39 .r ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM harnc. of'Sire ~overn~r's Land Site Number: -4.s5-.-- -Ij.pe of' Site: Historic Cultural Affiliation: 18 c - 2 () c Stare: Sarion31 Register Status- LSGS Map Reference: Surry U.T M. zone -!.&- Easting 3610 Northing LflZZo 'Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topograptlical map showirlg site boundaries.) 0~~11er;Address/Telephone: Governor's Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ Tenant/Address/Teiephone: Williamsburg, Virginia 23187 (804)220-1007 5ite Infon~iant/Address/Telephone: P luneyed By (name, address, affiliation. date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc . The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23801 5/90 General Environrncnt and Nearest Water Source: The is located on a high ridge on a forested island that rises from the marshland between the James River and the second terrace. The site is 175' from water. Dimerisions of' Site: ca . 175 I 100 I Descn~tiorland Techniques- The site was located during a metal detector survey. It was manifested by a heavy scatter of artifacts. Most of the specimens observed date near the turn of the 20th century, but earlier artifacts, including an 18th-century harness boss, suggest the site may contain an 18th or early 19th century com onent. Condition anfiresent Land Use: Forest, to be developed Specirnens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List, James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). Specirriens Reported and Owners/Addresses VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Xlirne ot Site Governpr s Land Site Number" G/4.I C,S6 6 - 2pe of Slte Historic Cultural Affiliation: 17C-18C Statel Sarional Register Status: USGS Map Reference: Surry U.T.M. Zone Easting 335'780 Northing 4/23 -- (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of' USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/Telephone: Governor's Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ Tenant/Address/-Telephone: Williamsburg, Virginia 23187 (804)220-1007 Site I nfonnant/Address,'Telephone: d C1 Surveyed BY (name, address, affiliaion, date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. 2 The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23801 5/90 General Environment and Nearest Watersource: ~h~ site is located on a gentle rise on a forested island that rises from the marshland between the James River and the second terrace. The site is 200' from water. Dirnens~onsof Site ca. 125 150 J SiteDescn~tionandSurve~Techniques: The site was located during a shovel test conducted at 75' intervals and augmented by metal detection. The site was manifested by a moderate scatter of 17C and early 18C artifacts. Condition and Present Land Use: ~~~~~t,to be developed Obtlned and See ~indsList , James River Irlstitute for Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). Specirnerls Reported and Owners/Addresses. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF IIISTOKIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Name of Site: Site Number: lIL/.JC 6 2 9 .- Governor's Land Type ot S~te. Cultural Affiliation. Prehistoric Paleo-Indian(?) State; National Register Status: USGS Map Reference: Surry - /Lhy U.T. M. one Easting - 333770 Northing 5'/2+2dd (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical rrlap showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/Telephone: Tenarit/Address/?'elephone: Governor's Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ I SiteI~onnant~Addr~s~~e~ep~one:Williamsburg, Virginia 23187 (804)220-1007 3 C, -u I/, Surveyed By (name, address, affhation, date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. -?i- The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23801 7/88-5/90 General Environment and Nearest Water Source: The site is located on a level, fallow terrace, 400' inland from the Chickahominy River. Dimensions of Site: Undetermined S~teDescription and Survey Techniques: The site was located by shovel testing of a fallow field, conducted at 75' intervals. A fragment of a Clovis point, debitage and fire-cracked rock were recovered from the trowel-sorted soil of a single shovel test. v: Cond~t~onand Present Land Use: Fallow field; to be developed. i Specirriens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List, James River Institute for L. Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). B Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: &=x&%+ .a: . k- 4 VIRGINIA LIZ. j DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS &k -J '!&:y.e: -J *L"-+..**q-4 RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY -A&X ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Name of S~teGoverrfor s Land Site Number: YL/J1630 - 7ype of S~te Histor-ic Cultural Affihation L17C or El 8C ( ? ) Starei National Register Status: USGS Map Reference: Surry U. TM. Zorie & Earring - ,?.3266~' Northing 4/23i~) ---- (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) OwneriAddress/Telephone: Governor's Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ Tenant/Address/Telephone: Williamsburg, Virginia 23187 (804)220-1007 S~teInforrnant/Address; Telephone: .-,x.- 3 m d Surveyed By (name. address, af'filiation, date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc . o The Yeardley House 0 Jarnestown, Virginia 23801 5/90 I senera1 Er~vironrnzntand Nearest Water Source: The site is located on the south edge of a forested hill that rises from the wetlands between the James A River and the second terrace. The site is adjacent to the James River. Dimensions of Site: ca . 50 in diameter 5ite Description and Survey Techniques: Shovel tests augmented by metal detect ion located a light scatter of wrought nails and iron and lead objects as well as an aboriginal potsherd. The site may be an extension of an adjacent, previously identified site. Xondition arid Present Land Use: Forest, to be developed I SpecirnensObtained and Depository: See Finds List, James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). ;pec~rnensReported and Owners/Addresses: VIRGINIA f "pL 3 DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS +..+-' afl x#~~~'J-& RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM ?S-- Name of Site: Governor s Land Site Number: Tvpe ot Site. Prehistoric, Historic Cultur a1 Affiliation:Prehistoric, Historic Stare; Xacional Register Status: USGS Map Reference: Surry u T. M. ~orie--& asri rig --.33,7cc Northing ---4 1 3 5 7G--- (t~ttachphotocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 rninute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) wner: Address/ Telephone: Governor's Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ rianr/ Address/ Telephone: Williamsburg, Virginia 231.87 (804)220-1007 Site Informant/Address/Telephone: Surveyed By (name, address, affhation, date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. 8 The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23801 Gsner a1 Environmcrit and Nearest Water Source: The site is located on a rollirig swell 0\ above a low drainage area, approximately 125' from a marsh along C the James River. h li~rnensionsof Site: ca. 50' x 40' :e Description and Survey Techniques: This discrete cluster of nails and iron was located during a shovel test of a fallow field. The test was conducted at 75' intervals and augmented by metal detection. Diagnostic materials were retained. xditlor1 and Pr eserit Land Use: Agricultural (fallow); will be developed. E- ~pecirnensObtained and Depository: See Finds List, James River Institute for 3CD Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). %--I inecimens Reported and Owriers/Addresses: VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HlSTOHIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCI-LAEOLOGY ARCHAEO1,OGICAL SITE INVEN'I'ORY FORM Site Number: YYJC~3 Name of Site: Goverpor ' s Land 'Type of Site: Historic Cultural Affiiation: Historic State/ National Regster Status: USGS Map Reference: Surry U.T. M. Zone -.!&- Easting --33q c( lo -- Northing 4123740 (Attach photocopy of appropriate sec~ionof USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/Telephone: Governor's Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ Tenant/ Address/ Telephone: Williamsburg, virginia Site Informant/Address/Telephone: 23187 (804)220-1007 CAzr Surveyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. The Yeardley House Jamestown, Virginia 23801 5/90 Seneral Environment and Nearest Water Source: The site is located on the brink of the Cn second terrace above the Chickahominy River. Water is C approximately 375' distant. Dimensions of Site: ca. 75' x 75' Site Description arid Survey ~I'echniques: The site was located by surface inspection of a weed-covered fallow field. It appears as a discrete, identifiable concentration of brick fragments. I Condition and Present Laid Use: Agricultural (fallow); will be developed. V: - Specimens Obtained and Depository: 0 See Finds List, James River Institute for cZ Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). ~4 %-l Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: VIRGINIA Sc DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS y2 RESEARCH CXNTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Site Nurnber: -3JC 6-3K Name of Site: Governor t Land Type of Site: Cultural Affiliation: Historic L19C-E20C State/ Natiorial Register Status: USGS Map Reference: Surry - U.T.M. Zone -!aEasting --- s&130 .- Northing 380 '6 .ach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS~.~minute series topographical ~napshowing site boundaries.) 3 oer/Address/~Telephone: Ti Governor's Land Associates, P.O. Box EJ ~nt/Address/Telephone: Williamsburg, Virginia 23187 (804)220-1007 he Infor~nant/Address/Telephone: in d (D )lii /eyed By (name, address, affiliation, date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. 2 The Yeardley House I Jamestown, Virginia 23801 5/90 I ~erieralErivironment and Nearest Water Source: The site is located on a narrow finger of land that points eastward from a forested island that rises from the marshland between the James River and the second terrace. The site is 50' from water. )i..,:nsions of Site: ca. 50' x 100' .t Jescnprion and Survey Txhniques: The site was located during a metal detector survey. It was manifested by a moderate scatter of cut nails, wire nails and chunks of iron. It may be related to timbering activity. ~nditionand Present Land Use: Forest, to be developed u,-. )i mens Obtained and Depository: See Finds List, James River Institute for z6.- Archaeology, Inc. (same address as above). d- % -7 :cimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY SITE SURVEY FORM T\ pL! ot \ltC Cultural ~tfil~at~o~i Lithic sc: tter Prehistoric hlap refcrencc: 3wry USGS 7-2' Quad .. L;~titudc 0 " north. Longitude o west. U.T.M. Zone -Eastitig Nortliitig (or distalice from printed edge of map: bottom edge -: right edge -) Owller/address:Htlsrison and Lear Inc., Tower Box 56, 2101 Zxecutive Dr. IIewport 1,ier.is Vd Tenantladdress: 11. and J. IIofmefer, Tomahund Plantation, Charles Cibj, VA Att~tudetoward investigatroti: excellent Infortiiant/address T. Re Reinhat, J. 3. Surinkle, Jr. Date: surinif 1981 surroutldings.~oc,?.tedon snzll flood plain adjacent to James Riverjus t west of Shellbank Creelc bearest water: nature, direction and distance: see above Dimension of site: whom I z Description: depth, soil, collecting conditions: -face scatteruas erlcountered during SIst~~ticu0 s'riovel testing as a pxt of a forest survey, Specimens collected: kinds, quantities. materials: quutzite fl&es Spec~nicnsreported. owlicrs. addres5De3=bE nt of ht;'mopo logy, College of ilillim adkljry 1 Other ducu~nc~itat~urircports. liistorlcal data. Ilene I Recommendations: Shovel testing for potential kried surf xes. Photo :;Io Map~~orie ~ecordedbey. Date: J. H. Ssrinkle, Jr. 2-20-34 (Use reverse side of sheet atid additional pages for sketches of site and artifacts) VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY SITE SURVEY FORM ('ultural ~l'fil~;lt~on. T\l'C of \ltc Domestic 3esid nce xistoric,Iq thC. hlap retkrelicc. USGS 7;'- mF~ -? >u !uld L~ltititdc (I " north. Longitude o " west. 1l.T.M. Zone -Eastiltg Northing (or distalice from printed edge of Inap: bottom edge -I right edge -) Owner/~lddress:~~~risonsnd Le -2 Inc,, Tower Box 66, 2131 Zkecutive Drive, Jev~ortljeirs VA Tena~lt/address~.ad J. Fiofmeyer, Tonzhund Plantation, Cbles City, VA Att~tudetoward lnvest~gatlon: 11itor~nant/address. Date. Surveyed by.T. R. Iieinhzrt, J. A. Sgrinkle, Jr. Sgjng, 1983 Gelteral surrou~tdi~igs Site is on a nxrow point of lad wnich sticks out into the s.~mps located tiest of Shellbank Crze'x alnong the James Kiver. 'i'he Jsea is wooded. Kearest water: nature, direction and distance: s?rmps -sound ad tk Janes Xver is less than .25 miles due south. Dimension of site: unhom 3: Description: depth, soil. collecting conditions: pur~osive shovel tes ting in a relatively 0 -a open zrea on the crest of the point of land revealed a deep plo:~ zone and axtifacts. Zr (D 3 Specimens collected: kinds, quantities. materials: I9thC. stoneware ~ydirons tone. Spec~mensreported. owlicrs. address 3,2x. t;ilalt of kintkrogolo,T, College of iiilliam and riary Otlirr ducr~~nc~it~t~u~treports. 111stor1c;lIdata 1 Recommelidatlons Shovel testing to loc_.te subsurfzce features Photo ilone Map iIone Recorded bv Date: J, H. Sprmkle, Jr, 2-20-84 (Use reverse side of sheet and additional pages for sketches of site and artifacts) VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY SITE SURVEY FORM Site ~iumber. L( 3L ,322, Nanir of s~trN one (GL20) Y 7'vpc' ot' \itr bmestic Hesiderice Latitude (I " north. Longitude o " west. I1.T.M. Zone -Easting Norti~itig (or distance from printed edge of map: bottom edge -: right edge -) Ownerladdress: Hurison md bear, Inc,, Tower Eox 66, 210 1 Zxecutive Dr., i1Jevrport iJews Tenantladdress"IJ. & J. Fofmeyer, Tomahund Plantation, Charles Cibj, 7a Attttttde toward lnvest~gat~on:excellent Infr)rma~itladdress. Surveyed by. Date. T-R. Reinhart, J. H, Sprinkle Spring, 1961 Getieral surroulldltlgs Forest, site is located on a high rid e of land overlooking e small creek to the west; of %ellbanll Creek on the fames Kearest water: nature, direction and distance: Intermi ttant st;rem is 10 several hunbed feet to the vest of the site and downslo?e from it. 'I'he Jmes River is less thm -25 mi- due sou+ Dlrnens~ono?~te:Site consists of extant trailer and associated frmed structrrre ~~rhichis / in disre3air (poba'ole ,louse) Description: depth, soil, collecting conditions: none Specimens collected: kinds, quantities. materials: none Specimens reported. owticrs. address: Otlier duculnclitat~u~l rcports. hlstorlcal data Photo None Map. None Recorded bv. Date: J, R, 3 rinkle 11-29-83 (Use reverse side of sheet and additional pages for sketches of site and artifacts) 435 VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY SITE SURVEY FORM ~Pbl"] Natllr of site: None (~~23) hlap rctkrcncc. Surry VSGS 74' pad L.rtitude (I " north. Longitude o " west. Cl T.M. Zone -Eusting Nortllirlg (01 distatlce from printed cdge of map: bottom edge : right edge -) Ow~~erlrddress~~~~~~and L~~,kc., Tower Box 66, 2101 Executive Dr., ilew-+art iJel,ls Tetlmt'addresr. A. J. Bofrneyer, Tomdiund Platation, Charles City, Va Attitude toward ttlvesyd. tgdt~on: Infi~rtnat~tladdress: excellent Surveyed by: T. R. Reinhzrt, J. H. Sprinkle, Jr. Date: Spring, 1983 P sltrroutlditlgs. Forest. Located near tip of ridge overlooking mall floodplain to Jmes River about .25 miles upriver from the mouth of Shellbank creek. hearest Water: nature, direction and distance: James River is less than 100yda. due south. Dimension of site: Unknown cellar feature is about 4' deep I Description: depth, soil, collecting conditions: Site consis cs u,t-31-l hidden cell= feature Io u aid associated brick fall/concentration. &lb -flowers also seen ne -r U~E. V, J Shovel tests revealed grezter than 18" A-hori :on nex house site. -rQ I Specimens collected: kinds, quantities. materials: 1.Sone. Only ckligs 0 f brick were fould in shovel tests. Specimens reported. owners. address: Depahnent of Aiitkro~olo,~,College of I'lillian and ~b.yj I Other docurnc~~tat~oti:reports. .historical data: H~~~~ ao_ue,?sson john 11. knnI ~h~ IIjames ~i~~~ from College Creek" and on Anon 1908 "Jaaes gver, Point of Shoals to Smdy Point". House j sholm -!!it11 ?lowed fields and fenced in area. Also on lp1'7 USGS 2~1zci:$lap. rn --. - ('o~idrtron cro,lo~i. cultrv~trur~.eucav,~ttotl. co~ihtt uctlon ID z- 3 -dz Recornmetidatrorls kclmen@ ~ese~xchad arch~eologlcaltestirg si:ould be done to evaluate 70 ten~izlsignif icmce. Photo -To Map ilone j, H. j,Jr. Date 2 23-04 (Use reverse side of sheet and additional pages for sketches of site and artifacts) VIRGINIA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Narrleof'Site: Governor's Land Site Number. 44,11:3?3 P Type of Site: H i s tor i c Cultural Affiliation: 1 9 C State/ National Regster Status: USGS Map Reference: S u r r y U.T.M. Zone Easting - - Northmg (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) Owner/Address/*l'elephone: Williamsburg Group, P.O. Box EJ, Williamsburg VA Tenant/ Address/ Telephone: I Site Informant/Address/ Telephone: 9' 9 SurveyedBy(nme7addrrss7affIliation9date): James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. 8 The Yeardley House, Jamestown VA; 7/88 General Environment and Nearest Water Source: h i i 1 a d a tl i h t a e 250' north of the James River. Dimensions of Site: A pro 80' by 1 2 5 I Site Description and Survey Techniques: s 11 0 v e 1 t es t s at 75 ' i n t er v a 1s r ev ea 1 e d a scatter of 19C artifacts, surrounding a deep circular feature (ice house or well?) and a mound of brick rubble previously recorded as 44JC323. COnditionandPresentLandUse: Mi nimal ly di sturbued by 1oggi ng; forested; to be developed S~~clmensObtainedandDe~ositor~:See attached finds 1 ist; JRIA, ~nc.at the above address Specimens Reported and Owners/Addresses: FOR VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER ARCHAEOLOGY 437 SITE SURVEY FORM Name of site ;ione (GI-24) Site number qq 3;TC '32Y Cultural al'filiatioli. sistoric 9Lk c bl . 20 thC . L;~tittrdc 11 " north. Longitude o " west. C1.T.M. Zone -Easting Nortl~irig (or distance from printed edge of map: bottom edge -: right edge -1 Ownerladdress: Hmrison md Lear, Inc., Tower Zox 66, 2701 Zxecutive Dr., iiess?ort L~E~S Tenantladdress. 11. and J. Eof~qeyer, il~rncLhmd?lmtation, Chules City, Va. Att~tudetoward rnvrst~gatlon:excellent I nl or~iiant/address. Surveyed by. Date. 9. R. Reinhxt, IJ. H. sprinkle, Jr. Soring, 1983 General surrou11di1igs Forest. Si te-is loczted on ,-ently sloping. 3lateau with inxenittant strems to the north and east which flow into Shellbak Creek. Kearest water: nature, direction and distance: streas ae 50-1001 to the north, with Lhe James Eiver z..b ut less than .25 miles due south. Dimension of s~te:wo:.m I 2z Description: depth, soil, collecting conditions: For :st csndi tions prohlbi uzci surface col lect-211, Y -3 howev~rseveral feztui-es were visi'ule above gr,und, including a well he& and ~IJO V) cernent str~~cturesloczted close to the stream, in .d,i tion, cind~r-blockf dundation footings were fsund in a house-like pattern. - I Specimens collected: kinds, quantities. materials: 19 ad 20 thC, ccrafiics f 3und .kin shovel tests. _i Otlier ductlrnc~~tat~u~~rcports. h~stor~caldata ;jone Recornmendatlons Histori cd reseuch for ?ossibie si~~ificace rie~exiinction Photo. !Tone Map A'J one Recorded b!f. J. H, Sr~rinkle,Jr. Date 2-20-84 (Use reverse side of sheet and additional pages for sketches of site and artifacts) I VIRGINIA RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY SITE SURVEY FORM Na111r ufsitc: $Tone (~~625) Site t~umber: YqxC 3a5 Ty~wof sitc: Industrial Cult ural al'fili9tiotl:19-20thC. hlap rcfcrcncc: 1iTorge USGS 7.2' (Quad r. L;itit\~dc o " north. Longitude o " wcst. 1J.T.M. Zone -Easting Nortliing (or distance from printed cdge of nap: bottom edge -: right edge -) Owllcr/rddress: Harrison adLear, kc., Tower %x 66, 2101 Ececutive Ilr., levport News Tenantladdress: N & J Hofmeyer, Tomahund Plantation, Charles City, Va Attitude toward i~~vestigatio~lexcellent Infc~rmantladdress: Hofmeyers Surveyed by: .I-.E. Sprinkle, and T. R, Reinhazt Date: spring, 1383 General surroundings: Site is located adjacent to a grotmover road which at one time -C- connected to the xoute 5. searest water: nature, directioll and distallce: Chickahominy River greater than 2 miles due west. i' 1 Dimension of site: unlcnown, several standing structures remain I Description: depth, soil, collecting conditions: none Specimens collected: kinds, quantities. materials: none Specimens reported. owners. address: none I Other ducumcntlrtioa: rcpurts. .I~istoricaIdata: Informants indicated that this cluster of build-s served as the C -.nomy store and stro~efacilities for the logging o :yeration thzt once occured on the property. '&is site is associz-lied vith GL16 ~hichva.; the sxw i mill site in the timber oaperztion. -?? ('tilidit ion: trosiot~.ci~ltiv~tiu~i. exc~viltiu~l. CUIIS~~~IC~~~II o Z 7- 3 a- -n, Recommendations: Iiisi;orical survey to deterinine possible sie;riific3nce of logging o,?erltior-. to stzte or 10~21k?isi;oly. Photo::: Map:l\ione -7- Date: 2--20-84 -I- b (Use reverse side of sheet a~ldadditiolial pages for sketches of site and artifacts) VIRGINIA 2f: DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDMARKS Y2 RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM NarneofSite. Goverrior's Land Site Number: 4X2-.--. Historic, industrial Cultural Affiliation: Statel National Regster Status: USCS Map Reference: ,,, U.1: M. Zone --.18Easting 3367 2 0 -- Northmg - 413476Q-- (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 rninute series topographical map showing site boundaries.) ..vnerlAddress/Telephone: Williamsburg Group, P.O. Box EJ, Williamsbury VA Tenant /Address/ Telephone: I te Irlfonnant/Address/'Telephone: Z W -a !+ C.lrveyedBy(name,address,af'filiation,dare): James River Institute for Archaeology, Iric. 8 T e Yeardley House, Jamestown VA 23081; 10/88 I :neralEnvironmerltandNea~estWaterSource: The site is located south of the iritersecti Rts. 5 and 613, over 2 miles east of ttie Chickahominy River >lee Desc~lptionand Survey Techniques: Stiovel tests at 75' intervals revealed that the site previously recorded as 44JC325 and identified as "The Company ore arid Stroage (sic) Facilities" for a logging operation also itncorporates waster piles from the 20C "Jamestowne Col lony Pottery" and a ZOC trash dump. that includes redeposited prehistoric, 17C and 18C :I terials mdition and Present Land UX: F t ed ; t b e de e1 pe d - 6 qxcirnensObtainedandDe~ositOr~: See attached finds list: JRIA, Inc. at above dress 3 3-I ~ecimensReported and Owners/Addresses VIRGINLA DIVISION OF HISTORIC LANDlMARKS RESEARCH CENTER FOR ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICM, SITE INVENTORY FORM Name of Site: K2- 3 Site Number: ?~eofSite: Industrial CulturalAffiaion: Historic unknown State1National Register Status: USGS Map Reference: Su r ry , V a U.T M. Zone 18 Easting 3 3 6 -07 3 Northing 4.123.3411 (Attach photocopy of appropriate section of USGS 7.5 minute series topographcal map showing site boundaries.) Owner1Address/ Telephone: The Governors land Attn. Lewis Howes Tenant /Address/ Telephone: 133 Kings~ayMa1 1, Hanpton, Va. 23563 Site Infomant/Address/ Telephone: Surveyed By (name, address, affliiation, date): VCU Archaeological Research Center IS14 L-1. lain St. Richmond Va. General Environment and Nearest Water Source: Site is situated on the edge of a upland terrace at the headwaters of an unnamsd first order stream. Dimensions of Site: 5 0 ft x 5 Oft Site DescriptionandSurvey Txhniques: Site was identified by large amorphous crater like distubances visible from on the surface. Depths averaged 3 to 5ft. Shovsl tests in and around the craters yielded only slag, Srick fragments, and mortar. Conditionand Present LandUse: Mature Hardwood forest Specirnem Obtained and Depository: 1 unidenti fied :netal slag not collect2d brick mortar not collected Specimens Reported and Owners i Addresses: