JOHN BANKHEAD MAGRUDER AND THE DEFENSE OF THE VIRGINIA PENINSULA 1861-1862 by Leonard W. Riedel, Jr. B.S. May 1975, Virginia Military Institute A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS HISTORY OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August, 1991 ADDroved bv: Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Leonard W. Riedel, J r., 1991 All Rights Reserved ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT JOHN BANKHEAD MAGRUDER AND THE DEFENSE OF THE VIRGINIA PENINSULA 1861-1862 Leonard W. Riedel, Jr. Old Dominion University Director: Dr. Harold Wilson The v ia b ility of the Confederacy depended on its a b ility to organize a government and m ilitary defense force. Two early concerns were the operation of Gosport Naval Shipyard and protection of the Confederate capital at Richmond. Poised between them was Fortress Monroe. With undisputed Union mastery of the Chesapeake Bay, Fortress Monroe was a constant reminder of the tentative security of these critic a l points. The man chosen to protect the Peninsula was Virginian, John Bankhead Magruder. Less than one year later, his efforts were denigrated by Commanding General Joseph E. Johnston who wanted to pursue his own strategic plan. Under constant stress, Magruder performed with alacrity. Although the Peninsula was evacuated in May 1862, Magruder did an admirable job of defense. Magruder’s place in history has been discolored by perceived b attlefield failures at Savage’ s Station and Malvern H ill. These are an unfortunate footnote to an otherwise solid m ilitary career. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION To Pamela without whom I would not have had the strength. Deo Gratias. To my parents, Janet and B ill Riedel, who believed enough and sacrificed to send me to one of the nation’ s best undergraduate schools, Virginia Military Institute. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper culminates over four years of graduate study and would not have been possible without the help of some special people. First, I would like to thank my Chairperson, Dr. Harold Wilson for his valuable counsel and constructive criticism. I also appreciate the intellectual challenges from my other two committee members, Dr. Will Frank and Dr. Peter Stewart. The classes I took with them were invaluable to my preparations. I would also like to thank my Air Force colleagues for their support and encouragement. When the chips were down, they gave me the latitude to do what needed to be done, so to Colonel Rader, Charles Grube, Gerald Garrett, Rick Aiken, Wayne Smith, Joe Schwartzott and Tommy Fulfer my heartfelt thanks. I am indebted to Mary Dix of the Jefferson Davis Papers project at R1ce University, for leads on Magruder’ s correspondence at the University of Texas and University of Miami in Ohio. Thanks are also due to M1ke Meir at the National Archives for his assistance in locating the Chilton Court of Inquiry. I would also like to thank the following people for opening their resources to me: Guy Swanson at the Museum of the Confederacy, Mike Cobb at the Hampton Fine Arts Society, David Johnson at Fort Monroe, Jim Haskett at Yorktown National Park, and Arthur LaBonte at the War Memorial Museum. To countless other staffers at various locations, thanks. In the end i t boiled down to pen and paper, lots of late nights, and many weekends. I gratefully acknowledge my wife Dr. Pamela Buckner Riedel for her c ritical eye and constructive comments. We’ve done it! For Nancy Ransome, my friend and typist, words are inadequate. Nan slugged through horrid penmanship and countless revisions to make this the best i t could be. Nan responded to panicky phone calls and unreasonable deadlines with evangelical zeal and got i t right the firs t time! Any imperfections in this document are due to my own inadequacies. Nan—thanks so very much. i i i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................ v Chapter 1. SETTING THE STAGE .......................................................... 1 2. BASKING IN THE LIMELIGHT ............................................... 25 3. THE CALM BEFORE THE STORM........................................... 67 4. CENTER STAGE ................................................................. 99 5. DEPORTED?......................................................................... 130 6. SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT ....................................... 149 WORKS CITED................................................................................... 163 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Map of Vicinity of Big Bethel from The O fficial Military Atlas of the Civil War Map 2, Plate 18 . 19 2. Map of the Battlefield of Big Bethel from The O fficial M ilitary Atlas of the Civ! War Map 4, Plate 6 1 ............................................................................. 22 3. Map of Virginia Peninsula from The O fficial Military Atlas of the Civil War. Plate 16 ................... 29 4. James River Environment Adapted from Mu!berrv Island During the Civil War ............................................. 31 5. Map of Lower Peninsula from "Civil War Times Illustrated" Magazine, Feb 79, page 8 .......................... 64 6. Map of Northeastern North Carolina from "Blue and Gray" Magazine, May 88, pp 12-13 ...................................... 101 7. Map of Yorktown Fortifications from The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War. Map 1, plate 15 . 156 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER 1 SETTING THE STAGE The American Civil War helped establish a national identity uniquely American. The internal struggle had international ramifications and when i t was over the American way of lif e was enhanced. Some populists have presented the war as a good versus bad confrontation with heroes and villains. The war is frequently represented as having been fought by amateurs; this was a misleading representation. The leaders and senior officers in the Civil War were generally graduates of m ilitary institutions. Many officers had fought in the Mexican War and some had over 30 years m ilitary service. When the country began to fragment the old Union army was in turmoil. One of the "career" officers caught in limbo was Virginian, Lieutenant Colonel John Bankhead Magruder. Magruder was born in 1807 in Front Royal, Virginia and was one of eight children. He pursued a college education for one year as a member of the firs t class to attend the University of Virginia but transferred to the United States M ilitary Academy at West Point.1 Cadet Magruder achieved academic success in the class of 1830. A 1Thomas M. Settles, "The M ilitary Career of John Bankhead Magruder" (Ph.D. diss., Texas Christian University, 1972), 2-5. 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. cadet captain, he ranked 15th In academics but near the bottom In discipline. It may have been this later distinction which raised his v is ib ility with some prominent members of the class of 1829, like Robert E. Lee, who graduated 2d without a demerit and Joseph E. Johnston, who graduated 13th. Two years senior to Magruder In the class of 1828 was Jefferson F. Davis. One year after graduation in 1831, Magruder married a prominent Baltimore socialite, Henrietta Von Kapff. He fathered three children but frequent remote assignments estranged him from his family and in 1850 Henrietta moved to Europe with their children. Magruder visited infrequently, once going five years without seeing them; consequently, he lived his own lif e and many people believed he was unmarried.2 Magruder’ s m ilitary career was a progression of unmemorable assignments with a single promotion to fir s t lieutenant in 1836. At the start of the Mexican War in 1846, he was the senior lieutenant in the army. Since he lived alone, he frequently courted society and earned a reputation as a bon vivant. Regular attendance at parties, flashy dress, and an engaging personality earned him the flatterin g sobriquet "Prince John." Magruder was a typical member of the southern gentry; he entertained frequently and often drank to excess. Many people told exaggerated stories concerning Magruder’ s supposed bouts with alcohol. Some stories originated with Magruder himself and seemed to feed a 2Ib id ., 22. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. legend that he was not adverse to accepting.3 Magruder had a pronounced lisp and his fractured speech could have easily been mistaken as a sign of intoxication.4 Magruder’ s strong performance as an a rtille ry officer in the Mexican War earned him two brevet promotions beyond the captaincy which he received in 1846. He rose to major at Cerro Gordo and attained a lieutenant colonelcy after the capture of Mexico City. His sparkling performance resulted in the State of Virginia presenting him a gold sword.5 Magruder’s