new, substantial houses were built in the local area. local the in built were houses substantial new,

runaway slaves, slaves, runaway

Rebuilding” occurred throughout Virginia and some some and Virginia throughout occurred Rebuilding”

wouldn’t return return wouldn’t

new nation strengthened and took hold. A “Great “Great A hold. took and strengthened nation new

announced that he he that announced

After a period of stagnation, the economy of the the of economy the stagnation, of period a After

F. Butler Butler F.

General Benjamin Benjamin General

some buildings. some

Union Army Army Union

at Jamestown, where they looted and damaged damaged and looted they where Jamestown, at

Proclamation, Proclamation,

landed on the Peninsula. They also came ashore ashore came also They Peninsula. the on landed

Emancipation Emancipation

Martha W. McCartney, Jody Puckett, and Dave Purschwitz. Purschwitz. Dave and Puckett, Jody McCartney, W. Martha influence. During the War of 1812, British invaders invaders British 1812, of War the During influence.

Long before the the before Long

David K. Hazzard, Adam Kinsman, Nan and Ralph Maxwell, Maxwell, Ralph and Nan Kinsman, Adam Hazzard, K. David resulted in the Tidewater region’s losing political political losing region’s Tidewater the in resulted

Photo credits: Patricia Burnett, Colonial National Historical Park, Park, Historical National Colonial Burnett, Patricia credits: Photo Relocation of Virginia’s capital city to Richmond Richmond to city capital Virginia’s of Relocation

warfare occurred. occurred. warfare

for supplies they had furnished to the Allied Army. Army. Allied the to furnished had they supplies for

elected to stay in the area. the in stay to elected in 1865, but sporadic skirmishes and guerilla guerilla and skirmishes sporadic but 1865, in

reimbursement for wartime losses or payment payment or losses wartime for reimbursement

Some local farmers hired black sharecroppers, who who sharecroppers, black hired farmers local Some philanthropic groups provided support for education. education. for support provided groups philanthropic was occupied by Union troops until the war ended ended war the until troops Union by occupied was

lost their main breadwinner. Others sought sought Others breadwinner. main their lost

shifted to less labor-intensive forms of agriculture. agriculture. of forms labor-intensive less to shifted farmland they could use for sharecropping. Northern Northern sharecropping. for use could they farmland quietly withdrew toward Richmond. The local area area local The Richmond. toward withdrew quietly

Some local families were destitute, for they had had they for destitute, were families local Some

disabled men. Throughout the region, rural families families rural region, the Throughout men. disabled provided assistance by assigning them small plots of of plots small them assigning by assistance provided of Williamsburg. Afterward, the Confederate Army Army Confederate the Afterward, Williamsburg. of

City County’s citizens tried to rebuild their lives. lives. their rebuild to tried citizens County’s City

of farming fell to women, children and elderly or or elderly and children women, to fell farming of means to make a living. The Freedmen’s Bureau Bureau Freedmen’s The living. a make to means Army assaulted this line on May 5, 1862, the Battle Battle the 1862, 5, May on line this assaulted Army

After the French and British went home, James James home, went British and French the After

Due to a shortage of able men, much of the work work the of much men, able of shortage a to Due former slaves lacked food, clothing, shelter and the the and shelter clothing, food, lacked slaves former the heads of College and Queens Creeks. The Union Union The Creeks. Queens and College of heads the

at Appomattox in 1865, many of the state’s 360,000 360,000 state’s the of many 1865, in Appomattox at was a large redoubt called Fort Magruder, spanned spanned Magruder, Fort called redoubt large a was summer.

all-time high. high. all-time they had sustained. After the Confederate surrender surrender Confederate the After sustained. had they Peninsula. The westernmost line, whose centerpiece centerpiece whose line, westernmost The Peninsula. in the local area and withdrew in the following following the in withdrew and area local the in

currency was worthless, and inflation reached an an reached inflation and worthless, was currency former slaves’ pent up resentment of the indignities indignities the of resentment up pent slaves’ former three lines of fortifications were erected across the the across erected were fortifications of lines three October 19, 1781. The French army wintered-over wintered-over army French The 1781. 19, October

it away. Real estate values plummeted, Confederate Confederate plummeted, values estate Real away. it that occurred there in October 1862 reflect some some reflect 1862 October in there occurred that Earthworks were built on Jamestown Island and and Island Jamestown on built were Earthworks when the British surrendered at Yorktown on on Yorktown at surrendered British the when

farmers had neither the labor nor the tools to clear clear to tools the nor labor the neither had farmers and at Jamestown Island. The gruesome murders murders gruesome The Island. Jamestown at and just out of reach. The Allied Army camped at Byrd’s Byrd’s at camped Army Allied The reach. of out just

Americans, but abandoned. Hostilities only ceased ceased only Hostilities abandoned. but Americans,

fields quickly sprouted dense vegetation, but local local but vegetation, dense sprouted quickly fields bands of ex-slaves took refuge on the Neck O’Land O’Land Neck the on refuge took ex-slaves of bands advance up the Peninsula toward Richmond. Richmond. toward Peninsula the up advance paralleling the British Army’s movements, staying staying movements, Army’s British the paralleling Jamestown Island, which had been fortified by the the by fortified been had which Island, Jamestown

and to redefine their roles in society. Abandoned Abandoned society. in roles their redefine to and After James City County became occupied territory, territory, occupied became County City James After that it was just a matter of time until they would would they until time of matter a just was it that pursuit of Lafayette, whose strategy consisted of of consisted strategy whose Lafayette, of pursuit Spring on July 7. The British also took possession of of possession took also British The 7. July on Spring

deteriorated. Blacks and whites struggled to survive survive to struggled whites and Blacks deteriorated. Hampton and Confederate military leaders realized realized leaders military Confederate and Hampton Barrett’s Ferry. In June 1781 Cornwallis set out in in out set Cornwallis 1781 June In Ferry. Barrett’s their assistance in resisting the British. British. the resisting in assistance their June 26, 1781, was followed by the Battle of Green Green of Battle the by followed was 1781, 26, June

gone, and countless homes were damaged or had had or damaged were homes countless and gone, T throngs of cheering blacks. blacks. cheering of throngs Federal troops from Fort Monroe marched into into marched Monroe Fort from troops Federal T British Army crossed the Chickahominy River at at River Chickahominy the crossed Army British in western James City County, where they offered offered they where County, City James western in The Battle of Spencer’s Ordinary, which occurred on on occurred which Ordinary, Spencer’s of Battle The

fields were ruined, crops and livestock were were livestock and crops ruined, were fields Williamsburg on May 6, 1862, they were greeted by by greeted were they 1862, 6, May on Williamsburg soon Richmond became the Confederate capital. capital. Confederate the became Richmond soon set ablaze the Virginia Navy’s shipyard. Part of the the of Part shipyard. Navy’s Virginia the ablaze set from Hanover County gathered at Byrd’s Tavern, Tavern, Byrd’s at gathered County Hanover from

Reconstruction. Throughout the rural countryside, countryside, rural the Throughout Reconstruction. Union lines. When Union troops marched into into marched troops Union When lines. Union seceded from the Union on April 17, 1861, and and 1861, 17, April on Union the from seceded to Jamestown and Williamsburg converged. Williamsburg and Jamestown to They also sailed up the Chickahominy River and and River Chickahominy the up sailed also They citizens. Thanks to Patrick Henry, militiamen militiamen Henry, Patrick to Thanks citizens.

came the hardship of military occupation and and occupation military of hardship the came fled to Fort Monroe, taking refuge behind behind refuge taking Monroe, Fort to fled that sharply divided the nation. Virginia Virginia nation. the divided sharply that toward Spencer’s Ordinary, where the main roads roads main the where Ordinary, Spencer’s toward the Americans’ entrenchments at Burwell’s Ferry. Ferry. Burwell’s at entrenchments Americans’ the precedented resistance on the part of local local of part the on resistance precedented

Virginia’s landscape was devastated. Afterward Afterward devastated. was landscape Virginia’s property. As a result, literally thousands of blacks blacks of thousands literally result, a As property. signaled the beginning of a long, bloody war war bloody long, a of beginning the signaled

and Cooper’s Mills. Some of Lafayette’s men moved moved men Lafayette’s of Some Mills. Cooper’s and James City County. In April the British fired upon upon fired British the April In County. City James occurred on April 21, 1775, sparked un- sparked 1775, 21, April on occurred

When the Civil War ended, much of eastern eastern of much ended, War Civil the When whom he termed “contraband”– Confederate Confederate “contraband”– termed he whom he shots fired at Fort Sumter, S.C., S.C., Sumter, Fort at fired shots he Tavern, the Chickahominy Church, and Norvelle’s Norvelle’s and Church, Chickahominy the Tavern, During 1781 combat occurred in several parts of of parts several in occurred combat 1781 During he “gunpowder incident,” which which incident,” “gunpowder he

W C R T C N N R E hange and ecovery ar ivil ation ew a of mergence evolution American he , , :

The CultureS of Three ContinentS VSi iting JameS City County ames City County, rich in history, This map was designed to help visitors discover of Am ativeAmerican uropean African natural beauty and diverse stories, is the people and places that formed the foundation e er N S E S S ic home to Jamestown, the first permanent of Virginia and America. Nestled between m a In late August 1619 o ’ Literally thousands of The first Virginia colonists arrived in the s a Dutch frigate J English Settlement in the Americas. As the Richmond and Norfolk, James City County is H years before European Chesapeake Bay in late April 1607. birthplace of American democracy, it is not surpris- home to Jamestown Settlement and Historic colonists arrived, an When they sailed inland, they arrived at Old ing that James City County is filled with many Jamestowne (Jamestown Island). The scenic – 4 indigenous population found magnificent timber, lush Point Comfort 0 y historic sites that tell the stories of three cultures and historic – Colonial Parkway serves as a link 0 r with 20-some t a inhabited James City vegetation, and an abundance of that shaped our country – Native American, between Jamestown, Williamsburg and Yorktown. h rs County. Over time, the wildfowl, game, and marine life. Africans aboard, Annive men and women European and African. Yet off the beaten path, James City County also Indians of Tidewater They also encountered the has significant sites that tell the stories of the Virginia acquired well Natives whose homeland they’d who couldn’t have known the signifi- indigenous people who occupied the land long James City County, Va developed cultural entered. On May 13, 1607, before the first settlers arrived in 1607, the blacks traditions and estab- the colonists arrived at the cant place they Historical Map would occupy in who first arrived in 1619, the American Revolution, lished trade networks marsh-rimmed peninsula on and the Civil War. for the exchange of which they decided to establish American history. The mariners received provi- goods. In 1607 when the their settlement. The first colonists sions in exchange for their captives, some of whom were brought up to Jamestown. Three or Whether a visitor or resident, this map has some- first European colonists built a triangular fort that was thing for the history buff in everyone. arrived, Tidewater’s palisaded and had mounted ordnance, four days later, another ship left some Africans i cover Indians were ruled by Powhatan, a paramount for they were keenly aware that they in the colony. From 1635 on, vessels bearing DS chief, who reigned over 32 districts that had seated themselves within Africans docked at Jamestown, the colony’s encompassed more than 150 villages. territory Spain considered hers. official port of entry. Some of these men or ore nformation and women were treated like indentured F M I ur The Indians considered land merely a part They also needed protec- O of the earth, which like the sky, water, tion from the Natives, for servants, who worked for a limited time. To plan your visit, check out these area web sites: and air, was communal and open to all they had seated themselves Others were relegated to de facto slavery, www.jccEgov.com for subsistence. Thus, they couldn’t within territory that belonged although it had no legal precedent. It was www.visitwilliamsburg.com ew orld readily understand the European to the Pasbehay Indians. Soon, during this period that the Virginia colonists’ www.historicjamestowne.org N W growing need for hands to cultivate tobacco, www.historyisfun.org concept of owning land. Both cul- hunger and infectious diseases Where America Began tures viewed accumulated wealth began claiming the Jamestown settlers’ the principal money crop, created a severe www.nps.gov/colo as an emblem of social status, lives. Shiploads of new colonists arrived but labor shortage. Many of the Africans were but had vastly different views the death toll continued to soar. The winter agronomists and knew how to grow tobacco. of religion. of 1609-1610, the infamous “The Starving Others were artisans who had many useful skills. Time,” nearly led to the colony’s abandon- As time went on, the rights of African and ment. Only Lord Delaware’s timely arrival African-American workers were stripped away in June 1610 led to Jamestown’s becoming and replaced by chattel slavery. the first permanent English settlement in the New World.

new, substantial houses were built in the local area. local the in built were houses substantial new,

runaway slaves, slaves, runaway

Rebuilding” occurred throughout Virginia and some some and Virginia throughout occurred Rebuilding”

wouldn’t return return wouldn’t

new nation strengthened and took hold. A “Great “Great A hold. took and strengthened nation new

announced that he he that announced

After a period of stagnation, the economy of the the of economy the stagnation, of period a After

F. Butler Butler F.

General Benjamin Benjamin General

some buildings. some

Union Army Army Union

at Jamestown, where they looted and damaged damaged and looted they where Jamestown, at

Proclamation, Proclamation,

landed on the Peninsula. They also came ashore ashore came also They Peninsula. the on landed

Emancipation Emancipation

Martha W. McCartney, Jody Puckett, and Dave Purschwitz. Purschwitz. Dave and Puckett, Jody McCartney, W. Martha influence. During the War of 1812, British invaders invaders British 1812, of War the During influence.

Long before the the before Long

David K. Hazzard, Adam Kinsman, Nan and Ralph Maxwell, Maxwell, Ralph and Nan Kinsman, Adam Hazzard, K. David resulted in the Tidewater region’s losing political political losing region’s Tidewater the in resulted

Photo credits: Patricia Burnett, Colonial National Historical Park, Park, Historical National Colonial Burnett, Patricia credits: Photo Relocation of Virginia’s capital city to Richmond Richmond to city capital Virginia’s of Relocation

warfare occurred. occurred. warfare

for supplies they had furnished to the Allied Army. Army. Allied the to furnished had they supplies for

elected to stay in the area. the in stay to elected in 1865, but sporadic skirmishes and guerilla guerilla and skirmishes sporadic but 1865, in

reimbursement for wartime losses or payment payment or losses wartime for reimbursement

Some local farmers hired black sharecroppers, who who sharecroppers, black hired farmers local Some philanthropic groups provided support for education. education. for support provided groups philanthropic was occupied by Union troops until the war ended ended war the until troops Union by occupied was

lost their main breadwinner. Others sought sought Others breadwinner. main their lost

shifted to less labor-intensive forms of agriculture. agriculture. of forms labor-intensive less to shifted farmland they could use for sharecropping. Northern Northern sharecropping. for use could they farmland quietly withdrew toward Richmond. The local area area local The Richmond. toward withdrew quietly

Some local families were destitute, for they had had they for destitute, were families local Some

disabled men. Throughout the region, rural families families rural region, the Throughout men. disabled provided assistance by assigning them small plots of of plots small them assigning by assistance provided of Williamsburg. Afterward, the Confederate Army Army Confederate the Afterward, Williamsburg. of

City County’s citizens tried to rebuild their lives. lives. their rebuild to tried citizens County’s City

of farming fell to women, children and elderly or or elderly and children women, to fell farming of means to make a living. The Freedmen’s Bureau Bureau Freedmen’s The living. a make to means Army assaulted this line on May 5, 1862, the Battle Battle the 1862, 5, May on line this assaulted Army

After the French and British went home, James James home, went British and French the After

Due to a shortage of able men, much of the work work the of much men, able of shortage a to Due former slaves lacked food, clothing, shelter and the the and shelter clothing, food, lacked slaves former the heads of College and Queens Creeks. The Union Union The Creeks. Queens and College of heads the

at Appomattox in 1865, many of the state’s 360,000 360,000 state’s the of many 1865, in Appomattox at was a large redoubt called Fort Magruder, spanned spanned Magruder, Fort called redoubt large a was summer.

all-time high. high. all-time they had sustained. After the Confederate surrender surrender Confederate the After sustained. had they Peninsula. The westernmost line, whose centerpiece centerpiece whose line, westernmost The Peninsula. in the local area and withdrew in the following following the in withdrew and area local the in

currency was worthless, and inflation reached an an reached inflation and worthless, was currency former slaves’ pent up resentment of the indignities indignities the of resentment up pent slaves’ former three lines of fortifications were erected across the the across erected were fortifications of lines three October 19, 1781. The French army wintered-over wintered-over army French The 1781. 19, October

it away. Real estate values plummeted, Confederate Confederate plummeted, values estate Real away. it that occurred there in October 1862 reflect some some reflect 1862 October in there occurred that Earthworks were built on Jamestown Island and and Island Jamestown on built were Earthworks when the British surrendered at Yorktown on on Yorktown at surrendered British the when

farmers had neither the labor nor the tools to clear clear to tools the nor labor the neither had farmers and at Jamestown Island. The gruesome murders murders gruesome The Island. Jamestown at and just out of reach. The Allied Army camped at Byrd’s Byrd’s at camped Army Allied The reach. of out just

Americans, but abandoned. Hostilities only ceased ceased only Hostilities abandoned. but Americans,

fields quickly sprouted dense vegetation, but local local but vegetation, dense sprouted quickly fields bands of ex-slaves took refuge on the Neck O’Land O’Land Neck the on refuge took ex-slaves of bands advance up the Peninsula toward Richmond. Richmond. toward Peninsula the up advance paralleling the British Army’s movements, staying staying movements, Army’s British the paralleling Jamestown Island, which had been fortified by the the by fortified been had which Island, Jamestown

and to redefine their roles in society. Abandoned Abandoned society. in roles their redefine to and After James City County became occupied territory, territory, occupied became County City James After that it was just a matter of time until they would would they until time of matter a just was it that pursuit of Lafayette, whose strategy consisted of of consisted strategy whose Lafayette, of pursuit Spring on July 7. The British also took possession of of possession took also British The 7. July on Spring

deteriorated. Blacks and whites struggled to survive survive to struggled whites and Blacks deteriorated. Hampton and Confederate military leaders realized realized leaders military Confederate and Hampton Barrett’s Ferry. In June 1781 Cornwallis set out in in out set Cornwallis 1781 June In Ferry. Barrett’s their assistance in resisting the British. British. the resisting in assistance their June 26, 1781, was followed by the Battle of Green Green of Battle the by followed was 1781, 26, June

gone, and countless homes were damaged or had had or damaged were homes countless and gone, T throngs of cheering blacks. blacks. cheering of throngs Federal troops from Fort Monroe marched into into marched Monroe Fort from troops Federal T British Army crossed the Chickahominy River at at River Chickahominy the crossed Army British in western James City County, where they offered offered they where County, City James western in The Battle of Spencer’s Ordinary, which occurred on on occurred which Ordinary, Spencer’s of Battle The

fields were ruined, crops and livestock were were livestock and crops ruined, were fields Williamsburg on May 6, 1862, they were greeted by by greeted were they 1862, 6, May on Williamsburg soon Richmond became the Confederate capital. capital. Confederate the became Richmond soon set ablaze the Virginia Navy’s shipyard. Part of the the of Part shipyard. Navy’s Virginia the ablaze set from Hanover County gathered at Byrd’s Tavern, Tavern, Byrd’s at gathered County Hanover from

Reconstruction. Throughout the rural countryside, countryside, rural the Throughout Reconstruction. Union lines. When Union troops marched into into marched troops Union When lines. Union seceded from the Union on April 17, 1861, and and 1861, 17, April on Union the from seceded to Jamestown and Williamsburg converged. Williamsburg and Jamestown to They also sailed up the Chickahominy River and and River Chickahominy the up sailed also They citizens. Thanks to Patrick Henry, militiamen militiamen Henry, Patrick to Thanks citizens.

came the hardship of military occupation and and occupation military of hardship the came fled to Fort Monroe, taking refuge behind behind refuge taking Monroe, Fort to fled that sharply divided the nation. Virginia Virginia nation. the divided sharply that toward Spencer’s Ordinary, where the main roads roads main the where Ordinary, Spencer’s toward the Americans’ entrenchments at Burwell’s Ferry. Ferry. Burwell’s at entrenchments Americans’ the precedented resistance on the part of local local of part the on resistance precedented

Virginia’s landscape was devastated. Afterward Afterward devastated. was landscape Virginia’s property. As a result, literally thousands of blacks blacks of thousands literally result, a As property. signaled the beginning of a long, bloody war war bloody long, a of beginning the signaled

and Cooper’s Mills. Some of Lafayette’s men moved moved men Lafayette’s of Some Mills. Cooper’s and James City County. In April the British fired upon upon fired British the April In County. City James occurred on April 21, 1775, sparked un- sparked 1775, 21, April on occurred

When the Civil War ended, much of eastern eastern of much ended, War Civil the When whom he termed “contraband”– Confederate Confederate “contraband”– termed he whom he shots fired at Fort Sumter, S.C., S.C., Sumter, Fort at fired shots he Tavern, the Chickahominy Church, and Norvelle’s Norvelle’s and Church, Chickahominy the Tavern, During 1781 combat occurred in several parts of of parts several in occurred combat 1781 During he “gunpowder incident,” which which incident,” “gunpowder he

W C R T C N N R E hange and ecovery ar ivil ation ew a of mergence evolution American he , , :

The CultureS of Three ContinentS VSi iting JameS City County ames City County, rich in history, This map was designed to help visitors discover of Am ativeAmerican uropean African natural beauty and diverse stories, is the people and places that formed the foundation e er N S E S S ic home to Jamestown, the first permanent of Virginia and America. Nestled between m a In late August 1619 o ’ Literally thousands of The first Virginia colonists arrived in the s a Dutch frigate J English Settlement in the Americas. As the Richmond and Norfolk, James City County is H years before European Chesapeake Bay in late April 1607. birthplace of American democracy, it is not surpris- home to Jamestown Settlement and Historic colonists arrived, an When they sailed inland, they arrived at Old ing that James City County is filled with many Jamestowne (Jamestown Island). The scenic – 4 indigenous population found magnificent timber, lush Point Comfort 0 y historic sites that tell the stories of three cultures and historic – Colonial Parkway serves as a link 0 r with 20-some t a inhabited James City vegetation, and an abundance of that shaped our country – Native American, between Jamestown, Williamsburg and Yorktown. h rs County. Over time, the wildfowl, game, and marine life. Africans aboard, Annive men and women European and African. Yet off the beaten path, James City County also Indians of Tidewater They also encountered the has significant sites that tell the stories of the Virginia acquired well Natives whose homeland they’d who couldn’t have known the signifi- indigenous people who occupied the land long James City County, Va developed cultural entered. On May 13, 1607, before the first settlers arrived in 1607, the blacks traditions and estab- the colonists arrived at the cant place they Historical Map would occupy in who first arrived in 1619, the American Revolution, lished trade networks marsh-rimmed peninsula on and the Civil War. for the exchange of which they decided to establish American history. The mariners received provi- goods. In 1607 when the their settlement. The first colonists sions in exchange for their captives, some of whom were brought up to Jamestown. Three or Whether a visitor or resident, this map has some- first European colonists built a triangular fort that was thing for the history buff in everyone. arrived, Tidewater’s palisaded and had mounted ordnance, four days later, another ship left some Africans i cover Indians were ruled by Powhatan, a paramount for they were keenly aware that they in the colony. From 1635 on, vessels bearing DS chief, who reigned over 32 districts that had seated themselves within Africans docked at Jamestown, the colony’s encompassed more than 150 villages. territory Spain considered hers. official port of entry. Some of these men or ore nformation and women were treated like indentured F M I ur The Indians considered land merely a part They also needed protec- O of the earth, which like the sky, water, tion from the Natives, for servants, who worked for a limited time. To plan your visit, check out these area web sites: and air, was communal and open to all they had seated themselves Others were relegated to de facto slavery, www.jccEgov.com for subsistence. Thus, they couldn’t within territory that belonged although it had no legal precedent. It was www.visitwilliamsburg.com ew orld readily understand the European to the Pasbehay Indians. Soon, during this period that the Virginia colonists’ www.historicjamestowne.org N W growing need for hands to cultivate tobacco, www.historyisfun.org concept of owning land. Both cul- hunger and infectious diseases Where America Began tures viewed accumulated wealth began claiming the Jamestown settlers’ the principal money crop, created a severe www.nps.gov/colo as an emblem of social status, lives. Shiploads of new colonists arrived but labor shortage. Many of the Africans were but had vastly different views the death toll continued to soar. The winter agronomists and knew how to grow tobacco. of religion. of 1609-1610, the infamous “The Starving Others were artisans who had many useful skills. Time,” nearly led to the colony’s abandon- As time went on, the rights of African and ment. Only Lord Delaware’s timely arrival African-American workers were stripped away in June 1610 led to Jamestown’s becoming and replaced by chattel slavery. the first permanent English settlement in the New World.

new, substantial houses were built in the local area. local the in built were houses substantial new,

runaway slaves, slaves, runaway

Rebuilding” occurred throughout Virginia and some some and Virginia throughout occurred Rebuilding”

wouldn’t return return wouldn’t

new nation strengthened and took hold. A “Great “Great A hold. took and strengthened nation new

announced that he he that announced

After a period of stagnation, the economy of the the of economy the stagnation, of period a After

F. Butler Butler F.

General Benjamin Benjamin General

some buildings. some

Union Army Army Union

at Jamestown, where they looted and damaged damaged and looted they where Jamestown, at

Proclamation, Proclamation,

landed on the Peninsula. They also came ashore ashore came also They Peninsula. the on landed

Emancipation Emancipation

Martha W. McCartney, Jody Puckett, and Dave Purschwitz. Purschwitz. Dave and Puckett, Jody McCartney, W. Martha influence. During the War of 1812, British invaders invaders British 1812, of War the During influence.

Long before the the before Long

David K. Hazzard, Adam Kinsman, Nan and Ralph Maxwell, Maxwell, Ralph and Nan Kinsman, Adam Hazzard, K. David resulted in the Tidewater region’s losing political political losing region’s Tidewater the in resulted

Photo credits: Patricia Burnett, Colonial National Historical Park, Park, Historical National Colonial Burnett, Patricia credits: Photo Relocation of Virginia’s capital city to Richmond Richmond to city capital Virginia’s of Relocation

warfare occurred. occurred. warfare

for supplies they had furnished to the Allied Army. Army. Allied the to furnished had they supplies for

elected to stay in the area. the in stay to elected in 1865, but sporadic skirmishes and guerilla guerilla and skirmishes sporadic but 1865, in

reimbursement for wartime losses or payment payment or losses wartime for reimbursement

Some local farmers hired black sharecroppers, who who sharecroppers, black hired farmers local Some philanthropic groups provided support for education. education. for support provided groups philanthropic was occupied by Union troops until the war ended ended war the until troops Union by occupied was

lost their main breadwinner. Others sought sought Others breadwinner. main their lost

shifted to less labor-intensive forms of agriculture. agriculture. of forms labor-intensive less to shifted farmland they could use for sharecropping. Northern Northern sharecropping. for use could they farmland quietly withdrew toward Richmond. The local area area local The Richmond. toward withdrew quietly

Some local families were destitute, for they had had they for destitute, were families local Some

disabled men. Throughout the region, rural families families rural region, the Throughout men. disabled provided assistance by assigning them small plots of of plots small them assigning by assistance provided of Williamsburg. Afterward, the Confederate Army Army Confederate the Afterward, Williamsburg. of

City County’s citizens tried to rebuild their lives. lives. their rebuild to tried citizens County’s City

of farming fell to women, children and elderly or or elderly and children women, to fell farming of means to make a living. The Freedmen’s Bureau Bureau Freedmen’s The living. a make to means Army assaulted this line on May 5, 1862, the Battle Battle the 1862, 5, May on line this assaulted Army

After the French and British went home, James James home, went British and French the After

Due to a shortage of able men, much of the work work the of much men, able of shortage a to Due former slaves lacked food, clothing, shelter and the the and shelter clothing, food, lacked slaves former the heads of College and Queens Creeks. The Union Union The Creeks. Queens and College of heads the

at Appomattox in 1865, many of the state’s 360,000 360,000 state’s the of many 1865, in Appomattox at was a large redoubt called Fort Magruder, spanned spanned Magruder, Fort called redoubt large a was summer.

all-time high. high. all-time they had sustained. After the Confederate surrender surrender Confederate the After sustained. had they Peninsula. The westernmost line, whose centerpiece centerpiece whose line, westernmost The Peninsula. in the local area and withdrew in the following following the in withdrew and area local the in

currency was worthless, and inflation reached an an reached inflation and worthless, was currency former slaves’ pent up resentment of the indignities indignities the of resentment up pent slaves’ former three lines of fortifications were erected across the the across erected were fortifications of lines three October 19, 1781. The French army wintered-over wintered-over army French The 1781. 19, October

it away. Real estate values plummeted, Confederate Confederate plummeted, values estate Real away. it that occurred there in October 1862 reflect some some reflect 1862 October in there occurred that Earthworks were built on Jamestown Island and and Island Jamestown on built were Earthworks when the British surrendered at Yorktown on on Yorktown at surrendered British the when

farmers had neither the labor nor the tools to clear clear to tools the nor labor the neither had farmers and at Jamestown Island. The gruesome murders murders gruesome The Island. Jamestown at and just out of reach. The Allied Army camped at Byrd’s Byrd’s at camped Army Allied The reach. of out just

Americans, but abandoned. Hostilities only ceased ceased only Hostilities abandoned. but Americans,

fields quickly sprouted dense vegetation, but local local but vegetation, dense sprouted quickly fields bands of ex-slaves took refuge on the Neck O’Land O’Land Neck the on refuge took ex-slaves of bands advance up the Peninsula toward Richmond. Richmond. toward Peninsula the up advance paralleling the British Army’s movements, staying staying movements, Army’s British the paralleling Jamestown Island, which had been fortified by the the by fortified been had which Island, Jamestown

and to redefine their roles in society. Abandoned Abandoned society. in roles their redefine to and After James City County became occupied territory, territory, occupied became County City James After that it was just a matter of time until they would would they until time of matter a just was it that pursuit of Lafayette, whose strategy consisted of of consisted strategy whose Lafayette, of pursuit Spring on July 7. The British also took possession of of possession took also British The 7. July on Spring

deteriorated. Blacks and whites struggled to survive survive to struggled whites and Blacks deteriorated. Hampton and Confederate military leaders realized realized leaders military Confederate and Hampton Barrett’s Ferry. In June 1781 Cornwallis set out in in out set Cornwallis 1781 June In Ferry. Barrett’s their assistance in resisting the British. British. the resisting in assistance their June 26, 1781, was followed by the Battle of Green Green of Battle the by followed was 1781, 26, June

gone, and countless homes were damaged or had had or damaged were homes countless and gone, T throngs of cheering blacks. blacks. cheering of throngs Federal troops from Fort Monroe marched into into marched Monroe Fort from troops Federal T British Army crossed the Chickahominy River at at River Chickahominy the crossed Army British in western James City County, where they offered offered they where County, City James western in The Battle of Spencer’s Ordinary, which occurred on on occurred which Ordinary, Spencer’s of Battle The

fields were ruined, crops and livestock were were livestock and crops ruined, were fields Williamsburg on May 6, 1862, they were greeted by by greeted were they 1862, 6, May on Williamsburg soon Richmond became the Confederate capital. capital. Confederate the became Richmond soon set ablaze the Virginia Navy’s shipyard. Part of the the of Part shipyard. Navy’s Virginia the ablaze set from Hanover County gathered at Byrd’s Tavern, Tavern, Byrd’s at gathered County Hanover from

Reconstruction. Throughout the rural countryside, countryside, rural the Throughout Reconstruction. Union lines. When Union troops marched into into marched troops Union When lines. Union seceded from the Union on April 17, 1861, and and 1861, 17, April on Union the from seceded to Jamestown and Williamsburg converged. Williamsburg and Jamestown to They also sailed up the Chickahominy River and and River Chickahominy the up sailed also They citizens. Thanks to Patrick Henry, militiamen militiamen Henry, Patrick to Thanks citizens.

came the hardship of military occupation and and occupation military of hardship the came fled to Fort Monroe, taking refuge behind behind refuge taking Monroe, Fort to fled that sharply divided the nation. Virginia Virginia nation. the divided sharply that toward Spencer’s Ordinary, where the main roads roads main the where Ordinary, Spencer’s toward the Americans’ entrenchments at Burwell’s Ferry. Ferry. Burwell’s at entrenchments Americans’ the precedented resistance on the part of local local of part the on resistance precedented

Virginia’s landscape was devastated. Afterward Afterward devastated. was landscape Virginia’s property. As a result, literally thousands of blacks blacks of thousands literally result, a As property. signaled the beginning of a long, bloody war war bloody long, a of beginning the signaled

and Cooper’s Mills. Some of Lafayette’s men moved moved men Lafayette’s of Some Mills. Cooper’s and James City County. In April the British fired upon upon fired British the April In County. City James occurred on April 21, 1775, sparked un- sparked 1775, 21, April on occurred

When the Civil War ended, much of eastern eastern of much ended, War Civil the When whom he termed “contraband”– Confederate Confederate “contraband”– termed he whom he shots fired at Fort Sumter, S.C., S.C., Sumter, Fort at fired shots he Tavern, the Chickahominy Church, and Norvelle’s Norvelle’s and Church, Chickahominy the Tavern, During 1781 combat occurred in several parts of of parts several in occurred combat 1781 During he “gunpowder incident,” which which incident,” “gunpowder he

W C R T C N N R E hange and ecovery ar ivil ation ew a of mergence evolution American he , , :

The CultureS of Three ContinentS VSi iting JameS City County ames City County, rich in history, This map was designed to help visitors discover of Am ativeAmerican uropean African natural beauty and diverse stories, is the people and places that formed the foundation e er N S E S S ic home to Jamestown, the first permanent of Virginia and America. Nestled between m a In late August 1619 o ’ Literally thousands of The first Virginia colonists arrived in the s a Dutch frigate J English Settlement in the Americas. As the Richmond and Norfolk, James City County is H years before European Chesapeake Bay in late April 1607. birthplace of American democracy, it is not surpris- home to Jamestown Settlement and Historic colonists arrived, an When they sailed inland, they arrived at Old ing that James City County is filled with many Jamestowne (Jamestown Island). The scenic – 4 indigenous population found magnificent timber, lush Point Comfort 0 y historic sites that tell the stories of three cultures and historic – Colonial Parkway serves as a link 0 r with 20-some t a inhabited James City vegetation, and an abundance of that shaped our country – Native American, between Jamestown, Williamsburg and Yorktown. h rs County. Over time, the wildfowl, game, and marine life. Africans aboard, Annive men and women European and African. Yet off the beaten path, James City County also Indians of Tidewater They also encountered the has significant sites that tell the stories of the Virginia acquired well Natives whose homeland they’d who couldn’t have known the signifi- indigenous people who occupied the land long James City County, Va developed cultural entered. On May 13, 1607, before the first settlers arrived in 1607, the blacks traditions and estab- the colonists arrived at the cant place they Historical Map would occupy in who first arrived in 1619, the American Revolution, lished trade networks marsh-rimmed peninsula on and the Civil War. for the exchange of which they decided to establish American history. The mariners received provi- goods. In 1607 when the their settlement. The first colonists sions in exchange for their captives, some of whom were brought up to Jamestown. Three or Whether a visitor or resident, this map has some- first European colonists built a triangular fort that was thing for the history buff in everyone. arrived, Tidewater’s palisaded and had mounted ordnance, four days later, another ship left some Africans i cover Indians were ruled by Powhatan, a paramount for they were keenly aware that they in the colony. From 1635 on, vessels bearing DS chief, who reigned over 32 districts that had seated themselves within Africans docked at Jamestown, the colony’s encompassed more than 150 villages. territory Spain considered hers. official port of entry. Some of these men or ore nformation and women were treated like indentured F M I ur The Indians considered land merely a part They also needed protec- O of the earth, which like the sky, water, tion from the Natives, for servants, who worked for a limited time. To plan your visit, check out these area web sites: and air, was communal and open to all they had seated themselves Others were relegated to de facto slavery, www.jccEgov.com for subsistence. Thus, they couldn’t within territory that belonged although it had no legal precedent. It was www.visitwilliamsburg.com ew orld readily understand the European to the Pasbehay Indians. Soon, during this period that the Virginia colonists’ www.historicjamestowne.org N W growing need for hands to cultivate tobacco, www.historyisfun.org concept of owning land. Both cul- hunger and infectious diseases Where America Began tures viewed accumulated wealth began claiming the Jamestown settlers’ the principal money crop, created a severe www.nps.gov/colo as an emblem of social status, lives. Shiploads of new colonists arrived but labor shortage. Many of the Africans were but had vastly different views the death toll continued to soar. The winter agronomists and knew how to grow tobacco. of religion. of 1609-1610, the infamous “The Starving Others were artisans who had many useful skills. Time,” nearly led to the colony’s abandon- As time went on, the rights of African and ment. Only Lord Delaware’s timely arrival African-American workers were stripped away in June 1610 led to Jamestown’s becoming and replaced by chattel slavery. the first permanent English settlement in the New World.

new, substantial houses were built in the local area. local the in built were houses substantial new,

runaway slaves, slaves, runaway

Rebuilding” occurred throughout Virginia and some some and Virginia throughout occurred Rebuilding”

wouldn’t return return wouldn’t

new nation strengthened and took hold. A “Great “Great A hold. took and strengthened nation new

announced that he he that announced

After a period of stagnation, the economy of the the of economy the stagnation, of period a After

F. Butler Butler F.

General Benjamin Benjamin General

some buildings. some

Union Army Army Union

at Jamestown, where they looted and damaged damaged and looted they where Jamestown, at

Proclamation, Proclamation,

landed on the Peninsula. They also came ashore ashore came also They Peninsula. the on landed

Emancipation Emancipation

Martha W. McCartney, Jody Puckett, and Dave Purschwitz. Purschwitz. Dave and Puckett, Jody McCartney, W. Martha influence. During the War of 1812, British invaders invaders British 1812, of War the During influence.

Long before the the before Long

David K. Hazzard, Adam Kinsman, Nan and Ralph Maxwell, Maxwell, Ralph and Nan Kinsman, Adam Hazzard, K. David resulted in the Tidewater region’s losing political political losing region’s Tidewater the in resulted

Photo credits: Patricia Burnett, Colonial National Historical Park, Park, Historical National Colonial Burnett, Patricia credits: Photo Relocation of Virginia’s capital city to Richmond Richmond to city capital Virginia’s of Relocation

warfare occurred. occurred. warfare

for supplies they had furnished to the Allied Army. Army. Allied the to furnished had they supplies for

elected to stay in the area. the in stay to elected in 1865, but sporadic skirmishes and guerilla guerilla and skirmishes sporadic but 1865, in

reimbursement for wartime losses or payment payment or losses wartime for reimbursement

Some local farmers hired black sharecroppers, who who sharecroppers, black hired farmers local Some philanthropic groups provided support for education. education. for support provided groups philanthropic was occupied by Union troops until the war ended ended war the until troops Union by occupied was

lost their main breadwinner. Others sought sought Others breadwinner. main their lost

shifted to less labor-intensive forms of agriculture. agriculture. of forms labor-intensive less to shifted farmland they could use for sharecropping. Northern Northern sharecropping. for use could they farmland quietly withdrew toward Richmond. The local area area local The Richmond. toward withdrew quietly

Some local families were destitute, for they had had they for destitute, were families local Some

disabled men. Throughout the region, rural families families rural region, the Throughout men. disabled provided assistance by assigning them small plots of of plots small them assigning by assistance provided of Williamsburg. Afterward, the Confederate Army Army Confederate the Afterward, Williamsburg. of

City County’s citizens tried to rebuild their lives. lives. their rebuild to tried citizens County’s City

of farming fell to women, children and elderly or or elderly and children women, to fell farming of means to make a living. The Freedmen’s Bureau Bureau Freedmen’s The living. a make to means Army assaulted this line on May 5, 1862, the Battle Battle the 1862, 5, May on line this assaulted Army

After the French and British went home, James James home, went British and French the After

Due to a shortage of able men, much of the work work the of much men, able of shortage a to Due former slaves lacked food, clothing, shelter and the the and shelter clothing, food, lacked slaves former the heads of College and Queens Creeks. The Union Union The Creeks. Queens and College of heads the

at Appomattox in 1865, many of the state’s 360,000 360,000 state’s the of many 1865, in Appomattox at was a large redoubt called Fort Magruder, spanned spanned Magruder, Fort called redoubt large a was summer.

all-time high. high. all-time they had sustained. After the Confederate surrender surrender Confederate the After sustained. had they Peninsula. The westernmost line, whose centerpiece centerpiece whose line, westernmost The Peninsula. in the local area and withdrew in the following following the in withdrew and area local the in

currency was worthless, and inflation reached an an reached inflation and worthless, was currency former slaves’ pent up resentment of the indignities indignities the of resentment up pent slaves’ former three lines of fortifications were erected across the the across erected were fortifications of lines three October 19, 1781. The French army wintered-over wintered-over army French The 1781. 19, October

it away. Real estate values plummeted, Confederate Confederate plummeted, values estate Real away. it that occurred there in October 1862 reflect some some reflect 1862 October in there occurred that Earthworks were built on Jamestown Island and and Island Jamestown on built were Earthworks when the British surrendered at Yorktown on on Yorktown at surrendered British the when

farmers had neither the labor nor the tools to clear clear to tools the nor labor the neither had farmers and at Jamestown Island. The gruesome murders murders gruesome The Island. Jamestown at and just out of reach. The Allied Army camped at Byrd’s Byrd’s at camped Army Allied The reach. of out just

Americans, but abandoned. Hostilities only ceased ceased only Hostilities abandoned. but Americans,

fields quickly sprouted dense vegetation, but local local but vegetation, dense sprouted quickly fields bands of ex-slaves took refuge on the Neck O’Land O’Land Neck the on refuge took ex-slaves of bands advance up the Peninsula toward Richmond. Richmond. toward Peninsula the up advance paralleling the British Army’s movements, staying staying movements, Army’s British the paralleling Jamestown Island, which had been fortified by the the by fortified been had which Island, Jamestown

and to redefine their roles in society. Abandoned Abandoned society. in roles their redefine to and After James City County became occupied territory, territory, occupied became County City James After that it was just a matter of time until they would would they until time of matter a just was it that pursuit of Lafayette, whose strategy consisted of of consisted strategy whose Lafayette, of pursuit Spring on July 7. The British also took possession of of possession took also British The 7. July on Spring

deteriorated. Blacks and whites struggled to survive survive to struggled whites and Blacks deteriorated. Hampton and Confederate military leaders realized realized leaders military Confederate and Hampton Barrett’s Ferry. In June 1781 Cornwallis set out in in out set Cornwallis 1781 June In Ferry. Barrett’s their assistance in resisting the British. British. the resisting in assistance their June 26, 1781, was followed by the Battle of Green Green of Battle the by followed was 1781, 26, June

gone, and countless homes were damaged or had had or damaged were homes countless and gone, T throngs of cheering blacks. blacks. cheering of throngs Federal troops from Fort Monroe marched into into marched Monroe Fort from troops Federal T British Army crossed the Chickahominy River at at River Chickahominy the crossed Army British in western James City County, where they offered offered they where County, City James western in The Battle of Spencer’s Ordinary, which occurred on on occurred which Ordinary, Spencer’s of Battle The

fields were ruined, crops and livestock were were livestock and crops ruined, were fields Williamsburg on May 6, 1862, they were greeted by by greeted were they 1862, 6, May on Williamsburg soon Richmond became the Confederate capital. capital. Confederate the became Richmond soon set ablaze the Virginia Navy’s shipyard. Part of the the of Part shipyard. Navy’s Virginia the ablaze set from Hanover County gathered at Byrd’s Tavern, Tavern, Byrd’s at gathered County Hanover from

Reconstruction. Throughout the rural countryside, countryside, rural the Throughout Reconstruction. Union lines. When Union troops marched into into marched troops Union When lines. Union seceded from the Union on April 17, 1861, and and 1861, 17, April on Union the from seceded to Jamestown and Williamsburg converged. Williamsburg and Jamestown to They also sailed up the Chickahominy River and and River Chickahominy the up sailed also They citizens. Thanks to Patrick Henry, militiamen militiamen Henry, Patrick to Thanks citizens.

came the hardship of military occupation and and occupation military of hardship the came fled to Fort Monroe, taking refuge behind behind refuge taking Monroe, Fort to fled that sharply divided the nation. Virginia Virginia nation. the divided sharply that toward Spencer’s Ordinary, where the main roads roads main the where Ordinary, Spencer’s toward the Americans’ entrenchments at Burwell’s Ferry. Ferry. Burwell’s at entrenchments Americans’ the precedented resistance on the part of local local of part the on resistance precedented

Virginia’s landscape was devastated. Afterward Afterward devastated. was landscape Virginia’s property. As a result, literally thousands of blacks blacks of thousands literally result, a As property. signaled the beginning of a long, bloody war war bloody long, a of beginning the signaled

and Cooper’s Mills. Some of Lafayette’s men moved moved men Lafayette’s of Some Mills. Cooper’s and James City County. In April the British fired upon upon fired British the April In County. City James occurred on April 21, 1775, sparked un- sparked 1775, 21, April on occurred

When the Civil War ended, much of eastern eastern of much ended, War Civil the When whom he termed “contraband”– Confederate Confederate “contraband”– termed he whom he shots fired at Fort Sumter, S.C., S.C., Sumter, Fort at fired shots he Tavern, the Chickahominy Church, and Norvelle’s Norvelle’s and Church, Chickahominy the Tavern, During 1781 combat occurred in several parts of of parts several in occurred combat 1781 During he “gunpowder incident,” which which incident,” “gunpowder he

W C R T C N N R E hange and ecovery ar ivil ation ew a of mergence evolution American he , , :

The CultureS of Three ContinentS VSi iting JameS City County ames City County, rich in history, This map was designed to help visitors discover of Am ativeAmerican uropean African natural beauty and diverse stories, is the people and places that formed the foundation e er N S E S S ic home to Jamestown, the first permanent of Virginia and America. Nestled between m a In late August 1619 o ’ Literally thousands of The first Virginia colonists arrived in the s a Dutch frigate J English Settlement in the Americas. As the Richmond and Norfolk, James City County is H years before European Chesapeake Bay in late April 1607. birthplace of American democracy, it is not surpris- home to Jamestown Settlement and Historic colonists arrived, an When they sailed inland, they arrived at Old ing that James City County is filled with many Jamestowne (Jamestown Island). The scenic – 4 indigenous population found magnificent timber, lush Point Comfort 0 y historic sites that tell the stories of three cultures and historic – Colonial Parkway serves as a link 0 r with 20-some t a inhabited James City vegetation, and an abundance of that shaped our country – Native American, between Jamestown, Williamsburg and Yorktown. h rs County. Over time, the wildfowl, game, and marine life. Africans aboard, Annive men and women European and African. Yet off the beaten path, James City County also Indians of Tidewater They also encountered the has significant sites that tell the stories of the Virginia acquired well Natives whose homeland they’d who couldn’t have known the signifi- indigenous people who occupied the land long James City County, Va developed cultural entered. On May 13, 1607, before the first settlers arrived in 1607, the blacks traditions and estab- the colonists arrived at the cant place they Historical Map would occupy in who first arrived in 1619, the American Revolution, lished trade networks marsh-rimmed peninsula on and the Civil War. for the exchange of which they decided to establish American history. The mariners received provi- goods. In 1607 when the their settlement. The first colonists sions in exchange for their captives, some of whom were brought up to Jamestown. Three or Whether a visitor or resident, this map has some- first European colonists built a triangular fort that was thing for the history buff in everyone. arrived, Tidewater’s palisaded and had mounted ordnance, four days later, another ship left some Africans i cover Indians were ruled by Powhatan, a paramount for they were keenly aware that they in the colony. From 1635 on, vessels bearing DS chief, who reigned over 32 districts that had seated themselves within Africans docked at Jamestown, the colony’s encompassed more than 150 villages. territory Spain considered hers. official port of entry. Some of these men or ore nformation and women were treated like indentured F M I ur The Indians considered land merely a part They also needed protec- O of the earth, which like the sky, water, tion from the Natives, for servants, who worked for a limited time. To plan your visit, check out these area web sites: and air, was communal and open to all they had seated themselves Others were relegated to de facto slavery, www.jccEgov.com for subsistence. Thus, they couldn’t within territory that belonged although it had no legal precedent. It was www.visitwilliamsburg.com ew orld readily understand the European to the Pasbehay Indians. Soon, during this period that the Virginia colonists’ www.historicjamestowne.org N W growing need for hands to cultivate tobacco, www.historyisfun.org concept of owning land. Both cul- hunger and infectious diseases Where America Began tures viewed accumulated wealth began claiming the Jamestown settlers’ the principal money crop, created a severe www.nps.gov/colo as an emblem of social status, lives. Shiploads of new colonists arrived but labor shortage. Many of the Africans were but had vastly different views the death toll continued to soar. The winter agronomists and knew how to grow tobacco. of religion. of 1609-1610, the infamous “The Starving Others were artisans who had many useful skills. Time,” nearly led to the colony’s abandon- As time went on, the rights of African and ment. Only Lord Delaware’s timely arrival African-American workers were stripped away in June 1610 led to Jamestown’s becoming and replaced by chattel slavery. the first permanent English settlement in the New World.

new, substantial houses were built in the local area. local the in built were houses substantial new,

runaway slaves, slaves, runaway

Rebuilding” occurred throughout Virginia and some some and Virginia throughout occurred Rebuilding”

wouldn’t return return wouldn’t

new nation strengthened and took hold. A “Great “Great A hold. took and strengthened nation new

announced that he he that announced

After a period of stagnation, the economy of the the of economy the stagnation, of period a After

F. Butler Butler F.

General Benjamin Benjamin General

some buildings. some

Union Army Army Union

at Jamestown, where they looted and damaged damaged and looted they where Jamestown, at

Proclamation, Proclamation,

landed on the Peninsula. They also came ashore ashore came also They Peninsula. the on landed

Emancipation Emancipation

Martha W. McCartney, Jody Puckett, and Dave Purschwitz. Purschwitz. Dave and Puckett, Jody McCartney, W. Martha influence. During the War of 1812, British invaders invaders British 1812, of War the During influence.

Long before the the before Long

David K. Hazzard, Adam Kinsman, Nan and Ralph Maxwell, Maxwell, Ralph and Nan Kinsman, Adam Hazzard, K. David resulted in the Tidewater region’s losing political political losing region’s Tidewater the in resulted

Photo credits: Patricia Burnett, Colonial National Historical Park, Park, Historical National Colonial Burnett, Patricia credits: Photo Relocation of Virginia’s capital city to Richmond Richmond to city capital Virginia’s of Relocation

warfare occurred. occurred. warfare

for supplies they had furnished to the Allied Army. Army. Allied the to furnished had they supplies for

elected to stay in the area. the in stay to elected in 1865, but sporadic skirmishes and guerilla guerilla and skirmishes sporadic but 1865, in

reimbursement for wartime losses or payment payment or losses wartime for reimbursement

Some local farmers hired black sharecroppers, who who sharecroppers, black hired farmers local Some philanthropic groups provided support for education. education. for support provided groups philanthropic was occupied by Union troops until the war ended ended war the until troops Union by occupied was

lost their main breadwinner. Others sought sought Others breadwinner. main their lost

shifted to less labor-intensive forms of agriculture. agriculture. of forms labor-intensive less to shifted farmland they could use for sharecropping. Northern Northern sharecropping. for use could they farmland quietly withdrew toward Richmond. The local area area local The Richmond. toward withdrew quietly

Some local families were destitute, for they had had they for destitute, were families local Some

disabled men. Throughout the region, rural families families rural region, the Throughout men. disabled provided assistance by assigning them small plots of of plots small them assigning by assistance provided of Williamsburg. Afterward, the Confederate Army Army Confederate the Afterward, Williamsburg. of

City County’s citizens tried to rebuild their lives. lives. their rebuild to tried citizens County’s City

of farming fell to women, children and elderly or or elderly and children women, to fell farming of means to make a living. The Freedmen’s Bureau Bureau Freedmen’s The living. a make to means Army assaulted this line on May 5, 1862, the Battle Battle the 1862, 5, May on line this assaulted Army

After the French and British went home, James James home, went British and French the After

Due to a shortage of able men, much of the work work the of much men, able of shortage a to Due former slaves lacked food, clothing, shelter and the the and shelter clothing, food, lacked slaves former the heads of College and Queens Creeks. The Union Union The Creeks. Queens and College of heads the

at Appomattox in 1865, many of the state’s 360,000 360,000 state’s the of many 1865, in Appomattox at was a large redoubt called Fort Magruder, spanned spanned Magruder, Fort called redoubt large a was summer.

all-time high. high. all-time they had sustained. After the Confederate surrender surrender Confederate the After sustained. had they Peninsula. The westernmost line, whose centerpiece centerpiece whose line, westernmost The Peninsula. in the local area and withdrew in the following following the in withdrew and area local the in

currency was worthless, and inflation reached an an reached inflation and worthless, was currency former slaves’ pent up resentment of the indignities indignities the of resentment up pent slaves’ former three lines of fortifications were erected across the the across erected were fortifications of lines three October 19, 1781. The French army wintered-over wintered-over army French The 1781. 19, October

it away. Real estate values plummeted, Confederate Confederate plummeted, values estate Real away. it that occurred there in October 1862 reflect some some reflect 1862 October in there occurred that Earthworks were built on Jamestown Island and and Island Jamestown on built were Earthworks when the British surrendered at Yorktown on on Yorktown at surrendered British the when

farmers had neither the labor nor the tools to clear clear to tools the nor labor the neither had farmers and at Jamestown Island. The gruesome murders murders gruesome The Island. Jamestown at and just out of reach. The Allied Army camped at Byrd’s Byrd’s at camped Army Allied The reach. of out just

Americans, but abandoned. Hostilities only ceased ceased only Hostilities abandoned. but Americans,

fields quickly sprouted dense vegetation, but local local but vegetation, dense sprouted quickly fields bands of ex-slaves took refuge on the Neck O’Land O’Land Neck the on refuge took ex-slaves of bands advance up the Peninsula toward Richmond. Richmond. toward Peninsula the up advance paralleling the British Army’s movements, staying staying movements, Army’s British the paralleling Jamestown Island, which had been fortified by the the by fortified been had which Island, Jamestown

and to redefine their roles in society. Abandoned Abandoned society. in roles their redefine to and After James City County became occupied territory, territory, occupied became County City James After that it was just a matter of time until they would would they until time of matter a just was it that pursuit of Lafayette, whose strategy consisted of of consisted strategy whose Lafayette, of pursuit Spring on July 7. The British also took possession of of possession took also British The 7. July on Spring

deteriorated. Blacks and whites struggled to survive survive to struggled whites and Blacks deteriorated. Hampton and Confederate military leaders realized realized leaders military Confederate and Hampton Barrett’s Ferry. In June 1781 Cornwallis set out in in out set Cornwallis 1781 June In Ferry. Barrett’s their assistance in resisting the British. British. the resisting in assistance their June 26, 1781, was followed by the Battle of Green Green of Battle the by followed was 1781, 26, June

gone, and countless homes were damaged or had had or damaged were homes countless and gone, T throngs of cheering blacks. blacks. cheering of throngs Federal troops from Fort Monroe marched into into marched Monroe Fort from troops Federal T British Army crossed the Chickahominy River at at River Chickahominy the crossed Army British in western James City County, where they offered offered they where County, City James western in The Battle of Spencer’s Ordinary, which occurred on on occurred which Ordinary, Spencer’s of Battle The

fields were ruined, crops and livestock were were livestock and crops ruined, were fields Williamsburg on May 6, 1862, they were greeted by by greeted were they 1862, 6, May on Williamsburg soon Richmond became the Confederate capital. capital. Confederate the became Richmond soon set ablaze the Virginia Navy’s shipyard. Part of the the of Part shipyard. Navy’s Virginia the ablaze set from Hanover County gathered at Byrd’s Tavern, Tavern, Byrd’s at gathered County Hanover from

Reconstruction. Throughout the rural countryside, countryside, rural the Throughout Reconstruction. Union lines. When Union troops marched into into marched troops Union When lines. Union seceded from the Union on April 17, 1861, and and 1861, 17, April on Union the from seceded to Jamestown and Williamsburg converged. Williamsburg and Jamestown to They also sailed up the Chickahominy River and and River Chickahominy the up sailed also They citizens. Thanks to Patrick Henry, militiamen militiamen Henry, Patrick to Thanks citizens.

came the hardship of military occupation and and occupation military of hardship the came fled to Fort Monroe, taking refuge behind behind refuge taking Monroe, Fort to fled that sharply divided the nation. Virginia Virginia nation. the divided sharply that toward Spencer’s Ordinary, where the main roads roads main the where Ordinary, Spencer’s toward the Americans’ entrenchments at Burwell’s Ferry. Ferry. Burwell’s at entrenchments Americans’ the precedented resistance on the part of local local of part the on resistance precedented

Virginia’s landscape was devastated. Afterward Afterward devastated. was landscape Virginia’s property. As a result, literally thousands of blacks blacks of thousands literally result, a As property. signaled the beginning of a long, bloody war war bloody long, a of beginning the signaled

and Cooper’s Mills. Some of Lafayette’s men moved moved men Lafayette’s of Some Mills. Cooper’s and James City County. In April the British fired upon upon fired British the April In County. City James occurred on April 21, 1775, sparked un- sparked 1775, 21, April on occurred

When the Civil War ended, much of eastern eastern of much ended, War Civil the When whom he termed “contraband”– Confederate Confederate “contraband”– termed he whom he shots fired at Fort Sumter, S.C., S.C., Sumter, Fort at fired shots he Tavern, the Chickahominy Church, and Norvelle’s Norvelle’s and Church, Chickahominy the Tavern, During 1781 combat occurred in several parts of of parts several in occurred combat 1781 During he “gunpowder incident,” which which incident,” “gunpowder he

W C R T C N N R E hange and ecovery ar ivil ation ew a of mergence evolution American he , , :

The CultureS of Three ContinentS VSi iting JameS City County ames City County, rich in history, This map was designed to help visitors discover of Am ativeAmerican uropean African natural beauty and diverse stories, is the people and places that formed the foundation e er N S E S S ic home to Jamestown, the first permanent of Virginia and America. Nestled between m a In late August 1619 o ’ Literally thousands of The first Virginia colonists arrived in the s a Dutch frigate J English Settlement in the Americas. As the Richmond and Norfolk, James City County is H years before European Chesapeake Bay in late April 1607. birthplace of American democracy, it is not surpris- home to Jamestown Settlement and Historic colonists arrived, an When they sailed inland, they arrived at Old ing that James City County is filled with many Jamestowne (Jamestown Island). The scenic – 4 indigenous population found magnificent timber, lush Point Comfort 0 y historic sites that tell the stories of three cultures and historic – Colonial Parkway serves as a link 0 r with 20-some t a inhabited James City vegetation, and an abundance of that shaped our country – Native American, between Jamestown, Williamsburg and Yorktown. h rs County. Over time, the wildfowl, game, and marine life. Africans aboard, Annive men and women European and African. Yet off the beaten path, James City County also Indians of Tidewater They also encountered the has significant sites that tell the stories of the Virginia acquired well Natives whose homeland they’d who couldn’t have known the signifi- indigenous people who occupied the land long James City County, Va developed cultural entered. On May 13, 1607, before the first settlers arrived in 1607, the blacks traditions and estab- the colonists arrived at the cant place they Historical Map would occupy in who first arrived in 1619, the American Revolution, lished trade networks marsh-rimmed peninsula on and the Civil War. for the exchange of which they decided to establish American history. The mariners received provi- goods. In 1607 when the their settlement. The first colonists sions in exchange for their captives, some of whom were brought up to Jamestown. Three or Whether a visitor or resident, this map has some- first European colonists built a triangular fort that was thing for the history buff in everyone. arrived, Tidewater’s palisaded and had mounted ordnance, four days later, another ship left some Africans i cover Indians were ruled by Powhatan, a paramount for they were keenly aware that they in the colony. From 1635 on, vessels bearing DS chief, who reigned over 32 districts that had seated themselves within Africans docked at Jamestown, the colony’s encompassed more than 150 villages. territory Spain considered hers. official port of entry. Some of these men or ore nformation and women were treated like indentured F M I ur The Indians considered land merely a part They also needed protec- O of the earth, which like the sky, water, tion from the Natives, for servants, who worked for a limited time. To plan your visit, check out these area web sites: and air, was communal and open to all they had seated themselves Others were relegated to de facto slavery, www.jccEgov.com for subsistence. Thus, they couldn’t within territory that belonged although it had no legal precedent. It was www.visitwilliamsburg.com ew orld readily understand the European to the Pasbehay Indians. Soon, during this period that the Virginia colonists’ www.historicjamestowne.org N W growing need for hands to cultivate tobacco, www.historyisfun.org concept of owning land. Both cul- hunger and infectious diseases Where America Began tures viewed accumulated wealth began claiming the Jamestown settlers’ the principal money crop, created a severe www.nps.gov/colo as an emblem of social status, lives. Shiploads of new colonists arrived but labor shortage. Many of the Africans were but had vastly different views the death toll continued to soar. The winter agronomists and knew how to grow tobacco. of religion. of 1609-1610, the infamous “The Starving Others were artisans who had many useful skills. Time,” nearly led to the colony’s abandon- As time went on, the rights of African and ment. Only Lord Delaware’s timely arrival African-American workers were stripped away in June 1610 led to Jamestown’s becoming and replaced by chattel slavery. the first permanent English settlement in the New World. York River Ancient Byrd’s/ Stonehouse Chiswell’s Ordinary JameS City County: Your New World to DSi cover Diascund Bridge Interstat 1 4 9. 14 e 64 The PaSbehay Village JameS town ChurcheS Chickahominy Church Toano When the first colonists arrived, the On May 13, 1607, when the first English colonists During the American Revolution the Marquis de After the C&O Railroad’s tracks extended Pasbehay Indians’ major village was at landed on Jamestown Island, they fashioned a Lafayette’s men encamped upon the grounds of the down the peninsula, the crossroads tradition- Richmond the mouth of the Chickahominy River. tent-like church from an old sail. Over time, several Chickahominy Church, established by the 1720s. ally known as Burnt Ordinary was renamed White Hall/ Upstream were sites occupied churches were built at Jamestown, where today In 1865 African Americans erected the Chickahominy Toano. The thriving community was home to Road Geddy House by the Chickahominy Indians. remnants of a 17th century church tower remain. Baptist Church’s forerunner at the site. The local a train depot, livery stable, canning factory, CSX Railr The Indians’ seasonal pattern In July 1619 delegates from Virginia’s plantations African-American community has pro-duced some and store. oad of hunting and gathering relied convened in the church in the New World’s first highly influential leaders, including the Reverend 6 Edward’s Mill upon nature’s bounty. representative assembly. Junius Moody and Ms. Eula Radcliffe. 15 Cooper’s Mill Lombardy Public Education 10 During the colonial period, few Virginia chil- Fort James House 2 5 10 Windsor he overnorS’ dren had access to education. The Literary Moysenac Village 14 T G Green Spring Plantation Riverview Castle Olive Branch During the 1640s Royal Governor Sir William From the 17th century on, navigable waterways Fund, established in 1810, underwrote the cost Christian Church and, Berkeley developed thousands of acres into his constituted Virginia’s main “highways.”By the early Forge R Dr. Martin’s 12 L of educating poor white children. In 1825 an 8 Whittaker’s Mill manor plantation, Green Spring. The scene of 1780s William Hankins had developed his York oad Rhode’s Ordinary Capahosick Ferry ainland abandoned Anglican church was converted Cowles Ferry Warrenton Drinking Spring Skimino Mill M House Peach Park Piggott’s/ turmoil during Bacon’s Rebellion, it descended River acreage as Riverview Plantation. During the into what became known as Hickory Neck House James City Chapel Our Savior’s to the Ludwell and Lee families. The First Baptist 1830s, Hankins’ grandson, Albert M. Hankins, built Lutheran Church Fenton Mill Farm Academy. Public education was not legally In 1619 a 3,000 acre tract, Church traces its origin to slaves holding religious portions of Riverview’s main house. mandated until after the Civil War. By 1876 13 the Governor’s Land, was laid out just west of iny Road services at Green Spring in a “brush arbor.” racially-segregated public schools were Jamestown Island. It was traversed by the “Great established throughout Virginia. In 1908 a 9 11 ree at a t Bradshaw House Road,” Virginia’s most historic thoroughfare. F L S public high school was built in Toano, and Chickahom 6 Mrs. Mainland Farm, a portion of the Governor’s Land, he ink etween In 1802, William Ludwell Lee of Green Spring Williamsburg T L B during the 1920s small schoolhouses were Piggott’s bequeathed his slaves their freedom and authorized Bush’s/ Pottery has been in continuous agricultural use since at Chickahominy House built throughout James City County. Norvell’s Mill least 1617. On July 6, 1781, the Battle of Green Church and tate them to settle upon the Hot Water tract, a subsidi- Shipyard Throughout the colonial Speriod, support of Virginia’s Spring was fought there. ary farm. This small community grew and persisted state church was compulsory. In 1734 Blisland into the 1860s. Today, these people’s heritage is ink to the Six Mile Parish’s vestry decided to build a new church beside commemorated at Freedom Park. During the L S Ordinary 3 MartinS’ Hundred the main road to New Kent County. In time, this 19th century a Free Black community bordered OutSide orld house-of-worship, enlarged in 1774, became known Ware Creek. From the mid-17thW century on, ferries trans- and CarterS’ Grove as Hickory Neck Episcopal Church. In 1781, Hickory ported passengers across the James, York, In early 1620 the Martin’s Hundred plantation was Neck served as an American military hospital and 12 and Chickahominy Rivers. During the 18th Road he oming of 11 Longhill Ewell Hall established. Although the 1622 Indian attack dealt in 1825 the abandoned church was converted into T C century, ferries ran from Jamestown Island, Road the settlement a reeling blow, in time it regained its a public school. College Landing, and Burwell’s Ferry to former vitality. By 1723, Robert “King” Carter, the Railroad Surry County. They also plied the mouth of

Jolly Pond Pond Jolly In 1881 when the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Virginia’s wealthiest citizen, purchased and de- 7 (C&O) built a rail line connecting Richmond to the Chickahominy River, crossed at Diascund veloped part of Martin’s Hundred into a working MillS and Other Newport News, a flag-stop called Vaiden’s Siding Creek, and traversed the York River at the plantation. During the 1740s, his grandson, Carter (later, Norge) came into existence. Depots were built mouths of Ware and Skimino Creeks. Burwell, came of age and constructed a stately Early InduStrieS Near Jamestown, skilled craftsmen produced a at Norge, Toano, Ewell, and Grove. Passenger Parke brick mansion there. At Carter’s Grove, enslaved Jones trial of glass in 1608. By the early 1620s gunsmiths, and freight service was established by June 1882.

Road ccommodation for Route 19 workers of African descent produced field crops and carpenters, and potters were plying their trades The railroad provided local farmers with access to A S raised livestock, sold in nearby Williamsburg.

C in the capital city and merchants’ lots lined the urban markets. an and Bea t h M S

9 waterfront. After settlement spread inland, Centerville News Throughout the 17th century Jamestown, the i Road c James City County was home to grist and sawmills, 13 capital city, had numerous inns (ordinaries) k : Map Legend blacksmith shops, and retail establishments. orge a candinavian a N S where high-ranking government officials often h Highlighted Points of Interest met to do business. At the close of the century, o ommunity m C Points of Interest 8. In 1896, Norwegian land agent Carl Bergh purchased taverns opened in Middle Plantation and at i Barrett’s A ell orn horoughfare n Monticell Fort Magruder W W T College Landing. By the 1720s, Forneau’s y Ferry o Avenue Revolutionary Roads By the early 18th century, Forge Road’s forerunner a farm midway between Toano and Lightfoot. Powhatan Plantation Ordinary, located beside the old road to R Mid-Eighteenth Century Roads had become an important public thoroughfare. He was convinced that the area’s cheap land, i New Kent Courthouse, began serving the v Travelers could cross the Chickahominy River via temperate climate, and good soil would appeal to

e Civil War Roads r 5 traveling public. The Six Mile Ordinary was John Tyler Highway 15 ad Cowles Ferry, or head in a northwesterly direction the Midwest’s European immigrants, who disliked Greensprings toward Richmond. During the Civil War, the opposing the harsh winters. Between 1898 and 1902, numer- located at Lightfoot, not far from Spencer’s and Route 19 Pocahontas

1 The Pasbehay Village 9 armies clashed along Forge Road and at Burnt ous Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, and German Rhodes’ Ordinaries. A popular tavern at the bound Ro bound Church on Parke’s Ordinary (Toano). Union Army soldiers used the families from the Midwest established the junction of Forge and Richmond Roads, Road the Main Iron Mill Trail destroyed by fire in January 1780, led to the Jamestown Road Olive Branch Christian Church community known as Norge. 2 as a stable. crossroads community’s becoming known as The Governor’s Land 2 Merrimac Tr Burnt Ordinary, later Toano. James River Powhatan Lake Powell Mill Johnson’s Mill Holt’s Mill Mill Kingsmll Jamestown Jockey’s Neck/ Trebell’s ail Ferry James City Landing Colonial Parish Glebe Burwell’s Ferry 7 Neck O LandParkway Road Archers Hope 4 3 ignificant ate in Jame ity ountyS’ i tory May 13, 1607 S D S S C C HS Colonists came ashore in the Jamestown of Am Island e er Pasbehay Indians’ territory ic 1802 Grove Wharf 1893 m a and settled on Jamestown Island o ’ s William Ludwell The Association for the H Lee bequeathed his Preservation of Virginia 1619 slaves their freedom Antiquities (APVA) 1957 Virginia was subdivided 4 and provided homes acquired 22½ acres at The 350th anniversary of 0 y into four corporations r ; for them at what is Jamestown Island Jamestown was commemorated 0 a one of which was t s now Freedom Park where the first and Queen Elizabeth II and her h er James City County 1932 husband, Prince Philip, visited Anniv September 19, 1676 colonists settled 1767 1812-1813 The U.S. government Jamestown set ablaze July-August 1619 Diascund and Ware During the purchased all but 22½ during Bacon’s Rebellion North America’s 1721 Creeks became War of 1812, the 1857 acres of Jamestown 1984 May 11-13, 2007 first representative Chickahominy River became James City British marched Jamestown celebration Island and established James City County 400th Anniversary

1600s assembly convened in 1700s James City County’s western County’s newly 1800s up the peninsula commemorated the first 1900s the Colonial National celebrated its 350th 2000s of America the church at Jamestown boundary line fixed boundaries and invaded James City County colonists’ landing Monument. Anniversary commemorated

August 1619 1634 1699 1775-1781 1807 1862 1907 1993-2000 First Africans brought James City County became Virginia’s capital city was British and Allied armies clashed at 1781 Bicentennial celebration The Union Army marched out of The nation observed the APVA archaeologists to Jamestown one of eight original shires moved from Jamestown Spencer’s Ordinary and British burned the held on Jamestown Island Fort Monroe and seized Williamsburg, 300th anniversary of the discovered site of or counties to Middle Plantation Green Spring Chickahominy Shipyard at which point James City County Virginia colony’s founding fortifications built by March 22, 1622 (now Williamsburg) became occupied territory first colonists Indian attack killed nearly a third of the colony’s population