Sumo-Kimarite.Pdf

SUMO

KIMARITE

(WINNING TECHNIQUES)

Kihonwaza 基本技

Basic techniques.

These are some of the most common kimarite in sumo.

Abisetaoshi 浴せ倒し

Forcing down the opponent on their back by leaning forward while in a grappling position (backward force down).

Oshidashi 押し出し

Pushing the opponent out of the ring without holding their mawashi, nor fully extending his arms. . Hand contact must be maintained through the push.(frontal push out)

Oshitaoshi 押し倒し

Pushing the opponent down out of the ring (the opponent falls out of the ring instead of backing out) without holding their mawashi. Hand contact is maintained throughout the push (front push down).

Tsukidashi 突き出し

Thrusting the opponent backwards out of the ring with one or a series of hand thrusts. The attacker does not have to maintain hand contact (front thrust out).

Tsukitaoshi 突き倒し

Thrusting the opponent down out of the ring (the opponent falls over the edge) onto their back with a hard thrust or shove (front thrust down).

Yorikiri 寄り切り

Maintaining a grip on the opponent's mawashi, the opponent is forced backwards out of the ring (front force out).

Yoritaoshi 寄り倒し

Maintaining a grip on the opponent's mawashi, the opponent is forced backwards out of the ring and collapses on their back from the force of the attack (front crush out).

Nagete 投げ手

Throwing techniques.

Ipponzeoi 一本背負い

While moving backwards to the side, the opponent is pulled past the attacker and out of the ring by grabbing and pulling their arm with both hands (one-armed shoulder throw).

Kakenage 掛け投げ

Lifting the opponent's thigh with one's leg, while grasping the opponent with both arms, and then throwing the off-balance opponent to the ground (hooking inner thigh throw).

Koshinage 腰投げ

Bending over and pulling the opponent over the attacker's hip, then throwing the opponent to the ground on their back (hip throw).

Kotenage 小手投げ

The attacker wraps their arm around the opponent's extended arm (差し手 - gripping arm), then throws the opponent to the ground without touching their mawashi. A common move (armlock throw).

Kubinage 首投げ

The attacker wraps the opponent's head (or neck) in his arms, throwing him down (headlock throw).

Nichonage 二丁投げ

Extending the right (left) leg around the outside of the opponent's right (left) knee thereby sweeping both of his legs off the surface and throwing him down (body drop throw).

Shitatedashinage 下手出し投げ

The attacker extends their arm under the opponent's arm to grab the opponent's mawashi while dragging the opponent forwards and/or to the side, throwing them to the ground (pulling underarm throw).

Shitatenage 下手投げ

The attacker extends their arm under the opponent's arm to grab the opponent's mawashi and turns sideways, pulling the opponent down and throwing them to the ground (underarm throw).

Sukuinage 掬い投げ

The attacker extends their arm under the opponent's armpit and across their back while turning sideways, forcing the opponent forward and throwing him to the ground without touching the mawashi (beltless arm throw).

Tsukaminage つかみ投げ

The attacker grabs the opponent's mawashi and lifts his body off the surface, pulling them into the air past the attacker and throwing them down (lifting throw).

Uwatedashinage 上手出し投げ

The attacker extends their arm over the opponent's arm/back to grab the opponent's mawashi while pulling them forwards to the ground (pulling overarm throw).

Uwatenage 上手投げ

The attacker extends their arm over the opponent's arm to grab the opponent's mawashi and throws the opponent to the ground while turning sideways (overarm throw).

Yaguranage 櫓投げ

With both wrestlers grasping each other's mawashi, pushing one's leg up under the opponent's groin, lifting them off the surface and then throwing them down on their side (inner thigh throw).

Kakete 掛け手

Leg tripping techniques.

Ashitori 足取り

Grabbing the opponent's leg and pulling upward with both hands, causing the opponent to fall over (leg pick).

Chongake ちょん掛け

Hooking a heel under the opponent's opposite heel and forcing them to fall over backwards by pushing or twisting their arm (pulling heel hook).

Kawazugake 河津掛け

Wrapping one's leg around the opponent's leg of the opposite side, and tripping him backwards while grasping onto his upper body (hooking backward counter throw).

Kekaeshi 蹴返し

Kicking the inside of the opponent's foot. This is usually accompanied by a quick pull that causes the opponent to lose balance and fall (minor inner foot sweep).

Ketaguri 蹴手繰り

Directly after tachi-ai, kicking the opponent's legs to the outside and thrusting or twisting him down to the dohyo (pulling inside ankle sweep).

Kirikaeshi 切り返し

The attacker places their leg behind the knee of the opponent, and while twisting the opponent sideways and backwards, sweeps them over the attacker's leg and throws them down (twisting backward knee trip).

Komatasukui 小股掬い

When an opponent responds to being thrown and puts his leg out forward to balance himself, grabbing the underside of the thigh and lifting it up, throwing the opponent down (over thigh scooping body drop).

Kozumatori 小褄取り

Lifting the opponent's ankle from the front, causing them to fall (ankle pick).

Mitokorozeme 三所攻め

A triple attack. Wrapping one leg around the opponent's (inside leg trip), grabbing the other leg behind the thigh, and thrusting the head into the opponent's chest, the attacker pushes them up and off the surface, then throwing them down on their back (triple attack force out).

Nimaigeri 二枚蹴り

Kicking an off-balance opponent on the outside of their standing leg's foot, then throwing him to the surface (ankle kicking twist down).

Omata 大股

When the opponent escapes from a komatsukui by extending the other foot, the attacker switches to lift the opponent's other off-balance foot and throws him down (thigh scooping body drop).

Sotogake 外掛け

Wrapping the calf around the opponent's calf from the outside and driving them over backwards (outside leg trip). The UFC light heavyweight champion Lyoto Machida, with a sumo background, has successfully used this multiple times in the course of his mixed martial arts career.

Sotokomata 外小股

Directly after a nage or hikkake is avoided by the opponent, grabbing the opponent's thigh from the outside, lifting it, and throwing them down on their back (over thigh scooping body drop).

Susoharai 裾払い

Directly after a nage or hikkake is avoided by the opponent, driving the knee under the opponent's thigh and pulling them down to the surface (rear foot sweep).

Susotori 裾取り

Directly after a nage is avoided by the opponent, grabbing the ankle of the opponent and pulling them down to the surface (ankle pick).

Tsumatori 褄取り

As the opponent is losing their balance to the front (or is moving forward), grabbing the leg and pulling it back, thereby ensuring the opponent falls to the surface (rear toe pick).

Uchigake 内掛け

Wrapping the calf around the opponent's calf from the inside and forcing them down on their back (inside leg trip).

Watashikomi 渡し込み

While against the ring of the surface, the attacker grabs the underside of the opponent's thigh or knee with one hand and pushes with the other arm, thereby forcing the opponent out or down (thigh grabbing push down).

Hinerite 捻り手

Twist down techniques.

Amiuchi 網打ち

A throw with both arms pulling on the opponent's arm, causing the opponent to fall over forward (the fisherman's throw). It is so named because it resembles the traditional Japanese technique for casting fishing nets.

Gasshohineri 合掌捻り

With both hands clasped around the opponent's back, the opponent is twisted over sideways (clasped hand twist down). See Tokkurinage.

Harimanage 波離間投げ

Reaching over the opponents back and grabbing hold of their mawashi, the opponent is pulled over in front or beside the attacker (backward belt throw).

Kainahineri 腕捻り

Wrapping both arms around the opponent's extended arm and forcing him down to the dohyo by way of one's shoulder (two-handed arm twist down). (Similar to the tottari, but the body is positioned differently)

Katasukashi 肩透かし

Wrapping two hands around opponent's arm, both grasping the opponent's shoulder and forcing him down (under-shoulder swing down).

Kotehineri 小手捻り

Twisting the opponent's arm down, causing a fall (arm lock twist down).

Kubihineri 首捻り

Twisting the opponent's neck down, causing a fall (head twisting throw).

Makiotoshi 巻き落とし

Reacting quickly to an opponent's actions, twisting the opponent's off-balance body down to the dohyo without grasping the mawashi (twist down).

Osakate 大逆手

Taking the opponent's arm extended over one's arm and twisting the arm downward, while grabbing the opponent's body and throwing it in the same direction as the arm (backward twisting overarm throw).

Sabaori 鯖折り

Grabbing the opponent's mawashi while pulling out and down, forcing the opponent's knees to the dohyo (forward force down).

Sakatottari 逆とったり

To wrap one arm around the opponent's extended arm while grasping onto the opponent's wrist with the other hand, twisting and forcing the opponent down (arm bar throw counter or "anti-tottari").

Shitatehineri 下手捻り

Extending the arm under the opponent's arm to grasp the mawashi, then pulling the mawashi down until the opponent falls or touches his knee to the dohyo (twisting underarm throw).

Sotomuso 外無双

Using the left (right) hand to grab onto the outside of the opponent's right (left) knee and twisting the opponent over one's left (right) knee (outer thigh propping twist down).

Tokkurinage 徳利投げ

Grasping the opponent's neck or head with both hands and twisting him down to the dohyo (two handed head twist down).

Tottari とったり

Wrapping both arms around the opponent's extended arm and forcing him forward down to the dohyo (arm bar throw).

Tsukiotoshi 突き落とし

Twisting the opponent down to the dohyo by forcing the arms on the opponent's upper torso, off of his center of gravity (thrust down).

Uchimuso 内無双

Using the left (right) hand to grab onto the outside of the opponent's left (right) knee and twisting the opponent down (inner thigh propping twist down).

Uwatehineri 上手捻り

Extending the arm over the opponent's arm to grasp the mawashi, then pulling the mawashi down until the opponent falls or touches his knee to the dohyo (twisting overarm throw).

Zubuneri ずぶねり

When the head is used to thrust an opponent down during a hineri (head pivot throw).

Sorite 反り手

Backwards body drop techniques.

Izori 居反り

Diving under the charge of the opponent, the attacker grabs behind one or both of the opponent's knees, or their mawashi and pulls them up and over backwards (backwards body drop).

Kakezori 掛け反り

Putting one's head under the opponent's extended arm and body, and forcing the opponent backwards over one's legs (hooking backwards body drop).

Shumokuzori 撞木反り

In the same position as a tasukizori, but the wrestler throws himself backwards, thus ensuring that his opponent lands first under him (bell hammer drop). The name is derived from the similarity to the shape of Japanese bell hammers.

Sototasukizori 外たすき反り

With one arm around the opponents arm and one arm around the opponents leg, lifting the opponent and throwing him sideways and backwards (outer reverse backwards body drop).

Tasukizori たすき反り

With one arm around the opponents arm and one arm around the opponents leg, lifting the opponent perpendicular across the shoulders and throwing him down (kimono-string drop). The name refers to the cords used to tie the sleeves of the traditional Japanese kimono.

Tsutaezori 伝え反り

Shifting the extended opponent's arm around and twisting the opponent behind one's back and down to the dohyo (underarm forward body drop).

Tokushuwaza 特殊技

Special techniques.

Hatakikomi 叩き込み

Slapping down the opponent's shoulder, back, or arm and forcing them to fall forwards touching the clay (slap down).

Hikiotoshi 引き落とし

Pulling on the opponent's shoulder, arm, or mawashi and forcing them to fall forwards touching the clay (hand pull down).

Hikkake 引っ掛け

While moving backwards to the side, the opponent is pulled passed the attacker and out of the ring by grabbing and pulling their arm with both hands (arm grabbing force out).

Kimedashi 極め出し

Immobilizing the opponent's arms and shoulders with one's arms and forcing him out of the dohyo (arm barring force out).

Kimetaoshi 極め倒し

Immobilizing the opponent's arms and shoulders with one's arms and forcing him down (arm barring force down).

Okuridashi 送り出し

To push an off-balance opponent out of the dohyo from behind (rear push out).

Okurigake 送り掛け

To trip an opponent's ankle up from behind (rear leg trip).

Okurihikiotoshi 送り引き落とし

To pull an opponent down from behind (rear pull down).

Okurinage 送り投げ

To throw an opponent from behind (rear throw down).

Okuritaoshi 送り倒し

To knock down an opponent from behind (rear push down).

Okuritsuridashi 送り吊り出し

To pick up the opponent by his mawashi from behind and throw him out of the dohyo (rear lift out).

Okuritsuriotoshi 送り吊り落とし

To pick up the opponent by his mawashi from behind and throw him down on the dohyo (rear lifting body slam).

Sokubiotoshi 素首落とし

Pushing the opponent's head down from the back of the neck (head chop down).

Tsuridashi 吊り出し

While wrestlers face each other, to pick up the opponent by his mawashi and deliver him outside of the dohyo (lift out).

Tsuriotoshi 吊り落とし

While wrestlers face each other, to pick up the opponent by his mawashi and slam him onto the dohyo. (lifting body slam).

Ushiromotare 後ろもたれ

While the opponent is behind the wrestler, to back up and push him out of the dohyo (backward lean out).

Utchari うっちゃり

When near the edge of the dohyo, to bend oneself backwards and twist the opponent's body until he steps out of the dohyo (backward pivot throw).

Waridashi 割り出し

To push one foot of the opponent out of the ring from the side, extending the arm across the opponent's body and using the leg to force him off balance (upper-arm force out).

Yobimodoshi 呼び戻し

Reacting to the opponent's reaction to the attacker's inside pull, the attacker pulls them off by grabbing around them around the waist, before throwing them down (pulling body slam).

Hiwaza 非技

Non-techniques: There are five ways in which a wrestler can win without employing a technique.

Fumidashi 踏み出し

The opponent accidentally takes a backward step outside the ring with no attack initiated against him (rear step out).

Isamiashi 勇み足

In the performance of a kimarite the opponent inadvertently steps too far forward and places a foot outside the ring. (forward step out).

Koshikudake 腰砕け

The opponent falls over backwards without a technique being initiated against him. This usually happens because he has over-committed to an attack. (inadvertent collapse).

Tsukihiza つきひざ

The opponent stumbles and lands on one or both knees without any significant prior contact with the winning wrestler (knee touch down).

Tsukite つき手

The opponent stumbles and lands on one or both hands without any significant prior contact with the winning wrestler (hand touch down). 11

abisetaoshi (backward force down) - The attacker will force his opponent over backwards by throwing his weight into the opponent from a grappling position.

amiuchi (the fisherman's throw) - The attacker will throw his opponent behind him by pulling the opponent's arm with both hands while twisting backwards. The technique resembles the traditional way of casting a Japanese fishing net; hence the name.

ashitori (leg pick) - Similar to a technique of the same name found in both amateur and professional wrestling in which the attacker takes his opponent down by grabbing and lifting the opponent's leg with both hands.

chongake (pulling heel hook) - The attacker will hook his heel behind the defender's heel from the inside (left foot to left foot or right foot to right). As he pulls that leg towards him, he will grab the defender's arm on the same side and twist him sideways or backwards into the clay.

gasshohineri (clasped hand twist down) - Although this technique can be done from a one hand inside, one hand outside grip, it would more commonly be used when the attacker has achieved a double inside grip. From this position, the attacker would clasp his hands behind the defender’s back and twist him down and over. Gasshohineri was also called tokkurinage but that technique name is now used for a variation that has become one of the 12 techniques added in the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

harimanage (backward belt throw) - A sacrifice technique usually done as a last ditch throw at the edge. The attacker will throw his opponent behind him by reaching over the opponent's shoulder to grab the mawashi from behind and then pull him past his own body while twisting into him. The name comes from the image of a weak wave hitting a rock and then drifting past it.

hatakikomi (slap down) - One of sumo's most common techniques and often seen at the tachi-ai or initial charge. The attacker will shift away as his opponent charges in with his head too low. As he shifts, he will slap the opponent's shoulder, back or arm with one or both hands, forcing him to touch the surface of the ring with his hand or hands.

hikiotoshi (hand pull down) - A common sumo technique, similar to hatakikomi, in which the attacker pulls the opponent down while backing away by pulling on his arm shoulder or the front of his mawashi.

hikkake (arm grabbing force out) - In this technique the attacker will drive his opponent out of the ring by grabbing his arm with both hands, often in response to a tsuki/oshi (pushing/thrusting) attack and pull him past and to the attacker's rear while moving backwards and to the side.

ipponzeoi (one armed shoulder throw) - Similar to the judo technique of the same name, the attacker will pull one of the defender's arms with both hands. Releasing the hand closet to the defender's shoulder, he will turn into his opponent, locking up that arm with his free arm as he pulls with the hand furthest from that shoulder. He will then heave his opponent over his shoulder/hip.

izori (backwards body drop) - The attacker will dive under his opponent's charge so the defender is leaning on top and over him. The attacker will then grab behind either one or both knees, or the front of the defender's mawashi, and use his lower body/back to lift him up and over backwards.

kainahineri (two-handed arm twist down) - The attacker will lock up one of the defender's arms with both arms and, turning into his opponent, twist him over and into the clay.

kakenage (hooking inner thigh throw) - The attacker will hook one leg inside the defender's legs and turn away from him. As he raises the hooked leg up and back, he will wrap his foot around the defender's ankle or lower calf. By driving that attacking leg up and backwards, he will force the defender up and over into the clay.

kakezori (hooking backwards body drop) - The attacker will have his head placed under one of the defender's arms while taking an inside grip on the opposite side of his opponent's mawashi. Taking a deep step from the same side as his gripping hand, he will attempt to either twist the defender over that leg or hook the defender's closest leg. At the same time, he will drive his head into the defender's side to force him over backwards.

katasukashi (under-shoulder swing down) - The attacker will force his opponent into the clay by placing one hand on the opponent's shoulder blade from the inside and one from the outside, pulling him down and forward while backing away.

kawazugake (hooking backward counter throw) - From a grappling position, the attacker will hook his opponent's closest leg from the inside and take him over backwards by pulling that hooked leg forward and across his own body. A sacrifice technique.

kekaeshi (minor inner footsweep) - The attacker will sweep his opponent's leg out from under him by kicking the defender's leg from the inside. The sweep is right foot to right foot or left to left. The footsweep is often accompanied by a well-timed slap on the defender's back as he begins to lean forward.

ketaguri (pulling inside ankle sweep) - Usually seen at the tachi-ai or initial charge, the attacker will leap to the side and kick or sweep his opponent's lead leg from the inside while slapping the shoulder or pulling the arm closest to him.

kimedashi (arm barring force out) - The attacker will lock up or bar the defender's arms by wrapping his own arms around them from the outside. He will then grab one of his own wrists, pulling up and in. This puts tremendous pressure on the defender's elbows and allows the attacker to march or swing his opponent backwards and out of the ring.

kimetaoshi (arm barring force down) - The attacker will bar his opponent's arm or arms from the outside. He will than force the opponent down by throwing his weight into and on top of him. It is most often seen today after the opponent has a achieved a double inside grip.

kirikaeshi (twisting backward knee trip) - The attacker will take a deep step forward with his lead leg so his knee is placed behind his opponent's lead leg. He will then throw the opponent by twisting him backwards and over that knee.

komatasukui (over thigh scooping body drop) - This technique is best used in combination with an uwatenage (overarm throw) or a shitatenage (underarm throw). As the opponent defends against the throw by taking a deep step forward, the attacker will reach down with his "free hand" and grab the opponent's leg on or near the thigh. He wll then pull up, driving the opponent over backwards.

koshinage (hip throw) - The attacker will turn into his opponent while pulling him onto his hips. As the attacker continues to pull, he will straigthen his knees, throwing the defender over and onto his back. This throw can be done from either and inside or outside grip.

kotehineri (armlocking twist down) - In this technique the attacker has wrapped his arm around the defender’s inside gripping arm. He will then lock up that arm at the defender’s biceps or elbow and twist him around and down in the direction of that inside arm. The attacker’s other hand can be in an inside or outside gripping position, placed along the defender’s back or wrapped around his head or neck when initiating this technique. Kotehineri is one of the 12 techniques added in the 19

2001 winning technique list expansion.

kotenage (armlock throw) - The attacker will throw his opponent by wrapping his arm around the opponent's inside gripping arm, locking it up on or near the elbow and turning away from him. Often used as a last ditch attempt to win at the edge.

kozumatori (ankle pick) - One of the 12 techniques added in the 2001 winning technique list expansion, the most common form of kozumatori has the attacker leaning into his opponent while attempting a forward drive. While moving forward, he will slide his hand down his opponent’s leg from the outside, grabbing it at the ankle or the base of the calf. He will then pull that ankle towards him and up while driving his body into his foe, forcing him over onto his back. A variation of this technique has the attacker pulling on the same ankle or calf from behind his opponent.

kubihineri (head twisting throw) - The attacker will wrap one hand around his opponent's neck. With his other hand, he will grab the defender's inside gripping arm. The attacker will then drive the hand gripping the defender's neck in the direction that hand's palm is facing; twisting the defender into the clay. This is considered a power technique.

kubinage (headlock throw) - Almost identical to a technique of the same name found in all combative arts that include any kind of grappling. The attacker will turn into his opponent, throwing him by wrapping one arm around his neck as he makes that turn. The attacker's other hand is usually gripping the opponent's arm furthest from him from the outside.

makiotoshi (twist down) - The attacker will throw his opponent by twisting him towards his own, inside hand. When executing the throw, the attacker will not be gripping the mawashi.

mitokorozeme (triple attack force out) - This technique involves combining three separate attacks at the same time. While the attacker attempts an inside leg trip with one leg, he will grab the defender's other leg behind the thigh and try to pull that leg out from under him. At the same time, he will drive his head into his opponent's stomach or chest in order to force him backwards.

nichonage (body drop throw) - The attacker, working from either an inside or outside grip, will place one leg in front of the defender's leg, usually at the knee, as he turns to face the same direction the defender is facing. As the attacker sweeps back with his leg he will pull forward, throwing the defender over that extended leg.

nimaigeri (ankle kicking twist down) - As the attacker pulls his opponent up and into him, he will kick the defender's legs out from under him by striking with the sole of his foot to the outside of the defender's ankle. The sweep is left to right or right to left. As the attacker initiates the necessary footwork, he will use his upper body to throw or twist the defender onto his side or back.

okuridashi (rear push out) - In this technique, the attacker will drive his opponent out from behind.

okurigake (rear leg trip) - After working his way behind the defender, the attacker will hook one of his legs around one of the defender’s legs. From this position, he will pull that hooked leg towards him, dropping his opponent forward and down. This technique can be done from either an inside or outside hooking position. Okurigake is one of the 12 techniques added in the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

okurihikiotoshi (rear pull down) - In this technique, the attacker has circled behind the defender. From any one of a number of gripping positions he will backpedal away from the defender, dragging him back and down. Okurihikiotoshi is one of the 12 techniques added in the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

okurinage (rear throw down) - In this technique, the attacker has circled behind the defender. Standing behind the defender, using any one of several possible hand positions, he throws the defender forward and down or to the side and down. The key point to this technique is the attacker’s position in relationship to the defender at the time of the throw. Okurinage is one of the 12 techniques added in the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

okuritaoshi (rear push down) - Similar to okuridashi, here the attacker forces his opponent down from behind with the match usually ending before the opponent is forced over the edge.

okuritsuridashi (rear lift out) - In this technique, the attacker has managed to circle around the defender. From any one of a number of possible grips, he will drop his hips, lift the defender up and carry him over the edge of the ring. Because both of the defender’s feet are in the air, the attacker can cross the edge of the ring with one foot before the defender’s feet cross over without losing the match. Okuritsuridashi is one of the 12 techniques added in the 2001 winning

technique list expansion.

okuritsuriotoshi (rear lifting body slam) - After circling around behind the defender, in this technique the attacker will lift his opponent up using any one of several possible grips and then slam him down. Okuritsuriotoshi is one of the 12 techniques added in the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

omata (thigh scooping body drop) - The defender will attempt to block an overarm or underarm throw by taking a deep step forward with the foot furthest from the attacker's throwing arm. As the defender steps forward, the attacker will grab that leg from the inside with his free hand and lift it up and backwards. As he does this, he will drive his body into the defender's, forcing him over onto his back.

osakate (backward twisting overarm throw) - This technique would most commonly be seen at the edge, used by the attacker as he digs in. From a deep, standard outside grip, the attacker will bend backwards and swing his opponent around and out in the direction of that outside gripping hand. Osakate is one of the 12 techniques added in the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

oshidashi (frontal push out) - The attacker pushes his opponent out of the ring without gripping the mawashi. Unlike tsukidashi (frontal thrust out) the attacker must maintain hand contact at all times. One of the most common techniques in sumo, it is popular with tsuki/oshi (pushing/thrusting) specialists.

oshitaoshi (frontal push down) - Similar to tsukitaoshi (frontal thrust down) this technique has the attacker pushing his opponent backwards and then over.

sabaori (forward force down) - A rare technique, the attacker will have both hands on his opponent's mawashi. As he pulls the defender in, he will throw his weight high into and on top of the defender. The force and weight applied will cause the defender's knees to buckle under him.

sakatottari (arm bar throw counter) - This is a counter to tottari (arm bar throw) usually seen at the edge. As the rikishi attempting the technique frees the arm being barred, he will turn his hip closet to his opponent inward, forcing the opponent to fall forward.

shitatedashinage (pulling underarm throw) - This throw is done from an inside grip on the mawashi. As the attacker turns away from his opponent, he will pull him forward and down into the clay with that inside hand.

shitatehineri (twisting underarm throw) - Done from an inside grip, the attacker will twist his opponent down into the clay, pulling him in the direction of the inside hand.

shitatenage (underarm throw) - One of the most common throwing techniques in sumo, the attacker will pull straight down with his inside, gripping hand as he turns away from his opponent.

shumokuzori (bell hammer backwards body drop) - This technique gets its name from its similarity in appearance to the shape of a Japanese wooden bell hammer. A variation of tasukezori (reverse backwards body drop) it also can be used during a heated tsuppari(slapping) exchange. The attacker will duck under the defender's lead arm and be caught half way through. In this technique, the defender will find himself draped over the attacker's body in a fireman's carry positio. As the attacker lifts the defender up, he will take him over backwards. A sacrifice technique, the attacker will land on his back an instant after the defender is thrown over onto his.

sokubiotoshi (head chop down) - This technique becomes possible when the defender is caught leaning too far forward. The attacker will chop down with his wrist or forearm at the defender’s neck or the back of his head, forcing him to touch down with one or two hands. Sokubiotoshi is one of the 12 techniques added in the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

sotogake (outside leg trip) - As the attacker pulls his opponent into him, he will hook that opponent's lead leg from the outside, driving him over backwards.

sotokomata (over thigh scooping body drop) - As the defender steps forward, the attacker will grab that lead leg from the outside, over the top of the thigh. He will then lift the leg, driving his opponent over backwards.

sotomuso (outer thigh propping twist down) - The attacker will release his inside gripping hand and reach across the front of the defender's body to block, or prop, the defender's far leg. At the same time, he will lock up the defender's inside gripping arm while twisting his body into his opponent's. With the defender's far leg blocked from stepping forward, this forces him to fall over onto his back.

sototasukizori (outer reverse backwards body drop) - This technique becomes possible when the defender has an inside grip. The attacker will bar that gripping arm across his own body. He will then reach over that barred arm with his free hand palm up, grabbing the defender's closest leg from the inside at the thigh. As the attacker pulls the leg up and over, the pain generated by barring one of the defender's arms will force him to touch down with his free hand.

sukuinage (beltless arm throw) - From an inside gripping position, the attacker will release that gripping hand, extend that inside arm across his opponent's back as he turns away from him and pull the opponent forward and down.

susoharai (rear footsweep) - The attacker will use a pulling arm throw or arm grabbing force out attempt to work the defender into a position perpendicular to him. Having forced the defender's closest foot forward, the attacker will then sweep that foot from the rear, driving it even further forward. At the same time, he will pull the defender backwards, throwing him onto his side or back.

susotori (ankle pick) - As the defender attempts a throw, the attacker reaches down and grabs the ankle of his opponent's leg furthest from the defender's throwing arm. He then pulls that leg up and behind him while driving the defender over onto his back.

tasukizori (reverse backwards body drop) - This technique's name comes from the cord used to tie up kimono sleeves. During a heated tsuppari (slapping) exchange, the attacker will duck under the defender's lead arm and find himself with his back turned to the defender's side. Grabbing the defender's lead arm with one hand and his back leg at the thigh from the inside with the other, the attacker will lean backwards. This motion will force the attacker to sacrifice his upright position but not before driving

the defender over onto his side or back.

tokkurinage (two handed head twist down) - As the defender is leaning forward, the attacker will grab his head or neck with both hands. From this position, he will twist the defender down and over onto his back. This technique was also called gasshohineri but that name is now used to describe a variation of tokkurinage; one of the 12 techniques added in the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

tottari (arm bar throw) - This technique often develops from a pushing/thrusting exchange. The attacker will grab one of his opponent's arms, usually at the wrist as he turns parallel to him. His free arm will then wrap around that arm from below. He will then bar it across his stomach or chest, forcing the opponent forward and down.

tsukaminage (lifting throw) - In this technique the attacker, from an outside grip, will pull his opponent past him. As he completes the pull, he will heave the defender up into the air and drive him into the clay. Where almost all throwing motions in sumo are right to left or left to right, this techniques motion is always right to right or left to left.

tsukidashi (frontal thrust out) - This is one of the most common pushing/thrusting techniques in sumo. The attacker will drive his opponent backwards and over the edge with a rhythmical thrusting motion. Unlike oshidashi (frontal push out) the attacker does not have to maintain hand contact at all times.

tsukiotoshi (thrust down) - In this technique, the attacker will drive his opponent down into the clay with a thrusting motion after placing his open hand on the opponent's upper rib cage or at his shoulder. Often used as a last ditch effort at the edge.

tsukitaoshi (frontal thrust down) - This technique is most commonly seen after the attacker has won a heated slapping (tsuppari) exchange. At the finish of that exchange, the opponent's hips are to far forward and the attacker is able to thust him over onto his back or side.

tsumatori (rear toe pick) - This technique becomes possible when the attacker has worked his way to the side of his opponent as that opponent is moving forward. As the defender picks up the foot closest to the attacker, the attacker will reach down, grabbing that foot at the toes and pull it back and up. This, coupled with the defender’s own momentum, will force him to fall forward. Tsumatori was originally referred to as rear ankle pick in English but the technique definition was changed during the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

tsuridashi (lift out) - This is a power technique that can be done from either a single or double inside grip. Occasionally, it is even seen from a double outside grip. The attacker will take hold of the opponent's mawashi, drop his hips and heave his opponent into the air, lifting him over and out of the ring.

tsuriotoshi (lifting body slam) - This is a power technique only possible when there is a pronounced gap in strength and skill between the attacker and defender. Like tsuridashi (lift out) the attacker will drop his hips while pulling the defender in, then lift him up into the air. In this technique, rather than deposit his opponent outside the ring, the attacker will swing his opponent sideways and drive him into the clay.

tsutaezori (underarm forward body drop) - In this technique the attacker will dive under one of the defender’s arms while maintaining a grip on that arm. Leaning back and into the defender, he will force him to fall forward and touch down with his free hand. Tsutaezori is one of the 12 techniques added in the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

uchigake (inside leg trip) - As the attacker pulls his opponent forward, he will hook the opponent's lead leg from the inside; hooking right leg to left leg or left to right. He will then pull the opponent's leg out from under him, pulling with a circular motion, as he drives him over onto his back.

uchimuso (inner thigh propping twist down) - This technique can be done from either an inside or outside grip. The attacker will sweep one of the defender's legs up by hitting the inner thigh with the back of his free hand. As that hand makes contact with the opponent's thigh, he will pull with his other hand in the same direction as the sweeping hand.

ushiromotare (backward lean out) - This technique becomes possible when the defender has managed to circle behind the attacker, usually at the edge of the ring. From this position the attacker will lean into his opponent, forcing him back and over the edge or back and down. Ushiromotare is one of the 12 techniques added in the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

utchari (backward pivot throw) - This technique is used as a last ditch effort to win after the attacker has been driven to the edge. Before he can be forced out, the attacker will drop his hips while pulling the defender up and past him. In executing this technique, the attacker is quite often forced clean over onto his back. The only thing that earns him the win is the twisting motion of his hips, which often forces his opponent to touch down a fraction of a second before he does.

uwatedashinage (pulling overarm throw) - From an outside grip, the attacker will pull his opponent forward and down as he turns away from that opponent. The major difference between this technique and uwatenage ( overarm throw) is that forward pull.

uwatehineri (twisting overarm throw) - This throw is done from an outside grip. The technique is done by twisting the opponent in the direction of that outside hand. It is commonly seen when the opponent is conciously defending against an uwatenage (overarm throw) because this throw has the attacker taking the defender in the opposite direction from uwatenhineri.

uwatenage (overarm throw) - One of sumo's most common throwing techniques, the attacker, from an outside grip, will throw his opponent into the clay by heaving him down at a sharp angle as he turns away from that opponent.

waridashi (upper-arm force out) - This technique is rarely seen because it requires a pronounced gap in strength between the attacker and the defender. It can be done from either an inside or outside grip. With his free hand, the attacker would grab the defender's arm at the biceps and, while pushing on that arm, drive the defender back and out.

watashikomi (thigh grabbing push down) - This technique is usually done near the end of a yorikiri (force out) attack. As the attacker drives his opponent to the edge, he will release his outside gripping hand and slide it down to grab the defender's leg at the hamstring or behind the knee. As he continues his forward drive, the attacker will pull that leg towards him, forcing the defender either over the edge or onto his back.

yaguranage (inner thigh throw) - This technique can be done from either an inside or outside grip. As the attacker pulls his opponent into him, he will drop his hips and place the outside of his knee against the defender's inner thigh. As the attacker starts the throwing motion with the hand on the same side of the leg touching the defender's thigh, he will drive that leg upwards. This, combined with the throwing motion of the attacker's

hands, will force the defender over onto his side.

yobimodoshi (pulling body slam) - This is considered one of sumo's power techniques and is only seen when there is a pronounced gap in strength between the attacker and the defender. The attacker will pull the defender in the direction of the attacker's inside grip. Then, using the defender's reaction against that pull, he will release his inside grip, turn his palm down, and take the defender in the other direction heaving him clean off his feet.

yorikiri (frontal force out) - One of sumo's most common winning techniques, the two combatants will have come to grips and the attacker will drive his opponent backwards and out of the ring, maintaining a grip on that opponent's mawashi at all times.

yoritaoshi (frontal crush out) - Similar to yorikiri (frontal force out), in this technique the opponent is driven backwards and literally collapses under the force of the attack. The attacker here too must maintain some grip on his opponent's mawashi.

zubuneri (head pivot throw) - In this technique, the attacker will bury his head in the defender's chest and then lock up the defender's inside arm by wrapping his own arm around it. He will then twist that inside arm across his own body. With his head as the throw's fulcrum, this twisting motion will force the defender to spin around and over onto his back.

fumidashi (rear step out) - This is when the defending rikishi accidentally steps back over the edge without the attacker initiating any kind of technique. This would most likely happen when the defender is getting ready to launch a counterattack from that position. Fumidashi is recorded outside sumo’s official listing of winning techniques and was introduced with the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

isamiashi (forward step out) - This is when the attacking rikishi accidentally steps too far forward and out of the ring before winning the match, giving the victory to his opponent. Isamiashi is recorded outside sumo’s official listing of winning techniques. The English translation was changed from “inadvertent step out” with the introduction of fumidashi (rear step out) in the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

koshikudake (inadvertent collapse) - This is when a rikishi falls over backwards without his opponent attempting any technique. It often occurs when a rikishi overcommits to an attack. Koshikudake is recorded outside sumo's official list of winning techniques.

tsukihiza (knee touch down) - This is when a rikishi stumbles without any real contact with his opponent and loses the match by touching down with one or both knees. Tsukihiza is recorded outside sumo’s official listing of winning techniques and was introduced with the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

tsukite (hand touch down) - This is when a rikishi stumbles without any real contact with his opponent and loses the match by touching down with one or both hands. Tsukite is recorded outside sumo’s official listing of winning techniques and was introduced with the 2001 winning technique list expansion.

The following fouls result in the loss of a match due to disqualification:

• striking the opponent with a closed fist • grabbing the opponent's hair • jabbing at the opponent's eyes or solar plexus • palm striking both of the opponent's ears at the same time • grabbing or pulling at the opponent's groin area • grabbing the opponent's throat • kicking at the opponent's chest or waist • bending back one or more of the opponent's fingers

Dohyo

The sumo ring is called the dohyo and takes its name from the straw rice bag which mark out its different parts. The greater portion of each bale is firmly buried in the earth. The dohyo is 18 feet square and 2 feet high and is constructed of a special kind of clay. The hard surface is covered with a thin layer of sand. The bout is confined to an inner circle a little over 15 feet in diameter. Over the dohyo suspended from the ceiling by cables is a roof resembling a Shinto shrine with four giant tassels hanging from each corner to signify the seasons of the year.

B Banzuke The official listing of rank in ozumo.

D Danpatsu-shiki A rikishi's retirement ceremony in which his top knot is formally removed. Dohyo The sumo ring. Made of packed clay, it consists of a square platform with a circle made of dirt-packed straw bales imbedded in its surface. The dohyo is between 34 and 60 cm in height and the diameter of the inner circle is 4.55 m. Dohyo-iri The formal ring entering ceremony performed by members of the top two divisions in ozumo.

G Gino-sho The Technique Prize. This prize is given to a rikishi in the top division ranked below ozeki who demonstrates outstanding technique over the course of a given "basho" or tournament. Gyoji The referees. There are eight ranks in this profession, with promotion based on a combination of seniority and competence. Each gyoji will take one of two "clan" names as his family name; Kimura or Shikimori.

J Jonidan The second division from the bottom on the banzuke or official listing of rank. Jonokuchi The lowest division on the banzuke or official listing of rank. Juryo The second highest division on the banzuke or official listing of rank. Juryo is the first division in which rikishi receive all the privileges and honors that come with being a member of ozumo's elite, "sekitori" class.

K Kanto-sho The Fighting Spirit Prize. This prize is given to a rikishi in the top division ranked below ozeki who demonstrates the most fighting spirit over the course of a given "basho" or tournament. Kesho-mawashi The ceremonial apron worn by rikishi in the top two divisions during their dohyo-iri or ring entering ceremony. Komusubi The fourth highest position on the banzuke or official listing of rank.

M Maegashira Indicates a rikishi in the top, Makunouchi division competing below that division's elite, top four ranks. Mage The top knot worn by rikishi. The top knot is shaped into two different hair styles. The first, the chonmage, is worn by all rikishi. The second, the o-icho, is worn by members of the top two divisions when they compete and on other formal occasions. Makushita The fourth division from the bottom on the banzuke or official listing of rank. Makunouchi The top division on the banzuke or offical listing of rank. Mawashi The loincloth like garment worn by rikishi when they train or compete.

O O-icho The more formal hair style worn by rikishi in the top two divisions when they compete 44

and on other formal occasions Ozeki The second highest rank in ozumo.

R Rikishi Literally, "a gentleman of strength". This is the term used to indicate a competitor registered with The Nihon Sumo Kyokai.

S Sandanme The third division from the bottom on the banzuke or official listing of rank. Sanyaku The term originally used to indicate the three ranks of komusubi, sekiwake and ozeki. Today, the term is usually used in reference to the komusubi and sekiwake only. Sechie-zumo Sumo performed at the ancient Japanese imperial court as both a religious function and a form of entertainment. Sekiwake The third highest position on the banzuke or official listing of rank. Shikiri The toeing-the-mark ritual that precedes the start of every bout in sumo. Shukun-sho The Outstanding Performance Award. This prize is given to a rikishi in the top division ranked below ozeki who defeats the most yokozuna or ozeki over the course of a given "basho" or tournament. T Tachimochi The yokozuna's sword bearer during his dohyo-iri or ring entering ceremony. Tate-gyoji The highest ranked gyoji or referees in ozumo. They will hold one of two names; Shikimori Inosuke or Kimura Shonosuke. Toshiyori A term used to refer to the retired rikishi who remain in ozumo as managerial employees of the Nihon Sumo Kyokai. They are more commonly refered to as "oyakata" and their most important function is the training and education of rikishi. Tsuyuharai Serves as the "usher" of the yokozuna during his dohyo-iri or ring entering ceremony.

Y Yokozuna The highest position on the banzuke or official listing of rank, the yokozuna are often referred to as the living symbols of sumo. Yumitori-shiki The bow twirling ceremony performed at the end of every tournament day.