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A History of Congregational Independency in Scotland / By *.. J\ 11 istory of . ^Congregational Independency in Ocotland By Jamesames R Jxoss4~ Late Minister of the Congregational Church Eglinton Street, Glasgow Second Kdition Glasgow Hay Nisbet & Co. Limited 73 Dunlop Street 1908 <} (I 3 ANDOVER-HARVARD LIBRARY THEOLOGICAL A *//-?O ( 6 . ^ Cf CAMBRIDGE, MASS. PREFACE. FIFTY-TWO years ago, on the occasion of the jubilee of the origin of the Congregational Churches in 1798, a proposal was made that a history should be prepared, but although some materials were gathered for this pur pose by the late Mr. R Kinniburgh of Edinburgh, no steps appear to have been taken with a view to publica tion. It seemed fitting that the centenary of the origin of later Independency in Scotland should be signalised by an y attempt to carry out the proposal of the fathers of half a j century ago, and also to meet the desire which has often expressed for a historical account of the Independent churches in Scotland down to the present time; and it is Jbeen™ with this object that the present work has been undertaken. D It will be found to consist mainly of a history of origins, and that most of the record here given deals with the various J"* -*- forms of Christian enterprise on the part of the churches in their beginnings. It could not well be otherwise, for in the absence of those ecclesiastical organisations which belong to other religious bodies, and which make their history more or less eventful, it is only in connection with some new depar tures in thought and activity that Congregational church-life affords materials for historical record. " " In view of the fact that the designation Congregational " " or Independent can be consistently claimed by many ^ ( religious communities which practise Congregational polity, but which are better known under other designations, the ^ TI PREFACE scope of this work has necessarily been limited. To include in a history of Congregational Independency an account of such communities as the Baptist churches, the Society of Friends, the various meetings of Plymouth Brethren and others, on the ground that they all adhere more or less to the principles of Congregational polity, would be misleading, seeing they prefer to be known by designations which they regard as more distinctive of their principles and aims than their Congregationalism. The account here given is there fore confined to those churches which have been known as Congregational or Independent, and which have given prominence to that designation throughout their history. I have further to explain that although, as a matter of fact, most of the Independent churches in Scotland are connected with the Congregational Union of Scotland, this history is not meant to be confined to them, but is intended to include all professedly Congregational Churches, so far as I have been able to obtain any information regarding them. The account given of the churches that came into exist ence towards the end of the eighteenth century is more full than that given of the Evangelical Union churches of a later " date. A very full History of the Evangelical Union," by the late Dr. Fergus Ferguson, having appeared some years ago, I have not thought it necessary to go over at length the ground covered by that work. At the same time, in the chapters devoted to an account of the Evangelical Union and Theological Hall, and to notes on " the Origin of Churches," such information has been given as may supplement Dr. Ferguson's history by a record of facts and events in connection with the churches of the Evangelical Union up to the present date. In the compilation of a work such as the present an author has to avail himself of many sources of help. I have given references to many of the books and pamphlets I have consulted, but the main sources of my information have been the biographies of the brothers Haldane, the Rev. Dr. Ward- law, and Rev. Messrs. Greville Ewing and John Watson, and the manuscripts of the late Mr. R. Kinniburgh, which have PREFACE vii been kindly placed at my service by the committee of the Congregational Union of Scotland, besides the various periodi cals issued by the churches throughout their history. In order to avoid crowding the pages with too many references to books, I have noted only those likely to be accessible to readers who may wish to consult them, but I have got help from many volumes the bare naming of which would occupy much space. I have specially to thank Dr. Adamson and Dr. Craig for their account of the Evangelical Union and Theological Hall ; and to the former I am also indebted for much of the information given regarding the periodicals of the Evangelical Union churches, and other valuable aid. To those pastors and secretaries who responded to my applica tion for information regarding their churches, and to all other friends who have so willingly aided me in various ways, I beg to record my hearty thanks. The first four chapters are reprinted from papers which I contributed to The Scottish Congregationalist some years ago. JAMES ROSS. GLASGOW, December, 1900. CONTENTS. PART I. EARLY INDEPENDENCY IN SCOTLAND. CHAPTER I. INDEPENDENCY AND THE SCOTTISH REFORMERS. The political and religious character of the Scottish Reformation —The principle of Congregational Independency indicated in the " Scots Confession" of 1560 and the "First Book of Discipline" of 1561— The difference between Independents and the Scottish Reformers as to the membership of the Christian Church —The changes introduced by the "Second Book of Discipline" in 1581 —The origin of the General Assembly and the functions and powers given to it—The departure from the Independency of the early Reformers by the " " adoption of the Second Book of Discipline —Subsequent opposition to Independency. Pp. 1-14 CHAPTER II. ATTITUDE OF PRESBYTERIANS TOWARDS INDEPENDENCY. First acquaintance with English Independency by Scottish Presbyterians —Vieit of Robert Browne to Scotland in 1583, and' treatment of him by the Presbytery of Edinburgh —Visit of John Penry— Declarations of the General Assembly against Independency in 1641 and 1647 — Influence of Cromwell and his soldiers —Attempt of Alexander Jaffray and others to form an Independent church in Aberdeen in 1652, and failure of the Scheme. Pp. 15-23 ix x CONTENTS CHAPTER III. THE GLASITES. " The place of the " Covenants and covenanting in connection with Scottish Presbyterianism — John Glas's protest, and gradual adoption of Inde pendent principles —Separation of members of bis congregation for "fellowship"— Prosecution of Glas, and his deposition from the ministry in 1728 —Peculiar views and practices of Glas and his followers —Formation of churches — Robert Sandeman and his views — Causes of the decay of the Glasite churches. Pp. 24-31 CHAPTER IV. THE OLD SCOTS INDEPENDENTS. Origin of several religious parties in eighteenth century, viz., the Secession Church, the Relief Church, the Old Scots Independents, the Old Scotch Baptists, the Bereans, and the Cameronians — "The Case of Robert Smith and James Ferrier," and their adoption of Independent principles —-Formation of churches — Union with Inghamite churches — Causes of failure of Old Scots Independent churches. Pp. .32-40 PART II. LATER INDEPENDENCY IN SCOTLAND. CHAPTER V. BEGINNINGS. Origin of Independent churches — State of Religion in Scotland at close of eighteenth century — Narrow and exclusive spirit of the various churches — Influence of the French Revolution — Missionary enterprise of the pioneers of later Independency — Mr. R. Haldane's foreign missionary scheme, and its failure—Influence of the Missionary Magazine — Formation of the Edinburgh Tract Society and Gratis Sabbath School Society — Lay-preaching in Gilmerton, and its results —Missionary tour through the North of Scotland by Messrs. Haldane and Aikman —Results of their labours. Pp. 41-54 CONTENTS xi CHAPTER VI. PROGRESS. Institution of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel at Home — Itinerancies throughout Scotland —Mr. R. Haldane's "Tabernacle" scheme—Sells his estate at Airthrey — Messrs. Ewing and Innes leave the Established Church — Formation of a Congregational church in Edinburgh —Its Constitution — Proceedings in connection with the ordination of Mr. J. A. Haldane —Opening of Tabernacles in Glasgow and Dundee —The specific object in view in founding Tabernacles. Pp. 55-65 CHAPTER VII. OPPOSITION. " Acts of the General Assembly against lay-preachers and " vagrant teachers — "Pastoral Admonition" of the General Assembly —Proposal to put " down " unlicensed preaching by civil enactment — Repressive attempts by ministers and church-courts —Case of M'Arthur v. Campbell in Court of Session —Judgment of Lord Meadowbank — Messrs. Haldane and Campbell threatened with imprisonment — Persecution and eviction of tenant-farmers in the Highlands—Trials of ministers —Action of Anti-burgher, Cameronian, and Relief Churches against lay-preaching, etc. —Chief causes of this antagonism — Rowland Hill's criticism of action of church-courts — Resolutions of a later time rescinding repressive acts of General Assembly and other church-courta. Pp. 66-75 CHAPTER VIII. CONTROVERSY AND DIVISION. Reasons for adoption of Congregational principles by the early Congre gational churches in Scotland —The weekly observance of the Lord's Supper and institution of the "weekly meeting" —Liberal views of Greville Ewing — Origin of practice of "Mutual Exhortation," and Mr. Ewing's views regarding it— Publication of Mr. J. A. Haldane's "Views of Social Worship," etc. — Advocacy of the "Views," and also of "Plurality of Elders" by Messrs. William Ballantine and R. Haldane — Withdrawal of Mr. R. Haldane's support from churches not adopting his views — Adoption of Baptist Views by Messrs. Haldane — Disastrous effects of controversies on the churches —Dr. Alexander's remarks on the divisions of the time. Pp. 76-85 lii CONTENTS CHAPTER IX. RESETTLEMENT. Trials of ministers and churches resulting from withdrawal of support by Mr.
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