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The Mosquitoes of Oklahoma

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The Mosquitoes of Oklahoma TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. T -16 OCTOBER, 1942 OKLAHOMA AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION W. L. BLIZZARD, DIRECTOR LOUIS E. HAWKINS, VICE-DIRECTOR THE MOSQUITOES OF OKLAHOMA SY L. E. ROZEBOOM FORMERLY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, OKLAHOMA A. & M. COLLEGE NOW OF THE DIVISION OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY, SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND PUBLIC HEALTH, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY STILLWATER, OKLAHOMA The Mosquitoes of Oklahoma 3 ~~~-~-- ~-- ~ -----~ CONTENTS Page Index of Species 5 Introduction 7 Oklahoma: Physiography, Climate, Farming 8 Object 10 Methods 10 The Breeding Places of Oklahoma Mosquitoes II The Relative Abundance of Oklahoma Mosquitoes 14 Larval Associations 17 Seasonal Abundance 17 Identification of Oklahoma Mosquitoes 21 The Adult Females 21 The Larvae The Male T erminalia Notes on the Species Mosquito Control 54 References 55 Plates 1 to 6 The .Mosquitoes of Oklahoma 5 INDEX OF SPECIES Page Aedes son. I I, I4, I6, 22, 24, 28, 34· 35· 40, 43• 45• 54 Aedes aegyoti (Linnaeus) .. I4, I6, I], 29, 3I A. alieni Turner __ __________________ _______________ I6, I], 30 A. at/anticus Dyar and Knab ____ I6, 17, 30 A. atropalp11s (Coquillett) I6, I 7• y A. bimaculattts (Coquillett) I6, y, 32 A. canadensis (Theobald) I6, 32 A. dorsalis (Meigen) I4- I], 33 A. fulvus ------------------------------- 32 A. nigromac!tlis (Ludlow) I4, I6, '7· 33· 34 A. rozeboomi __ ----------- ___________ .. 32 A. sollicitans (Walker) I4, I6, I], 33· 34 A. sticiticus (Meigen) (= hirsuteron) --- ------------I4, I6, I], 34 A. tormentor ------------------------ _______ --------------------- __ --------- ----- ------ 30 A. triseriatus (Say) I4, I6, I7, 30, 34 A. trivittatus (Coquillett) ---------------- I4, I6, I7, 34 A. vexans (Meigen) .. I6, I], 2I, 35 Anopheles spp. --------------------- ------7• 23, 25, 27, 40, 54 Anopheles barberi (Coquillett) -I4, I6, I7, 35 A. boydi -------------------------- __________ __________ __ ___ _____ 38 A. crttcians (Wiedemann) -------------------- ------- --------------------------- _____ I4, I6, 35· 38 A. maculipennis _____ ------------------------- ____ __ ___________ _________ _ ___ _________________ _ _ ------ 27, 38, 40 A. punctipennis (Say) ----------- __________________ I2, I4, I6, I7, 36, 37• 38, 40, 42 A. pseudopunctipennis Theobald ___ I4, I6, 2I, 36, 37• 38 A. quadrimaculatus (Say) _________________ I2, I4, I6, I], 36, 38, 39• 40, 47• 54 A. walkeri ______________ _________________ ___________ 27, 40 Culex spp. __________ ______________________ _____________________ I2, I4, 22, 24, 28 Culex apicalis Adams ____________ I6, 40 C. erraticus Dyar and Knab __ --------------- __ ------------------------- ----------- '4· I6, I], 40, 4I, 47 C. peccator Dyar and Knab ------------------------------------------ _______________________________________ I6, 41 C. pipiens 4I C. quinquefasciatus Say (= fatigans) _______ I6, I7, 41 C. restuans Theobald (= territans) I2, I6, I7, 41 C. salinarit1s Coquillett _ I 2, I 4• I 6, I 7• 42 C. tarsalis Coqt;illett --------------------- __________________________________ r2, 16, I7, 36, 42 Mansonia spp. __ ________________ __ __ __ _______ __ ____________ 26 Mansonia perturbans (Walker) ________ __________________ _ _________________ --I4o I6, 42 Megarhinus spp. 26 Megarhinus septentrionalis Dyar and Knab _ _ ------- .I6, 17, 43 Ortbopodomyia spp. __ -------------------·------ ___________ __ __________________ 26 Ortbopodomyia signifera (Coquillett) .... ------------ -----------I4, 16, '7• 43 Psorophora spp. ---------------'I, I4, 16, 17, 23, 25, 27, 35· 40, 43• 45• 54 Psoropbora ciliata (Fabricius) ------ ----- '4· 43, 45• 46, 54 P. confinnis (Lynch Arribalzaga) (= columbiae) ----------- ---- --- 7• '7· 43, 44 P. cyanescens (Coquillett) -------------------- ----------------- --------'4· 16, 44• 46 P. discolor (Coquillett) --------------------- __________________ I6, 44, 46 P. ferox (Humbolt) -------- --------I6, 44• 45· 46 P. horrida (Dyar and Knab) ----- --------------- --- ------------------------ '4• I6, 44- 45, 46 P. bowardii Coquillett _________ _______________ ____________ ______________ _______________ 16, 43• 4.5, 46 P. signipennis (Coquillett) _________________ ----------------------------------------- --------- '4- I6, I7, 46 P. varipes (Coquillett) --- -- ------- I4, 44• 45• 46 T beobaldia spp. ------------------------------ ____ ----------------- - ---- ---------------- ---- _____ 2 3· 24, 26 T heobaldia in ornata (Williston) _____ -------------------------- _________ --I 6, I 7• 2 I, 36, 47 T. me/anura (Coquillett) ---- -------'4· '7· 47 Uranotaenia spp. z6 Uranotaenia svpphirina (Osten-Sacken) ----------------------------- I7, 40, 47 The Mosquitoes of Oklahoma BY L. E. RozEBooM PREFACE During 1938-39, a project was set up by the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station for a study of Oklahoma mosquitoes. This was not considered as a major project; collections and identifications were made incidental to other work. In the fall of '939 the author resigned from the staff of the Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, but during the summer of 1940 he returned to the State to con­ tinue the mosquito survey. The 1940 work was made possible by the Oklahoma State Health Department and the U. S. Indian Service, as these organizations desired more information on the Anopheles species in the southeastern counties. Without the aid of several people, this survey would not have been possible, and the writer is indebted to Dr. F. A. Fenton, Head of the Department of Entomology, Oklahoma A. and M. College, for his interest and support of the work; to Dr. G. F. Mathews, State Health Commissioner, Mr. H. J. Darcey, Chief of the Bureau of Sani­ tation, Oklahoma State Health Department, and Dr. D. W. Gillick, District Medical Director of the Indian Service, who made possible the investigation in the southeastern counties during the summer of 1940. Acknowledgments are due others, who helped the writer in many collections; these are Mr. K. C. Emerson, formerly a student at the College, Mr. Milo Simmonds, malaria control engineer of the State Health Depart­ ment, and especially Mr. Gaines Eddy, formerly a >tudent, who accompanied the writer on many of the collecting trips, and helped in the identifications of larvae and adults. INTRODUCTION Although counted among our most annoying pests, mosquitoes are considered by most people living in temperate zones to be little more than a necessary evil. The discoveries of Ross and Reed on the transmission of malaria and yellow fever by these insects, followed by the brilliant successes of Gorgas, Watson, and others in controlling the diseases by attacking the vectors, have resulted in a general appreciation among the more educated population of tropical and subtropical regions as to the importance of mosquitoes to human welfare. No one has attempted to estimate the cost of mosquitoes to Oklahoma, but it must be considerable, although even an approximation of this figure would be difficult. The most serious offense of this family of insects is the role some of the species play as carriers of disease. Fortunately the list of mosquito-borne diseases in Oklahoma is short; of these malaria ranks first. Canavan (1935) has shown that most of the malaria in the State occurs southeast of a line running diagonally from the northeast to the southwest, and that the disease is a serious public health problem in several of the counties in the extreme southeast. In spite of its tremendous oil industry, essentially Oklahoma is an agricultural state. Laboratory experiments indicate that mosquitoes may serve as carriers of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis, which, in the late summer outbreak of '937• killed many thousands of horses in Oklahoma. The economic loss resulting from irritation and blood loss, in live stock, cannot be estimated, but it must be considerable, not in deaths, but in loss of condition. That mosquitoes can be extremely irritating to live stock is demonstrated by deaths resulting from attack by huge swarms of the insects; Bishopp ( '933) observed this to occur in Florida, where domestic animals and poultry were killed during an outbreak of Psorophora confinnis. Another way in which mosquitoes are an economic liability is their rendering of resort areas less attractive to the vacationer. With large tracts of land in Oklahoma being set aside for recrea­ tional purposes, and with the construction of impoundments, ranging in size from small ponds to huge artificial lakes, the mosquito problem promises to become more acute, not only as regards disease control, but also in the eliminati~n of ann_oyance. Newer farming practices in Oklahoma, involving pending and terracmg, will mcre.ase mosquito abundance. The need is for an increase in standing water, and for a checkmg of the run-off after rains. How terracing especially favors certain groups of mosquitoes will be shown below. Not the least of their objectionable qualities is the ability of [ 7] 8 Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station ------- these insects to make impossible the enjoyment of the cool summer evenings on one's yard or porch. MacCreary (1938), who was unable to demonstrate that these pests caused a reduction in milk production in Delaware, says: "Mosquito control needs no justification other than the increased comfort it offers to the people who are directly affected. The more ardent protagonists would do well to confine themselves to this point rather than by nebulous reasoning and insufficient evidence seek to justify control on the basis of increased milk
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