Experimental Field Test of Proposed Pedestrian November 1-983 Safety Messages-Volume III 6
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November 1983 DOT HS-806-523 Final Report EXPERIMENTAL FIELD TEST OF PROPOSED a PEDESTRIAN SAFETY MESSAGES US Deoanmenr of Transvonanon VOLUME III rrorronai Nghwor ADULT MESSAGES RICHARD 0. BLOMBERG DAVID F. PREUSSER ALLEN MALE WILLIAM A. LEAF DUNLAP AND ASSOCIATES EAST, INC. 17 WASHINGTON STREET NORWALK, CONNECTICUT 06854 CONTRACT NO. DOT-HS-4-00952 CONTRACT AMOUNT $943,723 This document is available to the U.S. pub •c tn;ough the National lecnr,fcaf mtorrr.at.on Service. Springfield. Virginia 22161 i, This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Govern ment assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. DOT HS-806 523 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Experimental Field Test of Proposed Pedestrian November 1-983 Safety Messages-Volume III 6. Performing Organization Code 8. Performing Organization Report No. 7. Auth or's) Richard D. Blomberg, David F. Preusser, ED83-5-3 Allen Hale and William A. Leaf 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Dunlap and Associates East, Inc. 17 Washington Street 11. Contract or Grant No. Norwalk, CT 06854 DOT-HS-4-00952 13. Type of Report and Period Co•ered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Final Report U.S. Department of Transportation June 1974-November 1983 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 400 Seventh Street, S.W. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20590 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract A detailed re-analysis of available pedestrian accident data was utilized to define three sets of pedestrian safety public information and education (PI&E) messages. These messages were then produced and field tested. The objectives and theoretical background for the study are addressed in Volume I. The messages directed at child pedestrian accidents and using an animated character named "Willy Whistle" are covered in Volume II. Two sets of adult-oriented messages are the focus of this Volume. The child messages were successful in reducing pedestrian accidents in three test cities. The adult messages also yielded some positive results. It was concluded that these messages are viable pedestrian accident countermeasures. The success of these messages leads to the additional conclusion that PI&E, in general, can be an effective countermeasure modality for modifying simple behaviors if adequate exposure is obtained. 17. 18. Distribution Statement Key Words Pedestrian Safety, Messages, Countermeasures, Public Information and This document is available to the U.S. Education (PI&E), Public Service Public through the National Technical Advertising, Child Safety Education Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 1 19. Security Clessif. (of this report) 20. Security Clessif. 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P.4.1. -86. 0 Ir, * 11 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NATIONAL N16NNAY TRAFFIC sa,eTY ADMINISTRATION TECHNICAL SUMMARY CONTRACTOR Dunlap and Associates East, Inc. CONTRACT NUMBER 17 Washington Street DOT-HS-4-00952 Norwalk CT 06854 REPORT TITLE REPORT DATE Experimental Field Test of Proposed Pedestrian Safety Messages (3 Volumes) November 1983 REPORT AUTHOR(S) Richard D. Blomberg, David F. Preusser, Allen Hale, William A. Leaf The overall objective of the project reported herein was to utilize the pedestrian accident data collected and analyzed on a previous NHTSA study (Snyder and Knoblauch, 1971) to structure the content, presentation and evaluation of public education messages designed to reduce specific types of pedestrian accidents. A predecessor study (Blomberg and Preusser, 1975) had shown that members of the population at risk for various accident types would adopt safer street crossing behaviors if these behaviors were simple and convenient and if the target audience understood the need for these safer behaviors. It was the task of the present effort to extend these findings to "real world" situations by actually executing the specific behavioral advice in a form suitable for mass media presentation, distributing the produced messages in test markets and assessing the results of the process. In order to guide both the message development and the assessment activities, a model of the process by which public education produces an accident reduction was developed and followed. This model involves seven sequential steps beginning with knowledge of the problem and proceeding through development of a message content, media production, transmission, changes in knowledge or attitudes and behavioral change to the achievement of accident reduction. To accomplish the steps of the model with minimum losses between steps, this project utilized a multi-disciplinary team of researchers, advertising specialists and media producers, all of whom were guided by the in-depth accident data of Snyder and Knoblauch (1971). By grouping accident cases with similar precipitating and predisposing factors, Snyder and Knoblauch (1971) were able to define and name over 30 specific accident types. Since these types were defined as involving specific behavioral errors on the part of drivers and pedestrians, it seemed reasonable and potentially effective to attempt to combat specific pedestrian accident types by altering their identified unsafe behaviors. It was also reasoned that the accident types themselves described situations, e.g., crossing in front of a car which had stopped to allow the pedestrian to cross, with which the population at risk could relate and during which they might be convinced to substitute safer behaviors or omit unsafe actions. The accident types with the greatest frequency of occurrence appeared to be the logical candidates from which to choose initial countermeasure targets. The types selected as targets for this study from among the types with the greatest frequency were: (Co"tinee on additional Pages) *PREPARED FOR THE OEPARTKNT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION UNDER CONTRACT NO.: DOT-HS-4-00952 . THE OPINIONS, FINDINGS, AND CONCLUSIONS EXPRESSED IN THIS PUBLICATION ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHORS AND NOT IECESSARILY THOSE OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION." • Fear 321 -July. 1974 iii o Dart-Out, First Half--in which the pedestrian, typically a child aged nine or less, is struck in the first half of a non-intersection (midblock) crossing and in which there was a short time exposure, i.e., the driver and pedestrian had insufficient preview time of each other to avoid an accident. o Dart-Out, Second Half--same as Dart-Out, First Half except the pedestrian was strut in the second half of the roadway being crossed. o Vehicle Turn-Merge with Attention Conflict (VTM) --in which the driver ismaking a turn, is distracted by factors other than the pedestrian and strikes the pedestrian who generally assumes he or she has been seen and will be yielded to. The pedestrian is typically an adult. o Multiple Threat (MT)--which involves a pedestrian, usually an adult, crossing in front of a vehicle (which has yielded to him or her) being struck by an overtaking vehicle whose driver's vision was blocked by the stopped car. Dart-Outs represent about 39% of all pedestrian accidents. VTM crashes account for about another 13% and Multiple Threats, though highly variable in incidence from city-to-city, can account for up to 10% of a locale's pedestrian. crashes. The great differences between adult and child media consumption patterns, learning abilities and types of pedestrian accident involvements as well as the somewhat different.