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Philippine Scouts 1 2 Heritage of Valor: A History of the Philippine Scouts Origins of a Fighting Force………………………………………………………………5 Philippine Scouts Becomes Part of the Regular Army……………………………15 Emerging Threats Shape Strategy……………………………………………….……23 Defense of Philippines 1941-42………………………………………………………..31 The Postwar Scouts……………………………………………………………………..41 The Philippine Scouts Heritage Society…………………………………………..…43 The Heritage of Valor…………………………………………………………………….44 Did you know that………………………………………………………………………...47 3 4 Origins of a Fighting Force The United States Army arrived in the Philippines in July 1898 during the War with Spain. Manila was captured and the Spanish forces capitulated on 14 August 1898. Under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris ending the war, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. While these negotiations were in progress, General Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the insurrecto army, declared a provisional republic and prepared to resist the American possession of the Philippines. Fighting broke out in February 1899 in Manila. Operations were begun to suppress the Insurrection and additional Regular and Volunteer troops were mobilized in the US for service in the Philippines. By the spring of 1900, most of the heavy fighting was over. Guerrilla warfare continued, however. Between the onset of fighting and the summer of 1902, there would be some 2,800 engagements of various sizes. The Volunteers were to be sent home in 1901, leaving the force in the Philippines at about half of what it had been. To continue the pacification of the islands, the Congress authorized the enlistment of six thousand native Filipinos into the Army. As early as September 1899, Filipinos had been hired to serve as scouts and to perform other military functions. They were employees of the Quartermaster Department rather than soldiers. Some sources credit the Macabebe Scouts, formed in connection with operations in central Luzon, as the first unit of Scouts. Indeed, it was a group of Macabebes that participated in Frederic Funston’s operation in March of 1901 which captured Aguinaldo. Other sources credit the origin of the Scouts to the organization of four companies known as the Cagayan Native Scouts on northern Luzon, commanded by lieutenants from the 16th Infantry Regiment. All of these efforts followed the Army’s unwritten doctrine of enrolling local manpower to supplement the Army’s combat power. The Philippine Department’s General Order 310 on 8 October 1901 authorized the recruitment, rather than hiring, of Filipino men as soldiers throughout the islands. Under this order, there would be some fifty companies of one hundred men recruited from all over the islands. The units were led by officers appointed from the regiments serving in the Philippines or commissioned from among the enlisted ranks of the Regular Army. Cognizant of the eighty-seven dialects spoken in the Philippines and numerous ethnic groups, the Army recruited the members of each Scout company from within the same province, giving companies that were ethnically and linguistically homogeneous. Each company spoke the dialect where it served and the men knew the terrain on which they operated. By 1908, though, the language differences were disregarded except for the Moro and Igorote units. Beginning in 1904, the Scout companies began to be grouped together into four-company battalions and stationed in areas where the insurrection still simmered. The uniform regulations adopted in December 1902, for the United States Army stated: “The uniform for of Native Troops in the Philippines shall be the cotton service uniform of the infantry and cavalry, according to their organization, 5 the letter “P” taking the place of the number of the regiment wherever it occurs.” In the field, the Scouts wore the olive drab cotton trousers with laced canvas leggings, blue wool pullover shirt and campaign hat. Their equipment included the caliber .45-70 Springfield “Trapdoor” Carbines and Mills cartridge belt. The Philippine Scouts units played a major role in the pacification of the Moros on Mindanao and the Jolo Archipelago between 1902 and 1913. They also conducted operations to suppress the Pulajanes on Cebu and Samar. Between the major campaigns, the Scouts conducted extensive patrolling in small parties, hunting for bandits and insurrectos. Table 1. Organization of Philippine Scout Battalions (1910) Battalion Companies Station 1st 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th Macabebes Mindanao 2nd 12th, 13th, 14th, 18th Ilocanos Luzon 3rd 29th, 30th, 31st, 34th Tagalogs Mindanao 4th 37th, 43rd, 48th 49th Visayans Mindanao 5th 13th, 16th 21st, 24th Ilocanos Mindanao 6th 17th, 20th, 22nd, 23rd Ilocanos Samar 7th 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th Macabebes Corregidor 8th 35th, 38th, 39th, 41st Visayans Leyte 9th 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th Cagayans Luzon 10th 36th, 40th, 44th, 50th Visayans Luzon 11th 42nd, 45th, 46th, 47th Visayans Samar 12th 4th, 5th, 8th, 33rd Macabebes Palawan Unattached 19th Ilocanos Luzon 32nd Bicols Luzon 51st Moros Mindanao 52nd Moros Mindanao The stationing of the battalions reflected the security situation in the Philippines at that time. In combat operations between the formation of the Scouts and 1915, casualties amounted to 108 killed in action or died of wounds and 174 wounded. Two members of the Philippine Scouts were awarded the Medal of Honor during these operations. The first was Private Jose Nisperos, 34th Company. In an action on 24 September 1911 at Lapurap, Basilan on Mindanao, Private Nisperos was badly wounded (his left arm was broken and lacerated and he had received several spear wounds in his body so that he could not stand). Despite his wounds, Nisperos continued to fire his rifle with one hand until the enemy was repulsed. He thereby contributed materially in preventing the annihilation of his party and the mutilation of their bodies. 6 The second was Second Lieutenant Louis C. Mosher. In a fight at Gagsak Mountain, Jolo, on 11 June 1913, Lieutenant Mosher entered a cleared space within twenty yards of the Moro trenches under a furious fire and carried a wounded soldier from his company to safety. Though active combat operations in the Philippine Insurrection ended in 1913, pacification continued. Soon after the outbreak of the First World War, the Regular Army units of the garrison of the Philippines began to be withdrawn. The 8th, 13th 27th and 31st Infantry and the 15th Cavalry departed the Philippines, leaving only the 9th Cavalry Regiment in the Islands. This left the Philippine Scouts as the principal force for the defense of the Philippines. In April of 1918, twelve of the thirteen Scout battalions and the separate companies were organized into five provisional regiments. Table 2. Composition of the Philippine Provisional Regiments (1918) Regiment Battalions and Companies Station 1st Infantry 1st, 6th & 14th Battalions; Fort McKinley 69th, 70th and 71st Companies 2nd Infantry 4th, 10th & 15th Battalions; Fort McKinley 62nd, 73rd, 74th and 75th Companies 3rd Infantry 3rd, 7th Battalions Camp McGrath 4th Infantry 8th, 9th Battalions Fort Mills 1st Artillery (Mountain) 11th, 12th Battalions Camp Stotsenberg 1st Engineers 37th, 85th and 86th Companies The 1st Provisional Artillery was armed with 2.95” mountain howitzers. Philippine Scout Field Uniform Group of Macabebes employed as scouts with their American chief. 7 Macabebe Scouts armed with Krag-Jorgensen Rifles Three Scouts in the field. The center Scout has a Trapdoor Springfield rifle 8 Soldiers from Company H, 43rd US Volunteer Infantry prepare to go on patrol with two Filipinos (front rank, far right) on Leyte, 1900-01. Lieutenant Joseph M. Harris with the 38th Company of Visayans. 9 Sergeant Burke, left, with a group of Scouts, about 1902 Branch Insignia for the Philippine Scouts, 1902 10 Scouts conduct drill with their bolo knives Philippine Scout Band, 1904 11 Two Scouts equipped for field service with the Springfield “trapdoor” carbine and Mills cartridge belt, 1904 Captain Speth and the 39th Company (PS) 12 52nd Company, Philippine Scouts (Sulu Moros) 1909 Two Moro scouts armed with the M1903 Springfield Rifle with the bolo bayonet. They wear the tubau headgear which permits the wearer to touch his forehead to the ground during the five daily occasions for prayer without disarranging the uniform. 13 The 4th Battalion, Philippine Scouts, in formation 14 Philippine Scouts Becomes Part of the Regular Army In the post-war reorganization of the Army, the size of the permanent garrison the Philippines was determined to be one infantry division, one cavalry regiment and two coast artillery regiments. To man these units, six thousand Philippine Scouts would be inducted into the Regular Army. Four Regular Infantry Regiments, the 43rd, the 45th, the 57th and the 62nd were transferred from the United States to the Philippines, less their enlisted personnel. There, the regiments were consolidated with the existing Philippine Scout units to form the infantry component of the new Philippine Division in 1920. The 43rd Infantry was consolidated with the 3rd, 7th and 13th Philippine Scout Battalions. The 45th Infantry was consolidated with the 1st Provisional Infantry Regiment. The 57th Infantry was consolidated with 2nd Provisional Infantry Regiment. The 62nd was consolidated with the 4th Provisional Infantry Regiment. The 43rd, 45th, 57th and 62nd Infantry Regiments had “Philippine Scouts” added to their designations. The new regiments were composed on Filipino enlisted men and were officered by a mixture of Regular Army officers, by former Philippine Scout Officers and by Filipino graduates of West Point and the US Naval Academy. The 24th Field Artillery was organized in 1921 from the 1st Provisional Artillery. Each of its six batteries had been organized from the personnel of a single Scout Company. The 25th Field Artillery was formed from a cadre from the 24th. Additional units were organized—14th Engineers (PS) and 12th Signal Company (PS), 12th Medical and 12th Quartermaster Regiments (PS) --and the Philippine Division was formed in January 1922. The 31st Infantry Regiment, a non-Scout unit from the garrison of Luzon was attached to the Division for training.
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