The Role of the Buddhist Chaplain in Global Health
Thesis Completed As Part Of The Upaya Buddhist Chaplaincy Training Program
David G. Addiss March 2011 – March 2014 April 13, 2014
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Contents
Abstract 3
Acknowledgements 5
Introduction 6
Methods 9
Global health 11
Spiritual challenges for global health practitioners 16
Global health and Engaged Buddhism: shared values and foundations 26
Global health values 26
Three tenets of the peacemaker 29
Foundational principles of public health 32
What can Buddhism offer global health? 34
The global health chaplain 36
Pastoral care 38
Healing 41
Theological support 42
Change agent 43
Direct service to global health “recipients” 44
The Buddhist chaplain and global health 44
Lay Buddhist chaplains in global health 45
Conclusion 46
References 49
Tables and figures 55
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Abstract
The emerging multidisciplinary field of global health is rooted in awareness that all life is interconnected and that people who live in poverty suffer a disproportionate share of the global disease burden. At its best, global health represents a compassionate, coordinated response to human suffering and a commitment to health equity through systemic change. Many, if not most, of those who enter the field of global health are motivated by spiritual values of compassion and service, but they frequently find it difficult to bring these values fully into their work. Some global health workers are traumatized by repeated exposure to intense suffering in resource-limited settings, while others, particularly in large organizations, find themselves spiritually isolated, disconnected from the compassion that initially inspired them and alienated from the people they seek to serve. Opportunities for global health practitioners to collectively acknowledge the spiritual impulse that led them to this work are virtually non-existent, even in training programs. Global health workers are further challenged by commercial, institutional, and political interests that increasingly dominate the field; the need to justify programs in economic terms; the challenge of “seeing the faces” when working to improve health of entire populations; and an assumption that scientific rigor and clinical competency are incompatible with emotion or “soft” values.
Despite the range and depth of spiritual challenges faced by those in global health and the fact that spiritual values, especially compassion, are an important source of inspiration for their work, very few global health organizations have chaplains. In this thesis, I consider the importance and potential role of the chaplain in global health; explore the shared philosophical and ethical foundations of global health and Engaged Buddhism, with an emphasis on the centrality of compassion; and suggest that the Buddhist chaplain, with a deep understanding of
4 suffering and inter-being, and grounded in compassion and non-dualism, is well-equipped to address the spiritual needs of individuals in global health and to facilitate needed structural change in the complex, dynamic international system of global health.
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Acknowledgements
I am deeply indebted to a “great cloud” of teachers, colleagues, and fellow-travelers who have encouraged, inspired, and enabled me to see and experience more clearly the themes that I try to articulate in this thesis. Through my work, I have had the privilege to meet, learn from, and collaborate with some of the world’s most creative thinkers, leaders, and exemplars in global health. Those who especially shaped my development and thought on compassion and spirituality in global health include George Alleyne, Abhay Bang, Maggie Baker, Stephen
Blount, Molly Brady, Jimmy Carter, Sarla Chand, Jeannine Coreil, Gail Daveys, Paul Derstine,
Gerusa Dreyer, Paul Farmer, Bill Foege, Alan Foster, Johnny Gyapong, Adrian Hopkins, Don
Hopkins, Geoffrey Knox, Patrick Lammie, Adetokunbo Lucas, Jim McAuley, Deb McFarland,
Wayne Melrose, Eric Ottesen, S.P. Pani, Christina Puchalski, C.P. Ramachandran, K.D.
Ramaiah, Frank Richards, Mark Rosenberg, David Satcher, Bernhard Schwartländer, R.K.
Shenoy, David Shlim, Richard Stanley, Tom Streit, Judd Walson, and Angela Weaver.
In addition, my life has been blessed through association with religious and spiritual leaders, thinkers, and practitioners, whose lives have touched mine in profound ways and opened me to the possibility of a compassionate life. Among them are John Albert, Doug Burton-
Christie, Joan Chittister, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, John Dunne, Wendy Farley, Bernie
Glassman, Alon Goshen-Gottstein, Fran Henry, Thupten Jinpa, Ben Campbell Johnson, Thomas
Keating, Fleet Maull, Beth McLaren, Parker Palmer, David Steindl-Rast, Archbishop Desmond
Tutu, Bill Vendley, and Miroslav Volf. My life has been further enriched by neuroscientists, physicists, and peacebuilders, whose deep dialogue with the spiritual is opening new vistas for the future of humanity: Richie Davidson, Jim Doty, Joel Elkes, Mark Gopin, John Paul
Lederach, Chuck Raison, Cliff Saron, and Arthur Zajonc.
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The Upaya Buddhist Chaplaincy Training program provided an excellent container for this exploration, for which I am profoundly grateful. I am deeply indebted to Roshi Joan Halifax for her teaching and encouragement, her profound understanding of suffering, and her embodiment of compassion. I am grateful for the wise guidance of Maia Duerr, the compassionate encouragement of my mentor, Bruce Cowgill, the fellowship of my chaplaincy cohort, and the life-giving accompaniment of my mentoring group, Claire Willis and Julie
Connelly. In addition, I am indebted to Andrew Dreitcer, Frank Rogers, and Mark Yaconelli, whose generous invitation to participate in their course at the Claremont School of Theology,
The Way of Radical Compassion, reacquainted me with the radical compassion of Jesus.
Special thanks to Chris Crowe and Jean Ogilvie for encouragement and expert discernment on the path, and to my men’s group in Kalamazoo: Mark, Don, Skip, Paul, Tom, and George. I thank Beth McLaren for helpful suggestions on the manuscript. Most of all, I am grateful for Julie, my Beloved, whose love, encouragement, discernment, and precious life immeasurably enriches my own, day after day.
Introduction
This thesis marks a milestone on a personal journey. After working as a general medical practitioner in a rural migrant health clinic in California, I received training in public health at the Johns Hopkins University and joined the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1985. CDC provided me extraordinary opportunities in global health. I learned from some of the best. I completed temporary assignments for the World Health Organization (WHO) in
Sudan, Pakistan, Nigeria, and the Dominican Republic. My study and research on lymphatic filariasis and other tropical parasitic diseases took me to Haiti, Brazil, China, India, Sri Lanka,
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Guyana, Surinam, Malawi, and Ghana. I was part of a small, collegial, highly committed group of “zealots” whose research and advocacy were paving the way for a global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis, a tropical parasitic disease, and its disfiguring, stigmatizing consequences.
It was a fulfilling, exciting adventure.
But all was not well. On September 11, 2001, the World Trade Centers in New York
City were attacked. The groundwork already being laid by the Bush administration to bring the
US Public Health Service into line with the administration’s national and foreign policy objectives took root in a nation gripped by fear. CDC’s top priority became bioterrorism defense and “homeland security.” The ethos with the organization shifted overnight, from public health to civil defense (Altman, 2002). While both public health and civil defense are necessary for national interests, I believe that they have their origins in sharply contrasting worldviews.
In such an environment, global health work became increasingly difficult, especially for those of us who were Commissioned Officers in the US Public Health Service. The
Commissioned Corps was “revitalized” to support civil defense, emergency response, and national security objectives rather than established public health priorities. The global health agenda suffered. With my identity so heavily invested in my work, I experienced these setbacks as personal failures. My personal life was also in trouble, a consequence, in part, of the single- minded “zeal” with which I had thrown myself into my work. In 2006 I left CDC, discouraged, emotionally spent, and bitter.
I found work at the Fetzer Institute, where I directed their program in science and spirituality. While there, I became increasingly interested the role of compassion in global health and in the connection between the inner life of spirit and one’s work in the outer world. I realized how seldom my colleagues at CDC and I had ever spoken about our spirituality,
8 motivations, or values. On the occasions when I would visit them, I began to ask them to “tell me in one word why you do what you do.” When willing to play this game, they became silent and thoughtful, and their voices dropped low. Invariably they responded with words such as
“compassion,” “concern,” and “caring” – even “love.” I was struck by the power of the question and by the consistent theme that emerged – about which we had never spoken. I began to perceive a collective sense of spiritual isolation and wondered what power might be unleashed if we could begin, quietly, to speak of our shared values, of the spirituality that inspired our work.
I teamed up with Mark Rosenberg, President and CEO of the Task Force for Global
Health to organize a small gathering of global health leaders at The Carter Center in September
2010. We asked these leaders to explore and reflect on the theme of compassion in global health and on the role of compassion in their lives and career. For me, it was a pivotal meeting that affirmed the centrality of compassion in global health.
In March 2011, I entered the Upaya Buddhist Chaplaincy Training Program, which set me on the journey of “inner chaplaincy.” Chaplaincy, especially as envisioned at Upaya, provided a powerful and creative lens through which to understand and address the spiritual hunger that I had experienced myself and witnessed in my global health colleagues.
In October 2011, I returned to the field of global health as director of Children Without
Worms (CWW), a program at the Task Force for Global Health. Supported by the pharmaceutical companies Johnson & Johnson (J&J) and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), CWW aims to prevent intestinal worm infections in 600 million at-risk school-age children and to facilitate their treatment with deworming drugs that J&J and GSK have donated to WHO. This position offered me several opportunities. First, it was a chance to determine whether I personally could
9 work in the field of global health more spiritually grounded and self-aware than I had previously.
Could I put into practice what I was learning at Upaya? The jury is still out.
Second, it offered an opportunity to participate in a fascinating convergence of the major corporate, private, and governmental “players” in global health – all dedicated to improving the health of neglected populations. The job provides me a ring-side seat from which to witness both the expression and the constriction of compassion, and to observe where it pops up unexpectedly. It also has given me access to some of the world’s global health leaders and provided occasions for private conversations with them about what most matters.
Finally, my return to global health has provided more formal opportunities to explore and understand the role of compassion in global health. I helped organize a symposium on compassion and tropical medicine at the 2011 annual meeting of the American Society of
Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, which received an overwhelming response from a standing room-only crowd of scientists eager to share their own stories. Additionally, I have had the privilege of speaking to students, physicians, chaplains, and nurses about compassion in global health at conferences and other gatherings.
For the past three years, compassion and global health has been my koan. This thesis is an offering of my reflections to date. I am fully aware that I am just scratching the surface and that the depths of the koan have yet to be explored and realized.
Methods
I relied on several sources to guide the inquiry that led to this thesis. The core requirements and electives for the Upaya Buddhist Chaplaincy Program provided spiritual formation, insights, and conceptual tools. This was supplemented with readings on compassion,
10 spirituality, chaplaincy, and global health, some of which are noted in the references section.
The Pitts Theology Library at Emory University was a rich source of material. Unpublished transcripts from the September 15-17, 2010 meeting at The Carter Center were a useful starting point for my exploration of compassion and global health. A video summary of this meeting can be seen at http://www.taskforce.org/press-room/videos/compassion-global-health-video.
I conducted formal and informal interviews with dozens of global health leaders, students, and colleagues, many of whom are named in the Acknowledgements. My colleagues shared insightful and honest reflections, often over dinners and coffee breaks during global health meetings. I also solicited ideas, thoughts, and feedback from those who listened to the following presentations I gave on compassion and global health: