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Lotus Sutra Ve Budġst Kutsal Metġnlerġ Arasindakġ Yerġ Ve Önemġ

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Lotus Sutra Ve Budġst Kutsal Metġnlerġ Arasindakġ Yerġ Ve Önemġ T.C. ANKARA ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DĠN BĠLĠMLERĠ (DĠNLER TARĠHĠ) ANABĠLĠM DALI LOTUS SUTRA VE BUDĠST KUTSAL METĠNLERĠ ARASINDAKĠ YERĠ VE ÖNEMĠ YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ Aysel OKUDAN ANKARA-2017 T.C. ANKARA ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DĠN BĠLĠMLERĠ (DĠNLER TARĠHĠ) ANABĠLĠM DALI LOTUS SUTRA VE BUDĠST KUTSAL METĠNLERĠ ARASINDAKĠ YERĠ VE ÖNEMĠ YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ Aysel OKUDAN DANIġMAN: Prof. Dr. Ali Ġsra GÜNGÖR ANKARA-2017 T.C. ANKARA ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DĠN BĠLĠMLERĠ (DĠNLER TARĠHĠ) ANABĠLĠM DALI LOTUS SUTRA VE BUDĠST KUTSAL METĠNLERĠ ARASINDAKĠ YERĠ VE ÖNEMĠ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez DanıĢmanı: Prof. Dr. Ali Ġsra GÜNGÖR Tez Jürisi Üyeleri: Adı ve Soyadı Ġmzası ………………………………………. ..…………………….. ………………………………………. …………………….... ………………………………………. ………………………. ………………………………………. ………………………. ………………………………………. ………………………. Tez Sınav Tarihi………… TÜRKĠYE CUMHURĠYETĠ ANKARA ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Bu belge ile, bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim.(……/……/2…..…) Adı ve Soyadı ……………………………………… İmzası ……………………………………… ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER İÇİNDEKİLER .................................................................................................................. I ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... IV KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................... VI GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................................ 1 A- KONUNUN ÖNEMİ, AMACI, METODU, KAYNAKLARI VE SINIRLILIKLARI .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Konunun Önemi ve Amacı ....................................................................................... 1 2. Metot ve Kaynaklar .................................................................................................. 2 3. Konunun Sınırlılıkları ............................................................................................... 3 B. BUDA ve BUDİZM ..................................................................................................... 4 1. Buda‟nın Hayatı ........................................................................................................ 5 2. Buda‟nın Öğretisi ...................................................................................................... 7 3. Budizm‟in Yayılışı ................................................................................................... 9 4. Budizm‟in Mezheplere Ayrılması........................................................................... 11 C. BUDİZM‟DE KUTSAL KİTAP ANLAYIŞI ............................................................ 15 D. BUDİST KUTSAL METİNLERİNİN TEŞEKKÜL SÜRECİ................................. 19 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM BUDİST KUTSAL METİNLERİ .................................................................................. 29 A. THERAVADA KUTSAL METİNLERİ ................................................................... 29 1. Tripitaka (Pali Kanon) ............................................................................................ 30 a. Sutta Pitaka .......................................................................................................... 31 a.1- Digha Nikaya ................................................................................................ 32 a.2- Majjhima Nikaya .......................................................................................... 33 a.3- Samyutta Nikaya .......................................................................................... 33 I a.4- Anguttara Nikaya.......................................................................................... 34 a.5- Khuddaka Nikaya ......................................................................................... 35 b- Vinaya Pitaka ...................................................................................................... 35 b.1- Sutta Vibhanga ............................................................................................. 37 b.2- Khandaka ...................................................................................................... 38 b.3- Parivara......................................................................................................... 39 c. Abhidhamma Pitaka ............................................................................................ 39 c.1- Dhammasangani ........................................................................................... 40 c.2- Vibhanga....................................................................................................... 40 c.3- Dhatukatha .................................................................................................... 40 c.4- Puggalapannatti ............................................................................................ 41 c.5- Kathavatthu................................................................................................... 41 c.6- Yamaka ......................................................................................................... 41 c.7- Patthana ........................................................................................................ 41 2. Pali Dilinde Yazılmış Diğer Eserler ....................................................................... 42 B. MAHAYANA KUTSAL METİNLERİ .................................................................... 43 1. Prajnaparamita Literatürü ....................................................................................... 47 2. Diğer Önemli Mahayana Sutraları .......................................................................... 51 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM LOTUS SUTRA‟NIN BUDİST KÜLLİYATINDAKİ YERİ VE ÖNEMİ ................... 57 A. LOTUS SUTRA ........................................................................................................ 57 1. Lotus Sutra ve Genel Özellikleri ............................................................................ 57 2. Lotus Sutra‟nın Budizm‟deki Rolü ve Önemi ........................................................ 65 3. Lotus Sutra‟ya Giriş ................................................................................................ 73 B. LOTUS SUTRA‟NIN TEMEL KONULARI ............................................................ 77 1. Beceri Araçlari (Upaya) ve Tek Araç (Ekayana) .................................................... 79 II 2. Evrensel Budalık ..................................................................................................... 90 3. Ezeli ve Ebedi Buda ................................................................................................ 93 4. Bodhisattva Anlayışı ve Uygulamaları ................................................................... 96 SONUÇ ......................................................................................................................... 102 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................... 105 ÖZET ............................................................................................................................ 113 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 114 III ÖNSÖZ Buda‟nın geleneksel Hint dini metotlarına ve Hindistan‟daki kast sistemine karşı çıkarak kendi yolunu oluşturmasıyla ortaya çıkan Budizm, yeryüzündeki en ilginç dinler arasında sayılmaktadır. Diğer dinlerin aksine açıkca bir Tanrı inancı, sabit bir ruh inancı, ahiret hayatı veya kurban kesme anlayışı gibi kavramları içermeyen veya bu konularda kapalı bir karakter sergileyen bu dini anlamanın en iyi yolu Budist kutsal metinlerini incelemekten geçmektedir. Yaklaşık yirmi altı asırlık bir geçmişe sahip olan Budizm‟de tek bir kutsal kitaptan veya kanondan söz etmek mümkün değildir. Budist kutsal metinleri, Pali dilinde yazılmış Tripitaka (Üç Sepet) ve Mahayana ekollerince kabul edilen Sanskritçe ve Sanskritçe ile karışık Orta Hint lehçeleriyle oluşturulmuş sutralardan meydana gelmektedir. Söz konusu Mahayana sutraları içinde yer alan Lotus Sutra‟nın, Budist kutsal metinleri arasındaki yerinin ve öneminin ortaya konulması tez çalışmamızın başlıca konusunu teşkil etmektedir. Budist kutsal metinlerinin sınıflandırılarak ana başlıklar altında tanıtıldığı bu çalışmamızda, Lotus Sutra, içerdiği temel konular itibariyle ve çeşitli yönleriyle detaylı bir şekilde mercek altına alınmaktadır. Giriş kısmı ve iki bölümden oluşan araştırmamızın giriş kısmında Buda‟nın hayatı ve öğretisine kısaca değinilerek Budizm‟in farklı coğrafyalara yayılması, büyük mezheplere ayrılma süreci ve ortaya çıkan mezhepler genel hatlarıyla ele alınmaktadır. Daha sonra Budizm‟de kutsal kitap anlayışı ile Budist kutsal metinlerinin teşekkül süreci hakkında bilgi verilmektedir. Budist kutsal metinlerinin teşekkül süreci hakkında bilgi verirken yeri ve önemi bakımından bu sürecin temel parçası niteliğindeki Budist konsillerine de değinilmektedir. Birinci bölümde Budist kutsal metinleri, Budizm‟de yer alan
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