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The Peter Martyr Library Volume Six Commentary on the Lamentations of the

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Editors of the Peter Martyr Library, Series One

General Editors John Patrick Donnelly, S.J., Frank A. James III, Joseph C. McLelland

Editorial Committee W. J. Torrance Kirby, William J. Klempa, Paula Presley, Robert V. Schnucker

Editorial Board

Irena Backus Alister E. McGrath Institut d’histoire de la Réformation Wycliffe Hall Université de Genève Oxford University

Peter S. Bietenholz John McIntyre University of Saskatchewan University of Edinburgh

Fritz Büsser H. Wayne Pipkin Institut für Schweizer Associated Mennonite Biblical Reformationsgeschichte, Zurich Seminaries, Elkhart, Indiana

Richard C. Gamble Jill Raitt Reformed Theological Seminary University of Missouri, Columbia

Robert M. Kingdon Pamela D. Stewart Institute for Research in the Humanities McGill University, Montreal University of Wisconsin–Madison

John H. Leith John Tedeschi Union Theological Seminary of Virginia University of Wisconsin–Madison

Diarmaid MacCullough Thomas F. Torrance St. Cross College, Oxford University University of Edinburgh

Michael Percival-Maxwell John Vissers McGill University, Montreal The Presbyterian College, Montreal

Cesare Vasoli Università di Firenze The Peter Martyr Library Volume Six

Commentary on the Lamentations

of the Prophet Jeremiah

Peter Martyr Vermigli Translated and Edited with Introduction and Notes by Daniel Shute

VOLUME LV SIXTEENTH CENTURY ESSAYS & STUDIES KIRKSVILLE, MISSOURI USA N 2002

Title Page

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This book has been brought to publication with the generous support of Priscilla and Stanford Reid Trust for Reformed and Presbyterian Theological Education in Canada

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vermigli, Pietro Martire, 1499–1562. [In Lamentationes sanctissimi Ieremiae prophetae commentarium. English] Commentary on the Lamentations of the prophet Jeremiah / Peter Martyr Vermigli ; translated and edited, with introduction and notes by Dan Shute. p. cm. — (Sixteenth century essays & studies ; v. 55) (The Peter Martyr library ; ser. 1, v. 6) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0–943549–64–7 (alk. paper) 1. . O.T. Lamentations—Commentaries—Early works to 1800. I. Shute, Dan (Daniel John), 1949– II. Title. III. Series. BS1535.3.V4713 2002 224'.307dc21 2002006448

Cover Art and Title Page by Teresa Wheeler, Truman State University Designer Printed by Thomson-Shore, Dexter, Michigan, USA Text is set in ITC Stone Serif 10/13; display in Morris Ornaments

Copyright © 2002 by Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri 63501 U.S.A. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. The paper in this publication meets or exceeds the minimum requirements of the American National Standard—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48 (1984).

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Contents

Abbreviations Used in This Volume ...... ix Type Conventions Used in This Volume...... xii Acknowledgments ...... xiii Translator’s Introduction ...... xv Commentary on the Lamentations of the Prophet Jeremiah ...... 3 Alphabet, or Chapter 1 ...... 11 Alef, or Verse 1 ...... 11 Bet, or Verse 2...... 13 Gimel, or Verse 3 ...... 14 Dalet, or Verse 4...... 17 He, or Verse 5 ...... 21 Vav, or Verse 6 ...... 24 Zain, or Verse 7 ...... 27 Het, or Verse 8 ...... 29 Tet, or Verse 9 ...... 32 Yod, or Verse 10 ...... 35 Kaf, or Verse 11...... 37 Lamed, or Verse 12 ...... 39 Mem, or Verse 13 ...... 41 Nun, or Verse 14...... 42 Samekh, or Verse 15 ...... 47 Ayin, or Verse 16 ...... 48 Pe, or Verse 17 ...... 50 Tzade, or Verse 18 ...... 52 Qof, or Verse 19 ...... 53 Resh, or Verse 20 ...... 57 Shin, or Verse 21 ...... 59 Tav, or Verse 22 ...... 67 Alphabet, or Chapter 2 ...... 69 Alef, or Verse 1 ...... 69

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vi Contents

Bet, or Verse 2...... 71 Gimel, or Verse 3 ...... 74 Dalet, or Verse 4...... 76 He, or Verse 5 ...... 79 Vav, or Verse 6 ...... 80 Zain, or Verse 7 ...... 81 Het, or Verse 8 ...... 83 Tet, or Verse 9 ...... 84 Yod, or Verse 10 ...... 85 Kaf, or Verse 11...... 88 Lamed, or Verse 12 ...... 90 Mem, or Verse 13 ...... 91 Nun, or Verse 14...... 93 Samekh, or Verse 15 ...... 96 Ayin, or Verse 16 ...... 98 Pe, or Verse 17 ...... 99 Tzade, or Verse 18 ...... 100 Qof, or Verse 19 ...... 101 Resh, or Verse 20 ...... 102 Shin, or Verse 21 ...... 105 Tav, or Verse 22 ...... 105 Alphabet, or Chapter 3 ...... 107 Alef...... 107 Bet ...... 110 Gimel...... 112 Dalet ...... 114 He...... 115 Vav ...... 119 Zain ...... 122 Het ...... 123 Tet...... 125 Yod ...... 128 Kaf ...... 131 Lamed ...... 134 Mem...... 136 Nun ...... 137 Samekh ...... 139 Pe ...... 141 Ayin ...... 142

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Contents vii

Tzade ...... 144 Qof ...... 146 Resh ...... 147 Shin ...... 148 Tav ...... 151 Alphabet, or Chapter 4 ...... 152 Alef, or Verse 1 ...... 152 Beth, or Verse 2 ...... 153 Gimel, or Verse 3 ...... 154 Dalet, or Verse 4 ...... 156 He, or Verse 5 ...... 158 Vav, or Verse 6...... 159 Zain, or Verse 7...... 161 Het, or Verse 8 ...... 163 Tet, or Verse 9 ...... 164 Yod, or Verse 10 ...... 165 Kaf, or Verse 11...... 166 Lamed, or Verse 12...... 166 Mem, or Verse 13 ...... 168 Nun, or Verse 14...... 172 Samekh, or Verse 15...... 174 Pe, or Verse 17...... 176 Ayin, or Verse 16...... 178 Tzade, or Verse 18 ...... 180 Qof, or Verse 19 ...... 181 Resh, or Verse 20 ...... 182 Shin, or Verse 21 ...... 185 Tav, or Verse 22...... 186 Chapter 5, or the Prayer of Jeremiah ...... 189 Verse 1 ...... 189 Verse 2 ...... 190 Verse 3 ...... 191 Verse 4 ...... 191 Verse 5 ...... 192 Verse 6 ...... 194 Verse 7 ...... 195 Verse 8 ...... 201 Verse 9 ...... 202 Verse 10 ...... 203 Verse 11 ...... 204 Verse 12 ...... 204

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viii Contents

Verse 13 ...... 205 Verse 14 ...... 206 Verse 15 ...... 206 Verse 16 ...... 207 Verse 17 ...... 207 Verse 18 ...... 208 Verse 19 ...... 208 Verse 20...... 209 Verse 21 ...... 209 Verse 22 ...... 211 Scripture References ...... 212 Index ...... 217 About the Editor ...... 226

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Abbreviations Used in This Volume

ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary. Ed. David Noel Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1992. ANF Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. New York: Scribners, 1925. BAGD Walter Bauer. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Ed. and trans. William F. Arndt, F. Wilbur Gingrich, Frederick W. Danker. Chi- cago: University of Chicago, 1979. BDB Wilhelm Gesenius. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the . Ed. Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, Charles A. Briggs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968. BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstif- tung, 1977. BIB A Bibliography of the Writings of Peter Martyr Vermigli. John Patrick Donnelly and Robert M. Kingdon, with Marvin W. Anderson. Kirksville, Mo.: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1990. CBTEL Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Ed. John McClintock and James Strong. 1867–82. CCCM Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis. CP Common Places of Peter Martyr Vermigli. “Translated and partly gathered” by Anthony Marten. London, 1583. CR Corpus Reformatorum. Ed. Karl Gottlieb and Heinrich Ernst Binseil. Halle, 1834–. CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum. DBI Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation. Ed. John H. Hayes. 1999. DCB Dictionary of Christian Biography. Ed. William Smith and Henry Wace. 1877. DEL Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin. Ed. Leo F. Stelton. l995. DIAL Dialogue on the Two Natures in Christ. Translated and edited by J. P. Donnelly. Peter Martyr Library, 2. Kirksville, Mo.: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1995. EncJud Encyclopaedia Judaica. 1972. ET English translation. Even-Shoshan A New Concordance of the Bible. Ed. Abraham Even-Shoshan. : Kiryat Sefer, 1991.

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x Abbreviations

GKC Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Ed. E. Kautzsch and A. E. Cow- ley. Trans. A. E. Cowley. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910. HALOT The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Ed. Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner. Trans. M. E. J. Richardson. 1994–2000. Hillers, Lam. Hillers, Delbert R. Lamentations: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, 2d ed. Anchor Bible 7A. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Ibn Ezra The first section of Ibn Ezra’a commentary on Lamenta- tions as found in the 1525 Bomberg Bible. Jastrow A Dictionary of the Targumin, the Talmud Babli and Yerush- almi, and the Midrashto Lituraturo, comp. Marcus Jastrow. 1950. JE The Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906. The translation of the Bible; Lamentations Vulgate as found in Conrad Pellican’s Commentaria Bibliorum. KJV Authorized (King James) Version of the Bible. Lam. Rab. Midrash Rabbah. Ed. H. Freedman and Maurice Simon. Lon- don: Soncino, 1939. LC Loci Communes of Peter Martyr Vermigli. London: R. Masson, 1576. 3 vols. Basle: P. Perna, 1580–82. LLS Life, Letters and Sermons. Trans. and ed. John Patrick Don- nelly. Peter Martyr Library, 5. Kirksville, Mo.: Thomas Jef- ferson [Truman State] University Press, 1994. LSF A Latin Dictionary Founded on Andrew’s Edition of Freund’s Latin Dictionary. Ed. Charlton Lewis and Charles Short. 1962. LSJs A Greek-English Lexicon. Comp. Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott; rev. ed., Henry Stuart Jones. 1986. LXX . MT Masoretic text of the Bible. Münster, Heb. Bib. Sebastian Münster. Hebraica Biblia Latina. Basle, 1534–35. NLG Allen and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar. Ed. J. B. Green- ough et al. New Rochelle: Caratzas, 1992. NPNF1 A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. Ed. Philip Schaff. New York: Scribners, 1886–89. NPNF2 A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. 2d Series. Ed. Philip Schaff. New York: Christian Literature Co., 1890–1900. NRSV New of the Bible.

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Commentary on Lamentations xi

OCD Oxford Classical Dictionary. Ed. N. G. L. Hammond and H. H. Scullard. 2d ed. 1970. ODCC Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Ed. F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingston. 3d ed. 1997. OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary. Ed. P. G. W. Glare. 1992. OTD The Oxford Treatise and Disputation on the , trans. and ed. Joseph C. McLelland. Kirksville, Mo.: Truman State University Press, 2000. Pagnini Santi Pagnini’s “new translation” of Scripture: Biblia. Lyons, 1528. Perush The second part of the Lamentations commentary of “Ibn Ezra” in the 1525 Bomberg Bible. PG Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca. Ed. J. P. Migne. Paris, 1857–. PL Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Latina. Ed. J. P. Migne. Paris, 1844–. PML Peter Martyr Library, series 1 (followed by vol. no.). PW Philosophical Works: On the Relation of Philosophy to Theology, trans. and ed. Joseph C. McLelland. Peter Martyr Library, 4. Kirksville, Mo.: Thomas Jefferson [Truman State] Uni- versity Press, 1996) Rashi Rashi’s commentary on Lamentations as found in the 1525 Bomberg Bible. RSV Revised Standard Version of the Bible. ST . Summa theologiae. Cambridge: Blackfriars, 1963–81. STS Thomas Aquinas. Summa theologica. Vol. 3, Containing Sup- plement QQ. 1–99. New York: Benziger Brothers, 1948. Targum The Targum of Lamentations: Aramaic text in the 1525 Bomberg Bible and the English translation, Étan Levine. The Aramaic Version of Lamentations. New York: Hermon Press, 1976. WO’C Bruce K. Waltke and M. O’Connor. An Introduction to Syntax. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990.

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Type Conventions Used in This Volume

The translation of Martyr’s exposition is set in plain serif type (as is this paragraph). Typefaces that identify sources within Martyr’s translation of the Masoretic Text verses are identified as follows:

serif small capitals ...... Vulgate translation sans-serif small caps obliqued. . Münster’s trans. of Vulgate semi-sans serif ...... Pagnini’s trans. copied by Münster condensed sans-serif ...... Pagnini’s trans. not copied by Münster serif italic ...... Translation from none of these sources; probably Martyr himself

Typefaces that identify sources in the footnotes are:

sans serif small caps...... Jewish/premodern sources

SANS SERIF LARGE CAPS ...... SCRIPTURE QUOTES WITHIN FOOTNOTES

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Acknowledgments

In a more primitive form this translation of Peter Martyr Vermigli’s commentary on Lamentations was part of my doctoral dissertation written under the direction of Dr. Joseph C. McLelland, the founding editor of the Peter Martyr Library. Professor McLelland made it possible for me to be assisted by two skilled language experts. Dr. Natalie Polzer of the Faculty of Religious Studies of McGill University led me line by line through the sometimes obscure medieval Hebrew of the Bomberg Bible commentators. Mr. Leszek Wysocki of the McGill Classics Department patiently corrected the dissertation stage of my transla- tion and alerted me to classical allusion that I would otherwise have missed. Finally Professor John Patrick Donnelly, S.J., of Marquette Uni- versity made a word-for-word check of a revision of my dissertation translation. The following scholars read through part or all of my dis- sertation and gave invaluable criticisms: Professor Gerald Hobbs of Vancouver School of Theology; the late Professor Edward Furcha of the McGill Faculty of Religious Studies; Professor Barry Levy, then of McGill Jewish Studies, now the dean of the McGill Faculty of Religious Studies. Ronald Finegold, reference librarian of the Jewish Public Library of Montreal, and Professor Lawrence Kaplan of the McGill Jewish Studies Department answered many questions for me. I must also mention the patience and generosity of librarians and curators who obtained for me so many texts: David J. Wartluft, director of Krauth Memorial Library of Lutheran Theological Seminary; Cheryl Jaffee, curator of the M. Lowy Collection of the National Library of Canada; Tom Amos of the Houghton Library of Harvard University; Terrance L. Dinovo, curator of the Lutheran Brotherhood Foundation Reformation Research Library of Luther Seminary. Jutta Benfey, German tutor for the McGill Faculty of Religious Studies, and Dr. Herre de Groot, formerly professor of Anglo-Saxon at the University of Montreal, helped me through several German texts. Most recently Professor Torrance Kirby of McGill Faculty of Religious Studies read through my introduction to Martyr’s Lamen- tations commentary and made constructive criticisms. I gratefully acknowledge the Reid Trust's generous support, which, among other

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xiv Acknowledgments

things, made possible both the computer hardware and software used in writing this book. Were Peter Martyr still among us, he would remind me that the completion of this project was due not only to the efforts of those mentioned above but also to the sheer grace of God.

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Commentary on the Lamentations of the Prophet Jeremiah

Translator’s Introduction

Peter Martyr Lectures from a Rabbinic Bible In 1542 Peter Martyr Vermigli, a refugee from Catholic Italy, arrived in Strasbourg and found work in Martin Bucer’s academy as a lecturer on the Old Testament. Martyr began teaching first the Minor and then Lamentations. An able Hebraist, he found so many of his stu- dents already knew Hebrew that he lectured on the Hebrew text; in an earlier period of the Christian church, Martyr would have had no such students, since knowledge of Hebrew among Christians was restricted to a few specialists.1 In his classroom, Martyr moved consciously away from the fanciful, often allegorical, of the Middle Ages and toward the newer, more philological methods of interpretation devel- oped by Renaissance humanists; that is, he sought the most correct text available and its original meaning. The Old Testament text that he used was a so-called Rabbinic Bible, a Hebrew-Aramaic text surrounded by the commentary of medieval Jewish grammarians such as Rashi and Ibn Ezra.2 These grammarians had, in their own scholarly communi- ties, introduced philological exegesis almost half a millennium earlier. Martyr expected his Christian students to follow him when he cited or alluded to the Jewish grammarians’ discussions of difficult points in the Hebrew text.

1In a letter to his former congregation at Lucca, written soon after his arrival in Strasbourg, Martyr writes: “Because many in this academy know Hebrew, I expound the Hebrew text in Latin.” See LLS, 98; hereafter Donnelly’s translation of this early biogra- phy is referred to as, Simler, LLS. Simler first published Oratio de vita & obitu …Petri Mar- tyris Vermilii in 1563. For Hebraism as an elistist phenomenon, see Jerome Friedman, The Most Ancient Testimony: Sixteenth-Century Christian-Hebraica in the Age of Renaissance Nos- talgia (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1983), 13–14. 2For a fuller description of this Bible and Martyr’s personal copy of it, see “The Rab- binic (Bomberg) ,” p. xxvi below.

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xvi Commentary on the Lamentations of Jeremiah

Taken in isolation, Martyr’s lecturing from a Rabbinic Bible seems astonishing; nonetheless there were more than a few precedents for such Hebraism in the Latin Church, particularly during the three hun- dred years that preceded him, and more particularly between 1512 and 1542. The bulk of this introduction will lay the foundation for under- standing Martyr’s Scripture commentary and its Hebraism by surveying how Martyr inherited the following: Christian Hebraism from Jerome, early Jewish Scripture interpretation from the (espe- cially Jerome) and from Rashi, Jewish philology from late medieval and Renaissance scholars, the great Rabbinic Bible from Jewish and Catho- lic scholars of his own century, and Renaissance Catholic and Protes- tant Hebraism from his contemporaries. Once we understand this legacy of Hebraism, we shall then look at Martyr’s ability as a Hebraist, his community of Scripture interpreters, his Lamentations commen- tary in the context of his other lectures on Scripture, and the character- istics of his Scripture commentary in general. Finally we will consider the enduring value of his Lamentations lectures. Martyr’s Inheritance of Christian Hebraism from Jerome While Hebraism was firmly entrenched in the Latin Church by Mar- tyr’s time, things had not started out that way. The early church had lost Hebrew as a sacred tongue when its membership became predomi- nantly Gentile, and examples of Hebraism among the fathers are few.3 The early church’s Bible was the standard Greek translation, the Septu- agint (LXX), which was also the source for the Old Testament portion

3DCB, s.v. “Hebrew Learning among the Fathers.” There were two Gentile Hebra- ists apart from Jerome: Dorotheus, who was martyred during Diocletian’s persecution ( Hist. eccl. 7.32, PG 20:722; NPNF2 1:317); an Arian priest of the early fifth cen- tury named Timothy (Socrates Hist. eccl. 7.6, PG 67:747; NPNF2 2:156), and , who in spite of the fact that he copied or caused to be copied every word of the into his Hexapla, knew very little Hebrew. See the confused study of the Hebrew word for Pass- over that Origen presents in his Treatise on the Passover, trans. and ed. Robert J. Daly, An- cient Christian Writers, 54 (New York: Paulist Press, 1992), 27. John A. McGuckin, “Origen on the Jews,” in and Judaism: Papers Read at the 1991 Summer Meeting and the 1992 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical Historical Society, ed. Diana Wood (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1992), 8, affirms that Origen’s knowledge of Hebrew was minimal. The church fathers , , and Chrysostom taught that the Jews corrupted the Hebrew Bible to fit their doctrine. See Andrew Charles Skinner, “Veritas Hebraica: Christian Attitudes toward the in the High Middle Ages” (Ph.D. diss., University of Denver, 1986), 41–75.

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Translator’s Introduction xvii

of the Old Latin Bible.4 The man responsible for the recovery of the Hebrew text as authoritative for the Latin Church was Jerome, the church father whom Martyr cites more frequently than others, save Augustine, Chrysostom, and possibly .5 Jerome is the only competent early church Hebraist of non-Jewish origin whose writings have survived in any quantity. An able philologist, he defended stri- dently his decision to return to “the Hebrew truth” as he retranslated the Old Testament into Latin. In so doing, he set his shoulder against the wheel of three centuries of Christian tradition. In a process not dis- similar to the gradual acceptance of the of the Bible as the standard English translation, Jerome’s version (the Vulgate) eventually became the common Bible of the Latin Church. Since “the Hebrew truth” was the source of correct translation, Hebrew was accorded the status of a sacred tongue.6 When Latin Church scholars of the Middle Ages did original language exegesis, they were more likely to work from the Hebrew Bible than from the Greek Testament.7 Renais- sance and Reformation scholars, to obviate the encrustation of centu- ries of Christian tradition around the Vulgate, drew from the same spring—the Hebrew Bible—as had Jerome. The Vulgate simultaneously

4William McKane, Selected Christian Hebraists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 1. 5John Patrick Donnelly, Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli’s Doctrine of Man and Grace (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1976), 34. 6Francis J. Thomson, “SS. Cyril and Methodius and a Mythical Western Heresy: Tri- lingualism: A Contribution to the Study of Patristic and Medieval Theories of Sacred Liter- ature,” Analecta Bollandiana 110 (1992): 79ff., esp. 86 n. 132. Of course, Jerome’s new translation, based as it was on the Hebrew text of the Jews, met with stiff resistance. Jerome’s contemporary, Augustine, while at first cool toward Jerome’s project, later en- dorsed it. Augustine, in his a.d. 396 work, De doctrina Christiana (2.15, PL 54:45–46, NPNF1 2:542), favors the Septuagint over the Hebrew. Jerome produced the Vulgate a.d. 391–406. Augustine, De civitate Dei (completed a.d. 427), acknowledges the priority of the Hebrew text (15.13, PL 41:452–54; NPNF1 2:294–95; 18.42–43, PL 41:602–4; NPNF1 2:385–86). 7This was partly due to the inaccessibility of Greek. The Byzantine Empire main- tained a presence only in southern Italy, and even that was lost in the eleventh century. Irish Celtic scholars kept the knowledge of Greek alive until their communities were dev- astated by Norse invasions. While Greek was little known, and the Byzantines were feared and hated, there were scattered Jewish communities in Europe, and Christian scholars could and did have recourse to them for knowledge of the Hebrew text. See Beryl Smallie, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages, 2d ed. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1952), 360–62. In spite of a theoretical veneration of the Hebrew text, no pre-twelfth-century medieval scholar of Gentile origin has yet been discovered who could read Hebrew fluently. See Friedman, The Most Ancient Testimony, 13–14; and Skinner, “Veritas Hebraica: Christian At- titudes,” esp. chap. 2, “The Early Church and ‘God’s Language,’” and chap. 3, “Veritas He- braica: Jerome and Beyond.” PML6.book Page xviii Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

xviii Commentary on the Lamentations of Jeremiah

obscured the Hebrew text and drew Latin scholars toward it. When the Reformers sought a standard of authority to set against Catholicism’s magisterium, they went back to the Scriptures, which, in the case of the Old Testament, led them, as Latins, to the Hebrew text. On the whole, Jerome the translator was an immense help to phi- lologists, such as Martyr, who came after him. Jerome the commentator is another matter. Jerome learned Hebrew from Jews who had not yet analyzed their language scientifically, and he himself held certain ideas about the interpretation of the Hebrew Scriptures that were anything but philologically sound. In particular Jerome had the idea that the meaning of alphabetical acrostics in the Hebrew Bible was governed by the mystical meaning of the letter—a notion he probably inherited from Eusebius.8 I coin the term “letterish” to describe this interpretive method. The first four chapters of Lamentations are alphabetical acros- tics; the Septuagint and Jerome’s Vulgate begin each verse or section with the name of a Hebrew letter. Sometime after the death of Jerome an unknown commentator apparently took Jerome’s notion of letterish interpretation and produced a commentary on the first chapter of Lam- entations.9 This pseudo-Jerome work was the only Lamentations com- mentary of supposedly patristic origins available to the Latin west before the modern era. Thus it was the starting point for expounding Lamentations until scholars such as exposed its pseudonymity and discredited its interpretive methods.10 This work is not lengthy; it

8In a letter to one of his better-known disciples, Paula, Jerome follows up on a lesson he had given her on the alphabetical Psalm 119. DomenicoVallarsi’s careful editing of this letter is reprinted in PL 20:441–45; also Sancti Eusebi Hieronymi Epistulae (eps. 1–70), ed. I. Hilberg, CSEL 54 (Vindobonae: F. Tempsky, 1910). There is no ET. Eusebius apparently derived these definitions from someone whose first language was Greek, maybe from a lost work of Origen or Philo (Eusebius Praep. ev. 10.5, PG 21:787–90.) The interpretation of the dalet [d] as “tablet” is a calque, or transposition, of the Greek delta [D] for “tablet”: see PL 22:443 n. b. Nor are Jerome’s Hebrew etymologies always accurate: see Dennis Brown, Vir Trilinguis: A Study in the Biblical Exegesis of Jerome (Kampen: Kok, 1992), 74–78. 9There is no modern critical text for it. Migne, In Lamentationes Jeremiae, PL 25:787–92, merely reprinted Domenico Vallarsi’s of 1734–42. See ODCC, s.v. “Vallarsi.” 10For an enumeration of premodern commentaries on Lamentations, see CBTEL, s.v. “Lamentations, Book of.” In fact, very little patristic commentary on Lamentations survived the ruin of the ancient world, and none of that was in Latin; see Origen, Scholia (in Greek); Ephrem Syrus, Explicatio (in Syriac); and Theodore, Interpretatio (in Greek). The of Theodoret’s work came in 1642, and Origen’s Greek works and Ephrem’s Syriac later than that; see ODCC, s.v. “Theodoret,” “Origen,” “Ephraem Syrus.” Erasmus included in his first edition of Jerome’s works this pseudonymous commentary on Lamentations among Jerome’s genuine works. On sober second thought Erasmus sug- gested that it might be a patchwork creation of the Venerable ; see PL 25:787–88. PML6.book Page xix Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

Translator’s Introduction xix

occupies little more than five columns in Migne’s patrology. It is com- posed in very straightforward Latin, but its interpretations seem extremely fanciful to those unfamiliar with patristic or medieval com- mentary and, in particular, with Jerome’s letterish interpretation.11 This false interpretive key gives the pseudo-Jerome its notion of a verse’s “literal” meaning. However inauthentic this so-called Hebrew exegesis of Lamentations may be, it is an excellent example of how deeply Chris- tian interpretation could be affected by what were thought to be Jewish methods of interpretation. The next oldest surviving Christian commentary on Lamentations after the pseudo-Jerome is the commentary of the ninth-century Bene- dictine theologian Paschasius Radbertus (d. 865). Radbertus made a name for himself by laying a major foundation stone for the medieval doctrine of . Less well known is his lengthy commen- tary on Lamentations.12 In true medieval style Radbertus tried not to depart too far from his authorities, and he alluded liberally to various classical and patristic sources, including the pseudo-Jerome. He used let- terish interpretation for all five chapters.13 Radbertus’s exposition of Lamentations passed into the corpus of a mostly patristic exegesis known as the glossa ordinaria. For a philologically sound exegesis of Lam- entations, Latin scholars had to get past the pseudo-Hebraism of letter- ish interpretation. Two pre-Renaissance commentators did exactly that: Hugh of St. Victor ignored it, and Nicholas of Lyra ridiculed it.14 In most circumstances Martyr, who admired the church fathers,

11 “At the beginning of each verse, an alphabetical series punctuates its order. The interpreter, who translated them from Hebrew into Latin, did not wish to join together impediments so he might observe this; rather, he put the letters of the alphabet at the be- ginning of each verse because the verse’s meaning hangs on the interpretation of the let- ter” (Jerome, In Lamentationes Jeremiae, PL 25:787). 12Paschasius Radbertus, Expositio in Lamentationes Hieremiae Libri Quinque, ed. Beda Paulus, CCCM 85. 13Radbertus, In Lamentationes, 1311 (ed. Paulus, 1.136–40). 14Hugh of St. Victor, Adnotatiunculae elucidatoriae in Threnos Jeremiae secundum mul- tiplicem sensum et primo secundum litteralem, PL 175:255–322. Nicholas of Lyra (d. 1340) drew extensively from Rashi when producing his Postilla Litteralis, which was revolution- ary inasmuch as it focused on what was called the “literal” meaning of the text: “[These interpreters] also imagine that these letters are not integral parts of the verse but are placed in front of them as if they were titles. This is not true because in Hebrew the letters are an integral part of the verses. We have a similar case in the hymn A solis ortu [From the rising of the sun]. The other Latin letters a through g inclusive are integral parts of the verses”: Nicholas of Lyra, Postilla super Totam Bibliam (Strasbourg, 1492; repr. Frankfurt/ Main: Minerva, 1971), one fol. preceding sig. SS. PML6.book Page 212 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

Scripture References

Genesis Leviticus (cont’d.) 1 Samuel 3:15 ...... 22 13:4 ...... 110n 2...... 132 4:14 ...... 30n 15:19–24 ...... 52n 3...... 128n 9:21 ...... 186 9:9 ...... 173n 10:10 ...... 201n Numbers 10:1–6 ...... 183n 10:23 ...... 185n 5:7 ...... 53n 14:9 ...... 127n 11:1...... lvii 6 ...... 161n 15:35 ...... 68n 14:2 ...... 6 12:3 ...... 66 16:1 ...... 68n 15:12 ...... 163n 12:13 ...... 53n 16:13 ...... 121n 15:16 ...... 48 12:14 ...... 53n 18:6–7 ...... 19n 16:1–4 ...... 103n 14:18 ...... 196n 24 ...... 66n 18–19 ...... 160n 18 ...... 19n 28:10 ...... 158n 19:24 ...... 160 22–24...... 169n 22:21 ...... 185n 34:7 ...... 72 2 Samuel 24:20 ...... 7185n 12:16 ...... 86 27:41 ...... 185n Deuteronomy 13:1–29 ...... 204n 28:16 ...... 83n 2:32 ...... 46n 15:19 ...... 30n 28:21 ...... 131n 4:12 ...... 149 15:26 ...... 81 31:36 ...... 181n 4:24 ...... 172 16:23 ...... 169n 34 ...... 204n 6:5 ...... 139n 20:13 ...... 131n 36:24 ...... 125n 7:7–8 ...... 21n 22:44 ...... 117n 36:28 ...... 185n 8:1–14 ...... 96n 24:14 ...... 161 47:13–26 ...... 37 8:17 ...... 77 12–13 ...... 36n 1 Kings Exodus 13:14 ...... 93n 3:16 ...... 62n 6:30 ...... 150n 17:15 ...... 22n 6:28–29 ...... 103 7:23 ...... 79n 17:18 ...... 84n 10:10 ...... 154n 11:2...... 53n 23:3–7 ...... 36n 10:18 ...... 154n 12 ...... 72n 28 ...... 22n, 174n 12:25–31 ...... 18n 12:33 ...... 15n 28:43–44...... 22 14:25 ...... 25n 16 ...... 25n 32:27 ...... 35 16 ...... 18n 16:4 ...... 38n 18:13ff...... 25n 18:13–26 ...... 87 Joshua 10:13...... l 18:44 ...... 138n 19:5 ...... 125n 18:45 ...... 69n 19:6 ...... 72n Judges 18:46 ...... 26n 1:20 ...... 79n 6:13 ...... 46n 19:11 ...... 201n 20:5–6 ...... 196n 7:19 ...... 101n 19:16 ...... 183n 24:10 ...... 162–63, 163n 11:37 ...... 34n 21 ...... 18n 33:22 ...... 138n 15:4 ...... 79n 21:27 ...... 86 16:21 ...... 205n 22:10 ...... 86n Leviticus 22:36 ...... 101n 1:16 ...... 174n Ruth 4:1–2 ...... 19n 24:10 ...... 25n

212

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Scripture References 213

1 Kings (cont’d.) Psalms 13:14 ...... 174n 24–25...... 16 3:4 ...... 147n 15:14–15 ...... 98n 25:5 ...... 25 3:7 ...... 147n 31:10–31 ...... 5 5:9 ...... 137n 2 Kings 5:12 ...... 116n 2:15ff...... 183n 10:7 ...... 137n 9:8 ...... 87 3 ...... 185n 14:1–3 ...... 137n 11:9 ...... 185n 21:6 ...... 170n 14:2 ...... 143 14–6 ...... 31 Chronicles 16 ...... 125n 1:9 ...... 124 1:17 ...... 185n 18:34 ...... 26n 1:14 ...... 27 1:42 ...... 185n 19:5–6 ...... 1340n 2:3 ...... 96n 11:19...... 201n 19:8 ...... 97 3:16 ...... 88 15 ...... 19n 19:10 ...... 97 5:2 ...... 48 23:3 ...... 48 6:9–13 ...... 140 2 Chronicles 34:15 ...... 116n 7:13 ...... 26n 5 ...... 19n 36:1 ...... 137n 13–23...... 62n 17–18 ...... 70n 38:12 ...... 54n 19:25 ...... 70n 24:15–22 ...... 103n 43:6 ...... 75 21:13–14 ...... 55n 24:20 ...... 104n 43:8 ...... 183n 41:8 ...... 209n 28 ...... 18n 46 ...... 92n 51:17ff...... 186 28:24 ...... 18n 47–49...... 44n 57:16 ...... 209n 35:25 . . .8, 153–53n, 183n 48 ...... 97n 59:7–8 ...... 137n 36:12 ...... 117n 50:9 ...... 139n 59:17 ...... 116n 36:18 ...... 36 51:4 ...... 125 60:13 ...... 70n 51:15–16 ...... 139n 62:10 ...... 47n Ezra 1:1–2:67 ...... 12 55:3 ...... 34n 63:1–6 ...... 47–48, 116n 73:2 ...... 180n 66:1 ...... 70 Nehemiah 9:2ff. . . . . 53n 73:18 ...... 180n 66:2–4 ...... 200n 74:4 ...... 18n Esther 74:8 ...... 18n Jeremiah 2:7 ...... 158n 75:9 ...... 58n 2:26 ...... 47n 4:1 ...... 86n 79:1 ...... 168n 7:4 ...... 81n 79:6 ...... 78n 8:23 ...... 20n Job 116:11...... 121n 9:1ff...... 68n 1:1 ...... 185n 119:126 ...... 61n 12:1–3 ...... 128n 1:20 ...... 86n 122 ...... 97n 15:19 ...... 38n 1:22 ...... 94n 124:7 ...... 145 17:2 ...... 122n 3:1–31:40 ...... 121n 128:3 ...... 24 18:18 ...... 47n 6:6 ...... 94n 136:24 ...... 201n 20:1–2 ...... 117n 13:21 ...... 109n 137:7 ...... 185n, 201n 20:9 ...... 41 14:7–12 ...... 199n 139:10 ...... 116n 22:13–17 ...... 15 16:13 ...... 116n 139:12 ...... 69n 24 ...... 48n 29:7–11 ...... 86n 140:3 ...... 137n 25:20 ...... 185n 29:21–23 ...... 86n 145:18 ...... 126 36:29 ...... 9n 36:32 ...... 138n 147 ...... 97n 37:14–16 ...... 145n 38:11 ...... 92n 37:16 ...... 146 38:13–17 ...... 156 Proverbs 37:21 ...... 148n 1:16 ...... 137n 38:4 ...... 53n, 149 7:21 ...... 93n 38:6–7 ...... 145n PML6.book Page 214 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

214 Commentary on the Lamentations of Jeremiah

Jeremiah (cont’d.) Lamentations (cont’d.) Obadiah 38:7–13 ...... 148n 4:60 ...... 150n 12–13...... 185n 38:17 ...... 180n 5:7 . . lv, 101n, 130n, 132n 1:21 ...... 68n 39–42...... 13 5:16 ...... 53n 42:11–17 ...... 149 7:1 ...... lxii Micah 43:2 ...... 149 3:8 ...... 137 48:9 ...... 174n :11–17 ...... 62n 52 ...... 180n 1:26 ...... 163n 52:10 ...... 101n 3:17–18 ...... 171 Zephaniah 4:1 ...... 163n 1:12 ...... 138n :9 ...... 18n 1:15 ...... 141 1:1 ...... lxiii 11:23 ...... 17 2:3 ...... 138 1:2 ...... 101n 12:3 ...... 119n 2:6 ...... 72n 1:3 ...... xxxviii, lxiii 16:7 ...... 21n 3:20 ...... 137 1:4 ...... lx, lxiii 17:2 ...... 152 1:7 ...... xxi, lvi, lx, 23n 17:18 ...... 194n Zechariah 1:8 . . . . . lx, lxiii, lxv, 58n 18:19–20 ...... 196 1:16 ...... 83n 1:11...... 38n 20 ...... 196 1:18–21 ...... 75n 1:12–22 ...... 108n 20:19 ...... 195n 10:11 ...... 92n 1:13 ...... lxiii 24:24 ...... 120n 1:15 ...... lx, 56, 62 32:18 ...... 34n Malachi 1:16 ...... 88 34 ...... 165n 3:7 ...... 209n 1:19 ...... 21n 34:1–10 ...... 93 3:23 ...... 211n 1:20 ...... 58n, 89n 4:3 ...... 61n 1:21 ...... 23n Daniel 1:22 ...... 44, 142 1 ...... 128n 1 Maccabees 1:20–24 . . 36 2:2 ...... lxin, lxii, 105n 2:34–35 ...... 187 2:3 ...... lxiii 6:1 ...... 16 Matthew 2:5 ...... lvi 7:3–8 ...... 75n 5:12 ...... 128n, 150 2:7 ...... 23n 7:4 ...... 36 5:13 ...... 95 2:11...... 49n 7–8 ...... 75 5:35 ...... 70 2:11–22 ...... 108n 7:29 ...... 16 5:39 ...... 130n 2:13 ...... 39n 8:5 ...... 75n 5:44 ...... 63 2:20 ...... 155n, 165n 10:13 ...... 73 5:45 ...... 85 2:21 ...... lxii 10:21 ...... 73 6:16–17 ...... 87 2:21–22 ...... 109n 12:2 ...... 200n 6:21 ...... 139 2:22 ...... lx, 150n 12:13 ...... 18n 7:6 ...... 36, 85 3:1 ...... lxii, 117n 7:15 ...... 93 3:4 ...... 117n Hosea 7:20 ...... 93 3:14 ...... 150n 2:8 ...... 115n 7:22 ...... 169 3:43 ...... 141 6:1 ...... 138n 10:14–15 ...... 160n 4:1ff ...... 8 9:7 ...... 110n 10:25 ...... 150 4:3 ...... lxv, 165n 10:12 ...... 126 11:23 ...... 70 4:4 ...... lv 13:8 ...... 116n 11:29–30 ...... 45, 128n 4:6 ...... 6 12:29 ...... 36 4:7 ...... 163n Amos 12:43–45 ...... 37 4:17 ...... 194n 1:6–12 ...... 68 15:1–9 ...... 94n 4:21 ...... lx, lxii, 185n 2:4 ...... 84 15:14 ...... 173 4:21–22 ...... 201n 7:10–17 ...... 170n 15:19 ...... 139 4:22 ...... 184n 16:18 ...... 167 PML6.book Page 215 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

Scripture References 215

Matthew (cont’d.) Acts (cont’d.) 1 Corinthians (cont’d.) 16:23 ...... 158 7:60 ...... 63 3:1 ...... 158 19:13–16 ...... 89 13:8 ...... 66n 3:6–9 ...... 94 20:1ff...... 128n 13:46 ...... 17 3:10–15 ...... 198n 21:13 ...... 82 19:18 ...... 139 3:16–17 ...... 80n 21:33–41 ...... 160 22:3 ...... 128n 4:11 ...... 130 21:33–46 ...... 17 23:46 ...... 84 4:21 ...... 109 22:32 ...... 199n 5:4 ...... 66 23:13–31 ...... 82 Romans 6:15–19 ...... 80n 23:35 ...... 104n 1:18 ...... 41 10:3 ...... xx 24:24 ...... 169n 1:21–28 ...... 76n 10:4 ...... 88n 26:38 ...... 189n 1:24 ...... 46, 194n 11:17–34 ...... 158n 26:39 ...... 113n 1:26 ...... 46 11:23 ...... 199n 26:57 ...... 170n 1:28 ...... 46 12:12ff...... 173n 27:38–44 ...... 118 2:28–29 ...... 187 12:22–25 ...... 52n 27:39 ...... 30 3:1 ...... 24n 13:8 ...... 57n 27:30 ...... 130n 3:3 ...... 57 14:40 ...... 96n 3:3–4:...... 124 15 ...... 200n Mark 3:10–18 ...... 137n 4:28 ...... 94 3:13 ...... 54n 2 Corinthians 6:48 ...... 101n 5:3 ...... 129 1:9 ...... 124 7:1–9 ...... 94n 5:4–5:...... 126 2:14–17 ...... 94n 8:33 ...... 158 6:21–23 ...... 33 3:6 ...... 6 10:17–18 ...... 126n 7:7–25 ...... 121 5:16 ...... 209n 12:42 ...... 94n 8:3 ...... 159n 11:16–33 ...... 129n 13:22 ...... 169n 8:7 ...... 44 12:8 ...... 28 14:34 ...... 189n 8:9 ...... 157n 8:15 ...... 65 Galatians Luke 8:17 ...... 190n 1:8 ...... 171 6:28 ...... 63 8:26–27 ...... 62n 3:16 ...... 22 9:55 ...... 65 8:28 ...... 129 3:23–214 ...... 88n 10:15 ...... 70 8:35 ...... 57 3:24 ...... 6, 65 15:7 ...... 98 9:1ff...... 20n 4:1 0 – 5:22 ...... 65 18:1–8 ...... 113n 9:4–5 ...... 24n 4:19 ...... 165n 21:2 ...... 94n 9–11 ...... xxxiv 23:34 ...... 63, 113n 9:22 ...... 133 Ephesians 24:36 ...... 120n 11:9–10 ...... 57 1:13–14 ...... 200n 11:11...... 83 1:22 ...... 22 John 11:21 ...... 6 3:10 ...... 98 3:30 ...... 81 11:29 ...... 57 4:15 ...... 22 4:23 ...... 126 11:30 ...... 17 4:27 ...... 36 6:32 ...... 38n 11:33 ...... 196n 5:4 ...... 95 11:49–51 ...... 169n 12:14 ...... 63 14:16 ...... 97 12:15 ...... 49, 68n Philippians 2:1–2 . . . . 177 16:20 ...... 118n 15:8 ...... 57 20:21 ...... 120n 16:20 ...... 22 Colossians 2:18 ...... 129n Acts 1 Corinthians 4:6 ...... 94n 2:14–36 ...... 113n 1:26 ...... 167 5:1ff...... 66n 2:14 ...... 94n PML6.book Page 216 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

216 Commentary on the Lamentations of Jeremiah

1 Thessalonians Titus 2:13 ...... 113n 1 Peter 2:17 ...... 165n 1:2 ...... 130n 4:13 ...... 88 Hebrews 1:10–11 ...... 200n 5:176 ...... 113 1:9 ...... 183n 1:23–24 ...... 130n 1:14 ...... 73n 2 Thessalonians 4:13 ...... 149 2 Peter 2:4...... 6, 31n 2:9 ...... 169n 6:4–6 ...... 24n 2:9–12 ...... 173 8:5 ...... 190n 1 John 3:9...... 22 9:26 ...... 88n 1 Timothy 4:1 ...... 17n 10:1 ...... 200n Jude 10:25 ...... 71n 3...... 24n 2 Timothy 11:25 ...... 42 6...... 31n 1:3 ...... 128n 11–13 ...... 31n 2:25–26 ...... 201n James 4:14 ...... 66n 1:5 ...... 26n Revelation 8:2 ...... 73n 1:15 ...... 94n PML6.book Page 217 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

Index

adages Aristotle (cont’d.) “by their fruits you will know them,” Poetics, 5 9n126 rule of contraries (Int), 54 “hate the sin but love the sinner,” 63 assuagement (sublevatio), 68 “let us lift heart to hands,” 138-39 Assyrians, 194 “misery loves company,” 40 Augustine, lviii, 33n108 “race not to the swift,” 25 what is holy not to be given to dogs, 85 Babylonians, 16, 64, 180 affliction descended from Ham, 201 and role of human sin, 136-37, baptism, 127 136n138 Bible and will of God, 129-33, 131n120 for all believers, 157-58 aggadot (sing. aggadah), xx nn, 15-16, commentaries, lxv (See also 29n87 Gersonides; Ibn, Ezra; Kimh.i; Martyr’s inheritance of, xx-xxii Rashi); of Bomberg Bible, xxx- midrashic, of Rashi, 72n19, 73n20 xxxii, lxiii; inauthentic, xxx; altar, of the Temple, 81-82 Martyr’s, on Romans, xxxiv; anger Masorah, xxvii-xxviii; Perush, of God, 176, 209, 211 (See also wrath of xxiv-xxv, lxiii, 12n5, 42, 51; perush God) ha-ta’amim (on Lam.), xxiv-xxv; God’s rod of, 109 perush of Pentateuch, xxiv-xxv; and justice of God, 140 Rabbinic and Protestant, xxvin37; and retribution, 40-41, 69, 74, 101 of Reformers, xliii-xliv animals divisions of, 3-4 dragons, 154 versions: Masoretic Text, xxii-xxiii, eagles, as bird of Jupiter, 181-82 xxviii, lvii-lviii, lxiv, 27n79; foxes, 208 Rabbinic, xxiv; Bomberg, xxvi- ostriches, 155-56 xxxii; Martyr’s use of, xv-xvi; wild beasts, 114, 116 Septuagint (LXX), xvi-xvii, lix; anthropomorphisms Targum, xxvii- eye, 49, 100 xxviii, xxx-xxxi, xxxvii-xxix, feet, of God, 17, 70, 134-35 16, 109, 133, 177; Vulgate, xvii-xviii hands/right hand, of God, 74-76, 109 bitterness, of Israel, 20-21 kidneys, 116 Bomberg, Daniel (d. ca. 1549–53), xxvii liver, 89 bread, and stones, 120 memory, of God, 189 Brutus, M. Junius, 202 Antichrist, 22, 169 Bucer, Martin (1491–1551), xv, xlii, xlv- Antiphon (poet), 32, 32n103 xlix, xlvi, lvii anti-Semitism, xxxv-xxxiv, 17 Bullinger, Heinrich, 151n213 Aristotle Eth nic, 64n260 Campi, Emidio, xxxiv influence of, xxiii-xxiv cannibalism, 102, 103n188, 165

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218 Commentary on the Lamentations of Jeremiah

Capito, Wolfgang (1478–1541), xlv color, 163, 203 carnality, 113 comfort, given by Holy Spirit, 97 Cassius Longinus, C., 202 compassion, 60, 96 Cato, M. Porcius the Younger, 202 of God, 5-6, 58, 123-24, 196 childbirth, 90-91 confession, 139 children consolation, 12-14, 91 abandonment of, 155-56 as Christian duty, 49 captivity of, because of iniquities, 23- day of, 60n240 24 of Holy Spirit and word of God, 50 deaths of, 101 “misery loves company,” 40 hunger of, 90, 101, 156-57 of religious people, 129 as orphans, 191 contempt, of God, 75 OT and NT views of, 89 cowardice, 25 Christ crimes, 32, 42, 44, 67 advent, 113 as punishments, 159 crucifixion, 118 cup, of rejoicing, ironical statement, 185 fullness of, 183 curses. See also retribution/revenge prayer of, 189 against Capernaum, 69-70 second coming, 187-88 of kings and priests, 81 in the Trinity, 126n93 NT and OT compared, 65 yoke of, 45 Christian Hebraism Daniel, 128 among church fathers, xvi-xvii daughters of my city/people, 142n170, of Martyr, lvi-lxiv 154, 165-66 Martyr’ community of, xli-xliv David, 25-26, 66 Martyr’s inheritance of, xvi-xx day of Judgment, 197 Renaissance Catholic, xxxii-xxxviii day of the LORD, 67 Christians derision charity, 46, 49 by enemies, 106, 115, 118 consolation, as duty of, 49 and motion, 141 departure from the faith, 24 desolation, 18-19, 48, 114 and kingdom of heaven, 190 despair, 27, 110-13 and mourning, 87-88 devil, 36 church power of, over rejecters of God, 22 as “assembly,” 35n117 dictionaries, Maberet,. xxiii authority of, 170-71 dirges, 3-4 and authority of Scripture, 170 Donnelly, John Patrick, 14n18 defined, 167 as human body, 173 Edom NT appropriation of Israel’s as Rome, 187 perfection, 96-97 slavery under, 201 OT, so-called, 58n232 as type of enemy of God’s people, 185- 86 De finibus and De oratore, 28n83 education, theological, in Strasbourg, xlv- on opportunists, 55n214 xlvi Oratio pro M. Coelio, 40n146 Egyptians, and Israel, 179-80, 194 city, as bereaved woman, 11-12 elders, dislocation of, 206 Clement of Alexandria, xx elements, and human sustenance, 191-92 clothing, distinctiveness of Jews’, 15 PML6.book Page 219 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

Index 219

enemies Figures of speech (cont’d.) derision from, 106, 115 menstruating woman, as antithesis, parallelism, with “consoler,” 50 51-52 prayer for, 63 metaphor, 40 Epicureans, 28 monarchs, compared to stags, 25 eternal life, OT/NT views, 200 parallelism, of “consoler” and Eucharist, as celestial bread, 38n136 “enemies,” 50 evangelical movement, xxxvi pleasure, as fruit, 102 exile plummet (plumb), 83, 83n69 and disinheritance, 14-15 rod, of God’s anger, 109 ignominy of, 175-76 sapphires, as color, 163 result of straying from God, 31 sea allusions, 91-92 of youths, as utter destruction, 53 slavery, as harsh ropes, 44 extravagance, 158 spurs on a running horse, 100 tears, 13, 48 Fagius, Paul (1504–49), xlii, xlv “the LORD devoured,” 71-72 faithfulness, of God, 124, 209, 657 thorns and brambles, 114-15 famine. See hunger treading grapes, as slaughter, 48n187 figures of speech. See also typology wild animals, 114 archer, and bow and arrow, 115-17 windows of heaven, 143 artisan, potter’s hand, 153 winepress metaphor, 47-48, 48nn182- blindness, as defilement, 172-73 89 ceasing, as Sabbath, 29 wood and water, as slavery, 193, 205 childbirth/pain metaphor, 40n147 Flaminio, Marcantonio, xxxiv church, as body, 173 free will, and sin, 46 city: as abandoned child, 155; as friendship, 54-55 bereaved woman, 11-12 as opportunism, 55n214 contracted bowels, 58, 89 crimes: as harsh ropes/yoke, 42, 44; as Gaon, Saadiah (882–942; Heb. grammar- menstrual uncleanness, 32 ian), xxiii, 162 dead body, 59 Garden of Gethsemane, 113 exile, as wandering, 31 Gentiles, 15, 35-36, 175 extend hands, and anguish, 50 Gersonides (Rabbi Levi ben Gershon; eye, and mourning, 143-44 1288–1344), xxv false friends, 54-57 glory, of israel, 70 females, as dragons, 154 gluttony, 37-38 fire, as wrath of God, 41, 74, 76-77, 166 God. See also love of God (charitas); mer- footstool, of God, 69-70 cies of God; will of God fruit: of doctrine, 94; as pleasure, 102 destruction of Sodom and Jerusalem, “gulp down,” 95 160 horn, as power, 75, 99 not cruel or unjust, 134-35 hyperbole, 163 only means of salvation, 208 ironical use of “cup,” 185 providence of, 190 irony, 185 the Trinity, 126n93 Jerusalem, nakedness of, 29-31 unchangeableness of, 30-31 Jews, as orphans and widows, 191 gold, darkened, 153 Judeans, as bad figs, 48n186 goodness, 125-26 king and priest, 81 the gospel, and retribution, 66 Martyr’s adaptation of Perush, grace, of God, 66, 121 42nn154-55 PML6.book Page 220 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

220 Commentary on the Lamentations of Jeremiah

Hebrew grammar/language, 40n147, Ibn Janah,. Jonah (ca. 1000–1050; Heb. 100n168, 106n202-3, 107n5 grammarian), xxiii “abomination” interpreted as Ibn Saruq, Menahem. ben Jacob (fl. 950; “motion,” 51, 51n203 Heb. grammarian), xxiii adjectival yod, 12 infertility, 102-3 “crime” explained, 159 infidels, 36 “daughters of my people,” 143 iniquities. See crimes; sin(s) difficulty with µkyla awl, 39n137 irony. See under figures of speech exegesis of, in Strasbourg academy, xv Isaac (Jewish tutor of Martyr), xxxiii, gender of “Judah,” 15, 15n25 xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxiv grammatical works, xxiv-xxv, xxvi- Israel xxvii captive, because of iniquities, 22-24 imperative, 122n78 devastation of, 72 “in,” 41n148 land of, as heritage from God, 190 Martyr’s views on and use of, lvi-lxiv racially, a kingdom, 72 mem and nun usage, 18-19 dqcn [nishqad], 43 Jeremiah operative mood, 62, 62n49 as a boy, 127, 127n100 philology, xxi, xxi n, xxii-xxvi, 22, imprisonment of, 145-46 72n19 prophesies of, 146-47 “she went down,” 34 Jerome (church father), 8 “to be silent,” 143 Christian Hebraism of, xvi-xxx, xvii- triliteral verb roots, xxiiin27 xix, xxi n, 21 “ût” (corrupt; to weaken a lawsuit), philology of, xviii 148 syntax in Lam. 1:7, 17nn80, 82 wordplay, 181 Jerusalem. See also Temple of Jerusalem Hebrews (people), usage of the term, 3n1 contrasted with Sodom, 160 Hobbs, R. Gerald, xliii destruction of, 83 Holy of Holies, 36 as naked, 29-30, 31n102 Holy Spirit, 183 as pitiable spectacle, 105 as consoler and exhorter, 50 Jews, 3n1, 175 and inspiration of Scripture, 170 Job, as an Edomite, 186 and “mode of providence,” 65, 65n262 Judah, 71-72, 108n8 and prayer, 64 justice work of, 97 and day of the Lord, 67 hope, 126 divine, 135, 140; extent of, 67; and Hugh of St. Victor, xix, xixn14 revenge, 41, 51, 63, 67 human corruption, 54n210 and punishment of future human love (dilectio-diligio), 57, 57nn221- generations, 196-97 24 hunger, 37, 166 Kimhi,. David (Radak) (1160?–1235), xxv- and “gushing,” 164-65 xxvi, lix spiritual, 156-58 kingdom of heaven, as heritage of Chris- Ibn Adonijah, Jacob ben Hayyim, xxvii- tians, 190 xxviii Kirby, Torrance, 28n83 Ibn Ezra, Abraham (1089–1164), xxiv-xxv, Krüger, Thomas, li lxi, lxii-lxiii, 7, 9, 159 on Lam. 4:3, 155 Lamentations on operative mood, 62, 62n49 as alphabetical acrostic, 5, 9, 152; translation of, 69, 110 variations of, 5, 9, 107n6, 144, 152 PML6.book Page 221 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

Index 221

Lamentations (cont’d.) Pastore, Alessandro, xxxiv Christian commentaries on, xviii-xx patience, 113, 126, 128 Jewish interpretation of, xx, 51n15 of God, 196 letterish commentaries on, xviii-xix, peace treaties, with enemies, 194 lvii Pellican, Conrad, xxxviii, xl, xli origin of, 8-9 perfection, of Israel, 96nn141-42 Latin grammar/language, 86n87, 107n1 persecution, 128-29, 148-50 love of God (charitas), 57, 57n221 and flight, 192-93 Jews/Gentiles, 175 magic, in Rashi’s aggadot, 72-73 Persians, 16 Maimonides (1135–1204), xxiii Persius Flaccus (Roman poet), 38, 44n163 males, as nursing mothers, 155 Perush. See under Bible, commentaries Martyr, Peter. See Vermigli, Peter Martyr philology, lxiii-lxiv Masoretes (Jewish philologists), xxii Plato McNair, Philip, xxxv-xxxvi Crito, 23n62 Medes, 16 Leg, 60n243 memory, 28, 33 pleasure, 97-98, 102 and despair, 122 Pliny, Natural History, 155 forgetting the good, 120 Plutarch, Mor., Quomodo adulescens poetas and seeing, 189 audire, 32n103 mercies of God, 123, 123n83, 131-33, 161 poetry/poetical devices metaphor. See figures of speech alphabetical acrostic, 5, 152; midrash, xxn15, 72n19, 73n20, 84n75 variations of, 9, 107n6, 144 mishnah, xxn15 as Christian prophecy, 62n250 mockery. See derision Greek, 117-18 Moses, meekness commended, 66 in Hagiographa, 4-5 mourning, 19-21, 34n112 in Lamentations, 5, 114n36 sackcloth/dust and ashes, 85-87 parallelism, 60n241 unconsoled, 49-50, 206 rhetorical repetition, 107n4 Münster, Sebastian, xxxviii, xxxix, lix-lx specifics denoting a totality, 105n197 translation compared with others’, 47 used by Holy Spirit, 108 translation of dqcn [nishqad], 43n158 vulgar, 117-18 Postel, Guillaume (1510–81), xxxix nakedness, 20, 31 prayer nature, and annihilation/death, 199 of Christ, 189 Nazirites, purity of, 161-62 for enemies, 63 Newman, Louis Israel, xxxvi of Jeremiah, 189-211 Nicholas of Lyra (d. 1340), xix, xix n, as prophecy, 63-64 xxvi, lxii, 14 of repentance, 139-40 for restoration, 102-3 oaths, in NT, 70 unheard, 112-13 Oecolampadius, xliv-xlv predestination. See will of God oracles, 62n251 prophecy Ottoman empire, 71n10 collective, 108n8 forms of speech for, 62n251, 63 Pagnini, Santes (d. 1536), xxxvii, lx and imprecations, 63 translation compared with others’, purpose of, 93-95 59n235, 60n239 prophets translation of dqcn [nishqad], 43n158 contempt for, 177 parents, duties of, 90 and priests: crimes of, 169-70; PML6.book Page 222 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

222 Commentary on the Lamentations of Jeremiah

prophets (cont’d.) Satan, as an angel, 31 and priests (cont’d.) Scripture deceitful, 178; office of, 168-69 inspiration and authority of, 170 as seers, 172 Martyr’s doctrine of, ix-lv, xl Publilius Syrus, proverbs, 40n145 Martyr’s lectures on, xlvii-xlix punishment Sefer ha-Shorashim dictionaries, completed, 186 Mah.beret, xxiii for “crimes,” 46 self-examination, 137 of God’s people, 118 self-flagellation, 129nn108-9 temporal vs. eternal, 197-99 Septuagint (LXX). See under Bible of unbelievers, 198 Sermon on the Mount, 66-67, 157 purgatory, 197, 199 shame, and sordid death, 152 silence Radbertus, Pachasius (d. 865), xix and ecstasies, 128-29 Rashi (Rabbi Shemu’el ben Isaac, 1040– of elders, 86-87 110 5), xxiv, xxvi, lxi, 8-9, 12n6 as guilt, 171 aggadot on Lam. 2:2, 72n19 and tears, 142-43 on false friends, 55-56 as a virtue, 127 on Heb. grammar, 79nn48-50 simile. See figures of speech interpretation of Lam. 1:17, 51 Simler, Josiah, biographer of Martyr, on Lam. 1:13, 41-42 xxxii-xxxiv, xxxv on Lam. 1:21, 23 sin(s) on Lam. 2:13, 91n110 and anger of God, 74 on Lam. 4, 153 crushing effects of, 45 on Nazirite vows, 161-62 and destruction of Temple, 207 translation compared with others’, 41, of fathers, visited upon children, 195- 58, 103 96 rebellion, and misfortune, 59 and free will, 46 reference works, used by Martyr, lix as penalty and sacrifice, 159 remembering. See memory as punishments, 46, 194 repentance, 138 skin, blackened, 203 public confessions of, 52-53 slavery resurrection, of believers, 197-200 under Babylonians, 201 retribution/revenge. See also curses of God’s people, 191-99 and anger of God, 40-41, 69 Sodom, destruction of, 160 of/by God, 16, 151 sorrow in OT and NT, 65-66 for sins, 207 as physical ailments and attacks, 107- and tears in the night, 13-14, 22 stones Reuchlin, Johannes (1455–1522), xxvi, precious, 162 xli, lvi, 59n235 of the sanctuary, scattered, 152-53 “Book of Roots,” lix, lxn153 Strasbourg, Bucer’s school, xlv-xlvi Roussel, Bernard, xliii Stucki, Johann, 151n213 editor of Martyr’s commentary, xlviii, Saadia ben Joseph. See Gaon, Saadiah lxvi Sabbath, 29 Sturm, Johannes, xlv sackcloth/dust and ashes, 85-87, 120 suffering sacrifice, of repentance, 138-39 and compassion of God, 5-6 sapphires, color of, 162-63 and derision of enemies, 106, 115 Saruq, Ibn, xxiii of Jerusalem, 91 PML6.book Page 223 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

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suffering (cont’d.) Vermigli, Peter Martyr (cont’d.) portrayal of, 13-16 poetical translation, 4, 48n188, 256 and sin, 5, 68 and Rabbinic Bible, xv-xvi, xxxii, suicide, 201-2, 204 xxxix , as “OT church,” 58n232 and Renaissance Catholic Hebraism, xxxii-xxxviii Tabernacle of God, 18 translation of Hebrew in Lam. 1:12, tears. See weeping 39nn137-44 teeth, shattered with pebble/stone, 119 views of Jewish commentators, lxi-lxii Temple of Jerusalem, 18, 80 views on purgatory, 197-98 test, 24 vileness, of Jerusalem’s people, 37-38 thirst, 191-92 Thompson, John L., lv Wakefield, Robert (fl. 1524–32), lvi Threnoi (dirges), 3 wander, expounded as “weep,” 34n112 tranquility, of conscience, 23 weapons, of God, 76-77 translation notes, lxvi-lxviii weeping, 13, 48-49, 49nn190-91, 100 Tremellius, Emmanuel (b. 1510), xxxvi- as Christian charity, 46n193, 49 xxxvii, xxxviin70, 11n1 and exposition of “wander,” 34n112 Treschow, Michel, 46n173 by God’s people, 143-44 truth, and pleasure, 97-98 and silence, 142-43 Turks, 167, 195 will of God as agents of God, 71n10 as: “decree” of the Lord, 51; typologyl. See also figures of speech “discourse” of God, 99; Israel, as king of Judah and Christ, 183-84 God’s particular portion, 125-26, of Temple and altar, 81-82nn 125n91; prediction, 62; providence, 136 unbelief, 26-27, 166-67 and affliction, 129-31 uncleanness, and pollution, 32, 174-76 and destruction of cities, 160 unfaithful deeds, 121n72 windows of heaven, 143 wisdom, of elders, 86 Vergil, Aenid, 28n84 women, affect of, upon cities, 204 Vermigli, Peter Martyr wounds, from shafts of quiver, 115-17 as a Hebraist, xvi-xx, xxxvii-xli, wrath of God. See also anger, of God xlv-xlvi, lvi-lxiv balanced with long-suffering, 166 characteristics of commentary, lv-lvi revealed in nature, 41 community of Protestant Hebraists, xli-xliv yoke doctrine of divine accommodatio, 70n6 of Christ, 45 doctrine of Scripture, xlix-lv as metaphor, 42-45 expectation of raising a family, 24n64 of youth, 127-29 on Godly imprecations, 61n247, 63 youth and Jewish philology, xxii-xxvi, 5n7, compassion of, for elders, 177 72n19 dislocation of, 206 lectures on Scripture, xlvii-xlix yoke of, 127-29, 205 method of interpretation, 6-8 modern view of commentary, lxiv-lxvi Zwingli, Ulrich, 11n1 commentary on Lamentations, 4n6 PML6.book Page 226 Monday, August 19, 2002 8:36 AM

About the Editor

The Reverend Dr. Daniel Shute earned his B.A. at the University of Guelph, the M.L.S. from McGill University, the M.Div. from Knox College in Toronto, and the Ph.D. from Dr. Joseph McLelland at McGill University. Dr. Shute is an ordained minister of The Presbyterian Church in Canada, and has served in a pastoral charge in New Brunswick. Shute has been librarian of the Presbyterian College at McGill since 1979. His teaching appointments include seminars on preaching and Presbyterianism at McGill University, and Hebrew at Facultré de Théologie Evangélique. His research interest is focused on the Italian Reformer, Peter Martyr Vermigli.