DOCSLIB.ORG

The Political Story, 1814-1900

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Political Story, 1814-1900 The Political Story: 1815-1900. From Monarchy to Republic, the struggle for stability and compromise • Republicanism a minority allegiance up to 1880 • Critics associate it with Jacobinism, violent democracy, “Bolshevism” in its day. • By 1880, a permanent majority of the French converted to the republican ideal (Wright, 205) • Transition was exceptional, not normal, it its day A series of experiments in search of stability and compromise (Wright) • The Bourbon Experiment (1814-1830) • The Orléanist Experiment (1830-1848) • The Republican Experiment (1848-1852) • The Imperial Experiment (1852-1870) • The Rooting of the Republican System (1870-1919) Louis XVIII, King of France (1814-1824) Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 1830-1848 Official portrait of Louis XVIII by Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros Official portrait by Franz Xavier Winterhalter, 1839 Louis XVIII and the Royal Family Charles X, King of France 1824-1830 Official portrait François GERARD, 1825 1814-1848 Struggles for Compromise that Failed How to blend the Revolution and the Old Regime? How to bridge deep divisions created by the Revolution? • Louis XVIII (1814-1824) & the Charter—divine right and a nobility with a legislature • 1817—90,000 men of the wealthy elite had the right to vote • The Chamber: ultras, moderates, liberals (constitutional monarchists, a few republicans) • Charles X (1824-1830) “Stubbornly Unwise” • Coronation at Reims (symbol of the Old Regime) • Compensation of noble émigrés • Partial restoration of the Church—seminaries and missions • Trio of unpopular ultra ministers in 1829—Polignac, Bourmont, La Bourdonnaye • Response: stronger opposition led by Adolfe Theirs • Charles issues July Ordinances set aside elections won by the Left • Three Glorious Days of Revolution (28, 29, 30 July) Eugène Delacroix, Liberty leading the People, 1830 The July Monarchy under Louis-Philippe of Orléans line of the Bourbon family King of the French (1830-1848) • Guizot: the regime = culmination of reform • Theirs and Tocqueville = the beginning of an evolution—extend suffrage to middle classes • Hugo (1862)=“The Halt” that could not be justified. • King’s morning prayer: “O Lord, give us this day our daily platitude.” • Inclusion—Notables of the nobility and “Grand Bourgeoisie” • Exclusion—peasants, urban workers, shop keepers, non-elite lawyers, petit bourgeoisie • Motto of the regime: “le juste milieu”—moderate course between competing ideals of liberty and order. • How to benefit: “enrich yourself” according to the unpopular minister Guizot • Discontent and instability (1830-1834) • Insurrection of Lyon textile workers 1831 • Uprising of June 1832 • Economic crisis 1846-47 • Alienation of intellectuals: Hugo, George Sand, Eugène Sue; Daumier; Michelet, Lamartine, Louis Blanc—new histories of the French Revolution. Karl Marx in Paris. • Mobilizing dissatisfaction in the political banquets of 1847-48 • February 22 revolution Honoré Daumier on Louis Philippe Le passé, le présent et l'avenir, 1834 Les poires [The Pears], 1831 The Past, the Present, and the Future Honoré Daumier, Gargantua, 1831 Daumier, Le Ventre Législatif. Aspect des bancs ministériels de la chambre improstituée de 1834. The Belly of the Legislature. View of the ministerial benches of the debauched chamber of 1834. Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 1830-1848 Official portrait by Franz Xavier Winterhalter, 1839 The Second Republic, 1848-1852: Republican Hopes dashed and Popular Participation violently suppressed • Provisional government, led by Lamartine • a bourgeois entity with factions that agreed to universal manhood suffrage—all but unprecedented • National Workshops—temporary relief of unemployment that grew large because of the economic crisis • Election on April 23 1848: 900 seats, majority elected were moderate to conservative: 300 monarchists, 300; moderate republicans (Lamartine), 500; radicals/socialists (Ledru- Rollin), 100. • June Days (20-23), “civil war” in Paris repressed by army under Cavaignac (about 3000 rebels killed; 12,000 arrested and sent to prison camps in Algeria) • President = Louis Napoléon (liberal or authoritarian schemer), by landslide in December 1848 • Legislature = monarchists in majority (400 seats), large left wing (nearly 200), little room for compromise or effective independence from the President • Church—round 2 of restoration in Falloux Law (1850) expanding Church influence over education—alienated republicans. • Coup d’état on December 2, 1851. Napoléon takes what the Legislature refused to grant: second term as president and money to pay his personal debts. • Widespread resistance and repression. 2 days of violence in Paris; uprisings in the South The Vote or the Rifle, ca. 1848 The bourgeois and the worker, 1848 by Jean-Pierre Moynet Let’s see Mr. Bourgeois . You have confiscated two revolutions for your profit only. We started the work again so that all the world would win, you and us. You call that obstinate. Frankly, that’s right. Barricades on rue Saint-Maur. Daguerréotypes by Thibault. 25 et 26 juin 1848 The Second Empire: “Authoritarian Democracy”? Or Very Orderly Progress? Old Wines in a New Bottle: libertarian, egalitarian, and authoritarian? • Phase I: Redeploying the Napoleonic system: centralized administration directed from the top and vigilant policing of the opposition (“esprit public”) • Removing trouble makers through prison or deportation: Theirs, Louis Blanc, Victor Hugo, 23,000 “rebels.” • Symbolic legislature (Corps Législatif) elected by universal suffrage every six years • Plebiscites in 1851, 1852, 1870 • Phase II: Relaxing control and introducing reforms (from 1859) • Right to strike in 1864 • Expansion of public education • State supported railway expansion • Increasing success of opposition candidates in the Corps Législatif • 1870 introduction of liberal constitution, with accountability for ministers, enlarged authority of the legislature. Plebiscite returns 70 percent approval. • War brings down the curtain • War with Prussia July 19 • Defeat at Sedan August 31; Napoléon captured by the Prussians Louis Napoléon, Prince President Coup d’état by Louis Napoléon, December 2, 1852 « 4me journée - la Victoire », illustration by Ernest Dargent for Histoire d’un crime, c. 1853 Napoléon III, Emperor of the French, 1852-1870 Official portrait by Franz Xavier Winterhalter, 1853 Victor Hugo sur le rocher des Proscrits (1853) [on the rock of the exiled on the island of Guernsey} The Third Republic, 1870-1900 (1940). A Compromise that Endures A Decade of instability • Inauspicious beginnings: The Paris Commune 1871 • French troops besieged Paris for 9 weeks • 20,000 deaths; 50,000 tried, most deported • Adolphe Thiers leads the Republic, allied himself with republican deputies in the National Assembly • The Constitution of 1875 formally established the Republic • Monarchist party controlled the Presidency until 1880 Building Republicanism, 1880-1900 • The importance of education (secular, national, compulsory) • See next slide • See my lecture notes for History 151 A Map of Rural School Classes per 1000 Children 6 to 14 years old in the departments of France, 1876 Shading from dark red to pale: highest high levels of children in rural schools to the lowest levels low This statistical map indicates the growing interest of the Third Republic of instituting an improved and universally available system of primary education. The color scheme uses shades of red to indicate rates from low (pale) to high (intense). Note how the central part of France and Brittany (pennisula with the departments of Finistere, Morbihan, Ille-et-Villain, Cotes-du-Nord, and Loire-Inferieur) had the lowest rates. These became target areas for succeeding efforts to send state-trained teachers (instituteurs) into every village in the country. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • I Was Not Dull
    What, Me Dull? Listen, one of the reasons those crazy French overthrew me, supposedly, was because I was dull and boring. I want you to know the truth. Just listen to a bit of my life and let me know if you think it was dull. I was born in Paris (never a boring city) on October 6, 1773. My father was Louis Philippe Joseph. He was a member of the younger branch of the royal family known as the Orleans branch. He was probably the richest man in France. Did you ever hear of him? Probably not, because he is better known as Philippe Egalite, which means Philip Equality. You see, he supported the French Revolution to such a great extent that he was elected to the most revolutionary body of that period, the Convention. In fact, he also voted for the execution of King Louis XVI. My father’s vote was crucial because the vote to have King Louis executed was close and passed by only one vote. So you see, he was a loyal son of the French Revolution even to the point that my father was guillotined (the revolution had a reputation of devouring its own children). Anyway, I also supported the French Revolution and fought in important battles. I liked our general, Dumouriez, so much that I followed him right down to the time he went over to the Austrians—the Revolution. I spent a lot of time in exile during the First French Republic and later while Napoleon reigned. Since you are Americans, it might interest you to know that among the places I lived was Philadelphia, where I stayed for four years.
    [Show full text]
  • THE FRENCH REVOLUTION and NAPOLEON (5 Lessons)
    YEAR 5: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON (5 lessons) Contents Include: The French Revolution The Rise of Napoleon The Battle of Trafalgar The Battle of Waterloo Suggested Teacher Resources: A Little History of the World by Ernst Gombrich (chapters 34 and 35). Great Tales from English History by Robert Lacey (pages 350-353, and 358-361). The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland, pages 277-285. Scenes from the films Waterloo (1970), the TV mini-series Napoleon (2002) and La Révolution Française (1989). Lesson 1. Life in France before the Revolution In 1789, France was one of the wealthiest and most powerful nations in the world. However, the structure of French society was essentially unchanged since the medieval period. The King, Louis XVI, was an absolute monarch, with no permanent Parliament. The aristocracy and the clergy were extremely rich, but paid no taxes. The taxes were paid by the ordinary people, many of them poor peasants doing backbreaking labour. After the American War of Independence, France sank deeply into debt, so with bankruptcy nearing and a bad harvest leading to food shortages, people started to demand change. See page 136 of What Your Year 5 Child Needs to Know. Learning Objective Core Knowledge Activities for Learning Related Vocabulary Assessment Questions To know what life French society before 1789 was Many concepts (absolute monarchy, feudal What was life like for was like in France very unfair. The King had aristocracy, clergy, feudal society) will be absolute monarch an aristocrat/bishop/ before 1789, and absolute power, and did not familiar from studying medieval England aristocracy peasant in France why that made share power with Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chronological Particular Timeline of Near East and Europe History
    Introduction This compilation was begun merely to be a synthesized, occasional source for other writings, primarily for familiarization with European world development. Gradually, however, it was forced to come to grips with the elephantine amount of historical detail in certain classical sources. Recording the numbers of reported war deaths in previous history (many thousands, here and there!) initially was done with little contemplation but eventually, with the near‐exponential number of Humankind battles (not just major ones; inter‐tribal, dynastic, and inter‐regional), mind was caused to pause and ask itself, “Why?” Awed by the numbers killed in battles over recorded time, one falls subject to believing the very occupation in war was a naturally occurring ancient inclination, no longer possessed by ‘enlightened’ Humankind. In our synthesized histories, however, details are confined to generals, geography, battle strategies and formations, victories and defeats, with precious little revealed of the highly complicated and combined subjective forces that generate and fuel war. Two territories of human existence are involved: material and psychological. Material includes land, resources, and freedom to maintain a life to which one feels entitled. It fuels war by emotions arising from either deprivation or conditioned expectations. Psychological embraces Egalitarian and Egoistical arenas. Egalitarian is fueled by emotions arising from either a need to improve conditions or defend what it has. To that category also belongs the individual for whom revenge becomes an end in itself. Egoistical is fueled by emotions arising from material possessiveness and self‐aggrandizations. To that category also belongs the individual for whom worldly power is an end in itself.
    [Show full text]
  • French Romantic Socialism and the Critique of Liberal Slave Emancipation Naomi J
    Santa Clara University Scholar Commons History College of Arts & Sciences 9-2013 Breaking the Ties: French Romantic Socialism and the Critique of Liberal Slave Emancipation Naomi J. Andrews Santa Clara University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/history Part of the European History Commons, and the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation Andrews, Naomi J. (2013). Breaking the Ties: French Romantic Socialism and the Critique of Liberal Slave Emancipation. The ourJ nal of Modern History, Vol. 85, No. 3 (September 2013) , pp. 489-527. Published by: The nivU ersity of Chicago Press. Article DOI: 10.1086/668500. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/668500 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Breaking the Ties: French Romantic Socialism and the Critique of Liberal Slave Emancipation* Naomi J. Andrews Santa Clara University What we especially call slavery is only the culminating and pivotal point where all of the suffering of society comes together. (Charles Dain, 1836) The principle of abolition is incontestable, but its application is difficult. (Louis Blanc, 1840) In 1846, the romantic socialist Désiré Laverdant observed that although Great Britain had rightly broken the ties binding masters and slaves, “in delivering the slave from the yoke, it has thrown him, poor brute, into isolation and abandonment. Liberal Europe thinks it has finished its work because it has divided everyone.”1 Freeing the slaves, he thus suggested, was only the beginning of emancipation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Revolution of 1848 in the History of French Republicanism Samuel Hayat
    The Revolution of 1848 in the History of French Republicanism Samuel Hayat To cite this version: Samuel Hayat. The Revolution of 1848 in the History of French Republicanism. History of Political Thought, Imprint Academic, 2015, 36 (2), pp.331-353. halshs-02068260 HAL Id: halshs-02068260 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02068260 Submitted on 14 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. History of Political Thought, vol. 36, n° 2, p. 331-353 PREPRINT. FINAL VERSION AVAILABLE ONLINE https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/imp/hpt/2015/00000036/00000002/art00006 The Revolution of 1848 in the History of French Republicanism Samuel Hayat Abstract: The revolution of February 1848 was a major landmark in the history of republicanism in France. During the July monarchy, republicans were in favour of both universal suffrage and direct popular participation. But during the first months of the new republican regime, these principles collided, putting republicans to the test, bringing forth two conceptions of republicanism – moderate and democratic-social. After the failure of the June insurrection, the former prevailed. During the drafting of the Constitution, moderate republicanism was defined in opposition to socialism and unchecked popular participation.
    [Show full text]
  • Commerce, Glory, and Empire Montesquieu’S Legacy Céline Spector1
    1 Commerce, Glory, and Empire Montesquieu’s Legacy Céline Spector1 “This book is not precisely in anyone’s camp.”1 Should we take at face value this statement at the end of the introduction to volume one of Democracy in America? Or should we see it, more subtly, as an echo of the quotation from Ovid with which Montesquieu prefaced The Spirit of Laws: prolem sine matre creatum, a work created without a mother? For Tocqueville, as for Montesquieu, the point is by no means to forgo the inspiration of past sources, but rather to announce a new method – the “new political science for a world altogether new,” which he evokes in keeping with the science of society for which The Spirit of Laws laid the groundwork.2 From the first volume of Democracy in America – weaving together geographical causes, laws, and customs – to The Ancien Regime and the Revolution, which redeploys the method of Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and Their Decline, Tocqueville pursues Montesquieu’s project: to determine the causes of institutions (laws, customs) and assess their effects in a comparative light, to theorize the adaptation of legislation to the “genius” of the people it is meant to govern, and to explain the deep causes of radical historical breaks, without denying any leeway to the human will.3 Nevertheless, it is not sufficient to quote Tocqueville’s famous phrase about his three “fetish authors”: Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Pascal.4 Beyond the parallels, we need to revisit an affinity that his contemporaries recognized but that has since been lost from view.5 Like the American Framers such as Madison and Hamilton, Tocqueville knew his debt to the “rarest political writer” of all time.
    [Show full text]
  • Century English Philosopher John Locke Developed Theories of Empiricism That Emphasized the Role of Human Experience in the Pursuit of Knowledge and Truth
    John Locke In the 17th century English philosopher John Locke developed theories of empiricism that emphasized the role of human experience in the pursuit of knowledge and truth. Many of Locke’s political theories influenced the authors of the Constitution of the United States. Many of Locke’s political ideas, such as those relating to natural rights, property rights, the duty of the government to protect these rights, and the rule of the majority, were later embodied in the U.S. Constitution. Locke further held that revolution was not only a right but often an obligation, and he advocated a system of checks and balances in government. He also believed in religious freedom and in the separation of church and state Thomas Hobbes English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes is best known for his treatise Leviathan. Written during the mid-17th century amidst the tumult of the English Revolution, Leviathan outlines Hobbes’s theory of sovereignty, which states that only one person should have absolute (or all) power over all citizens. Jean Jacques Rousseau One of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau argued that individual freedom is more important than state institutions. His political writings helped inspire the French Revolution (1789-1799). He also wrote eloquently on education, arguing that children learn best by interacting freely with their environment. His thoughts on education anticipated 20th- century reforms in schooling. Oliver Cromwell A member of England’s Parliament and a dedicated Puritan, Oliver Cromwell led his forces to victory against King Charles’s army. Even though he had no military experience, Cromwell turned out to be a brilliant cavalry leader.
    [Show full text]
  • HSTR 352.01: French Revolution 1789-1848
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Syllabi Course Syllabi Summer 6-2016 HSTR 352.01: French Revolution 1789-1848 Linda S. Frey University of Montana - Missoula, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/syllabi Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Frey, Linda S., "HSTR 352.01: French Revolution 1789-1848" (2016). Syllabi. 4242. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/syllabi/4242 This Syllabus is brought to you for free and open access by the Course Syllabi at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Syllabi by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Summer 2016 Prof. Frey FRENCH REVOLUTION Required Reading Wright, France in Modern Times Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution Palmer, Twelve Who Ruled Rowe, “Civilians and Warfare during the French Revolutionary Wars.” (reserve) Holtman, The Napoleonic Revolution Walter, Diary of a Napoleonic Soldier Supplementary readings are available at the reserve desk at the Mansfield Library. Exams This class is only offered for a traditional grade. Midterm (tentative date June 8) will cover Wright pp. 3-56, Tocqueville, Rowe, Palmer, and readings on reserve. Final will cover Wright, pp. 57-122, Holtman, and Walter, and readings on reserve. Papers are due June 13 at the beginning of the class hour. No electronic submissions will be accepted. LATE PAPERS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED. Length: 5-7 pages double spaced. Style: Chicago Manual of Style, Footnotes. All papers should be submitted with the usual scholarly apparatus, that is, title page, footnotes, and bibliography.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 9 Number 058 Napoleon at Waterloo – III Lead: in March 1815
    Volume 9 Number 058 Napoleon at Waterloo – III Lead: In March 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte, deposed Emperor of the French, banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba, escaped, landed in southern France and attempted to reclaim his greatness. His daring quest ended at Waterloo. Intro: A Moment in Time with Dan Roberts Content: The 100 days of Napoleon’s last campaign sent shivers of panic throughout a Europe which had thought itself rid of Le Petit Caporal. He landed at Cannes with his guard, won over the regiment sent to capture him, and was in Paris by March 20th. While the French people were weary of Napoleon and had acquiesced in his exile after his abdication in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, they were committed to the essential elements of the Revolution and resented the attempt by restored King Louis XVIII to set back the clock. Napoleon’s welcome was at best tentative as he also wished to turn back the clock to the Empire, something many of his former Republican allies were loathe to do. Also, he faced a daunting array of allied armies converging on France to stamp out permanently the menace he represented. Once again, he would have to fight for his place in the sun. He quickly assembled an army though it was a pale reflection of the heady days of the Grand Armée, marched into Belgium, defeated the Prussians at Ligny, wheeled and on June 18, 1815 met and almost defeated the British under Wellington near the tiny village of Waterloo. At the last minute his victory was snatched with the timely arrival of Prussian re-enforcements under Gebhard Blücher.
    [Show full text]
  • Commerce, Glory and Empire: Montesquieu's Legacy
    Commerce, Glory and Empire: Montesquieu’s Legacy Céline Spector To cite this version: Céline Spector. Commerce, Glory and Empire: Montesquieu’s Legacy. E. Atanassow et R. Boyd. Tocqueville and the Frontiers of Democracy, p. 202-220, 2013. hal-02475953 HAL Id: hal-02475953 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-02475953 Submitted on 12 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Céline Spector Commerce, Glory and Empire: Montesquieu’s Legacy in Tocqueville and the Frontiers of Democracy, E. Atanassow and R. Boyd eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 202-220. Translated by Patrick Camiller 1 ‘This book does not exactly follow any particular person.’ Should we take seriously this statement at the end of the introduction to Democracy in America, Volume One? Or should we see it, more subtly, as just an echo of the quotation from Ovid that Montesquieu places at the end of his preface to The Spirit of Laws: prolem sine matre creatam, ‘a work created without a mother’? For Tocqueville, as for Montesquieu, the point is by no
    [Show full text]
  • Under the July Monarchy (1830-1848)
    REPRESENTATIONS OF “LE TRAVAIL” UNDER THE JULY MONARCHY (1830-1848) by Rebecca Terese Powers A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland July, 2015 Representations of le travail under the July Monarchy ABSTRACT This project traces the definition of a social reality of labor under the July Monarchy. More specifically, it investigates how the ubiquitous but elusive term travail – understood as manual, non-agricultural work – operates at different levels of discourse in the 1830s and 1840s. To underline this specific cultural context, I employ the French travail rather than the English “work” or “labor.” French workers expected improved social conditions after their contribution to the 1830 Revolution, but were promptly denied this by the new Constitutional Monarchy. Their frustration came to a head in 1848, when they again revolted, demanding the right to work – le droit au travail. This moment is often considered the dawn of the French labor movement, but I contend that it is in the years leading up to 1848 that travail undergoes its most dramatic definition and consecration as a modern value. In order to better understand how the term took on such significance, I examine a variety of cultural documents, both literary and what we would today consider paraliterary. The corpus includes novels by Honoré de Balzac and George Sand; moralist inquiries by René Villermé and Honoré-Antoine Frégier; Jules Michelet’s historiography of the French people; and writings by the workers themselves, whose first-hand accounts of physical labor were becoming increasingly influential.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hunchback of the July Monarchy
    Introducing Monsieur Mayeux: The Hunchback of the July Monarchy Amanda L. Peters This Thesis was Presented to the Department of the History of Art in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for a B.A. with Honors in the Subject of the History of Art University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 2016 Advisor: Howard Lay Table of Contents Acknowledgements 3 List of Illustrations 4 Epigraph 8 I. Introduction and Statement of Purpose 9 II. Mayeux and the July Revolution 15 III. Repression & Censorship 20 IV. Mayeux, Rabelais, and the Ladies 27 V. Mayeux, the Pear King, and Poiricide 33 VI. Mayeux Bonaparte 38 VII. Mayeux’s Demise and Afterlife 41 VIII. Conclusion 46 Bibliography 48 Figures 51 2 Acknowledgements Howard— thank you for your ceaseless dedication, patience, and guidance. Your commitment to the thesis project as a whole is inspiring. Thank you for both believing in and challenging me as a writer. Finally, thank you for sharing your love of French art and history. I will be forever grateful for sitting in 271 on my first day of college. Merci mille fois. Mom & Dad—thank you for your endless support in whatever endeavors I take on. Thanks for always believing in me. Dad, sorry this isn’t medicine, but I hope you’re impressed! Anna—thanks for always listening. Ross—thanks for sharing your passion for art and life with me. I will (almost) miss the late nights of coffee, commiseration, and talking more than we worked. Thank you to all of my friends who pretended to listen to me (quite convincingly) ramble on about a fictional hunchback.
    [Show full text]