Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (The) Table of Contents

Briefing Kit for Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Table of Contents

Reference Map General Map of Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Latest Updates - a maximum of 100 documents only Fierce Clashes Near Tripoli Kill At Least 30 Crisis at Libya's borders Left behind, Bangladeshis fleeing Libya face long road US planes carrying relief supplies land in Tunisia: US Crise humanitaire entre la Tunisie et la Libye Libya: The Secours Islamique France is concerned about the humanitarian situation of thousands of people still stuck on the Lybian side of the Tunisian border Libyan paramedics targeted by pro-Gaddafi forces Tunisie: des milliers de réfugiés évacués vers leurs pays d'origine Emergency Relief Coordinator Valerie Amos press briefing on Libya, 4 March 2011 Le HCR craint que les civils ne soient empêchés de fuir la Libye, de nets progrès ont été accomplis dans l'évacuation des Égyptiens depuis la Tunisie First WHO medical supplies arrive in Libya Tunisian–Libyan border: Another cold night in Ras Jdir What Are Some of the Challenges for Conflict Prevention and Resolution over the Next Two Decades? Egypte : Etat des projets suite aux crises du Moyen Orient Egypt: State of the projects following the crisis situation in the Middle East Statistics of IOM Operations in Egypt Guidance on the Use of Military Air / Sea Craft to Support the Evacuation of Third Country Nationals in the Context of the Current Crisis in North Africa Sweden provides aircraft and support to those affected in Libya Humanitarian crisis at Libya's borders Des milliers de migrants bloqués à la frontière égypto-libyenne en besoin d’aide Libya: ICRC launches appeal for 24 million Swiss francs Developments in Libya: an overview of the EU's response (updated: 4 March) Middle East & North Africa: Civil Unrest Emergency appeal n° MDR82001 Operations update n° 1 UNHCR worried that civilians being prevented from fleeing violence in Libya, significant progress in evacuation of Egyptian civilians from Tunisia El equipo de emergencia de Acción Contra el Hambre ya está en Ras-Jedir, frontera Túnez-Libia Race to Evacuate Thousands of Migrants Caught Up by Libyan Violence Continues Apace On Libya-Tunisia border, refugees plead for help to go home Crise en Libye : Première Urgence et Aide Médicale Internationale lancent une mission d’évaluation à la frontière tunisienne. IRC launching sanitation and shelter assistance on Tunisian-Libyan border

2 Handicap International Helps People Fleeing Libya International Criminal Court investigates Libya violence in response to UN request Issue Guide: Arab and Middle East Protests Stability in the Middle East: The Other Side of Security Libya as a Multilateral Moment Thousands of people flown home from Tunisia as evacuation begins International Medical Corps Teams in Libya & Tunisia Addressing Needs of Those Affected by Deadly Clashes Developments in Libya: an overview of the EU's response UNFPA Tackles Urgent Health Needs of Refugees Fleeing Libya WHO warns of epidemics among refugees in Tunisia Hundreds airlifted from Tunisia in mass evacuation Libya: ICRC calls for medical personnel to be respected Three planes loaded with humanitarian aid for refugees at Tunisian-Libyan border land in Djerba airport EU triples aid for Libya's humanitarian crisis to €30 million as Commission and Hungarian presidency visit Tunisia-Libya border Medical kits sent to Libya by the Italian Cooperation Libya, humanitarian mission: Frattini in a press conference at the foreign ministry Libye : Le Secours Catholique à la frontière libyenne pour évaluer les besoins DCA allocates DKK750.000 to aid Libyan refugees Spain sends its first aircraft to evacuate Egyptian citizens from the border of Libya and Tunisia ACF Emergency Humanitarian Team Dispatched to Libya-Tunisia Border Libyan Attacks on Hospitals, Patients, and Medical Professionals Must End WFP Calls for Safe Humanitarian Access to Libya as Ship Carrying Food Aid Turns Back Amid Security Concerns Serving the principle of impartiality on the Tunisian–Libyan border Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 4 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 4 (Arabic version) Italy: Eritrean asylum seekers need to be evacuated from Tripoli Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 3 (Arabic version) Crise humanitaire en Libye - Point sur les actions de la France (3 mars 2011) Libye : Le Secours Islamique France s'inquiete de la situation humanitaire des milliers de personnes toujours bloquees a la frontiere tunisienne du cote libyen Islamic Relief gets humanitarian aid to people affected by violence in Libya España envía un avión para apoyar la evacuación de ciudadanos egipcios de la frontera entre Libia y Túnez Libya: Urgent Efforts Underway to Evacuate Migrants Stranded in Benghazi Crise humanitaire aux frontières de la Libye : le Secours Catholique-Caritas France se rend sur place Libye : la Suisse renforce son soutien humanitaire Finland grants additional humanitarian aid for refugees of the Libyan crisis Humanitarian crisis in Libya - Summary of France’s actions (March 3, 2011)

3 Libya – Complex Emergency U.S. Government Fact Sheet #4, Fiscal Year (FY) 2011 UNICEF and partners accelerate humanitarian response to Libyan crisis Libya: Aid access to violence-affected area blocked Libya – Complex Emergency U.S. Government Fact Sheet #3, Fiscal Year (FY) 2011 AmeriCares Responds to Humanitarian Crisis at Libyan Borders El presidente del Gobierno anuncia el envío de un nuevo avión a la frontera de Túnez para "posibles traslados" de refugiados President of the Government announces deployment of another aircraft to the Tunisian border for the "possible relocation" of refugees Libya: ICRC supports local medical services Le HCR appelle à l'évacuation massive des étrangers à la frontière entre la Tunisie et la Libye U.S. NGOs urge calm in Libya, safe access Fleeing Migrant Workers Pile Up at Libya's Borders Fears grow for Libya migrants as thousands flee The Netherlands supports relief operation in North Africa Crise en Libye : Aide Médicale Internationale envoie une équipe médicale à la frontière tunisienne Situation in Libya - update 02 March 2011 Mass Exodus and the Responsibility to Protect Under International and European Law: The Case of Libya ICC Prosecutor to open an investigation in Libya Libya: poor access still hampers medical aid to west CICC: Libya - a new task for ICC WFP Responds to Humanitarian Crisis on Libya's Borders At least 6,000 killed in Libya unrest: rights group Britain, France Help Egyptians Flee Libya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 2 (Arabic version) Morocco: HM the King orders dispatching urgent humanitarian aid to refugees at Tunisian-Libyan border 2nd KRCS relief plane takes off from Abdullah Al-Mubarak base en route to Libya Additional Evacuation Flights to Help Ease Some Pressure at the Tunisian/Libyan Border Libya: Stranded Somali migrants unsure where to turn Moyen-Orient: Les bénévoles égyptiens, parmi les premiers humanitaires sur place Libye-Tchad: Les troubles en Libye entravent l'acheminement d'aide humanitaire Cruz Roja Española envía ayuda humanitaria a Túnez para asistir a las personas que huyen de Libia Estonia to Provide Humanitarian Aid to Victims of Libyan Violence WFP Executive Director Meets Refugees At Libyan Border Libya: urgent call for the protection of foreign citizens and minority groups – UN expert body on discrimination Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 3 Acción contra el Hambre desplaza a su equipo a la frontera de Túnez y Libya

4 Situation Reports Statistics of IOM Operations in Egypt Middle East & North Africa: Civil Unrest Emergency appeal n° MDR82001 Operations update n° 1 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 4 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 4 (Arabic version) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 3 (Arabic version) Libya – Complex Emergency U.S. Government Fact Sheet #4, Fiscal Year (FY) 2011 Libya – Complex Emergency U.S. Government Fact Sheet #3, Fiscal Year (FY) 2011 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 2 (Arabic version) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 3 UNICEF Immediate Needs for Women and Children affected by the crisis in Libya

Latest Maps Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Humanitarian Situation (as of 4 March 2011) Analysis of the Tunisian Transitional Camp - 8.5 km West of the Ra's Ajdir Border Crossing Facility (As of 03 March 2011 - 11:26 am Local Time) Overview of Emsaed, Libya-Egypt Border Crossing Facility (26 February 2011 - 2:01 PM Local Time) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Refugees (03 Mar 2011) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Mapping Violence against Pro Democracy Protests in Libya (04 Mar 2011) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Who Does What Where (as of 3 March 2011) Tunisia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Border Crossing Point (04 Mar 2011) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Powerpoint Map for Non-Mappers (03 Mar 2011) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: General Logistics Planning Map (03 Mar 2011) Tunisia - Libya Border: General Logistics Planning Map (03 Mar 2011)

Key documents Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 5 Guidance on the Use of Military Air / Sea Craft to Support the Evacuation of Third Country Nationals in the Context of the Current Crisis in North Africa Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 4 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 4 (Arabic version) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 3 (Arabic version) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 2 (Arabic version) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 3 Report of the Human Rights Council on its fifteenth special session (A/HRC/S-15/1) North Africa & Middle East: Civil unrest Emergency appeal n° MDR82001 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 2 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 1

5 Statement by the Office of the Prosecutor on situation in Libya In Swift, Decisive Action, Security Council Imposes Tough Measures on Libyan Regime, Adopting Resolution 1970 in Wake of Crackdown on Protesters IOM Appeals for an Initial Eleven Million Dollars to Assist Migrants Fleeing Violence in Libya Commission Decision of on the financing of emergency humanitarian actions in North Africa from the general budget of the European Union (ECHO/-NF/BUD/2011/01000) Protection considerations with regard to people fleeing from Libya – UNHCR's recommendations (as at 25 February 2011) The Arab Human Development Report: Worth a Second Read

6 LIBYAN ARAB GREECE M JAMAHIRIYA ED Crete IT ER RA NEA N SEA

h ia) a h (Tripoli) ollon r ya us Ap a i l ( ilal w bu h l H w a a sa a a) u Z r 's Dern TUNISIA s u a h ( Z a m S a z u R rn - T Kh Al Bayda a t Tin A l D 's a 1 2 Ra Bumbah A Al Marj (Barce) lij al Al' Aziziyah 4 6 5 Zlitan Kha 3 7 Tubruq (Tobruk) Tar . Misratah . . hu .. Banghazi 11 . . . na 8 .. .

. (Benghazi) . .

Yafran Gharyan h ..... Gulf of Sidra 10 DARNAH . . , Bani ... . Al Adam N - . (Khalij Surt) A Walid . ... R . . Li F Surt (Sidra) 9 . by YA an mzam Pla Sinawin - Za W teau - di a SAWFAJJIN a Ajdabiya W d h i g .... W i a T r di Ham a . . al im

Dirj i l F .. ..

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A L G E R I Ghadamis ash Sharqiyah l W . ... Jaghbub SURT . . Sabkhat ...... Shunayn E G Y P T GHADAMIS GHARYAN TUBRUQ Awjilah Hun Waddan Maradah Jalu hert e Tinr Zillah dat d AJDABIYA ama Al Fuqaha H ASH SHATI Sarir Birak AL JUFRAH Adiri Kalanshiyu Sahr SABHA a' A wb Sabha ar i Awbari Tmassah AWBARI L Umm al Marzuq Aranib i Al' Uwaynat Tazirbu Waw al Kabir b Ghat Sahra' M Zighan Al Qatrun y e Marzuq MARZUQ Sahra' s a Madrusah a c Rabyanah h Al Wigh Al Kufrah

M Tahrami n e Rabyanah Al Jawf l S le a t r i r T AL KUFRAH ib Toummo a D NIGER sti

e Ma'tan as Sarra National capital Al Awaynat s Provincial capital e Town CHAD

Major airport r

International boundary t Provincial boundary

Expressway 1 AN NUQAT AL KHAMS Main road LIBYAN ARAB 2 AZ ZAWIYAH JAMAHIRIYA Secondary road 3 AL AZIZIYAH 4 TARABULUS SUDAN 0 100 200 300 km 5 AL KHUMS 6 TARHUNAH 7 ZLITAN 0 100 200 mi 8 MISRATAH The boundaries and names shown and the designations 9 BANGHAZI used on this map do not imply official endorsement or 10 AL FATIH acceptance by the United Nations. 11 AL JABAL AL AKHDAR

Map No. 3787 Rev. 4 United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations June 2004 Cartographic Section

7 Latest Updates

8 Fierce Clashes Near Tripoli Kill At Least 30 Source: Voice of America (VOA)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

Friday, March 4th, 2011 at 8:20 pm UTC

At least 30 people, including a rebel leader, have been reported killed in fierce battles as forces loyal to Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi launched an offensive Friday to retake a Western city that has been under rebel control for days.

News organizations quote witnesses who say the deaths occurred during clashes in and around Zawiyah, 50 kilometers west of Tripoli. Zawiyah is the closest rebel-held town to the capital. It is unclear which side now controls the town.

Meanwhile, news reports say at least 17 people are dead after a powerful explosion rocked the eastern city of Benghazi late Friday. Reuters news quotes an opposition leader who says Mr. Gadhafi's forces bombed an arms depot on the outskirts of the city. Opposition activists had rallied in the rebel-held city earlier in the day.

Clashes and battles erupted in several other cities.

Forces loyal to Mr. Gadhafi fired tear gas at demonstrators in Tripoli. Several hundred anti-government protesters rallied after Friday prayers. Some chanted "Gadhafi is the enemy of God."

Clashes were also said to have erupted between pro and anti-Gadhafi forces in the the eastern oil port of Ras Lanuf.

Earlier Friday, Libyan warplanes carried out a third day of airstrikes — targeting a military base near the eastern rebel-held town of Ajdabiya. Rebels holding the base say there was no damage from the strikes.

Meanwhile, Interpol issued a global alert against Mr. Gadhafi and 15 other Libyan nationals, including some of his family members and close associates. The alert warns member states of the "danger posed by the movement" of the individuals and their assets.

The alert comes after the International Criminal Court announced it had opened a probe against Mr. Gadhafi and some of his associates into possible crimes against humanity.

Libya's unrest follows waves of demonstrations in other Middle Eastern and North African countries in recent weeks. Anti-government demonstrations have forced the long-time leaders of Tunisia and Egypt to step down. But Mr. Gadhafi has refused to budge, and the conflict in Libya has escalated.

9 Crisis at Libya's borders Source: Government of Germany

Date: 03 Mar 2011

The violence in Libya is continuing. The United Nations and the European Union have voted to impose sanctions on Muammar Al Qadhafi's regime; Libya's membership of the United Nations Human Rights Council has been suspended until further notice. The German Government plans to deploy ships from the German Navy to help refugees.

In Bratislava on 3 March, Foreign Minister Westerwelle called the images of refugees in Tunisia heart-rending: "Help must be provided now."

It is intended that three Bundeswehr vessels will be used to repatriate Egyptian nationals who are currently in Tunisia after fleeing the unrest in Libya. The Minister said that around 4000 refugees could expect to be brought to Egypt with German assistance in the next few days.

Assistance for refugees

Westerwelle had previously declared "resolute action with respect to the humanitarian refugee crisis developing along Libya's borders with Tunisia and Egypt" to be of the "utmost priority". According to the most recent estimates, the United Nations is reckoning with more than 150,000 refugees.

Meanwhile, the Federal Foreign Office has made available around 2.2 million euro in humanitarian aid. This is being used to support the work of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

International pressure on Qadhafi

At the same time, the international community is keeping up the pressure on Muammar Al Qadhafi's regime. Both the United Nation Security Council and the European Union have voted to impose sanctions, on 27 and 28 February respectively.

They include the freezing of the Qadhafi family's assets as well as travel bans. Embargoes were also placed on arms and goods that could be used for purposes of repression. In addition, the UN Security Council has reached the conclusion that the International Criminal Court in The Hague should examine events in Libya. In reaching this decision, the Security Council was responding to the continuing massive attacks by the Libyan leadership against its own people.

Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle welcomed the Resolution which Germany had been pushing for, saying

"The referral to the International Criminal Court shows that anyone who commits crimes against his own people will personally be called to account."

EU High Representative Catherine Ashton has called the EU Foreign Ministers to an extraordinary meeting on Libya on 10 March. An extraordinary summit of the EU heads of state and government is planned for 11 March.

Chaotic situation

Foreign Minister Westerwelle has repeatedly pointed out that the sanctions are not intended to target the Libyan population: "We want to ensure that the dictator Qadhafi and his family cannot gain access to more money that they could use to wage this civil war against their own people."

He has also called for the appointment of a United Nations Special Envoy to Libya and for a 60-day freeze on all payments to Libya including business transactions.

The situation in Libya remains difficult to monitor. Insurgents have gained control of parts of the country. Speaking on state television on 2 March, Libyan ruler Muammar Al Qadhafi renewed his threat that he would fight until the very end. Several high-ranking Government representatives in Libya had already resigned in protest at the brutal conduct of security forces.

German Embassy closed

The German Embassy in Tripoli was closed on 3 March for security reasons. The German nationals still in Libya were informed beforehand that this would happen. They have been repeatedly urged to leave the country. Consular assistance for German nationals will henceforth be provided by the Federal Foreign Office crisis unit in Berlin.

In view of the continuing unrest and reports of criminal assaults in the whole country, the Federal Foreign Office is warning against travelling to Libya. High numbers of Germans and other European nationals have been flown out of Libya during the last several days.

10 Left behind, Bangladeshis fleeing Libya face long road Source: Agence France-Presse (AFP)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

RAS JDIR, Tunisia — Stranded by a government too poor to pull out its nationals from bloodshed in Libya, thousands of Bangladeshis trudged for days on dusty roads across the country to reach safety in Tunisia.

One of the world's poorest countries located at 17,000 kilometres (10,560 miles) from Tunisia, Bangladesh has left behind tens of thousands of its people in Libya, from where other governments have airlifted or boat-lifted their citizens.

"No one wants to take them," regional Red Crescent representative Monji Slim said. "Their government does not have the financial means. Bangladesh does not even have an embassy in Tunis."

Under a baking sun, suitcases on their head or a bundle in their hands, the Bangladeshi refugees told AFP they had not been paid for months and had been robbed en route to a refugee camp in Tunisia.

"I have been here for four days. We sleep outside, without toilets, without shower, it is hard," said construction worker Gamzou Islam, 28. "They told us to leave by foot but I don't know where to go."

He said he had been employed by a Chinese company. "We have not been paid for three months," he said. "The Libyans forced us to leave, and on the way they took everything from us, telephones and money."

Carpenter Mohammed Aktar said his employer, South Korean construction company Hanil, had not paid him for two months. "When problems began in Libya they shut down the company and they all left," he said.

A line of Bangladeshis stretched for kilometres between Ras Jdir, about 175 kilometres from Tripoli, and a camp seven kilometres away at Choucha, as Tunisian authorities moved the refugees into spaces made vacant by evacuated Egyptians.

Tunisian authorities said about half the 10,000 Bangladesh nationals in the area were being moved into the transit camp run by the military and the United Nations, equipped with 1,800 tents.

Since February 20, 13,000 Bangladeshis have crossed the border, but another 60,000 have been left behind.

At the camp, a Bangladesh diplomat sent by the government appeared swamped as he fielded questions from his exhausted, hungry, and cash-strapped compatriots.

"We are trying to coordinate with the IOM (Geneva-based International Organisation for Migration). They have two flights today to Bangladesh, 340 people should leave," he said.

"We urgently request help from the European Commission. We haven't received any yet. People are suffering a lot," he added.

"If they have a safe shelter they should stay in Libya until the situation is stabilized at the border."

But refugees were only left with traumatising memories of a nation onto which Libyan leader Colonel Moamer Kadhafi unleashed a deadly crackdown in response to the uprising, which began on February 15.

Some of the Bangladeshis reported having been beaten, insulted and threatened with knives by pro-regime supporters.

"One pointed a rifle at me, saying 'You need to leave now," said Haris, a 31-year-old blacksmith who declined to give his full name.

Copyright © 2011 AFP. All rights reserved. ©AFP: The information provided in this product is for personal use only. None of it may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the express permission of Agence France-Presse.

11 US planes carrying relief supplies land in Tunisia: US Source: Agence France-Presse (AFP)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

WASHINGTON — Two US military transport planes landed in Tunisia on Friday with water, blankets and other supplies for people who have fled the uprising in Libya, the State Department said.

"Two C-130 military transports have landed in Djerba, Tunisia, delivering humanitarian supplies from the United States Agency for International Development," State Department spokesman Philip Crowley told reporters.

"Each aircraft carried three palettes of aid supplies, including blankets, rolls of plastic sheeting and water containers," Crowley said.

"Those supplies have been offloaded and are now heading for the border between Libya and Tunisia," he said.

He added that he expects that on Saturday the planes will "participate in the flow of migrants from Tunisia back to Egypt."

Fleeing the unrest in Libya, growing numbers of people have fled over the northwestern border into Tunisia, including Egyptians now stuck in refugee camps with little prospect of getting home.

Around 100,000 people have crossed the border into Tunisia since February 20, days after the uprising against Libyan leader Moamer Kadhafi erupted, Tunisia's regional Red Crescent representative said on Friday.

Britain is sending several planes to airlift thousands of Egyptians stuck in refugee camps, while France said it was sending a helicopter carrier to waters off Libya to help evacuate civilians.

Sweden said Friday it was contributing a C-130 Hercules military plane and 33 million kronor (3.7 million euros, $5.2 million) to the United Nations' efforts to evacuate refugees from Libya.

12 Crise humanitaire entre la Tunisie et la Libye Source: Croix-Rouge Française

Date: 04 Mar 2011

Les événements qui touchent actuellement la Libye provoquent un exode massif de personnes à la frontière tunisienne. Neuf volontaires de la Croix-Rouge française et 3 équipiers de réponses aux urgences (ERU) spécialisés dans la logistique, ont été mobilisés dans la région pour soutenir le Croissant-Rouge tunisien.

Craignant « une catastrophe humanitaire », le Haut Commissariat aux Réfugiés de l'ONU (conjointement avec l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations), a lancé un « appel urgent » à la communauté internationale pour une évacuation humanitaire de dizaines de milliers de personnes rassemblées au poste frontière de Ras Jedir, entre la Libye et la Tunisie. Depuis le 20 février, entre 70.000 et 75.000 personnes auraient réussi à franchir la frontière, au rythme de 10 000 chaque jour.

De nombreux pays dont la France ont répondu à cet appel d'urgence. Le ministère français des Affaires étrangères a sollicité l'aide de la Croix-Rouge française dans la soirée du 2 mars et dès le 3 au matin, 9 volontaires de l'association sont engagés dans les opérations de rapatriement de quelque 5 000 Egyptiens qui souhaitent regagner leur pays d'origine. Les volontaires prennent en charge ces personnes à l'aéroport de Djerba et les accompagnent sur les vols à destination du Caire. Ils interviennent aux côtés de l'EPRUS (Etablissement Public Réserve Urgence Sanitaire) et du personnel du ministère des Affaires étrangères. Plusieurs rotations aériennes ont lieu chaque jour via des avions affrétés par le gouvernement français. Ces opérations devraient durer plusieurs jours.

Trois équipiers de réponses aux urgences, spécialisés dans la logistique, ont par ailleurs été dépêchés en Tunisie pour appuyer le Croissant-Rouge tunisien qui participe activement à l'accueil et l'assistance des migrants en transit. La Fédération internationale de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge coordonne cette assistance.

La Croix-Rouge française a auparavant participé au rapatriement des Français de Libye, fin février.

13 Libya: The Secours Islamique France is concerned about the humanitarian situation of thousands of people still stuck on the Lybian side of the Tunisian border Source: Secours Islamique France (SIF)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

The Secours Islamique France, present on the Tunisian border with the refugees following the current violence in Libya, has issued a warning about the situation of 15-20,000 people massing on the Libyan side of the border, who are being prevented from fleeing to Tunisia and who cannot be reached by the humanitarian organisations.

On February 26th, the Secours Islamique France sent two teams charged with organising humanitarian aid for the civil populations affected by the situation in Libya.

The first team composed of four people including an anaesthetist, left for Benghazi via Egypt to organise an aid convoy. Two of them reached Benghazi a couple of days ago. According to their assessment, the needs there are mainly medical (medical and anaesthetic equipment). The displaced fleeing the violence are grouping together in different places and are, at present, well cared by the local organisations and communities. The food supplies will last for from 10 till 20 days if the situation does not deteriorate further.

Our team is currently trying to send anaesthetic equipment and infant milk from Egypt, which is in short supply in Benghazi.

The second team which is currently working on the Tunisian border to bring help to refugees, who are crossing at a rate of 10,000 per day on the Tunisian side. According to our Tunisian Country Director, "Despite the significant efforts made by the Tunisian organisations to meet the food needs, there is a critical lack of temporary shelters. People need blankets, mattresses, but also drinking water while waiting to be repatriated to their respective countries".

The situation of several thousand people who are still blocked on the Libyan side is very worrying. Some have been waiting for several days, sleeping outside, and lacking everything (water, food, blankets, shelters etc.). We are warning that the civil populations fleeing the violence must have access to humanitarian aid, whatever their nationality.

For more information: www.secours-islamique.org

14 Libyan paramedics targeted by pro-Gaddafi forces Source: Amnesty International (AI)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

Libyan medical teams have told Amnesty International how they came under fire from pro-Gaddafi security forces yesterday while carrying out their medical work.

Two medics from the Libyan Red Crescent trying to retrieve a body near the town of Misratah were injured by shooting from a nearby military installation belonging to the Hamza Brigade, a military force loyal to Colonel al-Gaddafi.

"This was a deliberate attack on medical professionals, who were wearing full medical uniform and arrived in two clearly marked Red Crescent ambulances," said Malcolm Smart, Amnesty International's Middle East and North Africa director.

"This disturbing assault indicates that pro-Gaddafi forces are prepared to use lethal force indiscriminately even against those whose role it is to care for the wounded and pick up the dead."

A convoy including two ambulances travelled from Misratah to collect the corpse of a man who had been shot on Monday in unclear circumstances close to the Hamza Brigade base, and had been killed or left to die in his car.

The leading ambulance stopped a short distance from the car containing the dead man, who was slumped onto the passenger seat of the car, and three medics in Red Crescent uniform got out to collect his body.

As they did so, they came under fire from the military building. The first shot struck the ambulance, which sped away leaving the medics to duck for cover as gunfire persisted for about three minutes.

One of the ambulance workers was struck in the forearm by bullet splinters and another was struck in the chin, apparently by splinters from the academy's fence or possibly a bullet fragment. Neither was seriously injured.

Libya has been gripped by an escalating human rights crisis since protests began last month as part of a social network-led "Day of Rage", inspired by similar pro-democracy movements in Egypt and Tunisia.

The deadly crackdown by the government in Tripoli has led to Libya being suspended from the UN Human Rights Council and referred to the International Criminal Court, whose chief prosecutor says he is investigating Libyan leader Colonel al-Gaddafi for alleged crimes against humanity.

"Colonel al-Gaddafi must rein in the security forces that remain loyal to him - all those responsible for carrying out attacks on civilians and medical workers must know that they will be held to account," said Malcolm Smart.

Public Document

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For more information please call Amnesty International's press office in London, UK, on +44 20 7413 5566 or email: [email protected]

International Secretariat, Amnesty International, 1 Easton St., London WC1X 0DW, UK www.amnesty.org

15 Tunisie: des milliers de réfugiés évacués vers leurs pays d'origine Source: United Nations News Service

Date: 04 Mar 2011

4 mars 2011 – Une opération aérienne a commencé mercredi pour évacuer des dizaines de milliers de personnes depuis la frontière tunisienne avec la Libye et les acheminer dans leurs pays d'origine respectifs. Dans le cadre d'un programme dirigé par le Haut commissariat aux réfugiés (HCR) et l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM), plus de 50 vols étaient prévus jeudi pour permettre à des travailleurs migrants – pour la plupart des Egyptiens – de rentrer chez eux. Le HCR avait déjà ramené 177 personnes en Egypte lors d'un premier vol mercredi soir.

L'Egypte a organisé 30 vols sur la totalité des rotations. La France, l'Italie et le Royaume-Uni ont contribué au pont aérien, alors que le HCR et l'OIM affrètent les avions. Le Gouvernement tunisien a indiqué mercredi qu'environ 25.000 personnes présentes à la frontière avaient urgemment besoin de trouver un transport.

Le Haut Commissaire des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés Antonio Guterres a décrit cette opération d'évacuation comme étant un « cauchemar logistique ». Il a indiqué à la BBC jeudi que « les pays riches ont organisé le retour de leurs ressortissants. Maintenant il est temps d'aider les citoyens des pays pauvres à rentrer chez eux ».

Depuis le soulèvement anti-gouvernemental en Libye et la radicalisation des violences à la mi-février, plus de 90.000 personnes auraient fui de l'ouest de la Libye vers la Tunisie et environ 80.000 vers l'Egypte. En 24 heures, environ 9.000 personnes ont traversé la frontière vers la Tunisie.

Le personnel du HCR à la frontière a indiqué que l'afflux continuait jeudi, mais à un rythme bien moins important. Il est à se demander si des personnes n'auraient pas été empêchées de quitter la Libye.

La plupart des arrivants sont originaires d'Egypte. La Libye comptait environ 1,5 million de travailleurs migrants avant la radicalisation des violences en Libye. Bien que trois quarts des Egyptiens ont été rapatriés, au moins 12.000 d'entre eux se trouvent toujours en Tunisie. Le personnel du HCR a vu des ressortissants de plus de 20 pays traverser la frontière, y compris plus de 5.300 Bangladeshis qui ont traversé durant les dernières 24 heures.

António Guterres a réitéré jeudi sa préoccupation pour les personnes relevant de la compétence du HCR et se trouvant en Libye. Plus de 8.000 réfugiés et 3.000 demandeurs d'asile sont enregistrés auprès du HCR en Libye mais, en réalité, ils pourraient être bien plus nombreux.

Le Haut Commissaire a indiqué que le HCR menait des discussions avec des pays de réinstallation pour chercher des solutions concernant les réfugiés en Libye ainsi que pour les personnes qui ont réussi à fuir le pays, y compris des Somaliens et Erythréens.

Des ressortissants de pays de l'Afrique sub-saharienne ont été arrêtés en Libye à cause des rumeurs selon lesquelles ils pourraient être des mercenaires.

Parallèlement, le HCR continue à acheminer des tentes et d'autres biens de secours à la frontière, où un camp de tentes a été créé dans un nouveau centre de transit établi par les autorités tunisiennes. Au moins 10.000 personnes étaient hébergées dans le camp mercredi soir. « Nous espérons doubler cette capacité d'accueil d'ici deux jours », a indiqué Sybella Wilkes, porte-parole du HCR à Genève.

De l'autre côté de la Libye, les personnes traversent également la frontière vers l'Egypte depuis le début de la crise, mais la situation à la frontière entre l'Egypte et la Libye est bien plus calme. Environ 6.000 personnes sont arrivées en Egypte au poste frontière de Sallum mercredi, selon lea équipes du HCR sur place.

Parmi eux se trouvait un groupe important d'Egyptiens provenant de l'ouest de la Libye. Le HCR, avec l'aide des militaires, a distribué 400 rations alimentaires aux personnes bloquées à la frontière. Le personnel du HCR a reçu plusieurs témoignages de Tunisiens et d'Egyptiens selon lesquels ils craignaient d'être pris pour cible en Libye.

Le HCR devrait lancer à la fin de la semaine lancé un appel de fonds supplémentaire d'un montant de 18 millions de dollars afin de financer son programme d'aide humanitaire d'urgence pour la Libye.

16 Emergency Relief Coordinator Valerie Amos press briefing on Libya, 4 March 2011 Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

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Watch the Webcast

As of yesterday, over 172,000 people had left Libya, mainly migrant workers returning to their homes. While there are mainly men, there are some women and children among them. Their transit is mainly across the Egyptian and Tunisian borders, with the Egyptian and Tunisian authorities processing arrivals. A couple of days ago, there was a bottleneck at the Tunisian border when about 30,000 people tried to enter in just two days. Such an influx would have been difficult for any country to manage.

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17 Le HCR craint que les civils ne soient empêchés de fuir la Libye, de nets progrès ont été accomplis dans l'évacuation des Égyptiens depuis la Tunisie Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

Ceci est un résumé des déclarations du porte-parole du HCR Melissa Fleming – à qui toute citation peut être attribuée – lors de la conférence de presse du 4 mars 2011 au Palais des Nations à Genève.

Le nombre de civils qui fuient les violences en Libye vers la Tunisie a diminué sensiblement depuis mercredi après-midi. Alors qu'en début de semaine, entre 10 000 à 15 000 personnes entraient chaque jour en Tunisie, moins de 2000 ont traversé la frontière hier. Le HCR craint que la situation de sécurité en Libye n'empêche les habitants de fuir.

Du côté libyen, la frontière est maintenant gardée par des forces progouvernementales fortement armées. Les personnes qui sont parvenues à passer la frontière nous ont indiqué que les téléphones portables et les appareils photos étaient confisqués en route. Beaucoup de gens semblent avoir peur et préfèrent garder le silence.

Grâce à une réaction rapide de la communauté internationale à l'appel conjoint du HCR et de l'OIM pour une évacuation humanitaire, de nets progrès ont été accomplis dans l'évacuation des Égyptiens et d'autres nationalités depuis la Tunisie. L'Égypte, la Tunisie, l'Allemagne, l'Espagne, la France, l'Italie et le Royaume-Uni ont tous offert des moyens de transport aérien ou maritime. Le Gouvernement égyptien a rapatrié des dizaines de milliers de ses ressortissants. L'Allemagne, l'Australie, l'Autriche, la Belgique, le Danemark, la Commission européenne, l'Espagne, la France, le Luxembourg et la Pologne ont offert des fonds au HCR pour son intervention dans la crise libyenne. Des dons privés ont aussi été reçus.

Près de 12 500 personnes doivent encore être évacuées. Plus de 10 000 sont originaires du Bangladesh et aujourd'hui, au moins deux vols sont prévus vers ce pays.

Si le contrôle militaire de la frontière et des axes routiers diminue, un vaste exode pourrait reprendre. Les activités de planification sont en cours pour établir un deuxième camp proche de la frontière. Entretemps, à l'est de la Libye, une équipe du HCR est actuellement à Benghazi dans le cadre d'une mission d'évaluation interinstitutions. Elle a trouvé un camp au port de Benghazi où quelque 8000 étrangers attendaient d'être évacués. Les évacuations étaient en cours et si la plupart des individus prévoient de quitter le pays dans les deux prochains jours, 305 Érythréens, 191 Éthiopiens et 153 Somaliens se sont vu à plusieurs reprises refuser l'évacuation. Il s'agit pour la plupart de jeunes hommes célibataires, ainsi que de 40 femmes et trois enfants. Ils ont déclaré que même s'ils ont rencontré de graves problèmes ces deux dernières semaines, l'attitude réservée aux Africains sub-sahariens qui attendent dans le port s'est améliorée.

D'après notre équipe, la Croissant-Rouge libyenne distribue très activement des secours. Elle aide également les nationaux de pays tiers et les réfugiés à atteindre la frontière. Le personnel du CICR à Benghazi a affirmé que le problème le plus sérieux était le manque de professionnels de santé dans la région, puisque la majorité du personnel médical étranger a été évacué. On craint que l'essence commence à manquer ces 15 prochains jours, avec des pénuries alimentaires aussi possibles les prochaines semaines.

18 First WHO medical supplies arrive in Libya Source: World Health Organization (WHO)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

4 March 2011 - Two trucks carrying WHO staff and general medical supplies crossed the Libyan border from Egypt today. The material, funded by Norway and Italy, consists of 25 kits with trauma supplies to permit 1000 surgical interventions and treatment of 500 surgical patients for 10 days and will be used in health facilities in the eastern Libyan city Benghazi.

Another shipment of 10 kits with trauma supplies for 500 surgical interventions and 5 Interagency Emergency Health Kits with supplies and material to meet the health needs of 50 000 people is expected to arrive at the new humanitarian logistics hub in Djerba, Tunisia. The material will be pre-positioned for use in Libya once access is established.

Disease surveillance at borders

Since the start of civil unrest in Libya, according to IOM, 172 874 people, mainly migrant workers, have left Libya to date. As thousands of people are still located on the both sides of the Tunisia-Libya border, humanitarian efforts are focused on providing access to adequate food, shelter, sanitation, and health care services.

WHO teams at both borders are coordinating efforts with all health humanitarian partners there, monitoring the public health situation and supporting disease surveillance.

* In Egypt, WHO is working with Ministry of Health at the Saloum border crossing to monitor the health situation and facilitate movement of health resources, people and material, to Libya.

* In Tunisia, WHO is working with Ministry of Health to monitor the health situation and strengthen disease surveillance at the Ras Adjir border crossing. An operations centre has been established at Zarzis to support health coordination.

The Assistant Director-General for Health Action in Crises at WHO, Geneva, arrived in Tunis on 28 February for high-level discussions with counterparts in government and other agencies. The ADG traveled to the border to assess the situation there.

Coordination efforts

The Assistant Regional Director of WHO's Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean is part of a joint United Nations rapid-assessment mission that reached Benghazi yesterday.

The United Nations is preparing a Flash Appeal, which it plans to launch in the coming days. WHO is discussing different health scenarios with partners and coordinating the preparation of the health component of the Appeal.

Health partners consider that main health sector interventions will be:

* Triage, injury, trauma care and medical evacuation;

* Maintenance of basic services, with a special focus on non-communicable diseases, mental health and reproductive health;

* Establishment of an early warning and response system for epidemic prone diseases to detect and control outbreaks in the affected population; including mass vaccination campaigns, if necessary;

* Coordination of the International Humanitarian Response for health;

* Emergency nutrition rapid response.

For more information:

Tarik Jasarevic

Media and Advocacy Officer

Health Action in Crises

WHO, Geneva

Telephone: +41 797 472 756

Email: [email protected]

19 Tunisian–Libyan border: Another cold night in Ras Jdir Source: International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

Katherine Roux in Tunisia

All day and well into the night, the wind has swept bitterly across the Tunisian–Libyan border point of Ras Jdir. As the sun sets and temperatures drop to 6 degrees Celsius, thousands of migrants sit huddled together fighting the cold.

In one area of the border crossing, where thousands of Bangladeshi refugees have been squatting, there are makeshift tents made from blankets and luggage.

The residents of these makeshift tents are waiting to join the more fortunate ones who are spending the night in tents provided by the local authorities, the IFRC, the Tunisian Red Crescent and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).

The IFRC, together with its member National Societies, is taking action to improve the difficult conditions for the stranded refugees.

Tomorrow, planes will start to arrive that have been sent by Red Cross National Societies in Belgium, Britain, the Netherlands, Finland and Spain. These planes will be full to capacity with blankets, sleeping mats, tarpaulins, jerry cans, kitchen sets and other much-needed supplies.

All of these supplies will feed into the transition camp that the IFRC is setting up 6 kilometres from the border point. The camp is expected to host around 10,000 refugees in need of assistance.

Water and sanitation needs are also being quickly addressed by the IFRC, and thankfully so, because the situation has reached a critical point. Whilst the wind whips sand and dust into their faces, refugees squat along a barbed wire fence – the stench of faeces is overpowering.

In order to provide better sanitation conditions, the IFRC's plans are underway to construct 450 latrines. They will be constructed as soon as the necessary supplies arrive.

Whilst the flow of migrants may have decreased significantly from the peaks seen earlier this week, the focus has to remain on providing assistance to the still huge numbers of refugees at the border points – to meet their humanitarian needs with food, drink, sanitation and shelter whilst they wait to continue their long onward journeys.

20 What Are Some of the Challenges for Conflict Prevention and Resolution over the Next Two Decades? Source: International Crisis Group (ICG)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

By Nick Grono, Deputy President of the International Crisis Group. To Conference on "Global Conflict - Future Trends and Challenges towards 2030", at Wilton Park in London, UK. Wednesday 2 March 2011.

The first question I've been asked to address is whether countries doing conflict prevention, and those affected, have a shared sense of the challenges and opportunities.

The simple answer is "no". You don't need to look beyond the remarkable developments in North Africa and the wider Arab world in recent weeks to reach this conclusion. For instance, how would the different actors in that region define and rank the challenges? Are they political stability, the threat of Islamic extremism, lack of political voice, economic inequality, army rule, relations with Israel, the right of regimes to forcibly suppress challenges to their authority, sovereignty versus humanitarian intervention, or something else? And how different would the answers have been if the same question had been asked just three months ago?

Who is to define the challenges? If a government is not broadly representative of its people – as will be the case in most authoritarian states – then you can't readily assume that the rulers and the ruled have the same perspective on the challenges. The regime will likely identify stability and threats to it, and many of its people will focus on lack of political voice and economic inequality.

And, momentous though North African developments are, they are just a slice of the conflict spectrum.

Ask the US and Europe what the big conflict and security challenges are, and they would answer: failed and failing states, Islamic extremism, mass casualty terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, transnational organised crime and variations thereof.

Whereas much of the developing world might answer: poverty, infectious diseases, climate change, food security and internal conflict, and perhaps the West's willingness to override sovereignty in places like Iraq or Afghanistan.

Let me give two examples to better illustrate how the perspectives of the conflict- affected countries can be quite different from those of external actors

The first is Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan government of Mahinda Rajapaksa waged a "successful" counterinsurgency campaign against the LTTE, a brutal, violent terrorist group. But was it successful conflict resolution? I suspect you would get different responses on that question from the Sri Lankan government, from the Tamil population and from, say, the EU or Beijing.

In executing its campaign, the Sri Lankan government waged total war. Perhaps 30,000 civilians were killed in the last few months of that conflict (Jan-May 2009). Crisis Group has documented the deliberate targeting of civilians, hospitals and humanitarian missions by the Sri Lankan military . The LTTE was wiped out. The iron rule of the central government has been restored throughout the country.

President Mahinda Rajapaksa and his brother, Defence Minister Gotabaya Rajapaksa, have trumpeted this as a model of how to deal with terrorist or insurgent groups. The Sri Lankan armed forces are now holding seminars for militaries around the world on how to deal with troublesome insurgencies.

And if the end justified the means, then this campaign was brutally effective. On the other hand, if you believe in universal human rights and a rules-based international order (as opposed to a force-based one), then the means were utterly unacceptable – with the deliberate trashing of the Geneva Conventions being just one of many egregious breaches of international law.

With a smothering peace now in place, the government of Sri Lanka argues that what is important is reconciliation and economic development, and that reconciliation means forgetting about the past. Others, such as Crisis Group, argue that without accountability for atrocity crimes, there will no sustainable peace over the longer term. And accountability is essential to make clear to other governments contemplating the Sri Lankan option of unrestrained warfare (such as Libya), that it is not an acceptable or viable approach.

Which leads into the second issue I want to discuss briefly - international justice. Is international justice a challenge or an opportunity when it comes to conflict prevention? The role of norm promotion as a check on bad behaviour is a particularly important issue when looking at a 20-year conflict horizon.

The Rome Statute, which established the International Criminal Court, now has 114 ratifications, including 31 from sub-Saharan Africa and every EU member state. It has investigations or prosecutions going on in Congo, Uganda, Sudan, CAR, and Kenya. All in Africa. In Congo, Uganda and CAR, the governments specifically requested ICC intervention. In Sudan the Security Council sent the situation to the ICC, and in Kenya the government was initially welcoming, before turning cold. And of course on Saturday we had the UN Security Council unanimously refer Libya to the ICC.

So is the ICC a Western imperialist imposition on the South, and on Africa in particular, or a means to bring greater accountability and justice to abusive actors? African leaders increasingly seem to think the former, though it's unclear whether their people, and particularly the victims of conflict, would agree.

The EU has repeatedly expressed its support for international justice as a concept, and the ICC in particular. But it is in a bind when it comes to specific cases. Right now European leaders are actively considering whether to put the ICC prosecution of Bashir on hold for a year, as a reward for the successful Southern succession referendum and an incentive for future restraint. Yet while those talks are going on, Sudanese armed forces are still mounting disproportionate attacks on civilians in Darfur. How does that sit with the European commitment to justice and the ICC? And how can EU leaders call for the ICC to investigate Muammar Gaddafi for atrocities against his own people, and expect to be taken seriously as proponents of justice if they are simultaneously contemplating deferring proceedings against Bashir?

Another way of framing this issue is, should justice and accountability be seen as ends in themselves, or simply a tool in the conflict resolution toolbox? If the latter, then will the shorter-term imperatives of crisis management always trump the longer-term objectives of justice and its role in preventing future conflicts? And given that 3 of the P5 have not signed up to the ICC, how can it be argued that international justice in the form of the ICC is a universal value, and not simply a tool to be used by the strong against the weak? Certainly that's the view of many leaders in the developing world, self-serving though that often may be.

21 What should be done differently?

We are in the policy prescription business, and we've been tasked to propose what might be done differently.

At Crisis Group we are cautious about our ability to predict trends and big picture scenarios – particularly given our role as country-specific conflict analysts. We tend to take the approach that much of what drives conflict today will continue to drive conflict for the next two decades.

These drivers include:

Weak states with low capacity.

Tensions between authoritarian regimes and popular demands for greater political space.

Competition over scarce resources, exacerbated by climate change

Extremist religious movements seeking violent political change

The growing reach and power of transnational organised crime networks.

Given this context, in many cases it's not about doing things differently, but doing better the things we already know should be done. The findings of the most recent Human Security Report, areof interest here – the reportstresses the importance of the full range of UN interventions, and how, despite their considerable limitations and flaws, they have had very significant impact over the last 20 years because nothing much was done multilaterally before.

So, what needs to be done differently, or better? One credible scenario presented at this conference was that of growing global wealth, a continuing decline in the number of authoritarian states, and a consequent rise in the number of democracies. Given the conflict prone nature of such moves from autocracy to anocracy to democracy, these transitions will likely provide much (though by no means all) of the context for conflict in the next two decades. This is what we are seeing right now with the dramatic events across North Africa and the wider Arab world right now.

That being the case, I'd like to share some of Crisis Group's thinking on what needs to be done differently or better in supporting transitions from authoritarian rule to a more pluralistic form of governance.

The following observations are drawn from Crisis Group's internal discussions on what lessons, if any, can be drawn from these events. The specific examples (and much of the language) are those of our analysts, particularly in our Asia and the Middle East programs.

The starting point is that policymakers need to have a sophisticated understanding of the key dynamics of the countries they are dealing with. Of course, I would say that, working for a conflict analysis organisation. But the North African events starkly demonstrate the validity of this premise. While there are clearly some general linkages between the various countries and their uprisings, not least that they all have authoritarian leaders and limited political space, they are all distinct in ways that will influence how these transitions will play out over the longer term.

Let me list some of the differences, as identified by our Middle East and North Africa program: the role of the military (somewhat similar in Egypt and Tunisia, very different in Libya, Bahrain and Yemen); the use of pro-regime militias (in Egypt, Yemen and Iraq – as a way of hiding the regime's role) or mercenaries (Libya and Bahrain – fighting alongside, or as part of, security forces); the role of tribes (none in Egypt, Tunisia or Bahrain, prominent in Libya, potentially important in Yemen, Jordan and Iraq); variations in state legitimacy (the presence of prior national dialogue, as in Yemen, Bahrain and Jordan; no legitimacy in Egypt and Tunisia except for the military, none at all in Libya), and so on.

And in the search for solutions, there is a temptation to too readily draw parallels with past popular uprisings elsewhere in the world. There are no shortage of precedents. Just take Asia for example:

Dhaka 1971; Manila 1986; Rangoon 1988; Beijing 1989; Bangkok 1992; Jakarta 1998; Bishkek 2005; Kathmandu 2006; Rangoon 2007; Bangkok 2010; Bishkek 2010 (a non-exhaustive list from our Asia program).

They have very mixed legacies: Manila in 1986, Bangkok in 1992, Jakarta in 1998, and Kathmandu in 2006 could all be judged as successful to some degree. Dhaka created Bangladesh but led to the slaughter of 1.5 million. Thailand's post-1992 democracy was more or less overturned in subsequent years, Kyrgyzstan has been hollowed out completely. There are no unalloyed successes here. Rangoon's uprisings ultimately went nowhere, likewise Beijing's in 1989.

Yet there are some general points that can be made on what approaches might best support reform and improve the chances of a transition ultimately leading to a peaceful and democratic state. But these must be viewed through the lens of the earlier caution – all of these situations are unique to a greater or lesser extent, and lessons and interventions must be tailored to the specific circumstances.

1. Reform has to happen quickly before the impetus runs out, which it will very quickly. If reforms don't happen almost immediately, the opportunity is soon lost. Not full democratic transition of course, but enough to establish momentum for continued transformation. Indonesia is a positive example. There was no leader in the 1998 uprising that forced Soeharto out, but it was public pressure that forced a creature of the old system (Habibie) to undertake dramatic reforms to save his own skin. The Philippines didn't move quickly (Aquino was too feudal and had to deal with coups), Thailand didn't deal with its military (the King didn't want that to happen).

2. Democratisation after protests may come more easily and rapidly in places that don't have deeply entrenched traditional elites. In Asia, Taiwan and Korea had been through land reform and industrialisation which had eroded many traditional structures. They were more modern societies that were comfortable with change. In Eastern Europe, the elites with popular credibility were more often than not the dissident intelligentsia. But frequently popular uprisings are co-opted or taken over by the members of the existing elite. Sometimes this is defensive, to ensure the elites' survival, after the sacrifice of a few leaders - query whether this is what is happening in Tunisia and Egypt; at other times, as recently in Kyrgyzstan, the revolt was simply an extra-constitutional, intra- elite, reshuffle.

3. Try to get the military out of politics as quickly as possible. They rarely go back to the barracks unless there is a powerful civilian component to the revolt leadership. All too frequently Western nations seem comfortable with this, as the militaries are known entities, create a semblance of order and normality, and their commanders have often been trained at Leavenworth or Sandhurst. But more often than not, the military just ends up undermining democratic development, as in Pakistan. Political parties end up looking to the military instead of voters for their blessing.

22 4. Get elections right. That means not holding them too early, or too late, and understanding they are not an endgame. Elections in divided societies, or in the absence of strong, impartial institutions and the rule of law, carry the risk of increased conflict. High-stakes contests for power can spark violence: politicians may use it to influence outcomes or protest results; spoilers attack the process itself. Look at Cote d'Ivoire right now, and reflect on the fact that there are some 20 presidential or parliamentary elections scheduled for Africa this year. Elections almost always reflect, rather than transform, deeper societal trends. Without the rule of law the powerful win office. Corrupt countries suffer electoral fraud. Authoritarian rulers skew the playing field or manipulate elections to their own ends. Dominant executives dominate elections. It sounds obvious, but the extent to which expectant new electorates and donors hope for polls insulated from broader negative trends is astonishing. Often it will be better to build elections from the ground up – starting with local elections before moving to parliamentary or presidential polls, as local democracy helps build capacity.

5. Understand that outsiders are largely bystanders during the transition - at least in the initial chaotic stages. The UN, EU, US, Arab League and African Union have been irrelevant in influencing the course of the uprisings and regime responses to date (with possible exception of the US vis-à-vis Bahrain). The US did not persuade Mubarak to leave, nor could the Saudis convince him to stay – the Egyptian army decided. Whether Gaddafi stays or goes will depend on the internal revolutionary forces, not the international community. Where outsiders may have a role is in supporting any transition after the initial stages, but even here influence is likely to be limited. Over the longer term there will be a role for the international community in supporting fragile states as they grapple with their new-found freedoms and longstanding problems: particularly in addressing economic injustice, providing humanitarian and development support and so on.

6. Don't try to pick winners. It's too often an irresistible temptation for international actors, and it usually fails. The focus should be on building institutions over preferred individuals. In fact, a focus on chosen individuals often contributes to the lack of development of institutions for fear that they will undermine or constrain the chosen leader. This has been done with Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai, at a significant cost to governance in that country. But perhaps the starkest case study is the U.S. enthusiasm for Africa's renaissance leaders: Rwanda's President Paul Kagame, Ethiopia's President Meles Zenawi and Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni. All have been in power for since the mid-90's for multiple terms, and appear unlikely to voluntarily leave power anytime soon, while their legislatures and other checks on power have whithered.

7. My final point. In the end, so much of it comes back to prevention. Conflict prevention matters. The long term, painstaking work of investing in institutions, building the rule of law and developing civil society may be the most effective way for outsider actors to influence these transitions, in the years before they occur. Those countries with more developed institutions and more entrenched rule of law will likely stand a better chance of a stable transition than those without – think Jordan, or even Egypt, as compared to Libya. But this requires policymakers to commit the necessary resources – political, diplomatic and financial – for many years, without much evidence, let alone certainty, of a return. That's the challenge for policymakers, and as events in the Arab world are so starkly demonstrating, it's one they ignore at their own peril.

23 Egypte : Etat des projets suite aux crises du Moyen Orient Source: Terre des hommes Foundation Child Relief

Date: 04 Mar 2011

Depuis plusieurs semaines des mouvements de protestation se propagent dans toute l'Afrique du Nord et le Moyen-Orient. Les dirigeants de Tunisie et d'Egypte ont été renversés, de profondes réformes ont été promises en Jordanie, en Arabie Saoudite, au Maroc par exemple. Mais la situation reste néanmoins excessivement tendue au Bahreïn, au Yémen et surtout en Libye où les manifestations sont réprimées dans le sang.

Suite à la crise égyptienne, ayant vu la chute de son Président, Laure Baudin, déléguée de Terre des hommes en Egypte, fait état des projets développés par Terre des hommes. Aujourd'hui, ces projets pourraient encore être affectés par de nouveaux mouvements insurrectionnels, principalement en Libye, où des dizaines de milliers de réfugiés essaient de fuir les violences, essentiellement par les frontières tunisienne et égyptienne.

Les événements en Libye ont-ils un impact sur les réfugiés présents en Egypte et plus spécifiquement sur notre projet?

Laure Baudin: Non, il n'y a d'impact ni sur notre projet et ni sur les réfugiés présents en Egypte, qui viennent principalement d'Irak, du Soudan, de Somalie, d'Erythrée, et d'Ethiopie, si ce n'est le fait que l'Agence des Nations Unies (HCR) pour les réfugiés est davantage préoccupée en ce moment par la problématique libyenne que par celle des réfugiés en Egypte.

Dans la mesure où la frontière entre la Libye et l'Egypte est ouverte, y-a-t-il une arrivée massive de réfugiés au Caire?

Laure Baudin: Ce n'est pas le cas non plus. Le gouvernement a estimé qu'environ 70'000 personnes auraient passé la frontière depuis le 19 février dernier. Ces personnes sont principalement des travailleurs de nationalité égyptienne et sont petit à petit acheminées vers leur ville d'origine. Néanmoins, le HCR, l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations , le Croissant-Rouge égyptien et quelques organisations humanitaires sont présents au poste frontière de Saloum pour accueillir les personnes fuyant la Libye mais aussi pour installer leur base pour intervenir en Libye.

Quels sont les impacts des évènements en Egypte sur notre projet pour les réfugiés?

Laure Baudin: Pendant les événements, nous avions dû interrompre les services offerts aux familles et aux enfants. De nombreuses familles ont été confrontées à des problèmes financiers, mais l'HCR a envoyé des fonds pour aider financièrement les familles et les personnes les plus vulnérables, comme les réfugiés. Le retour à "la normale" n'a pas encore été possible car il y a encore beaucoup d'insécurité et d'instabilité. Il n'y pas assez de travailleurs sociaux pour distribuer les fonds de l'HCR.

Qu'en est-il des égyptiens qui sortent de la Libye par la frontière tunisienne?

Laure Baudin: Les autorités organisent leur rapatriement mais à un rythme très lent comparé au nombre de personnes ayant passé ou demandant à passer le poste de frontière. Par conséquent, l'organisation du retour des égyptiens qui travaillaient en Libye, devient de plus en plus difficile, surtout au niveau des gouvernorats de Haute-Egypte d'où sont originaires la majorité des travailleurs.

As-tu eu connaissance de mineurs non accompagnés qui sortent de Libye soit du côté tunisien, soit du côté égyptien? Dans les médias? Dans les discussions entre organisations sur place?

Laure Baudin: Non, je n'ai pour le moment rien entendu, concernant la présence éventuelle de mineurs seuls, parmi les réfugiés.

Quelle est ton analyse de l'impact de la révolution égyptienne sur les enfants?

Laure Baudin: Me concernant il m'est difficile de fournir une analyse complète de l'impact de la révolution sur les enfants au sens large ; on peut mieux se rendre compte par problématique spécifique: les impacts qu'il y a eu sur le travail des enfants, les enfants en situation de rue, enfants vulnérables ou à risque (enfants des quartiers défavorisés)…

Concernant Tdh, les résultats de la première analyse faite juste après les évènements montrent que les bénéficiaires des projets n'ont heureusement pas été directement touchés par les derniers évènements. Indirectement, il y a eu un impact du fait de l'interruption des activités et de la fermeture de nos locaux pour les projets pour les enfants travailleurs de Damietta et d'Assiut.

Les responsables de projets sont en train de finaliser une étude plus complète à ce sujet.

Les organisations internationales réalisent diverses études de situation, avec leurs partenaires respectifs, afin que nous puissions échanger les informations lors de notre prochaine réunion.

Plus d'informations sur les projets de Terre des hommes en Egypte: http://tdh.ch/fr/countries/egypte

24 Egypt: State of the projects following the crisis situation in the Middle East Source: Terre des hommes Foundation Child Relief

Date: 04 Mar 2011

For several weeks now, protest movements have been spreading throughout North Africa and the Middle East. The rulers of Tunisia and Egypt have been overthrown, and significant reforms are promised in Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Morocco, for example. However, the situation still remains extremely tense in Bahrain, Yemen and in particular in Libya, where demonstrations are being suppressed with bloodshed.

After the Egyptian crisis and the fall of their president, Laure Baudin, Terre des hommes delegate in Egypt, took stock of the projects run by Terre des hommes. These project could still today be affected by new insurrectionary movements, mainly in Libya, where tens of thousands of refugees are trying to flee the violence over the Tunisian and Egyptian frontiers.

The events in Libya – will they have an impact on the present refugee situation in Egypt, and more specifically, on our projects?

Laure Baudin: No, there is no impact either on our project nor on the refugees now in Egypt, who come mainly from Iraq, Sudan, Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia, although it is a fact that the United Nations Agency (HCR) for refugees is more preoccupied at this moment in time by the Libyan issue than by the situation of the refugees in Egypt.

In so far as the frontier between Libya and Egypt is open, is there a massive influx of refugees to Cairo?

Laure Baudin: No, this is not the case, either. The government reckons that around 70,000 people have come in through the frontier since February 19th. These people are mostly Egyptian-nationality workers who have gradually gone on to their home towns. All the same, the HCR, the International Organisation for Migration, the Egyptian Red Crescent and some humanitarian organisations are present at the Saloum frontier post to receive people fleeing from Libya, but also to install a base for possible intervention in Libya itself.

What is the impact of the events in Egypt on our project for refugees?

Laure Baudin: During that time we had to interrupt the services we offer to families and children. Many families were confronted by financial problems, but the HCR sent funds to give financial help to the most vulnerable families and individuals such as refugees. A return to 'normal' has not yet been possible, as there is still a lot of insecurity and instability. There are just not enough social workers to distribute the HCR funds.

What happens to Egyptians who get out of Libya over the Tunisian border?

Laure Baudin: The authorities organise their repatriation, but very slowly in relation to the number of people having passed or wanting to pass the border crossing. As a consequence, organising the return of Egyptians who worked in Libya is becoming more and more difficult, particularly at a government level in Upper Egypt, from where the majority of workers come.

Have you heard of any non-accompanied minors leaving Libya either on the Tunisian or the Egyptian side? In the media? In discussions between organisations on the spot?

Laure Baudin: No, up to date I have not heard anything about the possible presence of unaccompanied minors among the refugees.

What is your analysis of the impact of the Egyptian revolution on the children?

Laure Baudin: From my point of view, it is hard to give a complete analysis of the impact of the revolution on children in a wider sense: it would be better to look at the situation by specific issues: the impact on child labour, children in a street situation, vulnerable children or those at risk (children in the poorest areas) . . . As regards Tdh, the results of an initial analysis done just after the events show that the beneficiaries of our projects have happily not been affected directly by recent happenings. Indirectly, there has been an effect due to the interruption of activities and the closing of our premises for the project for children working in Damietta and Assiut.

The people in charge of these project are finalising a more complete study of this subject.

The international organisations are carrying out various studies of the situation with their respective partners, so that we will be able to exchange information at our next meeting.

Further information on Terre des hommes projects in Egypt: http://tdh.ch/en/countries/egypte

25 Statistics of IOM Operations in Egypt Source: International Organization for Migration (IOM)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

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- Arrivals of Egyptians from Tunisia have increased as UNHCR-DFID flights have started arriving yesterday. Total Egyptians arrived yesterday: 4,839

- Over 1,000 migrants who worked in Libya evacuated via Egypt

- 642 Bangladeshi left Benghazi to Egyptian border yesterday

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26 Guidance on the Use of Military Air / Sea Craft to Support the Evacuation of Third Country Nationals in the Context of the Current Crisis in North Africa Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

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• There is an urgent need to evacuate tens of thousands of third country nationals (TCNs) who have fled the crisis in Libya in recent days. Doing so may help to avert a major humanitarian crisis.

• Transport capacities in the region have been overstretched. In consultation with Tunisia and Egypt, UNHCR and IOM have established a joint humanitarian evacuation program and appealed to governments for financial and logistical support, to include planes, ships and expert personnel.

• The EU and other UN Member States are likely to provide support to the evacuation effort. Some UN Member States have already evacuated their citizens and TCNs using military transport. The EU's Monitoring and Information Centre (EU MIC) is sending a team to Tunisia. France and Britain have committed transport assets. It is possible that some offers of support to the evacuation effort may include Military and Civil Defense Assets (MCDA). Currently, there are no external UN Member States that are parties to the violence.

• While priority should always be given to the use of civilian assets, in view of the magnitude of the evacuation requirement along Libya's border areas, the use of MCDA to augment civilian air/sea transport capacities could be warranted and in conformity with the principles contained in the MCDA Guidelines for complex emergencies, including the principle of last resort, provided:

- MCDA would complement overstretched civilian capabilities;

- MCDA would be used to meet a very specific requirement;

- MCDA would be used for limited duration only;

- MCDA would provide unique advantages in terms of capability and timeliness.

• Any use of MCDA in the context of the TCN evacuation operation should be under the direction of a civilian entity and should be based on identified needs and gaps. In the present case, this role will be played by the coordinators of the UNHCR/IOM operation. MCDA should also be provided at no cost to the humanitarian budgets of either Member States or humanitarian organizations.

• OCHA maintains a mechanism for calling forward MCDA to support humanitarian operations, when required. UNHCR and IOM are aware of this mechanism. Based on needs identified by UNHCR/IOM, Member States will provide readily available air/sea transport assets directly to the joint UNHCR/IOM operation. If and when there is a need for other MCDA to support humanitarian operations, OCHA will communicate these requirements to Member States.

• OCHA will monitor the joint UNHCR/IOM operation and provide technical support with regard to the use of MCDA as required. Should a foreign military use of force in Libya begin to take shape, UNHCR and IOM should be prepared to review the use of MCDA provided by a potential party to the military operations.

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27 Sweden provides aircraft and support to those affected in Libya Source: Government of Sweden

Date: 04 Mar 2011

Sweden is providing an aircraft for humanitarian evacuations and SEK 33 million for support to those affected in Libya.

"Developments in Libya have resulted in a humanitarian crisis affecting hundreds of thousands of people," says Minister for International Development Cooperation Gunilla Carlsson. "Many people have tried to escape the regime's violence against the civilian population, and this has created a critical situation at the borders, particularly in Tunisia, which may have a destabilising effect in the region. I am pleased that Sweden can provide concrete assistance to those affected."

The Government decided today that the Swedish Hercules aircraft already on site in Malta as part of the consular evacuation operation will be made available to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) to help with the evacuation of those in distress at the Tunisian border.

Sida intends to take a decision on contributing a total of SEK 33 million in response to the appeals that have been made, or are soon expected to be made, by the humanitarian organisations on the ground. This is in addition to the large core contributions that Sweden already gives to these organisations. Contributions may be made to the International Red Cross, UNHCR and UNICEF to support assistance measures for those affected. The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency will also provide logistical support at the request of the UN system and funded by Sida.

Sweden has framework agreements with key humanitarian organisations, which means that funds can be made immediately available to the organisations for rapid operations. Sweden is also prepared to provide further contributions as necessary if the situation deteriorates and/or access for relief efforts in Libya improves.

Contact Evin Khaffaf Press Secretary to Gunilla Carlsson work +46 8 405 59 39 cell +46 70 283 95 97 email to Evin Khaffaf

28 Humanitarian crisis at Libya's borders Source: Humanitarian Forum

Date: 04 Mar 2011

Ras Ejdir, Tunisia 04 March 2011

Dr. Hany El-Banna, the president of The Humanitarian Forum, has travelled to the Libyan borders with Tunisia and Egypt with Islamic Relief, Muslim Hands, Humanitarian Appeal and the Human Relief Foundation to deliver aid.

With a population of 6.4million from which 1.5 million are migrant workers the majority of which are Egyptians. As of today, as many as 172,874 people have crossed into neighbouring countries, with 91,175 in Tunisia alone due to recent unrest. In its latest situation report, the UN estimates that over 20,000 people are waiting at the Tunisian border for onward travel and transit camps have been set up.

According to Dr. El-Banna, the needs are still enormous, with more and more people fleeing the unrest and International NGOs are yet to be on the scene in large numbers: "There are more journalists, than traditional INGOs", observed Dr. El-Banna.

"The people of Sidi Bou Said are helping by supplying blankets, food, water and milk", said Dr. El-Banna regarding the fact that local civil society in the citizens of border Tunisian villages have offered donations to the refugees. This highlights the importance of voluntary spirit and solid, accountable local civil society organisations in times like these.

At times of crisis the national organisations and smaller community based organisations are often the first ones to help before International organisations arrive on the scene. That stresses the importance of investing in building their capacity and connecting them with international organisations to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian response.

The Humanitarian Forum bridges the gaps between humanitarian communities through training, dialogue and cooperation. In the Middle East and North Africa, we have seen how this can help in Gaza, Somalia, Yemen and elsewhere. We will continue our work in this direction.

We urge INGOs and Humanitarian agencies to deploy their response teams immediately to the Tunisian- Libyan borders and provide services of food, shelter and health. We also urge the international community and UN agencies to work on the immediate and safe evacuation of migrant workers and their families to their home countries.

29 Des milliers de migrants bloqués à la frontière égypto-libyenne en besoin d’aide Source: Caritas

Date: 04 Mar 2011

Une équipe de Caritas a évalué les besoins des travailleurs migrants qui se retrouvent bloqués à Salloum à la frontière entre l'Egypte et la Libye après avoir fui les violences en Libye.

Environ 6000 travailleurs migrants sont actuellement coincés à Salloum et quelque 5000 personnes supplémentaires y arrivent chaque jour.

Les migrants originaires d'Asie et d'Afrique doivent attendre deux à six jours pour pouvoir traverser la frontière. Leur rapatriement s'avère difficile puisqu'ils n'ont souvent pas de papiers et manquent de soutien de la part de leurs ambassades.

Selon l'équipe, composée d'agents de Caritas Egypte et de Catholic Relief Services (un membre de Caritas aux Etats-Unis), les besoins de première nécessité des migrants sont dans l'ensemble pris en charge, mais il faudrait absolument accélérer le processus de rapatriement.

« La situation est calme. Quelques migrants affirment ne pas avoir reçu assez de nourriture et d'eau. La plupart d'entre eux étant des hommes, ils dorment dehors. L'assainissement pose un vrai problème car il n'y a pas assez de toilettes,» a expliqué depuis Salloum Jason Belanger, Représentant de CRS pour l'Egypte.

« Caritas prévoit d'apporter de la nourriture, de l'eau potable, du désinfectant pour les mains et des couvertures comme il fait assez froid la nuit. Nous chercherons à améliorer l'assainissement et nous prévoyons également d'apporter un soutien psycho-social même si les migrants ne nous paraissent pas traumatisés. Ils sont avant tout très fatigués et souhaitent retourner chez eux ».

D'après l'équipe de Caritas, l'armée égyptienne s'occuperait dans l'ensemble assez bien des migrants.

La plupart des travailleurs migrants africains seraient Soudanais, essentiellement originaires du Darfour. Parmi les autres pays représentés, il y a le Bangladesh, la Thaïlande, le Vietnam, le Nigéria, le Mali, le Tchad, le Cameroun, l'Ethiopie, la Sierra Leone, la République démocratique du Congo, le Libéria, le Burkina Faso et la Côte d'Ivoire.

Les membres Caritas dans ces pays essaient également d'aider leurs compatriotes à rentrer et leurs apportent un soutien à leur retour.

Une autre équipe d'intervention d'urgence de Caritas à été envoyée à la frontière tuniso-libyenne pour y évaluer les besoins des migrants et préparer une aide d'urgence. De plus, Caritas travaille en étroite coopération avec les organisations nationales membres du réseau Caritas au Niger et en Libye.

Selon l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM), 172 874 personnes, essentiellement des travailleurs migrants, ont quitté la Libye jusqu'au 2 mars. 79 199 d'entre elles se seraient rendues en Egypte, 91 175 en Tunisie et environ 2 500 au Niger.

D'après les chiffres présentés par l'OIM avant les violences, il y a avait auparavant 2,5 millions de travailleurs migrants, dont environ 1 million d'Egyptiens, en Libye. (Source : OIM et Haut Commissariat de l'ONU pour les réfugiés (HCR), Appel commun en vue d'une évacuation massive des personnes fuyant la Libye et arrivées en Tunisie, présenté aux Etats membres le 2 mars à Genève).

Pour toute demande d'information, veuillez contacter Patrick Nicholson au +39 06 698 79 725 ou +39 334 359 0700 ou par courriel : [email protected].

30 Libya: ICRC launches appeal for 24 million Swiss francs Source: International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

04-03-2011 News Release

Geneva (ICRC) – The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is appealing for 24 million Swiss francs (approximately 25.7 million US dollars, or 18.4 million euros) in order to assist more than 200,000 people affected by the crisis in Libya over the next two months.

The funds will be used to provide basic supplies and services, including food, water, medical care, sanitation and hygiene items, for around 110,000 people inside Libya and for an additional 100,000 crossing over the border into Tunisia.

Several hundred people have been killed and thousands wounded in the violent unrest between the security forces and armed opposition which started on 15 February. Heavy fighting has been reported on a daily basis in some areas, resulting in a humanitarian crisis that has forced tens of thousands of people to flee Libya.

"Clashes and air strikes continue, and a steady flow of people is still pouring into Tunisia and Egypt every day. We're in a phase of this crisis where we need to be able to meet the existing needs of the victims, as well as those that are likely to arise in the coming weeks, especially if the fighting persists or intensifies," said the president of the ICRC, Jakob Kellenberger, today.

The ICRC is particularly concerned about the plight of vulnerable people inside Libya, including stranded foreign migrant workers and the wounded and sick.

Over the past week, the ICRC has sent 16 emergency specialists, including doctors and nurses, to the east of Libya to protect and assist the population together with the Libyan Red Crescent, which has been responding to the crisis since it started. So far, in total, the ICRC has mobilized more than 70 emergency staff to respond to the diverse needs arising from the violence.

On 3 March, two Libyan Red Crescent ambulances were shot at in the city of Misrata, resulting in two of their volunteers being injured. One of the ambulances was also completely burnt. "We deplore the fact that Red Crescent volunteers have come under fire. This is quite simply unacceptable," said the ICRC's director general, Yves Daccord. "Humanitarian workers must be allowed to carry out their work, and patients must be given safe access to medical care."

Mr Daccord reiterated the ICRC's appeal for secure and urgent access to the west of the country, where the organization has not yet been able to send emergency staff. He said another ICRC medical team remained ready and willing on the border with Tunisia to go into the west of Libya as soon as security conditions allow.

Over the past six days, the ICRC has helped around 3,000 people in Tunisia who fled the violence to call their families. On the Egyptian border, the country's Red Crescent society, supported by the ICRC, has also assisted people coming from Libya to contact their loved ones.

The ICRC is coordinating its actions closely with the Libyan, Tunisian and Egyptian Red Crescent societies, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and other partners within the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.

See photos of ICRC's response to the crisis in Libya

31 Developments in Libya: an overview of the EU's response (updated: 4 March) Source: European Union (EU)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

As events continue to unfold in Libya, the European Union is reacting in many ways. It has imposed sanctions against the Libyan leadership. In a spirit of solidarity, the member states are coordinating repatriation of their nationals and are running a joint border control operation in Italy. Humanitarian aid is being sent to the region.

On 11 March EU leaders will meet to discuss the strategic lines of the Union's response.

Libya at the top of the agenda

The EU is following the situation in Libya with great concern. It strongly condemns the violence and use of force against civilians and deplores the repressive measures taken against peaceful demonstrators, which have resulted in the deaths of hundreds of civilians. EU Foreign Affairs, Interior, Energy and Defence ministers met in the past few days to assess the situation. The President of the European Council has convened an extraordinary meeting of EU leaders in Brussels on 11 March to discuss his proposals on the strategic lines of the Union's reaction to developments in Libya and in Northern Africa.

Arms embargo and other sanctions

On 28 February, the EU imposed an arms embargo on Libya in line with the UN Security Council resolution of 26 February and prohibited trade with Libya in any equipment which might be used for internal repression. The decision in the Council was taken with unprecedented speed.

The Union also imposed a visa ban and an asset freeze on Muammar Gaddafi and other persons responsible for the violent clampdown on civilians. The sanctions adopted by the EU both implement the measures called for by the UN and go further.

Negotiations on an EU-Libya framework agreement and ongoing cooperation contracts with the country have been suspended as of 22 February.

Speeding up the repatriation of EU nationals

The EU has been pooling its resources to evacuate its citizens from Libya. Diplomatic missions of EU member states in Tripoli have been working day and night on repatriation of nationals in coordination with the Hungarian embassy representing the Union on the ground. Since 23 February, as part of the Civil Protection Mechanism, the Monitoring and Information Centre (MIC) has been helping with identifying and making available assets for evacuation, including by sea.

As of 3 March, it is roughly estimated that there are still about 1100 EU citizens in Libya, of whom approximately 70 wish to leave the country. The European Commission has received requests for co-financing of evacuation operations by Hungary and Bulgaria which move to a safe place citizens of other member states as well.

Ongoing evacuations are focusing on Tripoli, Benghazi and the Jalu / Nafura region. The MIC is preparing contingency plans for evacuation of EU nationals by sea from the wider Tripoli region in the event that evacuation by air becomes impossible.

The EU Military Staff's planning and movement cell is liaising with member states and the MIC to facilitate the coordination of military assets for evacuation or humanitarian purposes. The EU Situation Centre is monitoring the situation and assisting member states in their efforts. The EU's consular on-line system is contributing to the exchange of information between member states. The EU's Satellite Centre is providing imagery to support evacuation efforts.

Border control operation

In the central Mediterranean area, Italy and the EU border control agency Frontex are conducting a joint operation called Hermes 2011. Launched on 20 February following a formal request from the Italian government, the aim of the operation is to help Italy to cope with actual and potential migratory flows from Northern Africa. A large number of EU member states have provided technical assets (such as naval and aerial equipment) and specialised personnel.

In addition, Frontex and Europol have started risk analysis for the region to make it possible to respond better to developments on the ground.

Humanitarian aid

The European Commissioner for international cooperation, humanitarian aid and crisis response visited the region on 2 March. The Commission has allocated 30 million euros to address humanitarian needs in Libya and neighbouring countries. Initially, medical and food aid, shelter and other necessities are being provided to refugees crossing into Tunisia and Egypt. As soon as the security situation in Libya allows, aid will also be provided inside the country.

However, the humanitarian situation in Libya is still largely unknown, as access is very limited and the presence of humanitarian organisations remains sparse. Experts from the European Commission have been deployed in the eastern part of Libya where they are working on a first assessment of humanitarian needs.

Furthermore, Hungarian Minister of State Enik? Gy?ri and Commissioner Kristalina Georgieva visited Tunisia's border with Libya on 3 March to gather first-hand information.

Last week, two teams of ECHO (EU humanitarian aid and civil protection) experts were deployed on the borders of Libya with Tunisia and Egypt to analyse the humanitarian crisis.

Following the joint appeal by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Organisation for Migration for a massive humanitarian evacuation programme for tens of thousands of Egyptians and other third country nationals on the Tunisian and Egyptian borders, the European

32 Commission has already pledged a large portion of its funding to these two organisations.

Support for the democratic movement

EU High Representative Catherine Ashton has established a task force bringing together European External Action Service and Commission experts to adapt the EU's existing instruments for helping the countries of Northern Africa. The aim is to provide a comprehensive package of measures tailored to the specific needs of each country.

33 Middle East & North Africa: Civil Unrest Emergency appeal n° MDR82001 Operations update n° 1 Source: International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

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Period covered by this Ops Update: 1-2 March 2011

Appeal target (current): CHF 4,458,090; Appeal coverage: Appeal coverage: 33% (provisional); while the initial donor response to this appeal has been encouraging, cash contributions are required; contributions are being recorded in the system and the updated figure will be reflected shortly in upcoming updates.

Appeal history:

Ø This Emergency Appeal was initially launched on a preliminary basis on 1 March 2011 for CHF 4.4m for 6 months to assist some 100,000 potential beneficiaries (this remains a provisional figure and will be adjusted based on more detailed assessments and operational developments).

Ø The total of CHF 403,046 was allocated from the IFRC's Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) to support this operation as follows:

• CHF 150,000 on 24 January 2011 to support the Tunisian Red Crescent.

• CHF 59,374 on 24 February 2011 to support the IFRC's Middle East & North Africa (MENA) Zone to conduct a field emergency mission to the National Societies of Tunisia and Egypt to assess more closely the impact of the current unrest in Libya.

• CHF 107,672 on 26 February 2011 to support the Egyptian Red Crescent Society in delivering immediate assistance to some 10,000 beneficiaries.

• CHF 86,000 on 2 March 2011 to support the Malta Red Cross to assist some 1,000 beneficiaries

Ø 13-person Field Assessment and Coordination Team (FACT) has deployed to provide support to the IFRC's Amman Zone office, the IFRC's Regional Representation in Tunis, and the Tunisian Red Crescent Society (TRCS). FACT members are providing expertise in logistics, relief, health, water and sanitation, base camp set up, IT/telecommunications, and information management and reporting.

The situation

Based on the most recent information available from the IFRC's assessment teams located at the Libya and Tunisia border crossing area, the overall situation remains fluid but preliminary assessments indicate a critical need to provide relief assistance and address sanitation needs, which together are the current priorities for the coming days.

Since 22 February, more than 75,000 people have crossed the border from Libya into Tunisia, with the length of stay at the transition camp averaging 4 days. As of 2 March, approximately 24,000 people had crossed the at the border and were waiting for onward transfer. Although the majority of arrivals are Egyptian nationals, and increasing number are from Bangladesh and southern Africa. In Dehiba, a secondary border crossing to the south, an estimated 600 people are crossing daily, and the FACT is scheduled to conduct an assessment in the next 24 hours. There are almost no women and children, and the few that have arrived are being separated from the crowd to receive separate care.

For those who have entered Tunisia, schools and sporting canters are currently serving as temporarily shelters but other solutions need to be identified. The number of people crossing the border fluctuates daily, but is reportedly increasing to about 12,000 per day, which exceeds the capacity of the evacuation and transit camp.

The TRCS has been very active in supporting other key humanitarian actors (UNHCR, IOM, and WFP) in the distribution of water, first aid, crowd control and other critical activities. The local authorities have specified serious concerns about the lack of latrines, the limited number of garbage collection trucks, and price increases for local goods as agencies are procuring locally which has a direct effect on the local economy and population. There are also concerns about the duplication of efforts by agencies and a need for improved coordination.

The Tunisian population's response to the situation has been overwhelmingly positive, massive, and generous. Local communities have provided blankets, bread, and other food items which are delivered by trucks on a daily basis and stored with the "Association de la protection de la révolution tunisienne." This generosity however has limits and the international community is encouraged to support these initial efforts.

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34 UNHCR worried that civilians being prevented from fleeing violence in Libya, significant progress in evacuation of Egyptian civilians from Tunisia Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

This is a summary of what was said by the UNHCR spokesperson at today's Palais des Nations press briefing in Geneva. Further information can be found on the UNHCR websites, www.unhcr.org and www.unhcr.fr, which should also be checked for regular media updates on non-briefing days.

The number of civilians fleeing the violence in Libya to Tunisia has dropped significantly since Wednesday afternoon. Compared to earlier in the week when between 10,000 and 15,000 people were crossing into Tunisia daily, less than 2,000 made it across yesterday. UNHCR is very concerned that the security situation in Libya may be preventing people from fleeing.

The border on the Libyan side is now manned by heavily armed pro-government forces. From those that did manage to cross the border, we have heard that mobile phones and cameras were being confiscated en route. Many people appear to be frightened and are unwilling to speak.

Thanks to a rapid response from the international community to the joint IOM-UNHCR humanitarian evacuation appeal, significant progress has been made with the evacuation of Egyptians and other nationalities from Tunisia. Egypt, Tunisia, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom have all offered air or sea transport. The Egyptian Government has repatriated tens of thousands of their own nationals. Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, the European Commission, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Poland and Spain have offered funds for the UNHCR response to the Libya crisis. Private donations have also been coming in.

Around 12,500 people still need evacuation. Over 10,000 are from Bangladesh. Today at least two flights are planned to Bangladesh. If military control of the border and roads reduces, a huge exodus of people could resume. Planning is underway to establish a second camp close to the border. Meanwhile in eastern Libya a UNHCR team is currently in Benghazi as part of an inter-agency assessment mission.

They found a camp at Benghazi port where some 8,000 foreigners were awaiting evacuation. Evacuations were ongoing and while most expect to be evacuated in the next two days, there are 305 Eritreans, 191 Ethiopians and 153 Somalis who have been repeatedly refused evacuation.

Most are single young men, with 40 women and three children. They reported that although they faced significant problems in the past two weeks, empathy towards sub-Saharan Africans waiting at the port has increased.

According to our team, the Libyan Red Crescent is very active in providing assistance. They are also helping third country nationals and refugees to reach the border. ICRC staff in Benghazi say the most serious problem is a shortage of medical professionals in the region, with the majority of foreign medical staff having been evacuated. There is concern that fuel may start to run out in the next 15 days, with food shortages also anticipated in the coming weeks.

For further information on this topic, please contact:

In Cairo, Elizabeth Tan on mobile +201 222 745 93

On the Tunisian border, Firas Kayal on mobile +216 508 561 99

In Geneva, Melissa Fleming on mobile +41 79 557 91 22

In Geneva, Sybella Wilkes on mobile +41 79 557 91 38

35 El equipo de emergencia de Acción Contra el Hambre ya está en Ras- Jedir, frontera Túnez-Libia Source: Acción contra el Hambre (ACH)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

- El logista, y los técnicos de agua y saneamiento y seguridad alimentaria de Acción contra el Hambre ya están en la frontera con Libia, a donde han llegado más de 70.000 desplazados

- Por el momento el equipo se concentrará en evaluar las necesidades de agua, higiene y la disponibilidad de alimentos básicos

- Los desplazados son mayoritariamente hombres jóvenes, los provenientes de países asiáticos son los que están encontrando mayores problemas

Madrid, 4 de marzo

"En Ras Jedir los campamentos improvisados con mantas están llenos de desperdicios y basuras, la gente deambula con mascarillas y las condiciones de higiene son extremadamente preocupantes", describe Carlos Riaza, miembro del equipo de emergencia de Acción contra el Hambre.

Tras las primeras reuniones de coordinación mantenidas con las agencias humanitarias presentes en la zona, Acción contra el Hambre prestará especial atención a las necesidades básicas de las personas alojadas en los centros de tránsito que se han establecido. "Por nuestra experiencia en este tipo de oleadas de desplazados sabemos que las condiciones básicas de higiene y la ayuda alimentaria son críticas para impedir el brote de enfermedades, por lo que nos vamos a concentrar por el momento en estos dos sectores de intervención, siempre coordinadamente con las organizaciones de Naciones Unidas y humanitarias presentes en la zona. También vamos a prestar especial atención al estado nutricional de los menores de seis meses que puedan haber cruzado la frontera, porque el estrés psicológico puede producir una interrupción brusca de la lactancia materna", asegura Javier Pérez, jefe del equipo de emergencia de acción contra el Hambre.

"Se trata sobre todo de hombres jóvenes, que probablemente emigraron a Libia para trabajar, afortunadamente no hay muchas mujeres y niños. Lo verdaderamente chocante es ver cómo unas nacionalidades son atendidas y se les facilita la repatriación y otras no. Hay muchas personas provenientes de Bangladesh completamente abandonadas", asegura Riaza.

Prioridades humanitarias

Aunque Acción contra el Hambre se centrará en saneamiento y alimentación, las prioridades humanitarias generales están relacionadas con:

- el saneamiento básico (letrinas, duchas, gestión de desperdicios y basuras)

- el transporte para la repatriación de los refugiados

- material de refugio (mantas, tiendas, colchones)

- distribución de alimentos y kits de higiene

La movilización de Acción contra el Hambre ha sido financiado por la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID) y el Fondo de Emergencia de Obra Social Caja Madrid.

Acción contra el Hambre es una organización humanitaria internacional e independiente que combate la desnutrición infantil a la vez que garantiza agua y medios de vida seguros a las poblaciones más vulnerables. Intervenimos en más de 40 países apoyando a cinco millones de personas. Nuestra visión es un mundo sin desnutrición; nuestro primer objetivo, devolver la dignidad a quienes hoy viven amenazados por el hambre.

Para colaborar con la emergencia

902 100 822 www.accioncontraelhambre.org

BANCO SANTANDER 0049 / 0001 / 59 / 2810090000

CAJA MADRID 2038 / 1052 / 44 / 6000741510

LA CAIXA 2100 / 2999 / 93 / 0200030018

Referencia: Emergencia Libia

Más Información y entrevistas con portavoces:

Acción contra el Hambre

Alicia García/Carlos Riaza – 91 3915306, 91 771 1672, 609 018 735 www.accioncontraelhambre.org

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36 37 Race to Evacuate Thousands of Migrants Caught Up by Libyan Violence Continues Apace Source: International Organization for Migration (IOM)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

IOM Press Briefing Note Friday 04 March 2011 Spokesperson: Jemini Pandya

More than 640 migrants were evacuated from the Libyan port city of Benghazi by IOM yesterday, 3 March.

The migrants, all Bangladeshi, were taken in a road convoy by IOM and escorted by the Libyan Red Crescent to the Egyptian border crossing at Salum where IOM is providing humanitarian assistance including food, water, health care and other aid. IOM will then organize for their return home to Bangladesh in the days to come.

Another 300 migrants are being evacuated today, including 40 particularly vulnerable West African migrants. Fearing for their lives given the targeting of Sub-Saharan Africans and desperate to leave Libya, they had paid a human smuggler to take them to Egypt in a sealed and refrigerated truck.

In the past few days, IOM staff had located several thousand migrant workers from many nationalities in the port at Benghazi and the surrounding warehouses with the largest groups comprising Bangladeshi, Indian and Sudanese migrants. This morning, another 500 Bangladeshi migrants arrived at the port compound in a two-hour period.

As efforts to urgently evacuate those stranded in Libya continue, IOM is today evacuating a further 3, 633 Egyptians from Djerba to Cairo after assisting nearly 823 Egyptians on Thursday. An IOM-chartered vessel that left the Tunisian port of Sfax in the early hours of Wednesday morning, has now docked in Alexandria, carrying 1,450 Egyptian migrant workers. By the 7th March, IOM will have evacuated approximately 14,858 Egyptians from Tunisia.

In addition to the evacuation of Egyptian migrants, IOM has also organized another two flights today to take 346 Bangladeshi migrants home to Dhaka.

Increasing numbers of Bangladeshis, of whom there were an estimated 63,000 in Libya before the crisis, have managed to get across the borders. IOM staff in Ras Ajdir report that an estimated 6,000 Bangladeshis already on the Tunisian side of the border, decided to walk the 8km distance to a UNHCR camp today. In a five kms long column, the migrants carried their luggage as best they they can. Some of them, all young men, say they had walked from Tripoli to the Tunisian border.

Meanwhile, African migrants crossing the border in particular are recounting bitter tales of targeted treatment in Libya. Some Eritreans told IOM that in the 160kms from Tripoli to the Tunisian border, they had been stopped 20 times and totally dispossessed of all their money and belongings. A Chadian migrant recounted the increasing violence at night-time in Tripoli that had led to great terror among him and others.

In Egypt, where IOM is also providing registration and humanitarian assistance to migrants at the Salum border crossing, IOM has so far evacuated 1,079 migrants, mostly Bangladeshi but also including Ghanaian , Malians and Filipinos.

In Niger, where IOM has a migrant reception and transit centre in Dirkou, the Organization is gearing up the imminent arrival of another 534 AFrican migrants who arrived in the border area of Madama yesterday. In addition, approximately 2,500 Sub-Saharan African migrants are in Tumo, about 80 kms from Madama. The majority of those who have crossed the Niger border are Nigerien but among the 2,500 migrants in Tumo, IOM believes there are other African nationalities present.

The centre, which provides shelter, food and basic medical care, is currently hosting another 59 migrants including four women and four children. Among the group are two Malians.

Another 1,154 Nigeriens have already transited through the IOM centre in Dirkou and have been assisted by the Organization to get to Agadez.

Plans are underway to extend the current 400 migrant capacity at the centre given that much larger numbers of people are heading to Dirkou.

As the numbers of people fleeing Libya in need of assistance increase daily, a revised IOM appeal will be issued on Monday 7th March as part of the UN Flash appeal. The Organization has been greatly encouraged so far by the response it has had to a joint IOM-UNHCR appeal to evacuate tens of thousands of people fleeing Libya. The two organizations have established a joint humanitarian evacuation programme which aims to vastly enhance ongoing efforts to alleviate the humanitarian crisis at the Tunisian and Egyptian borders.

For further information, please contact:

In Ras Adjir/Djerba, Tunisia, Jean Philippe Chauzy, Tel: +41 79 285 4366, Email: [email protected]

In Alexandria/Salum, Egypt, Chris Lom in Egypt, Tel: + 20101761.308, Email: [email protected]

38 On Libya-Tunisia border, refugees plead for help to go home Source: The Christian Science Monitor

Date: 03 Mar 2011

More than 95,000 refugees have crossed the remote desert border post at Ras Ajdir, Tunisia, in the past 10 days. President Obama said the US military would help transport home refugees from Libya, and the European Commission boosted aid.

By Scott Peterson, Staff Writer / March 3, 2011

Ras Ajdir, Tunisia

The flow of refugees pouring into Tunisia to escape the upheavals in Libya slowed for a second day on Thursday, prompting questions about whether Libyan authorities were deliberately trying to stem the tide.

Read the full article on Christian Science Monitor.

39 Crise en Libye : Première Urgence et Aide Médicale Internationale lancent une mission d’évaluation à la frontière tunisienne. Source: Première Urgence (PU)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

Un partenariat opérationnel entre les ONG françaises Première Urgence (PU) et Aide Médicale Internationale (AMI) se met en place pour venir en aide aux populations victimes de la crise en Libye.

Les autorités tunisiennes ont indiqué ce mercredi 2 mars craindre "une catastrophe humanitaire" alors que, au poste-frontière de Ras Jedir, des milliers de personnes "au rythme de 10.000 par jour" continuent d'affluer. Mardi soir, le Haut Commissariat aux Réfugiés des Nations Unies (UNHCR) et l'Organisation Internationale pour les Migrations (OIM) ont lancé un "appel urgent" à la communauté internationale en vue d'une évacuation humanitaire massive de dizaines de milliers d'Egyptiens et d'autres nationalités qui ont fui la Libye" et se trouvent en attente à la frontière avec la Tunisie. La situation à la frontière entre la Libye et la Tunisie a atteint un niveau critique après le passage de 70.000 à 75.000 personnes fuyant la répression de Tripoli depuis le 20 février, et quelque 40.000 personnes attendent actuellement à la frontière du coté libyen pour entrer en Tunisie, selon l' UNHCR.

Les équipes de Première Urgence se focaliseront sur les besoins de première nécessité tels des produits alimentaires et d'hygiène, de couvertures pour venir en aide aux populations fuyant le conflit. Dans le même temps AMI évaluera les besoins médicaux dans le pays mais également auprès des réfugiés massés à la frontière Tuniso-libyenne. La situation du pays est en constante évolution et nos équipes ajusteront leur réponse afin d'être au plus proche des besoins des populations affectées.

40 IRC launching sanitation and shelter assistance on Tunisian-Libyan border Source: International Rescue Committee (IRC)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

Ras Adjir, Tunisia 03 Mar 2011 -

The IRC's Alan Manski (right) speaks with Egyptian migrant workers who told him they fled Tripoli five days ago and are still waiting to be repatriated to their homeland.

A transit center set up in Tunisia at the Ras Adjir border crossing has become saturated with people who fled the crisis in Libya, increasing the need for improved sanitation and shelter services at the site.

An estimated 90,000 people have crossed into Tunisia in the past 10 days – nearly all of them male migrant laborers who had been working in Libya. The workers are generally finding transportation home after three to five days, but the arrivals have been outpacing the departures.

"Today, as many as 15,000 people were camped out just over the border with no shelter or washing facilities and only a few toilets," says Alan Manski, who is overseeing the International Rescue Committee's emergency response in Tunisia. "People have no choice but to defecate in public. They haven't been able to shower since they left their homes in Libya. There have been plenty of food and water bottle distributions, but no garbage pick-up. As for shelter, the nights are very cold, people are sleeping on the dirt or on slabs of concrete, and it rained today. So, shelter materials are also a real need, even though the situation is short-term."

The IRC is starting a shelter and sanitation project at the transit center this week——giving stipends to workers staying there to build latrines and remove garbage that's piling up. The IRC is also procuring thousands of pieces of plastic sheeting to be used as temporary shelter.

The IRC team has interviewed dozens of new arrivals at the border crossing. Most of them said they fled to escape violence and looting in the communities where they lived in western Libya and others said they were no longer getting paid their monthly wages. Some reported increasing food scarcity in Tripoli and surrounding areas. Many from sub-Saharan African countries spoke of worsening harassment and persecution and several said they were being targeted and feared for their lives. Most were able to take some belongings with them, but had to leave most of their possessions behind. Nearly everyone expressed fear that the worst violence had yet to come.

Tens of thousands of migrant workers continue to flee eastern Libya into Egypt. Most of them are Egyptian nationals and are able to return to their communities of origin, but others remain stranded at the border. An IRC assessment team has arrived in Egypt and will be looking at providing humanitarian assistance along the Egyptian-Libyan border.

Both IRC teams are contingency planning in the event of greater population movements as battles continue between opposition fighters and forces loyal to Libyan leader Moammar Gaddafi.

To Help

Donate Now: Your donation will help the IRC assist people uprooted by violence and devastation in Libya, as well as in Pakistan, Haiti, Iraq, Congo and elsewhere around the world.

Media Contacts

Melissa Winkler (New York)

[email protected], +1 212-551-0972 or +1 646-734-0305

Stefano Gelmini (London)

[email protected], +44 20 7692 2739

41 Handicap International Helps People Fleeing Libya Source: Handicap International

Date: 03 Mar 2011

WASHINGTON - Handicap International has deployed two specialized emergency response teams to Tunisia and Egypt to assist the tens of thousands of people fleeing the fighting in Libya.

Handicap International has sent an emergency response team to Ras Ajdir on the Tunisian side of the border with Libya. Bertrand Effantin, Handicap International's Coordinator in Tunisia, explains:

"The people who have crossed the border are tired, visibly affected by the very trying times they have been through, and are disorientated. They have often slept outdoors for several days in the cold and find themselves in a place which does not have the infrastructure required to cope with this mass influx of people. Tunisian civil society, local organizations, the army and international stakeholders are all mobilized and taking vital action but are still not meeting the needs on the ground."

Handicap International will work to coordinate the different aid agencies already in place and to set up humanitarian distributions to meet specific needs, such as hygiene, which are not currently being adequately addressed. The organization also plans to work on water and sanitation in the transit zones and will provide psychosocial support for people affected by events.

An assessment to monitor the needs of Tunisian families hosting those fleeing from Libya began this morning. Host families may rapidly find themselves facing difficulties in providing support for additional people in their homes. It is also vital that displaced persons are recorded, including those staying with host families, in order to locate them quickly and to offer them appropriate assistance.

In early February, Handicap International provided support to two Tunisian hospitals affected by a mass influx of people injured during the protests in that country. Specialized medical equipment worth approximately $42,000 was supplied to the orthopedic and trauma units of these hospitals.

In Egypt, a team of emergency relief specialists was deployed to the Libyan border today to assess the plight of refugees and the needs of hospitals in the Benghazi area in order to provide them with support, particularly in the provision of physical rehabilitation for the injured.

"The situation is particularly unstable," explained Hélène Robin, Handicap International's Emergency Response Desk Officer. "The context could change very rapidly depending on what happens in Libya over the next few days, and even over the next few hours; this means we have to be on permanent standby, ready to adapt to the changing circumstances."

Handicap International is one of the few international relief and development organizations based both in Tunisia and Egypt. The organization will use its field knowledge, network of local partners and emergency response experience to respond to this humanitarian crisis. Handicap International has been present in Egypt since 1987 and in Tunisia since 1997.

To support Handicap International's work, make a donation online by visiting: www.handicap-international.us

About Handicap International

Handicap International is an independent and impartial international aid organization working in situations of poverty and exclusion, conflict and disaster. We work alongside people with disabilities and vulnerable populations, taking action and bearing witness in order to respond to their essential needs, improve their living conditions and promote respect for their dignity and fundamental rights.

PRESS CONTACT: Lea Radick, Communications Officer, Handicap International: Phone: +1 (301) 891-3002, E-mail: [email protected]

42 International Criminal Court investigates Libya violence in response to UN request Source: United Nations News Service

Date: 03 Mar 2011

3 March 2011 – The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) said today he is investigating alleged crimes against humanity committed in Libya, including by President Muammar Al-Qadhafi and members of his inner circle, following a request from the United Nations Security Council to probe the violent crackdown on protesters.

"There will be no impunity in Libya," Luis Moreno-Ocampo told a news briefing in The Hague, where the Court is based. "No one has authority to attack and massacre civilians."

The announcement comes just days after the Security Council asked the Court to look into the violent repression of protesters, in which more than 1,000 people are reported to have been killed and many more injured as Mr. Qadhafi's loyalists opened fire on peaceful civilians demanding his ouster.

It also comes amid efforts to address the growing humanitarian situation in Libya and on its borders. The UN humanitarian office estimates that some 180,000 people have fled the fighting in Libya so far.

At UN Headquarters in New York, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon convened a video and telephone conference call this morning with regional organizations and UN agencies to discuss the humanitarian situation.

"The Secretary-General urgently appeals to the Libyan authorities to allow immediate and unimpeded access into Libya to determine humanitarian needs and provide assistance inside the country should it be required, including in the west," UN spokesperson Martin Nesirky told reporters, adding that Mr. Ban intends to name a special envoy shortly.

On the ICC investigation, Mr. Moreno-Ocampo said the probe will look into several incidents that have occurred since 15 February in various towns and cities across Libya. "During the coming weeks, the Office [of the Prosecutor] will investigate who are the most responsible for the most serious crimes committed in Libya," he stated.

The Office has identified some individuals with de facto or formal authority on the security forces who allegedly committed the crimes, such as Mr. Qadhafi and his inner circle, including some of his sons.

The Prosecutor also noted that there are people with formal authority who should pay attention to the crimes committed by their people because if they are not preventing, stopping and punishing these crimes, they could be responsible. They include the minister of foreign affairs and the head of the regime's security and military intelligence, among others.

"We'd like to use this opportunity to put them on notice. If forces under their command and control commit crimes, they could be criminally responsible," he stated.

The Office of the Prosecutor will present its evidence to the Court's judges, who will then decide whether or not to issue arrest warrants.

During this morning's conference call, Mr. Ban and the other participants cited a strong need for urgent relief – food, water, sanitation and shelter – for the thousands on both sides of the Tunisian and Egyptian borders due to significant population movements, as well as the need to prepare for a further possible escalation of humanitarian needs should conditions deteriorate inside Libya.

The UN and its partners are working closely with authorities in Egypt, Tunisia and also Niger to meet the basic needs of those who have fled from Libya, the vast majority of whom are migrant workers. But as the situation escalates, it is evident that a much larger response is required, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) stressed.

The UN World Food Programme (WFP) reported today that a ship chartered by the agency and carrying more than 1,000 metric tons of wheat flour to the Libyan port of Benghazi has returned to port in Malta without unloading its cargo due to security concerns.

"We urgently call for safe humanitarian access to Libya," said WFP Executive Director Josette Sheeran. "This shows the scale of the challenge we face, especially if there is a need to ramp up food and other assistance in Libya."

The agency said that aerial bombardments have been reported outside Benghazi, and owners of cargo vessels are reluctant to send their ships into areas where crew members could be endangered or assets damaged.

"We are exploring every possible humanitarian corridor to be prepared in case needs escalate," Ms. Sheeran added.

43 Issue Guide: Arab and Middle East Protests Source: Council on Foreign Relations

Date: 03 Mar 2011

Updated: March 3, 2011

Author: CFR.org Staff

The protests that led to the ouster of Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in mid-January have sparked a wave of uprisings elsewhere in the Arab world. Most notable has been Egypt, where President Hosni Mubarak stepped down on February 11 after thirty years in power. The events--initially spearheaded by youth using social media to coordinate demonstrations and share information--have led to questions about issues ranging from regional stability, and the role of Islamic groups, to the U.S. role in democracy promotion in the Middle East and elsewhere. The following materials provide background and analysis on the wave of unrest sweeping through the Middle East and North Africa.

See list of documents.

44 Stability in the Middle East: The Other Side of Security Source: Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)

Date: 01 Mar 2011

"Find their worst grievances and deal with them"

By Anthony H. Cordesman

Mar 1, 2011

National security is normally seen in terms of military strength and internal security operations against extremists and insurgents. The upheavals that began in Tunis have highlighted the fact that national security is measured in terms of the politics, economics, and social tensions that shape national stability as well. It is all too clear that the wrong kind of internal security efforts, and national security spending that limits the ability to meet popular needs and expectations can do as much to undermine national security over time as outside and extremist threats.

The challenge to national security planners is now to bridge the gap and find ways to assess stability as well as security. Unfortunately, there are no simple or agreed upon ways to do this, and experts differ sharply as to the factors that cause popular unrest, how to measure them, and how to weight given factors. Moreover, much depends on popular perceptions and expectations as well as underlying trends and causes, and there is no convincing way to predict the point at which trends and problems that take years or decades to develop will suddenly reach a flash point that can cause a national security crisis.

There are, however, a range of indicators that do seem to underlie the current unrest in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) area. These indicators differ sharply by country, and accurate data on such indicators are often lacking for given countries as well as for the region. Nevertheless, they provide at least a first step in considering how to reassess national security in terms of stability and give popular needs and perceptions the proper priority.

These indicators are summarized in a new briefing entitled Stability in the Middle East and North Africa: The Other Side of Security. This briefing is available as attached.

Setting the Stage

The first part of the briefing sets the stage by showing how the development of the MENA region compares with that of other parts of the world. It shows just how dangerous it is to ignore the sharp differences between MENA countries. At the same time, it also reveals long-standing problems in the development of the MENA region.

The region as a whole has not move forward at anything like the pace of Asia, and its ratio of GDP to population falls far behind that of developed regions. Moreover, its patterns of GDP growth, while they have improved in recent years, have consistently lagged behind those of other developing areas, and fallen far short of the percentages normally needed to keep pace with high levels of population growth in the region.

These figures are also distorted by the impact of petroleum export revenues and savings, which have made up a major part of the apparent growth in the region without leading to balanced development or benefitting the broad majority of the people in most exporting countries. It is also striking to see how limited "oil wealth" really is in per capita terms in many MENA exporting states, and it is clear that relying on petroleum would not bring national stability in several key exporting countries even if the income was better distributed and used more productively in terms of economic development.

As the following sections of this brief show, the MENA region is broadly more developed than other regions, and does not face the same levels of problems in basic nutrition and dealing with dire poverty. At the same time, a number of MENA countries do face serious problems in these areas, and the others do not reflect anything like the progress in rising above food dependence and poverty seen in many Asian states. In far too many cases, development, and the governance that make it possible, have not provided the benefits that can meet expectations and show people the consistent improvement in their lives that is a key to stability.

This raises two key issues that affect all of the trends and metrics in this briefing:

• First, the key to popular unrest in most countries is not at the extremes of income and services, but in the failure to meet the expectations and needs of a much wider range of the population – coupled to the broad perception that a narrow elite is benefitting at the expense of other groups. As a result, the econometric and social metrics designed to deal with lower levels of income and development sharply understate the problems MENA state face in terms of popular expectations and stability.

• Second, these problems have been driven by a mixture of massive population growth and social change, and a failure to provide the desired rate of development and governance, that has built-up over decades. There are no short-term structural solutions and population growth will pose a critical set of challenges for at least the next decade and probably two.

Put simply, no change in government, or existing patterns of governance, can produce enough major changes in government services and the economy quickly enough to meet popular expectations. At other metrics show, this may be far less true of the ability to make changes in the way governments respond to their peoples, carry out day-day governance, run their justice systems, and deal with internal security. However, the political stability of the MENA region will remain under serious pressure for the indefinite future.

Civil Challenges to Security and Stability

The second section of the briefing highlights the range of pressures involved, and it is clear that they go far beyond both the nature of governance and economics – important as these two factors are to both national security and stability. It identifies the following key factors:

• Rigid and/or Repressive Regimes; Lack of Peaceful Civil and Political Alternatives.

• Problems with Security Forces Police and Rule of Law.

• Ethnic, Sectarian, Tribal, and Regional Differences.

45 • Major Demographic Pressures – Youth Bulge.

• Social Change, Hyperurbanization, Media, Education

• Economic Pressures.

• Uncertain Governance: Services, Education, Health, Utilities (power, water, sewers/garbage)

• Secularism vs. Religion vs. "Justice" vs. Other Ideological Issues

It should be stressed that this is a partial and highly controversial list, that its relevance varies sharply from MENA country to MENA country, that there is no way to weight the importance of given issues, and that far too little meaningful polling data are available to tie the metrics in this briefing to the popular expectations that shape stability and can explode into popular unrest.

Perceptions of Security and Stability

These problems are highlighted in the section on perceptions of security and stability. It highlights key polling data in the Arab Development Report for 2009, which provided an important warning of the instability that might break out in the region.

These polling data show just how different the demands and concern are in four MENA countries, and how many different factors need to be considered. Other polls by PEW,Gallup, ABC/BBC/ARD, and many other sources confirm this reality. The stability and security of given states must be measured in terms of popular perceptions within that particular state, and generalizing on the basis of geography, ethnicity, religion, or regime type can be deeply misleading – as can focusing on one narrow set of factors.

Rigid and/or Repressive Regimes; Lack of Peaceful Civil and Political Alternatives

The metrics dealing with political stability, levels of democracy, voter participation, and press freedom represent a traditional Western approach to evaluating the legitimacy of governance. They are not without merit, and they do illustrate just how different MENA countries are when judged by such metrics.

They also, however, essentially mirror image Western values as "universal" values in ways that often ignore the level of economic progress and well being, the quality of government services, the level of government expenditure to meet popular needs, and the extent to which governments do or do not meet popular expectations on a broad level.

They also do not necessarily reflect the extent to which given countries have a political system where enough pluralism exists for opposition parties to actually have a meaningful voice, and where they have the capability to govern and deal with the underlying problems in the region.

One of the key challenges for regional security and stability is how to reshape governance to meet popular needs. These measures treat "legitimacy" largely in terms of how governments are chosen and not how well they govern. They also tend to understand the regional emphasis on "justice" versus "democracy," and often bear little relation to the level of abuses documented in narratives like the US State Department Human Rights report, and the extent to which given states deal with ethnic, sectarian, and tribal issues.

Put simply, far better and more sophisticated measures are needed, and the kind of surveys illustrated in the previous section may be better ways to understand popular grievances and expectations, and the prospects of major unrest, than these types of indices.

Problems with Security Forces, Police and the Rule of Law

The measures in the next section provide a clearer set of warnings, and ones confirmed by much of the popular unrest that began in Tunisia. Repression does not bring lasting security and stability, particularly if it is applied clumsily, arbitrarily, and in ways that are seen as both corrupt and serving the narrow interests of the ruling elite.

What these metrics are less capable of showing is that repression is sometimes mixed with poor policing, corrupt police and courts, confessions-based justice that involves hard interrogation, and corrupt or elite influence over the commercial justice system and property rights. Less public surveys in countries like Afghanistan and Iraq provide important warning that human rights abuses and harsh security procedures are only part of the problem and one that reaches a far smaller part of the population. It is the overall quality of policing and the justice system that may do far more to either encourage stability or lead to major unrest.

This is also a key issue in judging the level of military expenditure and the tradeoffs between direct national security expenditures and other investments in stability. The data on military expenditures are so different in definition that many do not take account of the cost of police, paramilitary forces, and the justice system. This can sharply understate the effort in given countries.

Classic Economic Pressures

Far too often, economic analyses focus on total national economic growth, the size of GDPs, opportunities for investment, and measures that are critical to macroeconomics and business, but fail to provide meaningful measures of stability.

• Data on per capita GDP help put the economic pressure on stability in more perspective, but differ sharply from source-to- source – even when they appear to have the same definition. Like many indicators in this briefing they can be useful as warning, but do not directly indicate stability.

• The same is true of employment data. These figures are very controversial. Many governments understate the level of direct unemployment, none report credibly on the size of the potential work force that is excluded from employment data (particularly women), and there is no clear measure of disguised unemployment – where a job does exist but has no real value or productivity gain.

• Once again, popular surveys help put this in perspective. The Arab development Report again highlights the fact perceptions are critical.

• The data on poverty and income inequality are also potentially important. One problem is that the poverty level is set so low that it really does not affect the perceptions and expectation of any part of the population other than the poorest citizens.

46 • Another problem – as the Arab Development Report and income distribution data for the US show -- is that income disparity – while important – does not show trends that favor a small elite and can cause major unrest, a loss of relative status, or major problems by group (age, ethnicity, sect, location, etc.)

• Adequacy of income is also a critical factor, and this is illustrated by the data on food costs and food as a share of total income. Sudden peaks in prices, problems with subsidies and corruption of subsidies, can be a key source of unrest as is steady pressure on income. Food also is only one such measure. Housing, electricity, commuting, medical care costs, and education costs, are also potential red flags as to popular feelings and stability.

Demographic Pressures

The charts on demographic pressures provide a grim warning of the level of challenge population growth has, does, and will present to national security and stability. This is a challenge that many Arab (and several Iranian) experts and reports began to flag as early as the 1950s.

It is also a challenge that no government has effectively met, and regional countries and societies resist debating on a broad level. So far, it is driven largely by rises in the cost of living, better education and new expectation, and the gradual rise in the role of women in the work forces. The decline in MENA birth rates doers, however, lag that in the more rapidly developing Asia states and is largely driven by society in the absence of effective national policy.

Youth Bulge

The data on the sharp rise in the number of young men and women highlights these issues for what is the most volatile element of society – although the leaders of unrest may be older or at the older limit of the age group.

To some extent, these data speak for themselves, but they do not reflect trends that need far more attention from governments: growing delays in employment, lack of opportunity for real careers, poor opportunity for secondary and university graduates, exclusion of educated young women and loss of productivity gain, serious problems in financing marriage and housing, discrimination by group and favoritism/corruption in job opportunities. Many MENA states fail the portion of their population that is both growing most rapidly and a key potential source of instability.

Ethnic, Sectarian, Tribal, and Regional Differences

The metrics in this section are only a crude illustration of the fact that stability and security must be measured in terms of key groups within a given nation and not in terms of national averages. Any failure to do so ignores critical sources of unrest and potential social violence.

Social Change, Hyperurbanization, Media, Education

Once again, any survey of MENA trends has to oversimplify the sheer scale of change. Data on the education of women for example, illustrates a key change but the Arab Development Report warns of complex changes in patterns of violence and human trafficking.

Urbanization has radically changed the face of the entire region and continues in most countries. It does not, however, reflect the extent to which it can create a massive enclave of urban poor with inadequate government services, and the fact such density also means that popular communication and unrest can take on a very different character.

At the same time, the data on Internet and cell phone use are only two indicators of the fact that government censorship activities may do little more than push popular perceptions and unrest into listening to foreign (and especially satellite television) media, distrust of governments and authority, and creation of informal networks which are outside government control. Freedom of information is not something governments can now really control. Moreover, efforts to do so almost certainly do more to undermine security and stability by depriving governments of popular trust and preventing informed debate than they can possibly be worth.

Uncertain Governance: Corruption, Services, Education, Health, Utilities (power, water, sewers/garbage)

It is all too clear that all of the prior trends make citizens more dependent on government services, and that the ability of governments to provide competent and affordable basic services, education, and health are critical to stability. It is also clear that this presents critical challenges in dealing with population pressures, particularly at an equitable nation level.

This is very clear from the focus on such problems in a number of countries since the turmoil began in Tunisia, and it is compounded by the perceptions of favoritism and corruption in virtually every aspect of government activity including services. Stability and security require effective governance in these areas.

It is also clear that this is particularly true of education – not simply at the youth level but at the family level. Education is seen as critical to status, social mobility, and the family unit and regimes that do not meet expectations face significant challenges in stability.

Secularism vs. Religion vs. "Justice" vs. Other Ideological Issues

The final key area of instability in this briefing is one where there are no clear metrics, but where the events of the last decade have made it brutally clear that governments that do not address these issue socially and in their education systems cannot succeed through the use of security forces and counterterrorism.

"Find their worst grievances and deal with them"

Finally, it should be clear that no government can meet every challenge and that some challenges can only be met over a decade or more. This means that the civil side of national security, and the search for stability, must involve efforts to prioritize action and hard trade-offs in resources and government priorities. As one expert put it,

"We cannot change population trends quickly. We cannot solve key economic problems in less than half a decade. We cannot suddenly create whole new political systems, or deal with the challenge of religion.

We can, however, listen to the people. We can find their worst grievances and deal with them. And we can seek consistent progress over time"

The challenge for every country and regime in the MENA region is to find a new balance of efforts that can be meet popular needs and expectations. It is also to communicate the limits to what can and cannot be done. This ultimately requires both listening to the people and communicating with them. It also

47 requires some existing regimes to rethink much of their approach to national security and stability, and new regimes to consider from the start what can and cannot be credibly accomplished in ways that actually serve their people. © The Center for Strategic & International Studies

48 Libya as a Multilateral Moment Source: Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

By Mark Quarterman

Mar 3, 2011

The extraordinary violence carried out by Muammar el-Qaddafi's regime in Libya has captured the world's attention and created a multilateral moment. Despite shocking acts, such as the aerial bombardment of civilians, it has been clear that for the time being, no individual government would or could take responsibility to resolve the situation. Hence, the task of upholding the international community's norms fell to international organizations.

A multilateral moment is a situation in which action is required on a particular problem that cannot be solved by any single country. We have reached multilateral moments before, but they are not common. In some instances, the international community rose to the occasion, as in the deployment of a coalition of forces to East Timor to stop post-referendum violence or the unanimous UN Security Council support for the United States to act in self-defense after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In other situations, such as Rwanda and Srebrenica, the multilateral moment passed with ignominious inaction.

To be clear, the crisis in Libya is about the response of the Libyan people to the authoritarian rule of Qaddafi, and it will be resolved primarily by Libyans. External actors might have a role in the outcome, but it will not be decided by them.

As much as organizations such as the United Nations are considered by many to be relics of the mid-twentieth century, when it became clear that no individual state or informal group of states was willing to act regarding Libya, the world turned to them for action. Their response has been mixed, but some notable steps have been taken. It remains to be seen how ultimately effective the UN response will be if the crisis becomes protracted.

On February 22, the Arab League and the UN Security Council each issued statements on the situation in Libya. The Arab League condemned the use of the military against the protestors and barred Libya from taking part in League meetings. The Security Council released a press statement, the lowest level of expression of the Council's views, which called on the government of Libya to meet its responsibility to protect its civilians, condemned the violence and use of force against civilians, and underscored the need for those responsible for the attacks to be held accountable. On its face, the statement touched many important points, but it was clearly just words in a situation of urgency. After unconscionably lengthy silences, the African Union (AU) and the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) spoke out as well. The AU criticized Qaddafi for "the disproportionate use of force," and the OIC issued a statement saying that it considers the "ongoing coercion and oppression in Libya as a humanitarian catastrophe which goes against Islamic and human values."

By February 25, the UN Human Rights Council, which has often accurately been criticized for not taking human rights abuses seriously—especially those committed by its members—took unprecedented action. In a resolution adopted by consensus, the Council strongly condemned the gross and systematic human rights violations committed in Libya, voted to recommend to the General Assembly that Libya's membership on the Council be suspended, and requested Navanethem Pillay, the high commissioner for human rights, to send to Libya a commission of inquiry into the facts and circumstances of alleged human rights violations. The initial cosponsors of the resolution were African and Arab members. The General Assembly followed the Human Rights Council's recommendation on March 1 and suspended Libya by consensus.

With violence increasing, and widening popular calls from around the world for military intervention in Libya, on February 26, the Security Council met again to adopt unanimously resolution 1970, which imposes targeted sanctions (asset freeze, travel ban, and arms embargo) on Qaddafi and his associates and refers the potential crimes against humanity carried out by the regime to the International Criminal Court (ICC). The resolution was adopted under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, which requires all states to cooperate in its implementation. Resolution 1970 is a strong and clear expression of the international community's revulsion with the actions of the Qaddafi regime. The unanimous referral to the ICC is groundbreaking and could set a precedent for future action.

By most accounts, the Security Council negotiations over the text of the resolution were difficult, with certain member states expressing concerns about the ICC referral. A number of states had to swallow long-held misgivings about meddling in the internal affairs of another state. The negotiations were carried on behind closed doors, so we do not know exactly who took what position. But the fact that it took four days to reach agreement on the resolution—lightning speed in Security Council terms—underscores that there was not easy unanimity among its members

Despite the strength of the resolution, it is unlikely to result in an immediate halt to the violence. International organizations are not set up to end violence rapidly, even though after each horror we assure ourselves that such atrocities will occur "never again." The problem with rapid action through multilateral organizations such as the United Nations is that getting the agreement of member states is hard. It is made more difficult in the UN Security Council among the veto-wielding permanent members who hold strongly divergent views on external intervention. The disagreement is over whether sovereign borders should protect states from intervention, or if sovereignty is contingent on whether a state observes or seriously violates the rights of its people. China and Russia—and many formerly colonized states such as India—are wary of what they believe to be an easy Western willingness to interfere in the internal affairs of states.

Even though the multilateral project is so fraught with these difficulties, multilateral moments will continue to arise. Resolution 1970 shows that the members of the Security Council can rise to the occasion. The unanimous vote in the Council on measures to be taken against the Libyan regime gives them a legitimacy that would not attach to a unilateral action. It also advances the legitimacy of the Security Council as a body that can cope with critical challenges. That is the good news. The bad news is that the United Nations and relevant regional organizations took far too long to respond to the crimes being committed by the Libyan government and are still not able to take rapid action to stop those crimes. Progress in multilateral terms is slow and often fitful. However, as of this week, it is real and tangible.

Mark Quarterman is senior adviser and director of the Program on Crisis, Conflict, and Cooperation (C3) at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C.

Commentary is produced by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a private, tax-exempt institution focusing on international public policy issues. Its research is nonpartisan and nonproprietary. CSIS does not take specific policy positions. Accordingly, all views, positions, and conclusions expressed in this publication should be understood to be solely those of the author(s).

50 Thousands of people flown home from Tunisia as evacuation begins Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

GENEVA, March 3 (UNHCR) – An operation to evacuate tens of thousands of people from the Tunisian border and fly them home was under way on Wednesday. Under a programme led by UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration (IOM), more than 50 flights were planned on Thursday to take migrant workers, mostly Egyptians, back home. UNHCR flew home 177 people to Egypt on a first flight Wednesday evening.

Egypt was organizing about 30 of the flights. France, Italy and the United Kingdom were all contributing to the airlift, while UNHCR and the IOM are both chartering flights. The Tunisian government had said on Wednesday that some 25,000 people at the border were in urgent need of onward transport.

UN High Commissioner António Guterres, describing the evacuation as a "logistics nightmare," told the British Broadcasting Corporation on Thursday. "Rich countries have brought home their nationals. Now it is time to help people from poor nations to return home."

Since anti-government protests in Libya descended into violence in mid-February, more than 90,000 people are believed to have fled from western Libya into Tunisia and some 80,000 to Egypt. In the 24 hours up to 8am on Thursday, an estimated 9,000 people crossed into Tunisia.

UNHCR staff at the border said the inflow was continuing on Thursday, but at a greatly reduced rate. It is not clear whether people were being prevented from leaving Libya.

Most of the arrivals have been from Egypt in a country where some 1.5 million migrant workers were employed before the violent split in Libya. Although about three-quarters of the Egyptians have been repatriated, some 12,000 Egyptians remain in Tunisia. UNHCR staff have seen people from more than 20 other countries at the border, including more than 5,300 Bangladeshis who have crossed in the past 24 hours. .

Guterres on Thursday reiterated his concern for people of concern to UNHCR inside Libya. More than 8,000 refugees and 3,000 asylum-seekers are registered with UNHCR in Libya, but the real figure is believed to be higher.

The High Commissioner said UNHCR was talking to resettlement countries to try to find solutions for the refugees in Libya as well as those who had managed to flee the country, including civilians from Somalia and Eritrea. People from sub-Saharan Africa have been arrested in Libya because of rumours that they could be mercenaries.

Meanwhile, UNHCR continues to move tents and other relief items to the border, where a tented camp has sprung up at a new transit centre established by the Tunisian authorities. At least 10,000 people stayed in the camp on Wednesday night. "We hope to double this capacity in the coming couple of days," said UNHCR spokesperson Sybella Wilkes in Geneva.

On the other side of Libya, people have also been crossing to Egypt since the crisis erupted, but the scenes at the Libya-Egypt border are far more orderly. About 6,000 people crossed into Egypt at the Sallum border post on Wednesday, according to UNHCR staff.

They included a large convoy of Egyptians who came from western Libya. UNHCR, with help from the military, distributed 400 food packages to people stranded at the border. UNHCR staff have heard several accounts from Tunisians and Egyptians that they feared being targetted in Libya.

UNHCR is expected to launch a supplementary appeal later this week for US$18 million to fund its emergency response programme for Libya.

51 International Medical Corps Teams in Libya & Tunisia Addressing Needs of Those Affected by Deadly Clashes Source: International Medical Corps (IMC)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

March 3, 2011 - Los Angeles, California - International Medical Corps' emergency response team in Benghazi, Libya is assessing needs of those affected by the violence as well as distributing critical supplies to health structures serving the local population. An additional International Medical Corps team is in Tunisia which is experiencing a large influx of refugees fleeing the violence. The team conducted an assessment at the border in Tunisia and identified that some 25,000 Bangladeshis and Eritreans are on the Tunisian side of the border and are in need of assistance. They determined that on the Libyan side the situation is firmly in control of Qaddafi forces and that access for humanitarian agencies is still not possible. International Medical Corps has additional team members preparing to deploy to the border on the western part of Libya.

The team in eastern Libya has been delivering medicines and medical supplies to health facilities and blankets to migrant workers from South Asia who are stuck at the port. They have visited a number of health facilities and met with health officials and professionals throughout Benghazi governorate to better understand the needs. In addition to medicines and medical supplies, International Medical Corps is finding nurses to be urgently needed, as so many were non-Libyan and have left the country.

International Medical Corps undertook an assessment of hospitals in Benghazi as well as the central medical supply warehouse for all of eastern Libya and a number of local pharmacies. The team identified a need for medicines and medical supplies as the supply chain from Tripoli has been affected by the crisis. Urgently needed supplies include: items and drugs for surgeries, acute illnesses and lab testing; as well as antibiotics and anesthetics. In overall assessments of Benghazi, the team also heard reports of the need for orthopedic and reconstructive surgeons. International Medical Corps teams will continue to assess needs throughout Benghazi in preparation for an increase in violence.

International Medical Corps is also concerned about a shortage in food supplies as existing stockpiles could dangerously diminish in one-two weeks should the supply chain not recover due to the crisis.

The UN refugee agency called the current crisis a humanitarian emergency and said almost 147,000 people have fled Libya's fighting to neighboring Tunisia and Egypt – a number that has been rising steadily since calls from Libyan leader Col. Muammar Qaddafi to take up arms.

Qaddafi came to power 42 years ago in Libya and protests against his rule started two weeks ago in Libya's second largest city, Benghazi. Clashes between protestors and Qaddafi loyalists intensified February 25 in and around Tripoli, signaling that this could be the deadliest in the string of uprisings in the Arab world. There are reports of hundreds new casualties from the recent fighting. The number of those killed in Libya is thought to be in the thousands, while Internet has been cut off and foreign journalists are not allowed to enter the country. There are serious concerns about major military actions in the eastern part of the country, which could trigger a large number of refugees and internally displaced.

The United Nations has called on neighboring countries in Africa and Europe not to turn away those escaping violence in Libya, while the Egyptian military set up a field hospital on the Egyptian side of the border at El-Salloum.

Since its inception 25 years ago, International Medical Corps' mission has been consistent: relieve the suffering of those impacted by war, natural disaster, and disease, by delivering vital health care services that focus on training. This approach of helping people help themselves is critical to returning devastated populations to self-reliance. For more information visit: www.InternationalMedicalCorps.org. Also see us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter.

52 Developments in Libya: an overview of the EU's response Source: European Union (EU)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

Summary: 3 March 2011, Brussels - As events keep unfolding in Libya, the European Union is reacting in many ways. It has imposed sanctions against the Libyan leadership. In a spirit of solidarity, the member states are coordinating repatriation of their nationals and are running a joint border control operation in Italy. Humanitarian aid is being sent to the region. On 11 March EU leaders will meet to discuss the strategic lines of the Union's response.

Libya at the top of the agenda

The EU is following the situation in Libya with great concern. It strongly condemns the violence and use of force against civilians and deplores the repression against peaceful demonstrators which has resulted in the deaths of hundreds of civilians. EU Foreign Affairs, Interior and Defence ministers met in the past few days to assess the situation. The President of the European Council has convened an extraordinary meeting of EU leaders in Brussels on 11 March to discuss his proposals on the strategic lines of the Union´s reaction to developments in Libya and in Northern Africa.

Arms embargo and other sanctions

Negotiations on an EU-Libya framework agreement and ongoing cooperation contracts with the country have been suspended as of 22 February.

Speeding up the repatriation of EU nationals

The EU has been pooling its resources to evacuate its citizens from Libya. Diplomatic missions of EU member states in Tripoli have been working day and night on repatriation of nationals in coordination with the Hungarian embassy representing the Union on the ground. Since 23 February, as part of the Civil Protection Mechanism, the Monitoring and Information Centre (MIC) has been helping with identifying and facilitating assets for evacuation, including by sea. The coordinated action is focusing on the area around Benghazi but also covers other parts of the country.

Border control operation

In the central Mediterranean area, the EU border control agency Frontex and Italy are conducting a joint operation called Hermes 2011. Launched on 20 February following a formal request from the Italian government, the aim of the operation is to help Italy to cope with actual and potential migratory flows from Northern Africa. A large number of EU member states have provided technical assets (such as naval and aerial means) and specialised personnel.

In addition, Frontex and Europol have started risk analysis for the region to be able to better respond to developments on the ground.

Humanitarian aid

The EU has allocated 30 million euros to address humanitarian needs in Libya and neighbouring countries. Initially, medical and food aid, shelter and other necessities are being provided to refugees crossing into Tunisia and Egypt. As soon as the security situation in Libya allows, aid will also be provided inside the country. Last week, two teams of ECHO (EU humanitarian aid and civil protection) experts were deployed on the borders of Libya with Tunisia and Egypt to analyse the humanitarian crisis. The EU Commissioner for humanitarian aid visited the region on 2 March.

Support for the democratic movement

Ref: EU11-079EN

EU source: European Union

UN forum:

Date: 3/3/2011

53 UNFPA Tackles Urgent Health Needs of Refugees Fleeing Libya Source: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

UNITED NATIONS, New York — UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, is tackling the health needs of the thousands of people fleeing the reported violence in Libya, including women and girls—particularly along the Libyan-Tunisian border, where conditions have reached crisis point.

An estimated 172,000 people have already fled Libya towards Tunisia, Egypt, and Niger. Among those, more than 90,000 people have so far crossed into Tunisia, according to the International Organization for Migration. The movement of refugees has intensified, resulting in a huge bottleneck on the Tunisian side of the border. In addition, tens of thousands are still stranded on the Libyan side, without access to food, health, water and sanitation. This could have deadly consequences for the most vulnerable, particularly girls and pregnant women.

In response to the crisis, UNFPA has conducted a rapid needs assessment of the situation in different sites hosting refugees, including migrant workers, along the Tunisian border with Libya. The assessment helped plan the distribution of medical and reproductive health kits, comprising items such as clinical delivery kits for health facilities and maternity wards, as well as equipment and medical supplies for hospitals, including blood transfusion and emergency obstetric care kits.

UNFPA will also provide additional items, such as dignity kits, which include items such as soap, sanitary pads, essential clothing and detergents to women and girls crossing the borders into Tunisia. It will also distribute basic clean delivery kits to the various camps along the Tunisian border, in coordination with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the Tunisian Red Crescent and the Tunisian Ministry of Health.

In addition, UNFPA will be providing basic psychosocial support to people fleeing into Tunisia. The Fund is preparing for these efforts by deploying 20 psychologists at the different sites and camps hosting the fleeing population.

Contact information:

Omar Gharzeddine

Tel: +1 212 297 5028

Email: [email protected]

54 WHO warns of epidemics among refugees in Tunisia Source: Agence France-Presse (AFP)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

TUNIS — The UN World Health Organisation warned Thursday of risks of epidemics among the tens of thousands of people massed in southern Tunisia after fleeing violence in Libya.

"There is not for the moment a humanitarian crisis in the proper sense of the term. But the risks of epidemics are real," a WHO assistant director general, Eric Laroche, told a news briefing.

"We have a concentration of several tens of thousands of people. There are all the ingredients for an epidemic explosion," Laroche said after a visit to the zone where refugees are camped.

He warned of "enormous overcrowding and a lack of hygienic conditions" and said "the pressing need is to have fewer and fewer people who are concentrated there."

"We need to repatriate them by plane and ship and to set up a system to monitor epidemics and provide early warning of contagious diseases."

Laroche praised the "incredible" solidarity of Tunisians with the refugees.

Three million dollars would be needed to cover the immediate requirements of the WHO in southern Tunisia, he said.

The health situation close to the border with Libya "can change from one day to the next," Laroche went on, warning of a large-scale catastrophe if the refugees were not rapidly repatriated.

Laroche announced that a WHO team was due in eastern Libya on Thursday to evaluate needs among the people in this part of the country, which is controlled by opponents of Libyan leader Moamer Kadhafi.

Humanitarian organisations and the international community raced against time on Wednesday to prevent chaos and help the tens of thousands of people in precarious conditions on Tunisia's border with Libya.

The UN World Food Programme announced an emergency aid plan worth 38.7 million dollars (27.9 million euros) to help 2.7 million people in Libya, Egypt and Tunisia.

The European Commission decided to increase the amount of its emergency aid from three to 10 million euros.

55 Hundreds airlifted from Tunisia in mass evacuation Source: Agence France-Presse (AFP)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

DJERBA, Tunisia — A major European operation was under way Thursday to airlift out of Tunisia thousands of people who fled the bloodshed in Libya as Washington also offered planes to repatriate Egyptian refugees.

More French and British flights were planned Thursday with extra aircraft due, including from Spain, and ships from France, Germany and Italy also expected in the coming days.

The goal is to clear out a gridlock after about 95,000 people, most of them Egyptian workers, poured across the border to escape Libya, many of them not moving on and thousands more expected amid warnings of a humanitarian crisis and risk of epidemics.

The refugees started arriving after an uprising against Libyan leader Moamer Kadhafi's 41-year rule started on February 15, unleashing a violent crackdown.

The first French plane involved in the mass evacuation took off from the Djerba airport mid-afternoon, carrying 168 Egyptians to Cairo, following airlifts by British crews that took hundreds out overnight, officials said.

In Washington, President Barack Obama authorised the use of US military aircraft to move Egyptian refugees who have fled Libya to Tunisia.

Noting that tens of thousands of people were trying to escape the violence in Libya, Obama said, "I have, therefore, approved the use of US military aircraft to help move Egyptians who have fled to the Tunisian border to get back home to Egypt."

He said he also authorised the chartering of additional civilian aircraft to help people from other countries find their way home.

He told a news conference that he had directed the US Agency for International Development to send teams to the Libyan border to help address the urgent needs of refugees.

The stepped-up international mobilisation came as a Tunisian minister slammed the slow pace of the refugee repatriation.

"The number of air and sea shuttles is inadequate in the light of the growing number of the refugees," Mohamed Ennaceur, the country's social affairs minister, told reporters in Tunis.

He called on other countries and on humanitarian organisations to "avoid a humanitarian crisis" at the border between the two countries.

He said that between February 20 and March 2 about 95,000 people crossed into Tunisia from Libya, 30,000 of them Tunisians.

Of the 65,000 others there were 41,000 Egyptians and of these 27,000 had already been repatriated, he said.

For the time being, Ennaceur said, "the situation is under control" adding that there were no problems with health or epidemics among the tens of thousands of displaced people in the south of the country.

About 20,000 refugees were in and around Tunisia's main border at Ras Jedir by late Wednesday, said Colonel Malik Mihoub from Tunisian civil security.

Most of the thousands stuck at the border were male foreign migrant workers, with 85 percent originating from Egypt, while the others were from as far afield as Bangladesh, China and Vietnam, the UN has said.

More than 7,500 people from 21 countries had arrived through Ras Jedir on Wednesday alone, said UN official Amor Nekhili. More than 5,000 were from Bangladesh with Libyans, Egyptians and Vietnamese also present.

Thousands of people were bussed to Djerba and the port of Zarzis early Thursday ahead of their trips home, according to an AFP reporter at the scene.

Britain had evacuated over 700 Egyptians from Djerba to Cairo by early Thursday, using commercial charter flights, a government official said.

France would operate six flights on Thursday, with flights also planned to move out a total of 5,000 over the next four days, its government spokesman said.

France was also sending the second-largest warship in its fleet, the amphibious assault ship Mistral, to Zarzis.

The International Organization for Migration said it would put on nine flights Thursday with the help of the British government and United Nations, and expected to transport 1,700 people from Djerba to Cairo.

Germany pledged three ships to evacuate some 4,000 migrants while Spain sent a plane to carry out three daily flights to take about 4,000 people over the next week, officials said.

One of those making the trip Thursday was Ahmadi Bakar, 27, who arrived in Tunisia four days ago with only a plastic bag, having been unable to catch a flight out of Tripoli.

"I am happy, I am going to see my family in Egypt," he said. "Libyan soldiers took everything from me, my phone and my money."

Tens of thousands of foreign nationals have already been evacuated by their government from Libya after the start of the uprising, which follows ones that toppled the presidents of Tunisia and Egypt.

The Djerba airport had received 250 flights since Friday last week to take out 35,000 people, the airport director said.

56 The European Union announced meanwhile it would earmark 30 million euros in aid to cope with the refugee crisis spawned by the Libya violence.

57 Libya: ICRC calls for medical personnel to be respected Source: International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

Geneva/Benghazi (ICRC) – Credible reports indicate that two Libyan Red Crescent ambulances were shot at today in Misrata, west of Benghazi, resulting in two volunteers being injured and one of the ambulances being completely burnt.

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) calls on all those taking part in the violence to comply with their obligation to respect and protect in all circumstances medical personnel, medical facilities and any vehicle used as an ambulance. Health personnel, in particular Libyan Red Crescent volunteers, must be able to provide aid unhindered and in safety.

"Red Crescent and Red Cross staff must be respected and allowed to carry out their life-saving work in safety," said Simon Brooks, head of the ICRC team in Benghazi. "This is a vital issue for us and our colleagues at the Libyan Red Crescent. Volunteers are always ready to do their job but they must be granted the necessary security."

The ICRC currently has 12 staff in Benghazi, including a medical team that is visiting areas outside the city in cooperation with the Libyan Red Crescent.

For further information, please contact:

Hicham Hassan (English, Arabic, French), ICRC Benghazi, tel: +20 1 87 42 43 44

Mohamed Ben Ahmed (French, Arabic), ICRC Tunis, tel: +216 98 432 393

Biljana Milosevic (English), ICRC Tunis, tel: +216 20 33 62 38

Mohammad Sultan (English, Arabic), ICRC Cairo, tel: +20 1 05 05 33 10

Anna Nelson (English, French), ICRC Geneva, tel: +41 22 730 20 63 or +41 79 217 3264

58 Three planes loaded with humanitarian aid for refugees at Tunisian- Libyan border land in Djerba airport Source: Maghreb Arabe Presse (MAP)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

Tunis - Three Moroccan military planes carrying loads of urgent humanitarian aid for refugees at the Tunisian-Libyan border landed, on Wednesday, at Djerba airport (south of Tunisia).

Aid includes 22 tons of medicines and medical equipment, a military field hospital and an ambulance, in addition to 20 doctors and 20 paramedics.

The aid, which meets the pressing need of refugees, will be dispatched to the Ben Guerdan region, the nearest site to Ras Jdir border post (560 km south-east Tunis), where the Moroccan medical team will set up a field hospital to provide health care for those people.

59 EU triples aid for Libya's humanitarian crisis to €30 million as Commission and Hungarian presidency visit Tunisia-Libya border Source: European Commission (EC)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

Summary: 3 March 2011, Brussels - The European Union continues its swift response to the growing humanitarian crisis, caused by the continuing violence in Libya. From the border between Libya and Tunisia, where the humanitarian situation is compounded by the massive flow of people fleeing Libya, Commissioner Kristalina Georgieva and Hungarian Minister of State for EU affairs Enik? Gy?ri called on Member States to step up their efforts to provide urgent relief to the stranded refugees and to facilitate their passage home. During their visit, Kristalina Georgieva announced that the Commission will triple its aid: 30 million EUR will be provided to cater for the humanitarian needs, up from the 10 million EUR that was allocated earlier this week.

Kristalina Georgieva, European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response, and Enik? Gy?ri, Hungary's Minister of State for EU affairs, made the following joint statement: "The unleashing of violence in Libya has triggered a major humanitarian crisis at Europe's doorstep. Europe's values and interests command us to act decisively and this is what we are doing. Europe has mobilised itself not only to evacuate EU citizens in a coordinated and speedy manner, but also to address the dire needs of people suffering - whether refugees fleeing Libya or those trapped by conflict inside the country".

They added: "Today we call upon Member States to carry on this momentum by participating actively in the joint effort to bring home the thousands refugees stranded at the Tunisian border, and by providing immediate relief".

Enik? Gy?ri said also: "In our capacity as Presidency of the Council, we ensure that the European presence in Libya continues. The Hungarian ambassador to Libya is staying deployed to coordinate European action on the ground".

During their visit to the border, Commissioner Kristalina Georgieva announced a new surge in the Commission's support for the growing humanitarian needs in the region: up to 30 million EUR. This is the third allocation that the European Commission makes for the Libyan crisis in less than a week - last Friday, the Commission took an emergency decision for 3 million EUR, which was boosted to 10 million EUR on Wednesday.

In addition to supporting the evacuations, part of the European funding will be used to cater for the most urgent needs of people crossing the Libyan borders: tents and food, blankets and medical aid. Relief operations will be implemented and coordinated with the European Commission's humanitarian partners that are already working on the Libyan borders: the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (ICRC), the Tunisian Red Crescent, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and European non-governmental organizations. Other humanitarian needs that may arise, including inside Libya where the situation is still difficult to assess, will also be provided through this EU support.

Experts from the European Commission's humanitarian aid and civil protection department (ECHO) have just arrived in Libya and working on a first assessment of the humanitarian situation. For a week now, several other humanitarian and civil protection teams of the European Commission are working on the borders of Libya with Tunisia and Egypt. They are analysing the evolving humanitarian needs and coordinating with partner organisations.

Background:

On February 23, following a request from the EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy and the Hungarian Presidency, the European Commission activated the Civil Protection Mechanism, which is currently facilitating the evacuation of EU citizens and other foreigners from Libya.

60 Medical kits sent to Libya by the Italian Cooperation Source: Government of Italy

Date: 28 Feb 2011

Rome 28 February 2011

In response to the crisis under way in Libya, Minister for Foreign Affairs Franco Frattini has asked the Italian Cooperation to make 20 anti-trauma medical kits available to the World Health Organization (WHO) providing humanitarian assistance to the civilian victims of the violence taking place in that country.

The Italian Cooperation medical kits, with a capacity to treat 1,000 cases, will be dispatched from the UN Humanitarian Depot in Brindisi tomorrow, March 1st 2011, to Cairo, where they will be received by WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean staff, and then sent on to the Libyan-Egyptian border, where they will be positioned for introduction into Libya and employed in response to the most urgent needs of the population in the Benghazi area. The operation is valued at an overall €200,000.

61 Libya, humanitarian mission: Frattini in a press conference at the foreign ministry Source: Government of Italy

Date: 03 Mar 2011

On Minister Frattini's instructions, humanitarian operation is about to be launched for the assistance of Libyan refugees amassing in Tunisia.

A first aid facility will be set up at Ras Ejder to provide support for the UNHCR and IMO activities already under way on the ground.

In addition to providing first aid to the Libyan refugees, the Italian facility's main task will be to ensure the transfer by air and sea of Egyptian citizens wanting to repatriate. This humanitarian operation responds to the specific and coincident appeal of the Egyptian and Tunisian authorities, and has a two- fold objective: to alleviate the pressure at the Libya-Tunisia border in the wake of the events in Libya, and to make it possible for Egyptian present in the area to get home.

The humanitarian operation will be conducted in close coordination with the UNHCR, which is already coordinating the other UN agencies in the area, in particular the IMO, which is to be tasked with identifying the nationalities of the refugees to be repatriated.

62 Libye : Le Secours Catholique à la frontière libyenne pour évaluer les besoins Source: Caritas

Date: 03 Mar 2011

Le Secours Catholique à la frontière libyenne pour évaluer les besoins

03/03/2011

Le Secours Catholique et l'ensemble du réseau Caritas mobilisent leurs forces pour venir en aide aux travailleurs migrants fuyant les troubles en Libye. Le Secours Catholique a été chargé d'évaluer les besoins aux frontières qui séparent ce pays de la Tunisie.

Sébastien Dechamps, responsable du pôle Appui et Urgences du Secours Catholique, s'est envolé jeudi 3 mars pour la Tunisie où se pressent, le long de la frontière libyenne, des ressortissants de nombreux pays fuyant l'escalade de la violence qui oppose anti et pro-Kadhafi.

Plus de 100.000 personnes ont déjà fui le pays, soit par l'Égypte, soit par la Tunisie. On s'attend à ce que ce nombre augmente encore. En douze jours, 90 000 personnes ont traversé la frontière tuniso-libyenne, annonce le bureau d'information de l'ONU à Tunis. Rien que dans la journée du 2 mars, 7 561 personnes ont traversé le poste-frontière de Ras Jédir, dont 5 390 Bangladais, 596 Libyens, 539 Égyptiens, 420 Vietnamiens. Au total, il s'agit de ressortissants de 21 pays.

Leurs pays d'origine ne veulent ou ne peuvent pas les aider

Les migrants actuellement en Libye (entre 500.000 et 1, 5 million) sont dans une situation de précarité extrême. La plupart sont originaires de l'Afrique sub- saharienne et se trouvent dans ce pays dans l'espoir de rejoindre l'Europe. « Les ressortissants tunisiens et égyptiens pourront regagner leur pays relativement aisément ; les autres risquent d'avoir beaucoup plus de difficultés car il leur est difficile d'entrer en contact avec les autorités administratives de leurs pays d'origine qui, de toute façon, ne veulent ou ne peuvent pas les aider », explique le frère Alan Arcebuche, directeur de la Caritas libyenne au journal italien Avvenire.

« Chaine humaine » dans les rues de Dacca

La Libye est également une des destinations principales des migrants originaires du Bangladesh. Ils seraient entre 50 et 60.000 à vivre et à travailler en Libye dans le secteur du bâtiment ou employés par des compagnies internationales. Ils sont des milliers à vouloir fuir les troubles et à être coincés aux frontières. La Caritas du Bangladesh et plusieurs autres associations de migrants ont organisé, lundi 28 février, une « chaine humaine » dans les rues de Dacca, la capitale, pour sensibiliser la population au sort réservé aux migrants actuellement en Libye et obliger le gouvernement à agir. Des centaines de familles de migrants et de sympathisants sont venus des quatre coins du pays pour faire pression et demander au gouvernement d'acheminer de la nourriture et de l'eau aux migrants, d'assurer leur sécurité et, si possible, de les rapatrier. Une partie de ces revendications ont déjà été prises en compte par le gouvernement bangladais.

Protection pour nos églises et nos couvents

Les troubles actuels empêchent la Caritas Libye d'apporter l'aide habituelle aux migrants. Trois sœurs franciscaines travaillant pour le centre des migrants de la Caritas nationale dans la capitale, Tripoli, ont dû se barricader chez elles. « Il est impossible d'aller au centre où nous prenons soin des migrants » confie Sœur Sherly Joseph. Bien qu'elles se sentent relativement en sécurité pour le moment, elles regrettent de ne pouvoir garder le centre ouvert.

L'évêque de Tripoli, Mgr Giovanni Martinelli, a reconnu le soutien apporté par les organisations de confessions diverses aux institutions de l'Église catholique. « Nous sommes en lien avec le Croissant rouge et d'autres organisations musulmanes à qui nous avons demandé protection pour nos églises et nos couvents ainsi que pour nos fidèles et pour les sœurs qui travaillent dans les hôpitaux », a-t-il ajouté.

63 DCA allocates DKK750.000 to aid Libyan refugees Source: DanChurchAid (DCA)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

03.03.2011: DanChurchAid allocates DKK 750,000 for emergency relief supplies to refugees from the civil riots in Libya.

"Together with the ACT Alliance we have sent out a team in charge of assessing how to best help the refugees", says DanChurchAid 's Humanitarian Director, Lisa Henry.

To begin with, the ACT Alliance will focus on helping the refugees who have crossed from Libya into Tunesia over the past two days. More than 25.000 people have reportedly created a huge bottleneck on the Tunisian side of the border due to lack of onward transportation.

According to new estimates, up to 147.000 people have fled Libya to Egypt, Tunisia and Niger. Thousands of people are stuck on the Libyan side of the border with Tunisia and are not allowed to cross. They are stranded without access to food, health, water and sanitation.

Lisbeth Engbo

64 Spain sends its first aircraft to evacuate Egyptian citizens from the border of Libya and Tunisia Source: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (AECID); Government of Spain

Date: 03 Mar 2011

1. The aircraft, an MD82, will carry out three daily rotations between Djerba and Cairo, intending to carry 4,000 displaced persons over a week.

2. Even though the aircraft's main objective is evacuation, in its first flight from Madrid it will also carry 5 tons of humanitarian material.

3. Apart from this dispatch, Spain has already sent 30.5 tons of shelter material for displaced persons, and a further € 800,000 have been earmarked for this emergency, of which € 500,000 euros for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and € 300,000 for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Also has activated the Humanitarian Agreement with the Spanish Red Cross has been activated for 250.000€.

Madrid, Thursday, 3 March 2011

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation via the Spanish Agency of International Development Cooperation (AECID), sends today a first evacuation aircraft to the Libyan-Tunisian border. This dispatch is in reply to a request on the Egyptian Government's part to accelerate the evacuation of its citizens from the Tunisian border and the appeal made by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), given the critical situation of overcrowding of people at the border, where 75,000 individuals are estimated to be concentrated.

The aircraft, which will carry out three daily rotations between Djerba and Cairo, with 4,000 people scheduled to be transported next week, transports in its first flight from Madrid humanitarian assistance material, some 5 tons of medicines and shelter material (blankets and tents). The length of stay in the country will depend on the conflict's evolution and the number of displaced persons, as well as on the other alternative means of evacuation to permit the return of the largest number of Egyptian citizens possible to their country, as well as to reduce pressure at the border.

The Egyptian consular authorities will be present throughout the process, being in charge of identifying their nationals, as well as the UNHCR, with which the whole process has been coordinated.

Last Friday, Spain was the first European country to send 30.5 tons of shelter material for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and has put € 500,000 at his disposal to provide attention to the displaced persons. Additionally, € 300,000 euros have been activated within the framework of the Agreement the AECID's Humanitarian Action Office has in place with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which already has staff on the field in Libya. AECID has also activated the Humanitarian Agreement with the Spanish Red Cross for 250.000€ and has put at the informed other NGOs with which it has agreements in place for humanitarian actions of the possible activation of these.

At present, Spain continues in permanent contact with the Governments and International Organisations involved in the response, to provide continuity to humanitarian support. In this process, we are considering actions according to the needs that are being expressed to us.

65 ACF Emergency Humanitarian Team Dispatched to Libya-Tunisia Border Source: Action Against Hunger-USA

Date: 02 Mar 2011

ACF moves to address urgent food, water, and sanitation needs for the thousands fleeing turmoil in Libya

March 2, 2011

Madrid, Spain—As thousands flee to Tunisia from escalating violence in Libya, Action Against Hunger | ACF International has dispatched an emergency team to evaluate the urgent food, water, and sanitation needs of the displaced population—a team composed of specialists in water and sanitation, food security, and disaster response.

"The influx of people to the border between Libya and Tunisia is increasing by thousands every day," said Javier Perez, who heads the emergency team responding to the crisis. "Action Against Hunger, with funding from the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation and Caja Madrid, will coordinate with various UN agencies in areas where this situation has become critical."

About Action Against Hunger

Action Against Hunger | ACF International is a global humanitarian organization committed to ending world hunger. Recognized as a leader in the fight against malnutrition, ACF works to save the lives of malnourished children while providing communities with sustainable access to safe water and long- term solutions to hunger. With 30 years of expertise in emergency situations of conflict, natural disaster, and chronic food insecurity, ACF runs life-saving programs in some 40 countries benefiting 5 million people each year.

Press Contact

Action Against Hunger - Spain

Carlos Riaza

Prensa y Comunicación Institucional, ACF-Spain [email protected]

Direct: +34 91 391 53 06

66 Libyan Attacks on Hospitals, Patients, and Medical Professionals Must End Source: Physicians for Human Rights (PHR)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

PHR calls for investigations into reported crimes

Cambridge, MA – March 2, 2011 – In Libya during the past two weeks, forces under the command of President Muammar Gaddafi have carried out appalling assaults on the sick, the wounded, and on medical professionals. Unconscionable acts have been reported, including the shooting and killing of patients and fighting inside hospitals and clinics and from medical vehicles.

Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) calls for an immediate end to these alleged violent attacks on civilians and a halt to all interference with medical care in Libya.

"Those who have shot and killed the sick and wounded in cold blood and who have prevented injured patients from receiving care should be prosecuted and punished," said Frank Donaghue, PHR's CEO. "Hospitals should be places of healing, not terror, and these crimes shock the conscience."

PHR applauds the unanimous UN Security Council vote referring the situation in Libya to the International Criminal Court and supports an immediate international investigation into these crimes which constitute gross violations of human rights and humanitarian law.

Reports from a variety of news, medical, and human rights sources, as well as several eye-witness accounts collected by PHR include:

Armed men storming local clinics

Patients disappearing from hospitals

Shooting inside clinics and hospitals

Bodies being removed from morgues and disposed of secretly

Forces firing on ambulances

Gunmen using ambulances to fire on protestors

Injured being shot dead instead of being taken to hospitals

Attacks on health professionals

Medical staff and supplies being kept from people who need them

"Individuals and leaders who continue to allow and encourage these crimes — or worse yet, carry them ou — must be held individually responsible for them. Each and every violation should be documented for the purpose of accountability and to prevent future atrocities," said Donaghue. "International human rights monitors and investigators should be allowed immediate access to the country. The International Committee of the Red Cross should also be granted unfettered access to Libya."

In numerous conflicts, from former Yugoslavia to El Salvador to Somalia, PHR has documented and decried attacks on medical personnel and interference in the delivery of care. Such acts constitute gross violations of human rights and customary international law under the Geneva Conventions.

"PHR salutes the courageous health professionals in Libya who have risked gunfire and attacks within hospitals, who have set up makeshift clinics and convoys to deliver desperately needed medical care and supplies to the sick and the wounded, and who have worked tirelessly to fulfill their medical duties in spite of these overwhelming obstacles," said Donaghue.

------

Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) mobilizes the health professions to advance the health and dignity of all people by protecting human rights. As a founding member of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, PHR shared the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize.

67 WFP Calls for Safe Humanitarian Access to Libya as Ship Carrying Food Aid Turns Back Amid Security Concerns Source: United Nations World Food Programme (WFP)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

ROME – A ship chartered by the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) carrying more than 1000 metric tons of wheat flour, at the request of the Red Crescent in eastern Libya, to the Libyan port of Benghazi, has returned to port in Malta today without unloading its cargo due to security concerns.

"We urgently call for safe humanitarian access to Libya," said WFP Executive Director, Josette Sheeran. "This shows the scale of the challenge we face, especially if there is a need to ramp up food and other assistance in Libya. "

Aerial bombardments have been reported outside the port city of Benghazi, and owners of cargo vessels are reluctant to send their ships into areas where crew members could be endangered or assets damaged.

"We are exploring every possible humanitarian corridor to be prepared in case needs escalate," Sheeran added. "We have already airlifted high energy biscuits to the Tunisian border and we are in the process of pre-positioning wheat in the same area. Our teams are looking at options to build contingency plans and ensure that those who may need food assistance – especially women and children – do not go hungry."

WFP is launching a three month regional operation costing US$39.2 million to provide food assistance inside Libya, to populations that have crossed into Tunisia and Egypt, as well as to communities that are feeling the wider economic impact of civil unrest over recent months.

# # #

WFP is the world's largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger worldwide. Each year, on average, WFP feeds more than 90 million people in more than 70 countries.

WFP now provides RSS feeds to help journalists keep up with the latest press releases, videos and photos as they are published on WFP.org. For more details see: http://www.wfp.org/rss

WFP has a dedicated ISDN line in Italy for quality two-way interviews with WFP officials.

For more information please contact (email address: [email protected]):

Abeer Etefa, WFP Regional Information Officer, Tunisia mobile: +216 55993597

Gregory Barrow, WFP/Rome, Tel. +39 06 6513 2330, Mob. +39 348 1325018

Caroline Hurford, WFP/London, Tel. +44-20-72409001, Mob. +44-7968-008474

Emilia Casella, WFP/Geneva, Tel. +41-22-9178564, Mob. +41-792857304

Bettina Luescher, WFP/New York, Tel. +1-646-5566909, Mob. +1-646-8241112

Rene McGuffin, WFP/ Washington DC, Tel. +1- 202-6531149, Mob. +1- 202-3902579

68 Serving the principle of impartiality on the Tunisian–Libyan border Source: International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

Katherine Roux in Tunisia

Amongst the overwhelming number of refugees at the border, a group of a few hundred Asians stand together waiting patiently with their luggage. They are well organized, lined up in several queues. A red Vietnamese flag waves cheerfully among them, but their faces convey exhaustion.

They are part of a mass exodus of over 2,000 refugees that happened over a period of less than 24 hours. These refugees arrived from an area identified as 'no man's land' which lies between the border of Tunisia and Libya. Of the total figure, approximately 1,164 were Bangladeshis and nearly 200 were Filipinos.

The border crossing itself has been organized by nationality. According to the refugees interviewed by the IFRC, sub-Saharan Africans were among the last to be filtered through.

"We waited for ten days at the border," explained one man from Nigeria sitting eating a sandwich. "North Africans kept moving ahead while we remained behind."

He was one of countless others from sub-Saharan countries such as Ghana, Sudan, Gambia, Senegal, Eritrea and Somalia.

Many of them have chilling tales to tell – some running for their lives for fear of being mistaken for mercenaries.

Ata, a Ghanaian carpenter who had lived in Zawiyah for three years, was holed up in his house for four days, protected by the police.

"Men came to my house and wanted to kill me because they thought I was a mercenary. I ran into the desert. I don't know what I am going to do now. I have no papers, no money."

Yet despite the varying backgrounds and nationalities and religions of these refugees, the Tunisian Red Crescent volunteers demonstrate the importance of the Red Cross Red Crescent principle of impartiality.

The principle of impartiality makes no discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. It endeavours to relieve the suffering of individuals, being guided solely by their needs, and to give priority to the most urgent cases of distress.

The Red Crescent volunteers are the living embodiment of this principle. They're working 24 hours a day in shifts to ensure that everyone receives food, water and medical attention as soon as they arrive. They are doing their utmost to help those in need – in circumstances that are both overwhelming and unpredictable for all concerned.

69 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 4 Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

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I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES

- United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon convened a meeting of United Nations agencies and regional organizations to discuss a coordinated approach to the humanitarian situation in and around Libya. He intends to appoint a special envoy responsible for coordinating the relief effort.

- According to IOM, 172,874 people, mainly migrant workers, have left Libya to date.

- The OCHA-led joint United Nations rapid assessment reported little evidence of destruction between the Egyptian border and Benghazi. There are concerns over the implications a fuel-supply cut will have on the continuity of water and power supplies for critical infrastructure.

- According to the Financial Tracking Service, US$35.6 million has been contributed and $10 million pledged from donors in response to the crisis.

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70 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 4 (Arabic version) Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

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71 Italy: Eritrean asylum seekers need to be evacuated from Tripoli Source: Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

Rome, 03 March 2011 – Echoing the appeal by the Papal Nuncio in Tripoli, Monsignor Martinelli, JRS Italy and Malta urge European Union governments to evacuate the approximate 2,000 Eritrean asylum seekers from Libya. These asylum seekers are pleading not to be forced to choose between Libya and home where their lives would be at risk.

"Help us evacuate the Eritrean refugees from Libya. They only wish to live in peace", said Monsignor Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli regarding the 2,000 Eritreans in Libya.

"These people are living in shameful circumstances. They don't have any identification papers. They have health problems. Many are mothers with small children who need milk and medical care", added the Apostolic Vicar.

"I hope that European countries, in particular Italy, take this humanitarian crisis seriously. Given the unstable situation in Libya, their lives would be put at great risk", he stated.

In support of the heartfelt call from the nuncio, JRS Italy and Malta urge all states of the EU to assume responsibility for the Eritrean asylum seekers, respecting their right to protection in a safe country.

"It is only 2,000 people, not a particularly significant number for the European Union. A gesture that states should think of as ordinary, EU governments would provide an extraordinary service to persons whose lives are at risk. European nations, including Italy, have an opportunity to demonstrate their humanity faced with a humanitarian crisis", said JRS Italy Director, Giovanni La Manna SJ.

72 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 3 (Arabic version) Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

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73 Crise humanitaire en Libye - Point sur les actions de la France (3 mars 2011) Source: Government of France

Date: 03 Mar 2011

Le Centre de crise du Quai d'Orsay conduit une opération humanitaire ordonnée autour des priorités suivantes :

1 - Opération d'évacuation des ressortissants égyptiens du camp de réfugiés situé à la frontière tuniso-libyenne.

Cette opération, engagée par les autorités françaises en réponse aux demandes conjointes des autorités égyptiennes et de plusieurs agences internationales, s'inscrit dans le cadre européen.

Évacuation par voie aérienne :

Des avions affrétés par le Département commenceront à effectuer des rotations entre la Tunisie et l'Égypte dès aujourd'hui. Ils permettront de rapatrier un total de plus de 5000 Égyptiens en lien avec les autorités tunisiennes, égyptiennes et le HCR. 6 avions, prévus ce jeudi 3 mars, permettront d'acheminer 1 084 personnes dès la première journée. 2 avions, à raison de 3 rotations quotidiennes, seront engagés lors des 4 prochains jours. Des agents du Centre de crise du ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes, une équipe médicale de la Croix-Rouge et de l'Établissement de Préparation et de Réponse aux Urgences Sanitaires assurent la prise en charge des Égyptiens embarqués à bord des avions.

Évacuation par voie maritime

Le bâtiment Mistral est engagé pour effectuer une rotation maritime de Zarzis vers le port d'Alexandrie. Le navire devrait quitter le port de Toulon le 5 mars à destination du port de Zarzis.

2 - Mission d'aide médicale à Benghazi

Le Centre de crise du MAEE a engagé une opération d'assistance médicale à destination de l'Hôpital central de Benghazi dès dimanche 27 février. La mission est composée d'agents du Centre de crise, de personnels médicaux de la Sécurité civile, d'ONG et de 5 tonnes de matériel médical. L'équipe et le matériel médical, acheminés via l'Égypte afin de rallier Benghazi par voie terrestre, sont actuellement en train de passer la frontière libyenne.

3 - Contribution au HCR

En réponse à l'appel à la solidarité lancé le 2 mars par l'Agence des Nations unies pour les Réfugiés (HCR) et l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM), la France a décidé d'allouer au HCR une somme de 500 000 euros pour appuyer les programmes d'assistance à ces populations.

74 Libye : Le Secours Islamique France s'inquiete de la situation humanitaire des milliers de personnes toujours bloquees a la frontiere tunisienne du cote libyen Source: Secours Islamique France (SIF)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

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Le Secours Islamique France présent à la frontière tunisienne auprès des personnes réfugiées suite aux violences qui se déroulent en Libye, alerte sur la situation des 15 000 à 20 000 personnes massées à la frontière du coté libyen, empêchées de fuir vers la Tunisie et auxquelles les organisations humanitaires ne peuvent pas accéder.

Le Secours Islamique France a envoyé depuis le 26 février deux équipes chargées d'organiser une aide humanitaire pour les populations civiles touchées par la situation en Libye.

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75 Islamic Relief gets humanitarian aid to people affected by violence in Libya Source: Islamic Relief (IR)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

People are being urged to back Islamic Relief in its efforts to get humanitarian assistance to vulnerable people suffering as the situation in Libya escalates.

The humanitarian crisis on the western side of Libya and is rapidly increasing. Around 14,000 refugees crossed the border in to Tunisia yesterday alone, and Islamic Relief is working hard to meet the needs of those fleeing the country. The emergency team of 50 staff and volunteers are focussing on nutrition, shelter and sanitation, on the border with Tunisia and Libya.

In the past two days, Islamic Relief has distributed 44,500 food parcels and water, as well as 5,000 hygiene kits, which include shampoo and soap. 50 people have also received warm clothing, including shoes, jackets and trousers.

Islamic Relief has also set up a transitional camp, with 12 tents that can give between 300 and 350 people a dry and warm place to rest. It's expected that the number of available tents will double later today, and the team is working to prevent the outbreak of disease by making sure the area around the camp is cleaned.

Aid workers are also working with the local authorities to ensure that injured, sick or wounded people are taken by ambulance to nearby hospitals.

Earlier in the week, Islamic Relief delivered a convoy of medical supplies and food staples to Benghazi, in the east of the country. The city will act as a regional hub for the distribution of medical supplies. Together with the Red Crescent Libya, Islamic Relief will make sure aid is available to Libya's most vulnerable, regardless of political affiliation.

Islamic Relief's emergency appeal for the Middle East and North Africa region aims to provide humanitarian aid to those fleeing Libya, as well as development projects in neighbouring Egypt and Tunisia according to development needs.

ENDS

Notes to Editors:

· Islamic Relief is an international humanitarian aid and development agency, with more than 26 years experience of serving humanity. The charity has a number of established offices across the region in Egypt, Yemen, occupied Palestinian territories, Lebanon, Iraq and Jordan, and have completed a variety of development projects, benefiting thousands of people.

· Find out more online at www.islamic-relief.com

76 España envía un avión para apoyar la evacuación de ciudadanos egipcios de la frontera entre Libia y Túnez Source: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (AECID); Government of Spain

Date: 03 Mar 2011

• El avión, un MD82, realizará tres rotaciones diarias entre Djerba y El Cairo con la previsión de trasladar 4.000 personas desplazadas a lo largo de una semana.

• Aunque el objeto principal del avión es la evacuación de refugiados egipcios, en su primer vuelo desde Madrid transportará además cinco toneladas de material humanitario que incluye un kit de pediatría, otro de obstetricia, otro de trauma y un último de acción inmediata con material básico de atención primaria, 900 mantas y 40 tiendas de campaña familiares.

• España ha mandado anteriormente 30,5 toneladas de material de cobijo para los desplazados, y ha destinado otros 800.000 euros para esta emergencia, 500.000 euros para la Agencia de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) y 300.000 para el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR).

La ministra de Asuntos Exteriores y Cooperación, Trinidad Jiménez, ha despedido en la Base Aérea de Torrejón de Ardoz el avión de evacuación que el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación, a través de la AECID, ha enviado a la frontera entre Libia y Túnez. Este envío responde a la solicitud de colaboración por parte del Gobierno egipcio para acelerar la evacuación de sus nacionales en la frontera con Túnez y al llamamiento del Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) ante la crítica situación de hacinamiento en la frontera, donde el organismo estima que hay 75.000 personas. En el acto han estado presentes los embajadores de Túnez, Mohamed Ridha Kecrid y de Egipto, Ayman Abdulsamie Zaineldine.

El avión, un MD82, transportará en su primer vuelo desde Madrid cinco toneladas de ayuda humanitaria, que incluyen 400 kg de medicamentos, 900 mantas y 40 tiendas de campaña familiares. El avión realizará tres rotaciones diarias entre Djerba y El Cairo y está previsto que permita trasladar a unas 4.000 personas en la próxima semana. El tiempo de permanencia en el país dependerá de la evolución del conflicto y del número de desplazados, así como de otros medios de evacuación alternativos para permitir el regreso del mayor número de ciudadanos egipcios a su país y, además, aliviar la presión en la frontera.

En todo el proceso estarán presentes las autoridades consulares egipcias, que serán las encargadas de la identificación de sus nacionales, y ACNUR, con quien se ha coordinado todo el proceso.

El pasado viernes, España ya fue el primer país europeo en enviar 30,5 toneladas de material de cobijo para la Agencia de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados y ha puesto 500.000 euros a su disposición para la atención a los desplazados. También han sido activados 300.000 euros del convenio que la Oficina de Acción Humanitaria de la AECID mantiene con el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR), que ya tiene personal trabajando en Libia. Además, la AECID ha ofrecido a las ONGs con las que tiene firmados convenios para actuaciones humanitarias la posibilidad de activación de los mismos.

España sigue en permanente contacto con los gobiernos y las organizaciones Internacionales implicadas en la respuesta, para dar continuidad al apoyo humanitario, valorando las próximas acciones en función de las necesidades que nos están siendo expresadas.

77 Libya: Urgent Efforts Underway to Evacuate Migrants Stranded in Benghazi Source: International Organization for Migration (IOM)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

IOM is today beginning its first evacuations of migrants out of the Libyan port city of Benghazi.

Priority is being given to about 200 particularly vulnerable migrants, mostly women, children and those in need of medical assistance.

Approximately 5,500 migrants have so far been identified at various locations at the port and surrounding warehouses, mostly from Bangladesh, India and Sudan but also including small groups of Syrians, Ghanaians and other nationalities.

IOM in Benghazi said that upon talking to the migrants, many had remained where they were either because they were afraid or because they were unaware of assistance being offered at the Egyptian border. Many of the migrants, particularly those from Sub-Saharan Africa do not have documents, which would make it difficult to cross the border.

Staff said they were impressed by the local people who had set up support groups providing food and water to the migrants as well as assisting those who do manage to leave for the border. The port authorities were also helping to assist the migrants.

However, many Africans are afraid to leave their homes for fear of being targeted and they along with the others, all of whom are in a dire situation, need to be evacuated as quickly as possible.

With an escort from the Libyan Red Crescent, IOM will initially be evacuating small groups by road to the Egyptian border at Salum where on average about 3,000 people are arriving from inside Libya until sea evacuations are organized to Alexandria in Egypt.

At the border, IOM is providing humanitarian aid including food, water and other non-food items as well as medical and travel health assistance to those being evacuated, this includes help to a group of about 3,000 Bangladeshis and 1,000 north Sudanese still in no-man's land between Libya and Egypt.

Such assistance is becoming increasingly important both for migrants stranded at the Egyptian and Tunisian borders without food or shelter in freezing conditions but also for those escaping into Niger and several thousand migrants stranded in places like Turkey, Malta and Greece after an initial evacuation.

A donation by the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO) of 3 million Euros will enable IOM to provide critical humanitarian assistance to many thousands of migrants in a distressing and difficult situation, both inside and outside of Libya.

A European Civil Protection Team will also work with IOM staff on the ground on the provision of assistance and logistics.

As the crisis in Libya continues, IOM is being made aware on a daily basis of more and more migrant communities still inside the country unable to get out with an increasing number of governments appealing to the Organization to help evacuate their nationals from inside Libya.

In an impassioned plea to IOM, an African migrant told the Organization that between 6,000 -10,000 migrants were trapped in Khomees. They included West Africans, Chinese, Filipinos and among them were families and pregnant women. Stores were running out of food, people were increasingly getting sick and fear of repercussions against foreigners meant that they were too afraid to step out of doors.

Other groups of Filipinos, Vietnamese, Sri Lankans, Nepalese as well as Sub-Saharan Africans are stranded in large numbers in Sirt, Tripoli, Wazem and Misrata as well as elsewhere. Many are without documents and passports which had been taken by their employers.

Meanwhile, with almost 200,000 migrants now have crossed into Tunisia, Egypt and Niger, IOM's evacuation efforts out of Tunisia and Egypt are continuing today.

Nine flights, provided by the British government and UNHCR, carrying nearly 1,700 people will today be flying from Djerba to Cairo.

The evacuation of large numbers of Egyptian migrants who have arrived in the past 10 days into Tunisia will be further bolstered by the provision to IOM by the French government of two planes which will in the next five days help return 2,250 stranded Egyptians home.

For further information, please contact:

In Ras Adjir/Djerba, Tunisia, Jean Philippe Chauzy, Tel: +41 79 285 4366, Email: [email protected]

In Alexandria/Salum, Egypt, Chris Lom in Egypt, Tel: + 20101761.308, Email: [email protected]

78 Crise humanitaire aux frontières de la Libye : le Secours Catholique- Caritas France se rend sur place Source: Caritas

Date: 03 Mar 2011

Suite à l'aggravation de la situation en Libye et les lourdes conséquences aux frontières avec la Tunisie et l'Egypte à travers l'afflux de déplacés, le réseau Caritas et le Secours Catholique se mobilisent en se rendant sur place. Il s'agit d'évaluer les besoins des populations affectées par le conflit libyen ainsi que plus globalement la situation générale dans la région, avec pour objectif d'apporter rapidement une réponse à cette crise humanitaire qui s'annonce.

Après avoir fait le point avec l'ensemble de ses membres engagés dans la région nord africaine, le réseau Caritas a décidé que Caritas Italie continuerait à assurer le suivi de l'urgence en Libye et dépêche deux missions d'évaluation aux frontières avec la Tunisie et l'Egypte. Une première, pilotée par la Caritas américaine CRS, se rend à la frontière égyptienne tandis que le Secours Catholique-Caritas France a été mandaté pour aller à la frontière tunisienne évaluer les besoins. Ainsi, dés aujourd'hui, Sébastien Deschamps, responsable du pôle Appui et Urgences du Secours Catholique-Caritas France, se rend sur place et sera rejoint par des membres de CRS et de Caritas Tunisie.

L'objectif de ces missions dans les zones frontalières est de rencontrer les acteurs internationaux et de faire un premier recensement des besoins des populations qui continuent à y affluer, afin de pouvoir ensuite rapidement apporter l'aide nécessaire. Le Secours Catholique-Caritas France portera une attention particulière aux populations les plus vulnérables, en particulier les migrants sub-sahariens qui seraient entre 6000 et 7000 actuellement, bloqués et dans l'attente d'une solution.

Département relations medias / Sophie Rebours : 01 45 49 73 23

79 Libye : la Suisse renforce son soutien humanitaire Source: Government of Switzerland

Date: 02 Mar 2011

La Suisse renforce son soutien à l'effort international d'assistance aux personnes qui ont fui la Libye en raison des récents troubles. L'Aide humanitaire de la Confédération, qui a déjà déployé des experts dans les régions frontalières de ce pays, a décidé de débloquer 500'000 francs au profit de l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM).

La situation à la frontière entre la Tunisie et la Libye est précaire. Des dizaines de milliers de personnes – en majorité des ressortissants de pays africains ou d'Asie qui travaillaient en Libye – ont trouvé refuge dans cette zone par crainte des violences. Plusieurs organisations internationales sont à pied d'œuvre pour aider ces populations.

L'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) apporte actuellement son soutien à ces travailleurs étrangers ainsi qu'à leur famille qui ont fui la Libye afin qu'ils puissent retourner dans leur pays d'origine. Soit par voie aérienne, par voie terrestre ou par bateau.

L'Aide humanitaire de la Confédération dispose depuis le week-end dernier de huit experts dans les régions frontalières de la Libye (quatre du côté égyptien et quatre du côté tunisien). En plus, la Suisse a dépêché des membres du Corps suisse d'aide humanitaire (CSA) pour renforcer les ambassades suisses au Caire et à Tunis.

Afin d'aider les personnes qui vivent actuellement dans des structures d'accueil mises en place par l'Etat tunisien et le HCR à la frontière avec la Libye, la Suisse prévoit un soutien dans le domaine eau et hygiène. L'Aide humanitaire de la Direction du développement et de la coopération (DDC) au sein du Département fédéral des affaires étrangères (DFAE) examine d'autres champs d'intervention.

Outre l'aide à l'OIM, la Suisse a déjà débloqué 500'000 francs pour soutenir le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) qui apporte une aide d'urgence médicale dans le cadre des événements qui se déroulent en Libye. Une enveloppe globale de 1,5 million de francs a été prévue jusqu'ici dans le cadre de la crise libyenne.

D'une manière générale, la Suisse est très consciente du courage dont font preuve les hommes et les femmes qui descendent dans la rue en Libye pour revendiquer leurs droits démocratiques. Le DFAE condamne avec la plus grande fermeté la violence ciblée exercée par les autorités libyennes à l'encontre des manifestants. Cela est inadmissible.

La Suisse appelle les forces de sécurité libyennes à renoncer à recourir à la force contre leurs compatriotes.

La Confédération a bloqué d'éventuels avoirs de Mouammar Kadhafi et de son entourage en Suisse. Elle a par ailleurs soutenu les efforts pour que la Libye soit suspendue au Conseil des droits de l'homme. Il est impensable qu'un Etat qui commet des violations des droits humains d'une telle ampleur puisse demeurer membre de cette instance.

Auteur:

Département fédéral des affaires étrangères

80 Finland grants additional humanitarian aid for refugees of the Libyan crisis Source: Government of Finland

Date: 03 Mar 2011

Owing to the crisis in Libya and the stream of refugees coming to Tunisia, Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Paavo Väyrynen has decided to grant 1,200,000 euros from the Foreign Ministry's humanitarian aid funds for the relief work done by the Finnish Red Cross in Tunisia. The decision now made by the minister follows on the previous decision to grant 150,000 euros.

"It is of primary importance to alleviate the great distress of civilian victims and refugees as quickly as possible. The decision now taken is based on the appeal received today from the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM), requesting governments to provide assistance and organise transport for refugees crossing the border," Minister Väyrynen states.

During the past two days, 25,000 people have fled from Libya to Tunisia, at a rate yesterday of 1,000 people an hour. Over 20,000 people are waiting across the border. Apart from the Tunisian and Egyptian goverments, the UN Refugee Agency, the International Organization for Migration and the Red Cross movement are striving to organise the reception of refugees and their transport away from the border. Conditions on both sides of the border are unbearable. Out of all the refugees, citizens of third countries are in the most difficult position.

With the support from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Finnish Red Cross will supply protective sheltering material, tents and halls to be assembled, meeting the needs of over 4,000 refugees. The International Federation Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is planning emergency accomodation in Tunisia for at least 15,000 people.

Finland also supports Tunisian civil society through bilateral funding. In addition, other possible forms of support are under consideration.

Additional information: Päivi Nevala, Adviser to the Minister for Foreign Trade and Development, mobile tel. +358 40 753 4375, and Counsellor Timo Karmakallio, Unit for Humanitarian Assistance, mobile tel. + 358 40 727 5487

81 Humanitarian crisis in Libya - Summary of France’s actions (March 3, 2011) Source: Government of France

Date: 03 Mar 2011

The Quai d'Orsay Crisis Center is conducting a humanitarian operation focusing on the following priorities:

1. Operation to evacuate Egyptian nationals from the refugee camp on the Tunisian/ Libyan border.

This operation, implemented by the French authorities in response to the joint demands of the Egyptian authorities and several international agencies, falls within the European framework.

Evacuation by air:

Planes chartered by the Department will begin round trips between Tunisia and Egypt today. These will make it possible to evacuate more than 5,000 Egyptians in all in collaboration with the Tunisian and Egyptian authorities and the UNHCR. 6 planes, scheduled for Thursday, March 3, will allow us to transport 1,084 people as of the first day. 2 planes, operating at a rate of 3 round trips per day, will be used over the next 4 days. Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs' Crisis Center personnel, a Red Cross and Établissement de Préparation et de Réponse aux Urgences Sanitaires [Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Agency] medical team will take care of the Egyptians taken on board these planes.

Evacuation by sea

The Mistral Navy vessel is being deployed to conduct round trips across the sea from Zarzis to the port of Alexandria. The ship is due to leave the port of Toulon on March 5 for the port of Zarzis.

2. Mission to provide medical assistance to Benghazi

On February 27, the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs' Crisis Center launched an operation to provide medical assistance to Benghazi Central Hospital. The mission is composed of Crisis Center personnel, sécurité civile [emergency services] medical personnel, NGO personnel, and 5 tons of medical supplies. The medical team and supplies being transported overland via Egypt in order to get to Benghazi are now crossing the Libyan border.

3. Contribution to the UNHCR

In response to the appeal for solidarity launched on March 2 by the UN Agency for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM), France decided to allocate a sum of €500,000 to the UNHCR in order to support the assistance programs for these populations.

82 Libya – Complex Emergency U.S. Government Fact Sheet #4, Fiscal Year (FY) 2011 Source: United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

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KEY DEVELOPMENTS

- Access to western Libya remains a significant concern for relief agencies. On March 2, Muammar Gaddafi-led Libyan government forces launched attacks in opposition-held areas of eastern Libya, resulting in heightened fears of additional air raids in the area.

- As of March 3, more than 170,000 individuals—mainly migrant workers—have fled to Tunisia, Egypt, and Niger from Libya, according to the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Reports from the field indicate that congestion at the Tunisian border has decreased since March 1, although thousands of migrants remain at the border awaiting registration and onward transportation. Reports indicate that individuals crossing the Egyptian border continue to quickly relocate to onward destinations.

- On March 3, U.S. President Barack Obama announced the authorization of U.S. military aircraft and commercial aircraft to transport migrant workers who have fled Libya, as well as the U.S. Government's commitment to support the efforts of humanitarian agencies coordinating evacuations.

- On March 3, the U.N. World Food Program (WFP) reported that a European Union-funded WFP vessel carrying more than 1,000 metric tons of wheat flour to the Libyan port of Benghazi has returned to Malta without unloading cargo in Libya due to security concerns.

- On March 2, U.S. Ambassador to Tunisia Gordon Gray declared a disaster due to increasing humanitarian needs on the Tunisia–Libya border. In response, USAID/OFDA is providing $50,000 through the U.S. Embassy in Tunis to the Tunisian Red Crescent for medical care, shelter, blankets, and other emergency assistance.

- On March 3, a five-person team arrived in Tunisia to begin conducting humanitarian assessments and coordinating the multilateral response effort. The team includes representatives from the USAID's Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID/OFDA) and the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (State/PRM). On March 1, USAID/OFDA activated a Response Management Team (RMT) to support the humanitarian assessment team and help coordinate the U.S. Government response effort in Washington, D.C.

- USAID plans to provide $10 million to support individuals affected by violence in Libya. State/PRM has provided $2 million to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) for the evacuation and repatriation of third country nationals from Libya.

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83 UNICEF and partners accelerate humanitarian response to Libyan crisis Source: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

NEW YORK, USA, 2 March 2011 – As tens of thousands flee into Egypt and Tunisia to escape the escalating conflict in Libya, UNICEF is sending relief supplies to help meet the immediate needs of women and children at risk. In support of this emergency effort, the organization is appealing for $7.2 million in additional funding.

UNICEF issued the donor appeal today, in the form of an immediate-needs document, response to the violence inside Libya and the threat of a larger humanitarian crisis.

Charter flights are expected to reach Egypt and Tunisia this week carrying more than 160 metric tonnes of UNICEF aid, including hygiene kits, food and recreational supplies for affected children. UNICEF Director of Emergency Programmes Louis-Georges Arsenault arrives today in Tunisia to help coordinate efforts with other aid agencies and get a better view of the situation on the ground.

Effects of violence

UNICEF staff from both neighbouring countries have already been deployed to border areas in order to assess the needs of Libyan refugees and provide them with assistance – working in tandem with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the International Organization for Migration, and the Egyptian and Tunisian Red Crescent Societies.

Meanwhile, a 14-member immediate-response team has been assembled and is standing by for deployment to Libya as soon as the security situation allows. In preparation for future humanitarian efforts, UNICEF is also contacting partners within Libya, including the Libyan National Red Crescent.

The aid effort comes amidst deep concern over reports that children and adolescents have been killed or injured in violence that is affecting countries in the Middle East and North Africa. UNICEF has expressed particular alarm about the safety of women and children in Libya.

"No child should be exposed to any form of danger, as this could have a long-lasting effect on their survival or psychological well-being," said UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake.

Protecting vulnerable children

The first wave out of Libya has consisted mostly of men – primarily returning Egyptian and Tunisian nationals or third-country migrant workers. As the conflict continues, however, growing numbers of Libyans are fleeing the country with their families, leading to a higher proportion of vulnerable women and children.

UNICEF has urged all parties to place the highest priority on protecting children and ensuring that refugee children and families have access to emergency relief, protection and psycho-social support.

There are not yet confirmed reports of large-scale humanitarian needs within Libya, but as the conflict wears on, there are growing concerns over the availability of medical care for the injured, as well as Libyans' access to basic services and commodities. While details of the situation in the country remain sketchy, indications so far are deeply worrying for UNICEF and other advocates of children's rights.

84 Libya: Aid access to violence-affected area blocked Source: Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

"Volunteer medical doctors are treating the wounded in private locations," said Rosa Crestani, MSF emergency coordinator. "But they are appealing to us for drugs—including pain medication—and surgical equipment to ensure treatment of the injured. For the moment, this is impossible."

The international medical humanitarian organization Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is demanding that parties involved in the conflict in Libya grant it access to violence-affected areas, including the dispatch of humanitarian supplies.

On March 1, the MSF team in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi received a plea for help from a medical doctor in the western city of Misurata, where clashes have reportedly left many people wounded. Like other areas in the west, Misurata has so far been inaccessible to aid workers because of insecurity.

"The doctor is asking us for drugs and medical supplies to treat wounded people," said Anne Châtelain, MSF's medical coordinator in Benghazi. "But we cannot deliver the supplies. The road to Misurata has been blocked by armed men who are stopping traffic."

While eastern Libya remains relatively calm, the west of the country is reportedly plagued by violence, creating a deeply worrying situation that is impossible to assess and respond to since access is prevented. MSF teams present at the Tunisian-Libyan border are blocked from entering Libya.

MSF has received information that many wounded people in Tripoli are not seeking treatment at hospitals for fear of reprisals by militias.

In addition to requesting access to violence-affected areas in order to provide assistance, MSF is demanding respect of medical facilities, especially the right for people to safely seek and receive treatment.

In Benghazi, MSF has supported hospitals with donations of drugs and medical supplies. The hospitals have coped with an influx of more than 1,800 people wounded in fighting from February 17 to 21.

MSF has an eight-person team in Benghazi, as well as 17 people on the Tunisian border. Two trucks from Egypt have already arrived in Benghazi to deliver 17 metric tons of drugs and other medical supplies to city hospitals.

85 Libya – Complex Emergency U.S. Government Fact Sheet #3, Fiscal Year (FY) 2011 Source: United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

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KEY DEVELOPMENTS

- Information from and access to western Libya remains limited. Eastern Libya, including Benghazi, remains relatively calm, with an increasing number of relief organizations arriving and responding to humanitarian needs in the area.

- On March 1, the U.N. General Assembly unanimously suspended Libya's membership in the U.N. Human Rights Council. The resolution was adopted by consensus in the 192-nation U.N. General Assembly.

- As of March 2, more than 165,000 individuals—mainly migrant workers—have fled to Tunisia, Egypt, and Niger from Libya, according to the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Reports from the field indicate that the Tunisian border is experiencing significant congestion, while many individuals crossing the Egyptian border are quickly relocating to onward destinations. The humanitarian community is working with Government of Tunisia (GoT) and Government of Egypt authorities to ease congestion at the Libya–Tunisia border.

- On March 1, USAID's Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID/OFDA) activated a Response Management Team (RMT) for the complex emergency in Libya and deployed staff to the region to identify humanitarian needs and work with partners to coordinate a multilateral response. The team includes staff from the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (State/PRM) and USAID's Office of Food for Peace (USAID/FFP).

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86 AmeriCares Responds to Humanitarian Crisis at Libyan Borders Source: AmeriCares Foundation

Date: 01 Mar 2011

As escalating violence in Libya drives nearly 110,000 people to flee over the Egyptian and Tunisian borders, AmeriCares is responding to calls for humanitarian assistance with an emergency airlift of medical aid, arriving in Cairo on March 3.

The ongoing armed conflict between anti-government protesters and Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi's forces has spread throughout the country in recent days increasing the flow of refugees. The UN Refugee Agency reports that among the Egyptians, Tunisians and other nationals attempting to return to their homelands, at least 55,000 are crossing into Egypt and 40,000 are crossing into Tunisia, with many others moving into two transit camps that have sprung up along the Libyan border.

With tribal leaders and health care providers in the border areas requesting humanitarian assistance, AmeriCares partners assembled teams on the Libyan- Egyptian border to assess the immediate needs at the two camps. Based on these findings, AmeriCares has rushed an emergency shipment out of Amsterdam containing antibiotics, pain relievers, basic chronic care medicines and other medical supplies, enough to treat an estimated 15,000 patients.

The Egyptian government and military have established a field hospital at the border and are helping Egyptian nationals return to their communities. An estimated 7,000 third-country nationals, with many more expected in the coming days, have arrived and are seeking assistance for repatriation to their home countries. These people fleeing the violence, who are waiting to be cleared for exiting Egypt, are in need of tents, medical care and basic hygiene items.

"AmeriCares medical assistance will be used primarily for these third-country nationals who are stranded on the Egyptian border while arrangements are made for them to return to their home countries," said Christoph Gorder, senior vice president of global program operations for AmeriCares. "We are monitoring the situation in Libya daily with our partners, and based on their assessments in the two camps and in the Libyan city of Benghazi, we are prepared to provide further support for their efforts."

For more than 25 years AmeriCares has provided medical relief and humanitarian assistance to millions affected by natural disasters and man-made crises. Disaster relief and emergency medical supplies are strategically stocked and positioned to help people in crisis, wherever and whenever they need it.

87 El presidente del Gobierno anuncia el envío de un nuevo avión a la frontera de Túnez para "posibles traslados" de refugiados Source: Government of Spain

Date: 02 Mar 2011

El jefe del Ejecutivo ha adelantado que España tiene disponible "con carácter inmediato" un avión "tanto para ayuda humanitaria como para posibles traslados" de refugiados.

En la rueda de prensa, ofrecida en la residencia del embajador de España en Túnez, el presidente del Gobierno ha dicho que, además del nuevo avión que va a enviar con carácter inmediato, España puede disponer de buques para el traslado de personas que se agolpan en la fontera tunecina huyendo de Libia.

Rodríguez Zapatero afirmó que el objetivo de su visita a este país, en un momento "histórico", es subrayar el respaldo al proceso democrático que empezó en Túnez y se ha extendido a otros países árabes.

Insistió en que "hemos venido a escuchar, a ayudar, a construir conjuntamente con Túnez un futuro democrático de dignidad y libertad". El papel de España y el de Europa en su conjunto es "apoyar y estimular" los cambios democráticos promovidos por la sociedad.

Carta de las Naciones Unidas

En cuanto a una posible intervención militar en Libia por la que el presidente fue preguntado en la rueda de prensa, Rodríguez Zapatero argumentó que todos los países europeos debemos respetar la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y las reglas sobre intervención en países soberanos. Esta cuestión compete al Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU, zanjó el presidente.

A juicio del jefe del Ejecutivo, Túnez y los países del Magreb necesitan un apoyo financiero que debe provenir del ámbito público, del Banco Europeo de Inversiones, y del privado, a través de la concertación de grandes empresas transnacionales.

En el ámbito nacional, a una pregunta sobre el dato del paro hecho público hoy, el presidente respondió que febrero no es un buen mes para el paro. Agregó que el dato de hoy "no es bueno", aunque especificó que es menos malo que el del año pasado y que el del anterior.

El presidente afirmó que este dato no modifica la evolución que el Gobierno espera para los próximos meses y añadió que "lo que hay que hacer es aprovechar todas las palancas de reformas para que la recuperación del empleo se pueda culminar cuanto antes".

Ver vídeo

88 President of the Government announces deployment of another aircraft to the Tunisian border for the "possible relocation" of refugees Source: Government of Spain

Date: 02 Mar 2011

(excerpt)

At a press conference given at the residence of the Spanish ambassador in Tunisia, the President of the Government said that, besides the new aircraft that will be deployed immediately, Spain can offer a number of ships for the relocation of the people gathering at the Tunisian border as they flee from Libya.

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero stated that the purpose behind his visit to the country at such a "historic" moment is to emphasise the support for the democratic process that began in Tunisia and that has spread to other Arab countries.

He insisted that "we have come to listen, to help, to build a democratic future of dignity and freedom with Tunisia". The role of Spain and Europe as a whole is one of "support and encouragement" for the democratic changes being imposed by society.

Regarding any possible military intervention in Libya, in response to a question at the press conference, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero argued that every European country must respect the United Nations Charter and the rules on intervention in sovereign countries. The United Nations Security Council is the authority on this matter, insisted the President of the Government.

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero believes that Tunisia and the Maghreb countries need financial support that must come from the public sector, from the European Investment Bank, and the private sector through agreements with large multi-national companies.

89 Libya: ICRC supports local medical services Source: International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

02-03-2011 Interview

Amid ongoing unrest in Libya, the ICRC is continuing to assist local doctors in the eastern city of Benghazi and surrounding towns. Boris Michel, the ICRC's head of operations for North and West Africa, explains what else the organization is doing to help those affected by the violence.

On Monday, you called for immediate and safe access to the west of Libya. Have you been able to bring humanitarian assistance into that part of the country?

No, not yet. The situation remains far too insecure and unstable. We're ready and willing to go, but at this stage we can't be sure that we would be able to work in a safe environment. I can't stress enough that the needs of all people affected by this crisis must be met and that the wounded and sick must have access to medical care.

With whom does the ICRC have a dialogue inside Libya?

We are in daily contact with the Libyan Red Crescent Society, which is doing an amazing job of helping people affected by the unrest. In Benghazi we're also in regular discussions with a local committee of doctors, who are in charge of coordinating the city's health activities.

In addition, we're reaching out to anyone who can help us gain safe access to the west of the country. The ICRC has still not been able to send any delegates to Tripoli or other parts of the west and we are insisting on the immediate need for safe access. We're not in a position to go into details on who we are speaking with, but suffice it to say that it's still difficult to get reliable indications that we could safely enter and work in the west.

How do you think the situation is going to evolve militarily, and what do you have to say about reports that the opposition is arming itself in the east?

As media reports show, the situation is quite unstable and it's therefore impossible to speculate on what's going to happen in a few hours, days or weeks. Our focus is squarely on the humanitarian needs and challenges arising from the unrest.

The ICRC has had a medical team in the east of Libya since Sunday, 27 February. What's the latest news you have from them?

The first truckload of medical supplies, which left Geneva by plane on Friday, 25 February, arrived in Benghazi this morning. Members of our joint ICRC/Norwegian Red Cross medical staff and representatives of the Libyan Red Crescent made a first visit to Al Bayda, which is located about two hours north-east of Benghazi, today.

Hospital staff in Al Bayda said around 1,000 people were brought to their emergency room during the violence last week. One of the ICRC medical staff who visited the hospital, Liv Raad, tells us that the nurses in Al Bayda have been working around the clock to care for the wounded, which has put a strain on them. But otherwise, the local medical staff seem to have the situation well in hand.

What have you been able to do in Benghazi so far?

We've been able to visit the three main hospitals, Al Jalaa, Benghazi Medical Centre and Al Hawari, and we are currently working with their staff to reinforce their expertise in treating weapon-related injuries, such as gunshot wounds, which require special technical skills and training.

Another medical team, sent by the ICRC and German Red Cross, is due to arrive in Cairo tonight. They're expected to join our staff in Benghazi on Friday and start working to support doctors and health facilities in towns and villages that the ICRC has not yet been able to reach.

There were reports today of airstrikes on the city of Ajdabya. This afternoon, we sent a truckload of medical supplies and equipment from Benghazi to Ajdabya Hospital. This will provide the local doctors in Ajdabya with enough stocks to treat 100 casualties.

We're also trying to figure out how to get much-needed food supplies to around 6,000 foreign workers who are stranded in and around Benghazi. They are mainly migrant construction workers with very few means who are being looked after by a group of local people. We are hoping to put some of them in contact with their families.

We've seen chaotic pictures coming from the Tunisian side of the border with Libya in recent days. What is happening there?

According to the authorities, a record number of 14,000 people crossed into Tunisia on Tuesday. Our colleagues say that the situation seemed less chaotic on Wednesday than in previous days. That said, those who are arriving are physically and emotionally exhausted. The Tunisian Red Crescent is providing food and clothing to those most in need. They also have ambulances standing by.

Members of the joint ICRC/Finnish Red Cross medical team, which is on the Tunisian border, have been able to meet with medical staff and visit the field hospital set up by the military. The hospital has around 60 doctors and nurses and they are expecting around 20 more to arrive soon. Our colleagues' assessment is that medical needs along the border are being met. The cases they saw were fairly straightforward, such as appendicitis, skin abscesses, asthma and chronic illnesses.

Meanwhile, the ICRC has enabled around 1,300 people in Tunisia who fled the unrest to call their loved ones in Egypt and other countries, including Bangladesh, Nepal, Somalia and Vietnam. About 800 of those calls were made on Tuesday alone.

What is the situation like on the Egyptian side of Libya's border?

Tens of thousands of people have also crossed into Egypt in the past couple of weeks, but the situation on that side of the border is different in that the people fleeing from the east of Libya have faced different circumstances.

Most of those who've come across are Egyptian, which means they're arriving back in their home country as opposed to being in transit. In general, our

90 colleagues along the border tell us that there are adequate water, food and first aid supplies right now. The Egyptian Red Crescent is also providing assistance to those who have fled the violence.

I think it's important to remember that both Egypt and Tunisia have faced their own share of violent unrest in recent weeks and that the influx of people into both countries has put an added strain on existing infrastructure. The Red Crescent societies on both sides, as well as in Libya, are doing their utmost to respond to the situation, despite the difficult circumstances.

We're also working with the rest of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement to coordinate our response to the crisis.

91 Le HCR appelle à l'évacuation massive des étrangers à la frontière entre la Tunisie et la Libye Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

GENEVE, 2 mars (HCR) – L'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) et le Haut Commissaire des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés (HCR) ont lancé un appel d'urgence à tous les gouvernements pour aider à l'évacuation humanitaire massive vers leurs pays d'origine de dizaines de milliers d'étrangers bloqués à la frontière tunisienne avec la Libye.

Le HCR et l'OIM, en consultation avec les Gouvernements égyptien et tunisien, ont établi aujourd'hui un programme d'évacuation humanitaire commun et ont tenu une première réunion mercredi à Genève. Egalement mercredi, le chef du HCR a informé les Etats membres de l'organe directeur du HCR sur cette proposition. Un responsable du HCR a affirmé plus tard « que nous avons beaucoup de soutien. »

Les deux organisations lancent un appel aux gouvernements afin qu'ils soutiennent ce programme sans tarder, en offrant un soutien financier et logistique massif et en mettant à disposition du personnel expert ainsi que du matériel, dont des avions et des bateaux. Un avion affrété par le HCR devait rapatrier 177 Egyptiens depuis la Tunisie mercredi matin, et un grand nombre de vols de rapatriement sont prévus ultérieurement. L'agence pour les réfugiés travaille également avec plusieurs pays pour établir des ponts aérien et maritime en vue de rapatriements.

Mardi après-midi, le chef du HCR António Guterres a indiqué que la Tunisie lutte pour surmonter l'ampleur de l'afflux – environ 80 000 à 90 000 personnes ont traversé la frontière depuis le 20 février pour échapper à la violence en Libye. La plupart des travailleurs migrants sont originaires d'Egypte et de Tunisie, mais de nombreuses nationalités sont représentées.

A ce jour, le nombre établi de Libyens ayant fui la crise dans leur pays dépasse 3 500 et, selon la suite des événements, ce chiffre pourrait augmenter de façon spectaculaire, a indiqué António Guterres, ajoutant que les Libyens sont bien accueillis à la fois en Tunisie et en Egypte.

« Je pense que nous avons vraiment besoin d'une évacuation massive [d'Egyptiens et d'autres ressortissants de pays tiers qui sont présents à la frontière tunisienne] », a indiqué António Guterres à la BBC à Genève. Il a ajouté qu'il y aurait « un immense désastre humanitaire » en l'absence de mesures sérieuses.

« Ces mesures pourront être prises seulement avec un engagement conséquent de solidarité de la part de la communauté internationale. Et j'espère que les pays mettront à disposition leurs propres ressources logistiques pour permettre une évacuation massive à partir de la Tunisie », a-t-il indiqué.

Dans un message à l'attention du personnel, il a indiqué que le HCR renforce ses équipes d'intervention d'urgence et d'élargir les possibilités de réinstallation d'urgence pour répondre aux besoins des réfugiés pris dans les mouvements de population.

Parallèlement, le HCR est également préoccupé par le bien-être de milliers de réfugiés à l'intérieur de la Libye, où le personnel local du HCR continue d'aider les personnes auxquelles ils ont accès.

« A ce jour, seul un petit nombre parmi plus de 8 000 réfugiés et 3 000 demandeurs d'asile enregistrés auprès du HCR en Libye auraient réussi à sortir du pays. Le nombre de réfugiés et de demandeurs d'asile non enregistrés qui font partie de l'exode n'est pas établi », a indiqué António Guterres dans son message au personnel du HCR mercredi. Il a également indiqué que le HCR était particulièrement préoccupé pour les Africains sub-sahariens qui sont devenus tout spécialement vulnérables car ils sont soupçonnés d'être des mercenaires étrangers.

Parallèlement, les centres de réception et de rapatriement en Tunisie restest inadaptés et le Haut Commissaire a réitéré au personnel que « pour être capable de travailler convenablement, nous avons besoin de décongestionner rapidement la région frontalière », où le HCR a établi un camp de transit pour 10 000 à 12 000 personnes. Des tentes supplémentaires devraient arriver dans la zone frontalière mercredi et jeudi pour aider à doubler cette capacité.

Mardi soir, un grand nombre de personnes ont dû dormir en plein air dans le froid et la pluie. Les abris restent le principal problème, mais le personnel du HCR à la frontière a indiqué que les habitants des communautés locales continuent de venir en nombre pour aider les nouveaux arrivants, en leur fournissant des couvertures, des vivres et du matériel d'abri.

Parallèlement, l'Ambassadrice de bonne volonté du HCR Angelina Jolie a exprimé mercredi sa profonde préoccupation pour les personnes fuyant la Libye ainsi que les dizaines de milliers de personnes forcées de fuir l'escalade de la violence en Côte d'Ivoire.

« Alors que nous assistons au développement de ces deux crises dans l'ouest et le nord de l'Afrique, il est essentiel que toutes les parties respectent le droit fondamental, pour les personnes en danger, de fuir vers des lieux en sécurité – que ce soit des civils pris dans un conflit survenant dans leur propre pays ou lorsque des réfugiés ou des demandeurs d'asile sont confrontés à de nouveaux conflits », a déclaré Angelina Jolie. « Tout ce que je demande, c'est que les civils soient protégés, plutôt que d'être pris pour cible voire de devenir des victimes. »

Angelina Jolie a indiqué « Il faut que la communauté internationale recherche des solutions. Nous devons assurer que les personnes puissent se déplacer en sécurité, qu'elles soient évacuées si nécessaire, et qu'elles accèdent aux procédures de demande d'asile. Nous ne voudrions pas avoir leur mort sur la conscience. »

92 U.S. NGOs urge calm in Libya, safe access Source: InterAction

Date: 01 Mar 2011

Contacts:

Sue Pleming: 202.552.6561 or 202.341.3814 (Cell) or [email protected]

Tawana Jacobs: 202.552.6534 or 202.297.1696 (Cell) or [email protected]

U.S. NGOs urge calm in Libya, safe access

WASHINGTON, March 1 – InterAction, the largest alliance of U.S.-based international NGOs, called on Tuesday for the safe passage of humanitarian workers and medical supplies into Libya, particularly in the west of the country where access and information are currently very limited.

The security situation in Libya remains serious and many civilians have been affected by the violence, which first erupted last month as demonstrators took to the streets to demand that Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi step down.

Tens of thousands of migrant workers have already left Libya and many more are still trying to get back to their countries of origin, either via land, boat or air. InterAction is particularly concerned over the safety of migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, who are vulnerable due to their tenuous legal status and perceived links to African mercenaries employed by the Libyan leader.

"We appeal to the Libyan authorities to allow safe passage of humanitarian supplies and workers into Libya if that is needed. We also urge neighboring countries Egypt, Tunisia and Niger to continue doing all they can to help those migrant workers and civilians who have fled Libya," said Samuel A. Worthington, president of InterAction.

"Reports of civilian deaths and injuries inside Libya are alarming and we urge all sides to respect human rights and not use excessive force. African migrants are a particularly vulnerable group in the conflict," added Worthington.

Information remains scant over exactly what is happening inside the country and a humanitarian needs assessment still has to be done before the full scale of the crisis is known. As of March 1, 2011, the east of the country was under the control of the opposition and Tripoli and the west of Libya remain under the control of the Gadhafi regime.

Some of InterAction's members have been deploying staff to border areas to both help with those fleeing the violence and to be well-positioned to enter Libya if their presence is feasible and becomes necessary.

InterAction is the largest alliance of U.S.-based international NGOs doing relief and development work abroad. A list of our members who are responding to the crisis in Libya is available on our web page http://www.interaction.org/crisis-list/interaction-members-respond-crisis-libya.

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InterAction is the largest alliance US-based nongovernmental international organizations with more than 190 members. Our members operate in every developing country, working with local communities to overcome poverty and suffering by helping to improve their quality of life. Visit www.interaction.org

93 Fleeing Migrant Workers Pile Up at Libya's Borders Source: The New York Times

Date: 02 Mar 2011

By SHARON OTTERMAN and ALAN COWELL

Published: March 2, 2011

SALUM, Egypt — International assistance began trickling though the Egyptian border into Libya on Wednesday, with medical supplies and assessment teams gathering at the border checkpoint here before heading into rebel controlled areas of eastern Libya to see what needs exist there.

But far to the west, on Libya's border with Tunisia, relief officials on Wednesday described an unfolding crisis. Tens of thousands of migrant workers, mainly Egyptians, are fleeing from Libya's turmoil, some saying that they feared for their lives, the officials said. As the refugees cross the border into Tunisia with only limited means of traveling onward, "there is an absolutely mammoth task that is absolutely imperative" to ease pressure on the border area, said Sybella Wilkes, a spokeswoman for the United Nations refugee agency in Geneva.

Read the complete story on the New York Times

94 Fears grow for Libya migrants as thousands flee Source: Amnesty International (AI)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

Amnesty International has warned of a growing humanitarian crisis as thousands of migrants flee Libya during continuing unrest.

The UNHCR warned on Tuesday that Tunisia would need help to deal with up to 75,000 people who had fled Libya since February 20. It said many thousands remained stuck at the border between the two countries in freezing conditions.

The UN refugee agency said 69,000 people had also crossed into Egypt from Libya since 19 February.

"All Libya's neighbouring states must keep their borders open and provide assistance to all those fleeing violence. They are obliged to do this under international law," said Michael Bochenek, Amnesty International's Director of Law and Policy.

"The international community must also do all it can to offer urgent support and assistance to the Tunisian authorities and other states accepting those fleeing the violence, and help migrants return safely to their home countries as quickly as possible if they desire,"

Amnesty International also said it was concerned by a report from UNHCR that migrants in Libya who originate from countries in sub-Saharan Africa were being turned back at the Tunisian border.

"All those fleeing the chaos in Libya must be given sanctuary by neighbouring states without discrimination – not refused entry and put at risk of falling victim to further violence."

About 14,000 Filipinos are trapped in Libya, according to the Philippines Labour Department. The Labour Department estimated that there were 30,000 Filipinos working in Libya before the crisis began there though the Philippine group Migrante-ME has estimated that they totalled nearer 150,000.

Migrante-ME has said that some workers have been hiding in Tripoli while many others are stuck in Libya's oil production areas.

Other foreign migrants workers include an estimated 60,000 Bangladeshis and between 2,000 and 5,000 Nepalis with many struggling to find a way out.

It is estimated that were more than a million refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants in Libya before the current crisis, most of them from sub-Saharan Africa.

"The international community must also provide aid to the UNHCR and other bodies struggling to deal with this crisis. They must also act quickly, before the problem gets even worse," said Michael Bochenek.

Amnesty International is also calling for:

Neighbouring countries to allow entry to all arrivals from Libya - of Libyan nationals as well as nationals of other states

Receiving countries to address the immediate needs of arrivals (shelter and accommodation, food, medical services) pending their referral to appropriate services and procedures that address their situation more directly

The international community should assist countries receiving those fleeing Libya with their immediate needs and should assist with resources necessary to ensure that people can reach a place of safety

Allow Libyan nationals temporary protection to allow time for the situation in Libya to be clarified and possible longer-term solutions for them to be identified

States to screen, separate, and respond appropriately to those who are implicated in serious criminal acts, notably crimes under international law

For the referral of those who have been recognized as refugees or are asylum seekers to national asylum procedures or to UNHCR

Provide assistance to those third-country nationals who do not claim international protection with assistance to enable them to return in safety to their homes

Voir la vidéo

95 The Netherlands supports relief operation in North Africa Source: Government of the Netherlands

Date: 02 Mar 2011

Newsflash | 2 March 2011

The Netherlands has pledged €0.5 million in response to an appeal from the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). The situation on Egypt's and Tunisia's borders with Libya, to which more than 100,000 Egyptians, Tunisians and other migrants have surged in the past few days, is deteriorating fast.

The IFRC will be using the money for food, shelter and medicines. By contributing to the IFRC, the Netherlands is supporting the work of the Dutch Red Cross's sister organisations in Egypt and Tunisia.

96 Crise en Libye : Aide Médicale Internationale envoie une équipe médicale à la frontière tunisienne Source: Aide Médicale Internationale (AMI)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

Selon les Nations Unies, plus de 75 000 personnes fuyant les heurts entre les manifestants et le régime ont franchi la frontière avec la Tunisie depuis le 19 février. Près de 40 000 personnes seraient bloquées côté libyen, la situation de surpopulation s'aggravant d'heure en heure. Les combats, qui redoublent d'intensité à l'Ouest de la Libye, font redouter le pire alors même qu'aucun acteur humanitaire ne parvient pour le moment à entrer dans les zones les plus touchées.

Dans le cadre d'un partenariat avec Première Urgence, une équipe A.M.I. se rend dès aujourd'hui en Tunisie dans l'objectif de traverser la frontière et de pouvoir opérer les victimes en Libye. L'équipe évaluera également la situation des réfugiés à la frontière. Pour appuyer le dispositif, nous prévoyons enfin l'envoi de kits de médicaments et de consommables grâce à un partenariat avec Tulipe.

La situation du pays est en constante évolution et nos équipes ajusteront leur réponse afin d'être au plus proche des besoins des populations affectées.

97 Situation in Libya - update 02 March 2011 Source: United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

02 March 2011

British Government to provide emergency relief flights for Libya crisis victims

The British Government will provide emergency evacuation flights to repatriate up to six thousand people stranded in Tunisia to prevent the humanitarian situation on the border with Libya spiralling further into disaster, the Prime Minister David Cameron announced today.

The move comes following the UN's request for international assistance to get those people out and home. At least 85,000 people have crossed the border between Libya and Tunisia so far and many are stranded in hastily organised camps. Thousands of migrants are still sleeping in the open.

The UK Government is providing three commercial charter planes on rotation to fly people away from the camps back to their home, as the most effective method of helping tackle this emerging humanitarian disaster.

The first two planes are scheduled to leave East Midlands and Stansted airports today. They will fly to Djerba airport in Tunisia to collect stranded migrants and fly them to Cairo where they will be met by the Egyptian authorities.

The Department for International Development has already flown 36,000 blankets and tents for 1,500 people in Tunisia and remains in close contact with the UN and others to get more relief supplies in and people out.

Andrew Mitchell, International Development Secretary said:

"There is a real danger that without urgent assistance the humanitarian situation on the Libyan border will deteriorate rapidly.

"We are deeply concerned that the large number of migrant workers fleeing Libya lack even basic shelter and face a shortage of food and clean water.

"We must act now to stop the situation deteriorating. Our evacuation flights are vital if we are to stop this humanitarian emergency from becoming a crisis.

"We call on others from the international community to follow our lead and help get these people out of the desperate situation they are in and home to their families."

98 Mass Exodus and the Responsibility to Protect Under International and European Law: The Case of Libya Source: European Union (EU)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

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Southern Member States of the EU are currently worried about a potential mass exodus of refugees from Libya arriving on their borders. The Italian Foreign Minister has anticipated its 'biblical' dimensions, which in fact reflects the dimensions of a crisis that is forcing Libyan citizens to leave their own country in order to preserve their life and freedom. Events in Libya have unfolded differently from Tunisia or Egypt, where the regimes were unwilling or reluctant to initiate a wholesale massacre of their own citizens due partly to the determined reaction of the US and some EU Member States. People fleeing from Libya are protected by the non-derogable right of non-refoulement and thus under no circumstances can they be forcibly returned to a territory where their life or physical safety are at risk for (in this case) political reasons. The 1951 Convention on the International Status of Refugees, the European Convention of Human Rights, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EUCFR) and a whole set of EU Directives are unequivocal in establishing the right of individuals not to be forcibly expelled, whether directly or indirectly, back to the place where they may suffer persecution. This right has been widely and consistently interpreted by national and international courts as an absolute right. In the case Chahal v. United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights, whose jurisprudence is given full recognition under the EUCFR, considered that not even the constraints of countering terrorism allow for a derogation of this right. Of course, the main problem for those suffering persecution is to be able to reach a safe country, so that they can appeal before a jurisdiction that respects human rights not to be returned to the country of persecution.

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99 ICC Prosecutor to open an investigation in Libya Source: International Criminal Court (ICC)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

On Thursday 3 March 2011 International Criminal Court Prosecutor, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, in accordance with the requirements under the Rome Statute will announce the opening of an investigation in Libya.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 (2011) provides jurisdiction to the International Criminal Court over the situation in Libya since 15 February 2011. As per the Rome Statute, the Prosecutor shall proceed with an investigation unless there is no reasonable basis to believe that crimes falling under the ICC jurisdiction have been committed.

Following a preliminary examination of available information, the Prosecutor has reached the conclusion that an investigation is warranted.

Tomorrow at a press conference in The Hague, the Prosecutor will present an overview of the alleged crimes committed in Libya since 15 February 2011 and preliminary information as to the entities and persons who could be prosecuted and put them on notice to avoid future crimes.

The Office of the Prosecutor is liaising with the United Nations, the African Union, the Arab League, as well as States. Additionally, the Prosecutor will also request information from other sources including from Interpol who will provide assistance. The Prosecutor will act independently and impartially.

The next step is for the Prosecutor to present his case to ICC judges who will then decide whether or not to issue arrest warrants based on the evidence.

Practical information for journalists attending the press conference is available here.

Source: Office of the Prosecutor

100 Libya: poor access still hampers medical aid to west Source: International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

More than two weeks after the start of the unrest in Libya, access to wounded and sick people in the west of the country remains problematic due to the ongoing insecurity. The ICRC's director general reminds everyone taking part in the violence that health workers must be allowed to do their jobs safely. Meanwhile, shipments of ICRC medical supplies have started to arrive in the east of the country and are being distributed in Benghazi and Al-Bayda.

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101 CICC: Libya - a new task for ICC Source: International Justice Tribune (IJT)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

The International Criminal Court has much work to do, especially since the landmark decision by the UN Security Council Saturday, to refer the case of Libya to the court. But how long will it take to prosecute suspects? A conversation with William Pace, Convenor of the Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CICC), a global coalition of 2,500 NGOs.

By Geraldine Coughlan, The Hague

Will the ICC have to investigate the situation in Libya now?

The referral by the UNSC does not automatically trigger an ICC investigation as the court operates independently of the UN. It will now fall to the prosecutor to analyse the seriousness of the information received and decide if there is a reasonable basis to proceed with an investigation. In this process, he could seek additional information from States, the UN, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations or other reliable sources. Unfortunately states and international and regional organisations have not always been consistent with this obligation as we have seen in other cases. Hence it could take months or years before a suspect could be brought to The Hague.

Who will monitor the progress of this case?

In addition and as part of this undertaking, the prosecutor has been invited to address the UNSC within 2 months and every 6 months thereafter on the progress made. We also should keep in mind that should an investigation be opened, it could still take some time before the prosecutor is able to gather sufficient evidence to initiate a case against specific individuals for the alleged crimes, which the Prosecutor has himself indicated could amount to crimes against humanity. It's important to note in this respect that those responsible have not been identified by the prosecutor, so we can only speculate at this stage who is responsible for what and when they might appear in The Hague.

When will the crime of aggression become effective?

The amendment is done. This was one of the biggest untold stories of 2010 – that the governments have agreed to the definition of the crime of aggression. It's now in the treaty and they've agreed on amendments on how the court will exercise jurisdiction.

It will require 30 countries to ratify the amendment then it will also require that the ASP after 1 January 2017, gives the go-ahead to the court to begin to exercise jurisdiction over the crime. But it's like the Rome Statute – the amendment to the treaty is done, now it's a matter of state ratification and then the governing body making the decision to say to the court, "OK, we can begin exercising your jurisdiction". Because it takes many countries at least 2 or 3 years to do any treaty ratification, it would take the court several years I think to get ready for exercising this new jurisdiction.

Could the case against Bashir be deferred, as requested by the African Union?

Yes there are very clearly governments who feel that President Bashir is so important to peace between north and south Sudan and that if giving him a deferral from the charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide – for crimes committed in the Darfur region of Sudan, will help him not to go back to war and to respect the north-south process - then he deserves this deferral.

Most of our members fiercely disagree with the idea that excusing anyone - allowing even temporary impunity for these crimes will be helpful and I think if you look at how Article 16 works – year by year - it would be a risky situation if they think that Bashir should be rewarded, given that the vote was something like 98% in favour of creating a south. This wasn't a close election, so why everyone is complementing him for not stealing that election is beyond me.

Will the US sign up to the ICC?

I don't think that one should be optimistic over the next 5 to 10 years that the US will ratify the treaty - but there isgreat optimism that the US could become more formally constructively engaged as an observer country and as a country that is participating in trying to help make certain that the court and complementarity in the Rome Statute system work.

102 WFP Responds to Humanitarian Crisis on Libya's Borders Source: United Nations World Food Programme (WFP)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

In response to the humanitarian crisis on Libya's borders, WFP is launching a US$38.7 million emergency operation to provide food assistance to 2.7 million people. Emergency food has been shipped to the Tunisia-Libya border and shipments of food assistance are being re-routed.

ROME -- In response to the humanitarian crisis on Libya's borders, WFP is launching a US$38.7 million emergency operation to provide food assistance to 2.7 million people in Libya, Egypt and Tunisia.

Meanwhile, WFP High Energy Biscuits are already being distributed at crossing points on the Libya-Tunisa border and shipments of wheat flour have been rerouted to the Tunisian border and the Libyan port of Benghazi. The flour will be pre-positioned to meet immediate humanitarian needs that may arise.

"Standing on the Libya border with tens of thousands fleeing violence I realized that unless the world acts we may be facing an historic human tragedy," said WFP Executive Director Josette Sheeran who traveled to the Tunisia-Libya border on Tuesday to meet local authorities, aid organisations, and people who have fled violence in Libya.

85,000 arrivals

Sheeran's visit to the border crossing point came a day after a WFP-chartered plane landed in the Tunisian city of Djerba carrying 80 tons of High Energy Biscuits for the tens of thousands of arriving in Tunisia from Libya.

More than 85,000 people have crossed into Tunisia in the past week, and many of the arrivals say they have had limited access to food during the journey from their homes and workplaces in Libya.

"Most have been travelling for three or four days. They are walking and have had nothing to eat for up to 48 hours," said WFP's spokeswoman Abeer Etefa, who is at the Tunisian-Libyan border. "Local communities are showing great generosity and solidarity, providing the people who arrive with food and other supplies."

The High Energy Biscuits brought from the United Nations Humanitarian Response Depot in Brindisi, Italy, will be included in the food rations being distributed in border areas by the Tunisian Red Crescent.

Part of the emergency operation just launched envisages the distribution of food assistance inside Libya where it is needed, and if secure humanitarian access is possible. During her visit to the border area, Sheeran called for secure humanitarian access to the country.

103 At least 6,000 killed in Libya unrest: rights group Source: Agence France-Presse (AFP)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

PARIS — At least 6,000 people have died since the start of the revolt against Libyan leader Moamer Kadhafi's regime two weeks ago, a spokesman for the Libyan Human Rights League said Wednesday.

"Victims in the whole country were 6,000," Ali Zeidan told reporters in Paris, adding that this included 3,000 in the capital Tripoli, 2,000 in the rebel-held second city Benghazi and 1,000 in other cities.

"This is what people told us, but it can be more," he added.

Diplomats have said that between 1,000 and 2,000 people have been killed in the rebellion, although precise figures are hard to come by because of the situation on the ground.

Zeidan said there were thousands of mercenaries deployed in Libya, including 3,000 in Tripoli and 3,000 just outside it, allegedly being commanded by officers from Libya's southern neighbour, Chad.

104 Britain, France Help Egyptians Flee Libya Source: Voice of America (VOA)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

Britain and France have launched efforts to help evacuate thousands of Egyptians from Libya.

British Prime Minister David Cameron said Wednesday that he is sending aircraft to rescue Egyptians who are stranded on the Libya-Tunisia border.

France says it is sending military planes and ships to help about 5,000 Egyptian refugees return home.

Canadian officials say a frigate – the HMCS Charlottetown – will depart Wednesday for Mediterranean waters to participate in international efforts to evacuate foreigners and provide humanitarian relief.

In Brussels, European Commission chief Jose Manuel Barroso announced Wednesday that the EU will triple its aid for refugees from Libya's turmoil to about $13.8 million.

On Tuesday, the United Nations refugee agency said violence in Libya had triggered an exodus of more than 140,000 people to neighboring Tunisia and Egypt in the past 10 days, with the situation on the Tunisian border reaching a "crisis" point.

UNHCR spokeswoman Melissa Fleming said Tuesday about 75,000 people have fled from Libya into Tunisia, a majority of them Egyptians. She said the U.N. agency is setting up tents at the Tunisian border to shelter 12,000 people and plans to send in tents and supplies for another 10,000 people on Thursday.

The UNHCR said almost 70,000 people have crossed from Libya into Egypt since February 19.

Aid agencies say tens of thousands of other foreign migrants are stranded in Libya, unable to leave. They say most of the migrants are from poor Asian and African nations whose governments have been unable or unwilling to rescue them.

105 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 2 (Arabic version) Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 01 Mar 2011

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This report is produced by OCHA in collaboration with humanitarian partners. It was issued by Cairo and New York. It covers the period from 28 February to 1 March. The next report will be issued on or around 2 March.

I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES

• According to new estimates, up to 147,000 people have now fled Libya to Egypt, Tunisia and Niger.

• Thousands of people are stuck on the Libyan side of the border with Tunisia and are not allowed to cross. They are stranded without access to food, health, water and sanitation.

• More than 25,000 people have reportedly crossed from Libya into Tunisia over the past two days, creating a huge bottleneck on the Tunisian side of the border due to lack of onward transportation.

• A joint United Nations mission is being organized to eastern Libya to carry out a humanitarian needs assessment.

Please open the link below for the Arabic version of this situation report.

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106 Morocco: HM the King orders dispatching urgent humanitarian aid to refugees at Tunisian-Libyan border Source: Maghreb Arabe Presse (MAP)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

Rabat - Upon the orders of HM King Mohammed VI, urgent humanitarian aid will be sent on Wednesday to thousands of refugees of different nationalities currently at Rass Jdir center on the Tunisian-Libyan border, victims of serious acts of violence in Libya, a statement by the Foreign Ministry said.

This aid will be airlifted and includes a consignment of medicines, twenty doctors and twenty paramedics, as well as medical equipment to meet the special and urgent needs of victims of this appalling humanitarian situation.

This laudable humanitarian royal initiative is part, on the one hand, of the steadfast solidarity-based vision of HM the King, and on the other hand, of the concern of the Souvereign to assist brotherly peoples in Tunisia and alleviate the Tunisian authorities' burden to face the worrying consequences of the growing flow of refugees from the Libyan territory to this border zone, it added.

107 2nd KRCS relief plane takes off from Abdullah Al-Mubarak base en route to Libya Source: Kuwait News Agency (KUNA)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

By Arwa Al-Woqayyan KUWAIT, March 2 (KUNA) -- Kuwait Red Crescent Society (KRCS) announced on Wednesday that the second relief plane took off from Abdullah Al-Mubarak Base today en route to Libya carrying medical supplies to Libyans affected by the current tragic situation there.

KRCS President Barjes Humoud Al-Barjes told KUNA that the Kuwaiti relief plane would offload its cargo at the Marsa Matrouh airport in Egypt before being transferred to the Egyptian-Libyan border in coordination and cooperation with the Embassy of Kuwait in Tunisia and the Egyptian authorities.

He said that other relief planes would head to Libya soon, adding that the move comes in implementation of the directives of His Highness the Amir Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah to send medical supplies to Libyans affected by the current tragic situation in Libya.

He said the Kuwaiti airlift would continue until the situation there stabilizes, praising efforts and supervision of First Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister Sheikh Jaber Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah in this regard. (end) ako.tg KUNA 021505 Mar 11NNNN Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) © All rights reserved

108 Additional Evacuation Flights to Help Ease Some Pressure at the Tunisian/Libyan Border Source: International Organization for Migration (IOM)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

Charter planes being provided to IOM by the British government's Department for International Development (DFID) and UNHCR will allow the Organization to evacuate up to 8,800 Egyptian migrants from Djerba in Tunisia to the Egyptian capital, Cairo.

The first flights will take off today.

The in-kind assistance will help to ease some of the enormous pressure at the Tunisian-Libyan border where in nine days more than 75,000 migrants had fled across the border from Libya and many tens of thousands more stranded on the Libyan side.

With Egyptians representing by far the largest group of migrants who have streamed across the border and unable to go further, the additional charter flights will enable IOM to significantly step up its evacuation efforts.

DFID's contribution will enable IOM to assist up to 6,000 Egyptian migrants to return home from the Tunisian island of Djerba in the next few days. This is being supplemented by a donation of £500,000 to help pay for the staffing and processing costs related to the operation.

UNHCR is providing IOM 16 charter flights.

So far, IOM has evacuated more than 2,400 migrants by air from Tunisia and another 1,450 by sea – of which 2,700 left on 1st March. From Egypt, the Organization has helped 216 non-Egyptian migrants to return home with another 370 due to leave shortly. These include Bangladeshis, Ghanaians and Filipinos.

Funding from the US government of US$ 2 million and $500,000 from the Swiss government in response to an IOM appeal last week will also allow the Organization to provide both evacuation, repatriation and humanitarian assistance to migrants of many nationalities in Tunisia, Egypt, Niger and ultimately from inside Libya.

However, with massively increasing numbers of migrants arriving in countries neighbouring Libya, and with insufficient means to assist, much more funding is needed. IOM and UNHCR yesterday issued a joint appeal for funds and logistical assistance that would enable the evacuation of many tens of thousands of migrants stranded in Egypt, Tunisia, from inside Libya and migrants now stranded in several other countries.

"A rapid and large scale response by the international community is urgently needed. So many thousands of people, many traumatized by what has happened to them, are in need of shelter, food water and medical assistance as well as help to return home," says IOM's Director of Operations, Mohammed Abdiker. "Every few minutes we learn about more and more groups of migrants either stranded inside Libya or those who arrive at its borders with Egypt, Tunisia and Niger. The scale of this crisis cannot be underestimated."

In addition to the large groups of migrants of various nationalities including Bangladeshi, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Ghanaians stranded at the Egyptian and Tunisian borders, a group of 2,400 Sub-Saharan African migrants were at Tumo on the Libyan side of the border with Niger. They are due to arrive at an IOM migrant reception centre in Dirkou in northern Niger.

IOM has already assisted 1,154 Nigerien migrants who have transited through the centre at Dirkou with food, shelter and medical care in addition to transport assistance to the city of Agadez.

IOM has been informed that another 4,000 migrants, mostly Nigeriens are stranded in and around the town of Misrata in Libya with a migrant reporting that 2 African migrants were killed on Monday when they left their home to search for food. Contacts inside Libya are also saying that many thousands of Sub- Saharan Africans are preparing to move to Niger, partly as food prices rocket as supplies run out.

"IOM is already assisting migrants that have crossed into Niger but with many thousands expected to arrive in the coming days, we have to ensure that resources are available to help them and the increasingly large number of migrants from Asia who are now stranded in various countries such as Greece and Turkey after an initial evacuation," Abdiker adds.

Among the migrants now stranded elsewhere include nearly 750 Vietnamese in Turkey and Crete with another 2,000 due to arrive in Istanbul in the next few days. Another 1,200 Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Vietnamese and South African migrants are also expected to arrive by boat in Istanbul in the next day or so.

IOM has been requested by various governments to help their nationals in Crete and Turkey with humanitarian and repatriation assistance.

For further information, please contact Chris Lom in Egypt, Tel: + 20101761.308. Email: [email protected] or Jemini Pandya in Geneva, Tel: + 41 22 717 9486/+41 79 217 3374 email: [email protected] Copyright © IOM. All rights reserved.

109 Libya: Stranded Somali migrants unsure where to turn Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

NAIROBI, 2 March 2011 (IRIN) - Some 2,500 Somali migrants in the Libyan capital Tripoli, under the control of Libyan leader Col Muammar Gaddafi, are holed up in the violence-affected city and unsure what to do, say Somali migrants there.

"We have not left our house in the last 12 days. If we go out we are liable to be attacked," one of the Somalis, Mohamed Aweys, told IRIN by phone from Tripoli. "A friend who went out on 1 March to get some supplies has not returned. We have not seen or heard of him since; his mobile is switched off."

There were 30 Somalis in his house - all seeking refuge and unable to go out to buy basic necessities. "So far, the report we have is that five Somalis have been killed in Tripoli," he added. These claims could not be independently confirmed.

Another 500 in the rebel-held city of Benghazi, Aweys said, had been targeted as suspected pro-Gaddafi mercenaries. "We spoke to some of them on the phone in Benghazi and they are hiding in their homes."

Another Somali in Tripoli, Mahamud Ahmed, said: "We have nothing to do with their [Libyans'] problems. Most of us came here to escape our own problems and look for a better life and now we are caught up in a life-and-death situation."

He said food stocks were running low. "The landlord has been buying things for us, but we are running out of everything. We had some money when the unrest started but we are day labourers and have not worked for 12 days."

Asked if they would try and reach the Egyptian or Tunisian border, like other foreign nationals, Ahmed said: "We are afraid we will get killed before we reach any border."

While governments around the world were evacuating their citizens from Libya, "Somalis have no effective government that can come to our rescue," Ahmed said. "No one is speaking for us."

Somali women are most fearful of what could happen. "I came here about a year and half ago to go to Europe but I have not succeeded so far; now I am caught up in the same thing that I fled in Somalia," Shamso Mohammed told IRIN.

Shamso, like most of her compatriots, left Somalia for Sudan, then crossed the desert into Libya. "We almost died in the desert, but thank God we made it into Libya."

She said three of her friends [women] had disappeared five days earlier. "They were called to work and they went; the last report we have is they were taken in a car by armed men. We don't know what they did to them and there is no one to complain to."

Maryan Ali, who is staying in the same house as Shamso, said she was afraid someone would come to their house and attack them. Some houses where Somalis were staying, she added, had been reportedly attacked.

"We need someone to help get us out of here," Maryan. "The longer this continues the worse our situation gets. If we are not killed, we may die of hunger."

Homeless, penniless

According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), the recent unrest has left thousands of foreign workers from Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe, homeless and penniless.

"Thousands upon thousands of foreign workers remain stuck in Benghazi, after being forced from their factories and losing their possessions in last week's tumultuous events," HRW's emergencies director Peter Bouckaert said.

"Sub-Saharan African workers are in dire need of evacuation because of the threats they face. The people most in need are mainly from poorer countries in Asia and Africa... whose governments have apparently been unable or unwilling to rescue them."

According to HRW, international law does not require third countries to evacuate or repatriate migrants during emergencies of the kind currently in Libya, but in circumstances where particular nationality groups are targeted for persecution there is an obligation not to expose them to the risk of such persecution.

"Crisis point"

Meanwhile, the situation on the Libya-Tunisia border, where thousands of foreigners are trying to leave Libya, is "reaching crisis point", the UN Refugee Agency said. Since 14 February, at least 140,000 have crossed into Egypt or Tunisia.

"Fourteen thousand people crossed yesterday [1 March], the highest number to date, with tens of thousands of people now in urgent need of onward transportation to their home countries," a UNHCR spokesman told reporters in Geneva. "With 10,000-15,000 people expected to arrive [at the Tunisia- Libya border] today it is becoming critically important that onward transport becomes quickly available to avoid a humanitarian crisis."

Benghazi was facing shortages of medicines and medical equipment, according to the NGO International Medical Corps. "Urgently needed supplies include: items and drugs for surgeries, acute illnesses and lab testing; as well as antibiotics and anaesthetics," it said, adding that there was also a need for orthopaedic and reconstructive surgeons. ah/eo/cb

[END] A selection of IRIN reports are posted on ReliefWeb. Find more IRIN news and analysis at http://www.irinnews.org

Une sélection d'articles d'IRIN sont publiés sur ReliefWeb. Trouvez d'autres articles et analyses d'IRIN sur http://www.irinnews.org

110 This article does not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its agencies. Refer to the IRIN copyright page for conditions of use.

Cet article ne reflète pas nécessairement les vues des Nations Unies. Voir IRIN droits d'auteur pour les conditions d'utilisation.

111 Moyen-Orient: Les bénévoles égyptiens, parmi les premiers humanitaires sur place Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

LE CAIRE, 2 mars 2011 (IRIN) - Les associations caritatives égyptiennes et les organisations internationales ont redoublé d'efforts pour venir en aide aux populations touchées par la crise humanitaire de plus en plus grave qui frappe la Libye, où des flambées de violence ont forcé des centaines de milliers de personnes à se réfugier dans les pays voisins.

« Les Libyens sont confrontés à l'épreuve la plus difficile qu'ils aient eue à surmonter depuis des années », a déclaré Shawki al-Haddad, membre de l'Arab Medical Association (AMA), un organisme cairote.

L'AMA a envoyé des médicaments et du matériel médical estimés à un million de livres égyptiennes (179 000 dollars américains) dans la région est de ce pays tourmenté d'Afrique du Nord. La plupart des médicaments, a dit M. al-Haddad à IRIN depuis le Caire, sont des traitements contre l'hypertension, le diabète et les troubles cardiaques.

L'association a également dépêché 30 médecins égyptiens dans l'est de la Libye, et a demandé des fonds pour pouvoir faire davantage. « Nous espérons, à l'avenir, pouvoir envoyer encore plus de médecins sur place », a dit M. al-Haddad. « Un grand nombre de nos médecins ont exprimé le souhait de se rendre [en Libye] pour faire du bénévolat ».

Au poste frontière de la ville de Salloum, les autorités égyptiennes facilitent l'entrée du personnel humanitaire et du matériel de secours en Libye, selon le Bureau de la coordination des affaires humanitaires des Nations Unies (OCHA). La plupart des organisations humanitaires passées dans l'est de la Libye sont égyptiennes, a en outre indiqué l'organisme sans citer de nom.

Environ 1,5 million d'Egyptiens travaillent et vivent en Libye ; selon les estimations, leurs envois de fonds vers l'Egypte représentent chaque année 1,5 milliard de livres égyptiennes (254 millions de dollars), a indiqué le ministère égyptien du Travail. La crise politique actuelle en Libye a néanmoins forcé des milliers d'entre eux à rentrer chez eux.

Le 28 février, 22 000 personnes de plus se trouvaient au centre d'accueil et de traitement de la ville de Salloum, à la frontière entre l'Egypte et la Libye, selon l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM). Quelque 7 000 personnes se trouvaient bloquées dans un complexe situé dans un no man's land entre les deux pays, sans papiers, ni vivres, ni eau.

« Nous collaborons avec le gouvernement égyptien et l'armée pour assurer l'aide nécessaire aux personnes qui reviennent de Libye », a indiqué Mathie Luciano, responsable du développement des projet à l'OIM, au cours d'un entretien téléphonique accordé à IRIN depuis Salloum. « Lorsque ces personnes arrivent, nous leur fournissons des vivres et des médicaments, ainsi que les moyens de transport nécessaires pour leur permettre de rentrer chez elles ».

Une situation évolutive

La situation en Libye évolue rapidement, selon la Commission européenne. « A ce jour, les voisins de la Libye parviennent très bien à gérer l'afflux de leurs rapatriés et de réfugiés libyens... Il est primordial que nous soyons préparés aux déplacements massifs qui risquent de se produire à l'intérieur de la Libye, ainsi qu'à l'afflux potentiels de dizaines de milliers de réfugiés vers les pays voisins au cours des jours et des semaines à venir », a déclaré Kristalina Georgieva, commissaire européenne à la coopération internationale et à l'aide humanitaire, en annonçant la décision de la Commission de débloquer trois millions d'euros (4,15 millions de dollars) pour financer l'aide humanitaire.

Selon le Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés (HCR), au moins 110 000 personnes ont traversé la frontière libyenne pour se réfugier en Egypte ou en Tunisie, et des milliers d'habitants continuent d'arriver toutes les heures. La plupart d'entre eux sont des ressortissants égyptiens et tunisiens, mais on compte également un petit nombre de libyens et de ressortissants d'autres pays.

« Le HCR appelle tous les gouvernements des pays voisins d'Afrique du Nord et d'Europe à conserver leurs frontières terrestres, aériennes et maritimes ouvertes pour accueillir les personnes contraintes de fuir la Libye », a déclaré António Guterres, directeur du HCR. « Toute personne quittant la Libye devrait se voir accorder l'accès au territoire sans discrimination, quels que soient son parcours et ses origines ».

Un petit nombre d'organisations humanitaires, dont Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) et l'International Medical Corps, ont atteint l'est de la Libye, et d'autres se préparent à recevoir des migrants et des rapatriés en Tunisie, mais le manque d'accès et l'insécurité ont jusqu'ici empêché les déploiements massifs, selon certaines sources humanitaires. « Toutes les informations que nous recevons traduisent une situation critique en ce qui concerne les soins médicaux pour les blessés », a indiqué Arjan Hehenkamp, qui dirige les opérations de MSF.

« Cette crise dure maintenant depuis 14 jours, a dit Yves Daccord, directeur général du CICR. Il est grand temps et absolument vital de répondre aux besoins des personnes touchées. Nous appelons toutes les parties impliquées dans les violences à respecter le droit des blessés et des malades à recevoir des soins médicaux, et à faire en sorte que l'assistance humanitaire parvienne aux personnes qui en ont besoin ».

Josette Sheeran, directrice exécutive du Programme alimentaire mondial (PAM) des Nations Unies, s'est rendue à la frontière entre la Tunisie et la Libye le 1er mars pour rencontrer des personnes ayant fui la Libye. Selon le PAM, un grand nombre de ceux qui arrivent sur place déclarent avoir eu un accès limité aux vivres pendant leur trajet depuis leurs domiciles ou leurs lieux de travail, en Libye.

Des centaines de personnes présumées mortes

Les manifestations se sont étendues à l'ensemble de la Libye ces deux dernières semaines, les manifestants réclamant le départ du colonel Mouammar Kadhafi, au pouvoir depuis 42 ans. En réaction, le gouvernement aurait déployé l'armée pour réprimer les manifestations, faisant plusieurs centaines de morts, selon les organismes de défense des droits humains.

Le 26 février, le Conseil de sécurité a imposé des sanctions au régime de Kadhafi, ainsi qu'un embargo sur les armes, des interdictions de visa et un gel des avoirs. Face à la situation dans le pays, l'organe décisionnel a également saisi le procureur de la Cour pénale internationale.

112 La situation reste tendue, selon des informations provenant de l'ouest du pays, sous l'autorité du gouvernement ; ce n'est pas le cas, en revanche, dans l'est, aujourd'hui sous le contrôle de groupes hostiles au gouvernement. OCHA, qui a qualifié « d'extrêmement alarmantes » les informations faisant état d'une poursuite des violences, a rapporté que celles-ci avaient fait des blessés (dont des femmes et des enfants) au sein des populations civiles ; on compterait actuellement entre plusieurs centaines et plusieurs milliers de morts et de blessés.

A New York, Valerie Amos, sous-secrétaire générale des Nations Unies aux affaires humanitaires, a déclaré à la presse que la sécurité représentait un des principaux problèmes rencontrés par les civiles. « Ils fuient une situation extrêmement instable et risquée », a-t-elle indiqué le 28 février.

« Ce qu'on a aujourd'hui, c'est différentes régions du pays désormais sous le contrôle de différents éléments ». ae/eo/cb - nh/amz

[FIN]

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Une sélection d'articles d'IRIN sont publiés sur ReliefWeb. Trouvez d'autres articles et analyses d'IRIN sur http://www.irinnews.org

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113 Libye-Tchad: Les troubles en Libye entravent l'acheminement d'aide humanitaire Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

DAKAR, 2 mars 2011 (IRIN) - Les troubles en Libye ont coupé une route d'approvisionnement de 3 000 km utilisée par le Programme alimentaire mondial (PAM) depuis 2004 pour acheminer des vivres à des dizaines de milliers de réfugiés soudanais et déplacés internes tchadiens dans l'est du Tchad.

«Le PAM utilise le corridor de la Libye pour acheminer environ 40 pour cent de son aide alimentaire aux réfugiés soudanais et déplacés internes tchadiens,» a dit à IRIN Jean-Luc Siblot, le représentant du PAM au Chad.

Selon M. Siblot, lorsque les troubles ont commencé en Libye, 11 000 tonnes de céréales et de légumineuses ont été prêts au port de Benghazi pour être transportés vers l'est du Tchad. Les deux navires chargés de vivres ont dû changer de direction vers Port-Soudan.

Le bureau du Programme alimentaire mondial au Tchad coopère actuellement avec les autorités soudanaises et les équipes logistiques du PAM au Soudan pur rétablir une voie de ravitaillement du Port Soudan à Abéché, ville principale et centre humanitaire dans l'est du Tchad.

« Elle n'a pas été utilisée depuis longtemps et nous aurons besoin de temps pour la réhabiliter », a expliqué M. Siblot en ajoutant que les convois d'aide devront traverser Darfour.

« Cela va avoir un impact financier important. Le réacheminement des navires et le rétablissement du corridor humanitaire à travers Soudan coûteront des centaines de milliers, » a-t-il indiqué.

Pour le Programme alimentaire mondial, cette route est très «critique» : les livraisons alimentaires devraient atteindre Abéché avant le début des pluies en Juin. Après cette date, "rien ne pourrait être transporté par voie routière dans cette région, » a déclaré Siblot.

En Février 2011, environ 325 000 Soudanais, dont des hommes, des femmes et des enfants du Darfour, vivaient dans des camps dans l'est du Tchad, selon le Haut commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés (HCR). Les organismes d'aide humanitaire sont également en train d'assister 131 000 déplacés internes et 50 000 rapatriés tchadiens dans la région. np /pb - amz[FIN]

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Http://www.irinnews.org/reportfrench.aspx?ReportID=92075 A selection of IRIN reports are posted on ReliefWeb. Find more IRIN news and analysis at http://www.irinnews.org

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114 Cruz Roja Española envía ayuda humanitaria a Túnez para asistir a las personas que huyen de Libia Source: Cruz Roja Española

Date: 02 Mar 2011

Una delegada de Cruz Roja Española se encuentra ya en Túnez para apoyar a la Media Luna Roja Tunecina y coordinar la recepción de ayuda

- El envío que está ultimando Cruz Roja Española incluye ambulancias, dos puestos sanitarios y de avituallamiento y fondos para la Media Luna Roja de Egipto y la de Túnez.

- Cruz Roja insta a todas las partes en la región a que resuelvan sus diferencias a través del diálogo y que, al mismo tiempo, faciliten el acceso con fines humanitarios a las personas necesitadas a fin de proteger la vida y la dignidad de todos los involucrados.

Una delegada de la Unidad de Emergencias de Cruz Roja Española se encuentra ya en Túnez para apoyar a la Media Luna Roja de ese país en la atención a las miles de personas desplazadas que están escapando de Libia y coordinar la recepción de la ayuda humanitaria que está enviando el Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja.

Esta ayuda consiste básicamente en la provisión de material de refugio de emergencia y artículos de socorro como estuches de primeros auxlios e higiene personal, la distribución de alimentos y agua y ayuda de saneamiento, además de facilitar atención médica de emergencia a heridos.

Cruz Roja Española participa activamente en estos envíos de ayuda y ultima ya un cargamento que incluye ambulancias y dos puestos Sanitarios y de Avituallamiento para Túnez. La institución humanitaria ha realizado además una primera donación de 60.000 euros para asistir a la Media Luna Roja de Egipto y de Túnez en sus labores de auxilio a los damnificados.

Se estima que más de 40.000 personas han cruzado ya la frontera de Libia a Túnez, y unas 60.000 personas, la mayoría egipcios, la frontera de Egipto. Una buena parte de las personas que huyen de los enfrentamientos en Libia son ciudadanos de China, Asia sudoriental y el África Subsahariana, además de personas autóctonas de los países afectados por los disturbios en el norte de África y Medio Oriente.

Para colaborar con el operativo humanitario puesto en marcha por Cruz Roja Española, las personas que lo deseen pueden acceder al teléfono 902 22 22 92 o a través de la página web www.cruzroja.es

115 Estonia to Provide Humanitarian Aid to Victims of Libyan Violence Source: Government of Estonia

Date: 27 Feb 2011

Foreign Minister Urmas Paet said that the international community must quickly come to the aid of victims of Libyan repression as well as refugees. Estonia is supporting people who have suffered under the violence of the Libyan authorities with 50 000 EUR donated through the International Committee of the Red Cross.

Paet added that the Gadhafi regime's violence against its own people has brought about over a thousand deaths and tens of thousands of refugees. "The international community must do everything it can to end the violence and impose strong sanctions against Gadhafi and the others responsible for the violence," he asserted.

The Estonian foreign minister stated that aid must come quickly to the people of Libya, who are afraid to leave their homes because of the threat of violence. "The growing wave of refugees from Libya will increase pressure from illegal immigration on the European Union, and in crossing the Mediterranean the refugees will risk their own lives. Therefore we should try to help their people in their homeland, so they would not attempt the desperate trip over the Mediterranean to illegally enter Europe," said Paet. The International Committee of the Red Cross has initially issued an international appeal for 4.7 million EUR to help the people suffering in the disturbance in Libya.

Paet stated that the International Red Cross would like to send medicines and, if possible, also medical personnel to aid the injured and help to support the Libyan refugees that have fled to neighbouring nations. "The Red Cross believes that the humanitarian situation in Libya is worsening with every hour and the number of people who are leaving their homes in the name of safety is rapidly increasing. In co-operation with Tunisia and the Egyptian Red Crescent Organisation, aid is also being given to foreigners who are trying to get out of Libya or attempting to get in contact with loved ones," said Foreign Minister Paet.

The Estonian foreign minister added that the two Estonian citizens who were in Libya have by now left the country.

116 WFP Executive Director Meets Refugees At Libyan Border Source: United Nations World Food Programme (WFP)

Date: 01 Mar 2011

WFP Executive Director Josette Sheeran traveled to the Tunisia-Libya border on Tuesday to meet local authorities, aid organisations, and people who have fled the ongoing disturbances in Libya. Meanwhile, WFP High Energy Biscuits are arriving at the border for the fleeing migrant workers.

ROME -- WFP's Executive Director Josette Sheeran traveled to the Libya-Tunisia border on Tuesday to meet local authorities, aid organisations, and people who have fled the ongoing disturbances in Libya.

"We offer our solidarity and support to all of those in the Red Crescent and the citizens who have run this operation," Sheeran said. "It's their operation -- we are here to support it in every way and we've given some cash support, we will give food support...we are listening to the needs. I've come here to see that."

More than 40,000 people have crossed into Tunisia in the past week, and many of the arrivals say they have had limited access to food during the journey from their homes and workplaces in Libya.

'Great solidarity'

"The majority of the people coming across the border are young Tunisian and Egyptian men who were working in Libya. Tens of thousands are coming every day. They don't stop here for long – but travel on to their homes in Egypt and Tunisia."

Regional operation

WFP has drawn up plans for a regional operation and is mobilising resources to respond to food needs across the area affected by the outflow of people from Libya. Part of the plan envisages the distribution of food assistance inside Libya where it is needed, and if secure humanitarian access is possible.

Sheeran discussed humanitarian needs with government officials in the Tunisian capital Tunis on Monday.

Eyewitnesses at the Tunisian-Libyan border said local communities and organizations were proud of the support they were giving to their Arab brothers fleeing the disturbances in Libya. WFP is providing a cash donation of US$150,000 to support the generous local efforts to provide food assistance.

WFP staff in Tunisia said the expectation was that many more expat workers would be crossing the Libyan border into Egypt and Tunisia in coming days. Libya has a large community of expat workers, including 1.5 million from Egypt alone.

117 Libya: urgent call for the protection of foreign citizens and minority groups – UN expert body on discrimination Source: United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD); United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

GENEVA (2 March 2011) – The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination called on the international community and the UN system to seek urgent measures to protect non-citizens, migrant populations, migrant workers, refugees and other minority groups in Libya.

In a statement* issued this week under its early warning and urgent action procedure, the UN expert body appealed directly for action to "the UN Secretary- General, in collaboration with competent bodies, in particular, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and regional organizations."

The Committee, which is currently in session in Geneva, is alarmed by the violent clashes taking place in Libya, and their impact on the situation of foreign citizens and other minority groups living in the country.

The UN group of independent experts drew attention to the excessive use of force against the civilian population in Libya and acts of violence against foreigners, as well as the reported exodus of populations from neighbouring countries.

(*) Statement by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination - Early-Warning Measures and Urgent Procedures: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/early-warning.htm

Learn more about the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/index.htm

The Committee's members: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/members.htm

Check the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm

OHCHR Country page – Libya: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/MENARegion/Pages/LYIndex.aspx

For more information and media requests, please contact Ms. Gabriella Habtom (Tel.: + 41 22 917 9193 / e-mail: [email protected])

118 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 3 Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

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I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES

- On 1 March, an estimated 12,000 people were evacuated from the Tunisia-Libya border to Egypt by air and sea.

- A United Nations joint rapid assessment mission is currently in eastern Libya proceeding to Benghazi to assess humanitarian needs.

- The United Nations Emergency Relief Coordinator has allocated some US$5 million from the Central Emergency Response Fund to kick-start emergency efforts to help people fleeing violence in Libya.

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119 Acción contra el Hambre desplaza a su equipo a la frontera de Túnez y Libya Source: Acción contra el Hambre (ACH)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

* Acción contra el Hambre moviliza hoy a la frontera de Túnez con Libia a un equipo de emergencia formado por una coordinadora de agua y saneamiento, un coordinador de seguridad alimentaria y un logista

Madrid, 02 de marzo de 2011

Ante la movilización de miles de personas que huyen de manera masiva hacia Túnez por el conflicto libio, Acción contra el Hambre moviliza a un equipo de emergencia para la identificación de necesidades de la población desplazada en cuanto a agua, saneamiento e higiene, así como necesidades alimentarias.

"La afluencia de gente a la frontera entre Libia y Túnez aumenta por miles cada día y es necesario dar una respuesta a sus necesidades más inmediatas, es decir, agua y alimentos. Desde Acción contra el Hambre, que cuenta con la financiación de la Agencia Española de Cooperación y Desarrollo (AECID) y Obra Social Caja Madrid, se trabajará en coordinación con las diferentes agencias de Naciones Unidas en las zonas donde la situación comienza a ser crítica", señala Javier Pérez, jefe del equipo de emergencia de Acción contra el Hambre.

120 Situation Reports

121 Statistics of IOM Operations in Egypt Source: International Organization for Migration (IOM)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

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- Arrivals of Egyptians from Tunisia have increased as UNHCR-DFID flights have started arriving yesterday. Total Egyptians arrived yesterday: 4,839

- Over 1,000 migrants who worked in Libya evacuated via Egypt

- 642 Bangladeshi left Benghazi to Egyptian border yesterday

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122 Middle East & North Africa: Civil Unrest Emergency appeal n° MDR82001 Operations update n° 1 Source: International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

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Period covered by this Ops Update: 1-2 March 2011

Appeal history:

Ø The total of CHF 403,046 was allocated from the IFRC's Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) to support this operation as follows:

• CHF 150,000 on 24 January 2011 to support the Tunisian Red Crescent.

• CHF 107,672 on 26 February 2011 to support the Egyptian Red Crescent Society in delivering immediate assistance to some 10,000 beneficiaries.

• CHF 86,000 on 2 March 2011 to support the Malta Red Cross to assist some 1,000 beneficiaries

The situation

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123 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 4 Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

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I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES

- According to IOM, 172,874 people, mainly migrant workers, have left Libya to date.

- According to the Financial Tracking Service, US$35.6 million has been contributed and $10 million pledged from donors in response to the crisis.

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124 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 4 (Arabic version) Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

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125 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 3 (Arabic version) Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

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126 Libya – Complex Emergency U.S. Government Fact Sheet #4, Fiscal Year (FY) 2011 Source: United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

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KEY DEVELOPMENTS

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127 Libya – Complex Emergency U.S. Government Fact Sheet #3, Fiscal Year (FY) 2011 Source: United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

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KEY DEVELOPMENTS

- On March 1, the U.N. General Assembly unanimously suspended Libya's membership in the U.N. Human Rights Council. The resolution was adopted by consensus in the 192-nation U.N. General Assembly.

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128 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 2 (Arabic version) Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 01 Mar 2011

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I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES

• According to new estimates, up to 147,000 people have now fled Libya to Egypt, Tunisia and Niger.

• Thousands of people are stuck on the Libyan side of the border with Tunisia and are not allowed to cross. They are stranded without access to food, health, water and sanitation.

• More than 25,000 people have reportedly crossed from Libya into Tunisia over the past two days, creating a huge bottleneck on the Tunisian side of the border due to lack of onward transportation.

• A joint United Nations mission is being organized to eastern Libya to carry out a humanitarian needs assessment.

Please open the link below for the Arabic version of this situation report.

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129 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 3 Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

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I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES

- On 1 March, an estimated 12,000 people were evacuated from the Tunisia-Libya border to Egypt by air and sea.

- A United Nations joint rapid assessment mission is currently in eastern Libya proceeding to Benghazi to assess humanitarian needs.

- The United Nations Emergency Relief Coordinator has allocated some US$5 million from the Central Emergency Response Fund to kick-start emergency efforts to help people fleeing violence in Libya.

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130 UNICEF Immediate Needs for Women and Children affected by the crisis in Libya Source: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

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Nearly 100,000 people have already fled across borders to escape from the violence and the rapidly spreading conflict in Libya. Up to 40,000 people have crossed the border from Libya into Tunisia, whilst an estimated 55,000 people have crossed into Egypt. This first wave is mostly constituted of men, primarily returning nationals or third country migrants. As the conflict continues within Libya, however, growing numbers of Libyans are fleeing the country with their families, bringing increasing numbers of very vulnerable families and a higher proportion of women and children.

While there are not yet confirmed reports of large scale humanitarian needs within Libya, there are growing concerns over the availability and accessibility of medical care for the injured, as well as sustained access to basic services throughout the country as the conflict continues, preventing access of public workers to facilities as well as blocking supply routes for basic commodities. Overall, while the details of the situation in country remain erratic, significant issues of human rights abuse and protection concerns are expected, as are significant disruption of health facilities.

UNICEF has started mobilising human resource surge capacity from its Regional Office and HQ. Two technical teams have already been deployed to Egypt and Tunisia, covering emergency coordination, operation management, child protection, and WASH. Necessary arrangements are also being made to prepare for an operational presence in Libya. An immediate response team of 14 staff has been assembled and is now standing by for deployment to the ground as soon as the situation permits.

UNICEF urgently requires US$ 7.2 million to respond to the immediate needs of women and children affected by the violence in Libya and the impending threat of a larger scale humanitarian crisis. Considering the uncertainty of the situation on the ground, and the ensuing difficulty in anticipating its potential impact in terms of humanitarian needs within Libya as well as subsequent population movements towards Tunisia and Egypt, the current response plan considers an eight week planning horizon only. Should the Libya context evolve towards more predictable outcomes, adjusted planning documents will be shared as required. The Immediate Needs Document builds on inter-agency preparedness and will be integrated into the forthcoming inter-agency regional appeal.

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131 Latest Maps

132 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Humanitarian Situation (as of 4 March 2011)

Key locations

people1 crossed into neighbouring countries 191,748 (as of 3 March) 9,200 Egyptians departed on 3 March Tunis Tunisia Tunisian TUNISIA 104,275 18,275 people1 Ras Edjir Other 104,275 39,592 Tripoli crossed Egyptian Benghazi into Tunisia 46,480 Saloum (since 22 Feb) Cairo 12,500 people still 84,973 need evacuation, 80% Egypt are from Bangladesh 8,000 foreigners, mainly LIBYAN ARAB Bangladeshi, Indian and 84,973 Other Sudanese migrants JAMAHIRIYA people1 25,534 await evacuation. Egyptian EGYPT crossed 59,439 ALGERIA into Egypt 2,500 (since 22 Feb) Dirkou NIGER Niger CHAD SUDAN 150km 2,500 people1 Majority Nigerien The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply ofﬁcial endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. crossed into Niger

Humanitarian appeals and allocations in million US$2 for Libyan Arab Jamahiriya unrest and neighbouring countries (as of 4 March) Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by donors and appealing organizations. To report contributions e-mail: [email protected]

US$43 million committed US$10 million pledged

$13.6 European Commission million Australia 6.1 Canada 5.1 Organization of the Islamic Conference 5 Germany 3 2.1 United States 10 Private - individual and organizations 2 Finland 1.9 France 0.7 Netherlands 0.7 United Arab Emirates 0.6 Allocations of unearmarked funds by UN agencies 0.6 Turkey 0.5 Switzerland 0.5 Allocation of funds from Red Cross / Red Crescent 0.4 Italy 0.3 Poland 0.1 Estonia 0.1

Creation date: 4 March 2011 Glide: OT-2011-000025-LBY Source: 1. IOM, 2. FTS. Feedback: [email protected], [email protected] http://ochaonline.un.org/romenaca www.reliefweb.int 133 Civil Conflict Production Date: 04/03/2011 Version 1.0 GLIDE: OT-2011-000025-LBY !"! UNOSAT Activation: CE20110220LBY Analysis of the Tunisian Transitional Camp - 8.5 km West of the Ra's Ajdir Border Crossing Facility (As of 3 March 2011 - 11:26 am Local Time)

ANALYSIS SUMMARY: Based on automated shelter detection analysis estimated that the current camp population capacity is approximately using satellite imagery recorded 3 March 2011, a total of 1,107 tent 5,000 people. There is currently ground prepared for an estimated 600 shelters were identified within the transitional camp site measuring additional tents which could thus accommodate over 3,000 more 19.4ha in size. Of this total, 1,003 tents were likely erected for displaced displaced persons. The camp site could be readily expanded beyond its people, with a further 104 tents likely allocated for camp staff and local current configuration if needed. authorities. Based on a measurement of the average tent size, it is

! I WorldView-02 satellite image Map scale for A4: 1:1,600 Note: Map has been rotated 180 degrees recorded 03 March 2011 from North to improve image visualization Meters 2010 0 20 UNITAR / UNOSAT The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related (UNITAR), providing satellite imagery and related geographic data shown here are not warranted to be error-free nor do they imply information, research and analysis to UN humanitarian & development [email protected] official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. UNOSAT is agencies & their implementing partners. Palais des Nations, a program of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research Geneva, Switzerland T: +41 22 767 4020 (UNOSAT Operations) Satellite Data (1): WorldView-02 Source: European Space Imaging Production: UNITAR / UNOSAT 24/7 hotline: +41 76 487 4998 Imagery Dates: 3 March 2011 Road and Camp Data : UNOSAT Coordinate System: UTM Zone 33N www.unitar.org/unosat Resolution : 50 cm Other Data: USGS, NGA Datum: WGS 1984 Copyright: DigitalGlobe 2011 Analysis : UNITAR / UNOSAT Analysis conducted with ArcGIS v10

134

4 March 2011 -14:00 UTC - Version 1.0 GLIDE: OT-2011-000025-LBY UNOSAT Activation: CE20110220LBY Camp Center: lat: 33.1405N Long: 11.4619E Tunisian Transitional Camp Analysis By UNITAR/UNOSAT – 4 March 2011 Regional Overview Map for Camp Site Location ANALYSIS BACKGROUND: This is a satellite-based quantitative analysis of the newly-established transitional camp for displaced peoples fleeing the conflict in Libya, located along the southern side of highway route P1, 8.5 kilometers west of the Ra’s Ajdir border crossing facility in Ben Guerdane, Tunisia. This assessment provides an estimate of the number of tent shelters erected within the camp, the average approximate tent size, and the derived potential current population capacity, as based on satellite imagery recorded on the morning of 3 March 20111. Two annotated maps of this analysis are included for reference (see pages 3-4). This report is part of an on-going satellite monitoring program of UNITAR/UNOSAT of the Libyan crisis in support of international humanitarian assistance and created to respond to the needs of UN agencies and their partners. Additional analytical reports and updates will be produced in the coming days based on new satellite imagery tasking and analysis.

TENT SHELTER COUNT ANALYSIS RESULTS: An automated shelter detection analysis was conducted using satellite imagery recorded on 3 March 20112. A total of 1,107 tent shelters were identified with a high degree of confidence within the well-defined and structured transitional camp site encompassing a current area approximately 19.4 ha in size. Of this total, 1,003 tents were likely erected for displaced people, with a further 104 tents likely allocated for local and international humanitarian authorities responsible for the camp creation and security. The average tent measured approximately 3m x 6m (or 18m2 in area). Based on official UNHCR recommended standards3 this would allow for a current camp population capacity of a little over 5,000 people. There is currently ground being prepared for an estimated 600 additional tents which could thus accommodate approximately 3,000 more displaced persons. The camp site could also be readily expanded beyond its current configuration if needed. This is a preliminary analysis and has not yet been validated in the field. Please send feedback to UNITAR/UNOSAT at the contact information below.

Contact Information: Please send additions / corrections to UNITAR / UNOSAT: [email protected] Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland T: +41 22 767 4020 (UNOSAT Operations) 24/7 hotline: +41 76 487 4998 www.unitar.org/unosat

1 The WorldView-2 satellite contains a very high resolution optical sensor with a spatial resolution of 50cm. Imagery provided by European Space Imaging, copyright Digital Globe 2010 2 And reviewed for accuracy with standard image interpretation methods. 3 UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies 3rdED (2007)

135 Transitional Camp Analysis: 03 March 2011 Civil Conflict Production Date: 04/03/2011 GLIDE Code: OT-2011-000025-LBY Tent Count, Camp Boundaries and Expansion Areas !"! UNOSAT Activation: CE20110220LBY

33°8'30"N 11°27'30"E 11°27'40"E 11°27'50"E 11°28'0"E

Tent Count Figures: - 1,003 Tents for Displaced People - 104 Tents Likely for Tunisian Camp Staff - Average tent size: (3 x 6m, 18m2) Heavy concentrations - Est. current population capacity: 5,000 of both people and - Est. Space prepared for additional 600 tents vehicles near camp entrance ")

") ")") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ")") P1 ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ")")") ¤£ ") ") ")") ") ") ") ") ")") ") ")") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ")") ") ") ")")") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") ") 8.5 km to Ra's Ajdir

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11°27'30"E 11°27'40"E 11°27'50"E 11°28'0"E 33°8'20"N

UNITAR / UNOSAT The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic (UNITAR), providing satellite imagery and related [email protected] I! Map Scale for A4: 1:4,000 Transitional Camp Extent Functional Road Class names and related data shown here are not geographic information, research and analysis to Palais des Nations, Transitional Camp Tent by Type: Highway Geneva, Switzerland Meters warranted to be error-free nor do they imply UN humanitarian & development agencies & their T: +41 22 767 4020 50 25 0 50 100 official endorsement or acceptance by the United implementing partners. ") Likely Tents for Displaced People Tertiary 24/7 hotline: +41 76 487 4998 Nations. UNOSAT is a program of the United Note: Map has been rotated 20 degrees ") Trail www.unitar.org/unosat from North to improve map visualization Nations Institute for Training and Research Likely Tunisian Authority Tent 136 Transitional Camp Analysis: 03 March 2011 Civil Conflict Production Date: 04/03/2011 GLIDE Code: OT-2011-000025-LBY Satellite Imagery Overview !"! UNOSAT Activation: CE20110220LBY

33°8'30"N 11°27'30"E 11°27'40"E 11°27'50"E 11°28'0"E

Tent Count Figures: - 1,003 Tents for Displaced People Heavy concentrations - 104 Tents Likely for Tunisian Camp Staff of both people and - Average tent size: (3 x 6m, 18m2) vehicles near camp entrance - Est. current population capacity: 5,000 - Est. Space prepared for additional 600 tents

8.5 km to Ra's Ajdir

border crossing F

Primary camp area for immediate expansion for approximately 270 additional tents

33°8'20"N Camp building facilities and main access to highway route P1

Ground under 33°8'30"N preparation for more tent capacity

11°27'30"E 11°27'40"E 11°27'50"E 11°28'0"E 33°8'20"N

UNITAR / UNOSAT I! Map Scale for A4: 1:4,000 The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic (UNITAR), providing satellite imagery and related [email protected] names and related data shown here are not geographic information, research and analysis to Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland Meters warranted to be error-free nor do they imply UN humanitarian & development agencies & their T: +41 22 767 4020 50 25 0 50 100 official endorsement or acceptance by the United implementing partners. Nations. UNOSAT is a program of the United 24/7 hotline: +41 76 487 4998 Note: Map has been rotated 20 degrees www.unitar.org/unosat from North to improve map visualization Nations Institute for Training and Research 137 Civil Conflict Production Date: 04/03/2011 Version 1.0 GLIDE: OT-2011-000025-LBY !"! UNOSAT Activation: CE20110220LBY Overview of Emsaed, Libya-Egypt Border Crossing Facility: 26 February 2011 - 2:01 PM Local Time ANALYSIS SUMMARY: Based on a rapid assessment of satellite imagery recorded (26 Feb. 2011 - 02:01 pm local time) over border crossing facility along the Libyan-Egyptian border. There are busses and small vehicles waiting to move beyond the border into Egypt. There are no indications of emergency tent shelters available within the facility grounds . This report is part of an on-going satellite monitoring program of UNITAR/UNOSAT of the Libyan crisis and will be updated based on new satellite imagery tasking. Please send feedback to contact information below.

Facility Fencing

Busses lined up on the check post

Facility Fencing Parking lot

Cargo trucks

Heavy concentration of Car/Taxi's

I! F

Map scale for A4: 1:35,000 Meters Crisis satellite image (EROS-B) over 500 250 0 500 Emsaed, Libya recorded 26 February 2011)

UNITAR / UNOSAT The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related (UNITAR), providing satellite imagery and related geographic data shown here are not warranted to be error-free nor do they imply information, research and analysis to UN humanitarian & development [email protected] official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. UNOSAT is agencies & their implementing partners. Palais des Nations, a program of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research Geneva, Switzerland T: +41 22 767 4020 (UNOSAT Operations) Satellite Data: EROS-B Resolution : 70 cm Production: UNITAR / UNOSAT Imagery Date: 26 February 2011 Road Data : Google Map Maker 2010 Analysis conducted with ArcGIS v10 24/7 hotline: +41 76 487 4998 Copyright:ImageSat international Other Data: USGS, NGA www.unitar.org/unosat 2011 Analysis : UNITAR / UNOSAT

138 Civil Conflict Production Date: 04/03/2011 Overview of Emsaed, Libya-Egypt Border Crossing GLIDE Code: OT-2011-000025-LBY Facility: 26 February 2011 - 2:01 PM Local Time !"! UNOSAT Activation: CE20110220LBY

25°4'40"E 25°4'50"E 25°5'0"E 25°5'10"E 25°5'20"E 25°5'30"E 25°5'40"E 25°5'50"E

F 31°34'40"N 31°34'40"N

Facility Fencing F

Busses lined up on the check post 31°34'30"N 31°34'30"N 31°34'20"N 31°34'20"N

Parking lot Heavy concentration of Car/Taxi's

Cargo trucks 31°34'10"N 31°34'10"N

Facility Fencing 31°34'0"N 31°34'0"N

25°4'40"E 25°4'50"E 25°5'0"E 25°5'10"E 25°5'20"E 25°5'30"E 25°5'40"E 25°5'50"E

UNITAR / UNOSAT [email protected] 1:10,000 The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related Research (UNITAR), providing satellite imagery and related Palais des Nations, Map Scale for A4: data shown here are not warranted to be error-free nor do they imply geographic information, research and analysis to UN humanitarian & Geneva, Switzerland official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. UNOSAT development agencies & their implementing partners. T: +41 22 767 4020 Meters I! is a program of the United Nations Institute for Training and 24/7 hotline: +41 76 487 4998 420 210 0 www.unitar.org/unosat

139 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Who Does What Where (as of 3 March 2011)

ORGANIZATION HEALTH EMERGENCY FOOD LOGISTICS PROTECTION WASH COORDINATION EARLY TELECOMMU- INFORMATION NON-FOOD SHELTER RECOVERY NICATIONS MANAGEMENT ITEMS EGYPT - 23 partners 15 5 4 2 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 ACTED Americares ECHO Egyptian Army and Matruh Governorate Ministry of Health Egyptian Red Crescent ICRC IFRC IMC International Rescue Committee IOM IRD Life USA Map Action Matruh Governorate MSF OCHA Save the Children Secours Islamique France UNFPA UNHCR UNICEF WHO LIBYA - 20 partners 16 1 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 Arab Medical Association Arab Medical Union Communities in Matruh Egyptian Red Crescent Egyptian Syndicate and Arab Doctors's Union French Government German Navy ICRC IMC IRD Islamic Relief Kuwait Government Libya Red Crescent Libyan Red Cross Mercy USA MSF Save the Children UNHCR WFP Creation date: 4 March 2011 Glide number: OT-2011-000025-LBY Feedback: [email protected] http://ochaonline.un.org

140 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Who Does What Where (as of 3 March 2011)

WHO NIGER - 1 partner 1 1 1 IOM TUNISIA - 22 partners 12 2 1 2 1 3 2 0 1 1 1 ACTED British government ECHO ICRC IFRC IMC International Rescue Committee IOM Islamic Relief Kuwait Red Crescent Map Action MSF OCHA Première Urgence Save the Children Telecoms san Frontieres TRC Tunisia Red Crescent UNFPA UNHCR UNICEF WFP Some or all of the data used to create this product is from the Who-does-What-Where tool that OCHA maintains. The raw data was collected from a combination of public sources, such as agency appeals, and direct input from responding organizations. The data was collected and compiled by a combination of OCHA staff and the Crisis Mappers Standby Task Force. All efforts have been made to ensure accuracy of the data, please send corrections or updated information to [email protected].

Creation date: 4 March 2011 Glide number: OT-2011-000025-LBY Feedback: [email protected] http://ochaonline.un.org

141 !( !( !(

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!( !( !( !( BBeerroouuaarrii AArr RRiiqqaabb ''UUqqllaatt aall DDjjeeddrraa !( 10°0'0"E 15°0'0"E !( !( Kasserine QQuussuurr aall AAssnnaasshh BBii''rr aall Maalllluullii !( !( SSaaqqiiyyaatt aadd DDaa''iirr HHaawwsshh Maassmuudd BBiinn NNaassiibb !( Bir el Ater !( !( Bir el Ater !( !( !( BBii''rr ''AAllii BBiinn KKhhaalliiffaahh!( El Ataya Bordj Maajen EEll AAggaarreebb BBeellggiiccaa h!( SFAX El Ataya Bordj Maajen KKssaarr SSiiddii AAïïcchh QQaassrr ''IIzzzz aadd DDiinn !( o! ! Maajjuurraahh !( ( !( !( !( !( SSiiddii BBuu BBaakkrr Maahhaarrii JJaabbbbaass Sffax DDaarr KKttoorryy !( DDaarr ''IIzzzz aadd DDiinn Meekknnaassssyy THYNA Maalliittaahh BBoouu GGrraadd!( !( Sfax !( Mezzouna !( BBoouu AAlleem !( Mezzouna !( !( HHaannsshhiirr aass SSaawwaattiirr LLaa CCrrooiixx NNuuqqttaahh !( Sidi Bouz GGrraaïïbbaa !( !( Ed Doghra !( Maahhaarreess Moouullaarrèèss Ed Doghra !( !( BBuu BBaalllaall Gaffsa ZZaannnnoouucchh !( !( !( !( !(o GAFSA SSaakkkkeett RReeddeeyyeeff!( !( AAll HHuusshhaayysshhiinnaahh TTaameerrzzaa LLaallaa BBoouu HHaamrraam !( AAll QQaattttaarr!( AAll ''AAyyaayyiisshhaahh !( !( !( !( SShhaabbiikkaahh Djebel Mdilla SSoouuhhaannii Mettllaouii !( Djebel Mdilla !h BBoorrddjj GGoouurrbbaallaa !( LA SKHIRRA Gafsa

Al 'Irq Awlad Majid Al 'Irq !( Awlad Majid Waaddhhrraaff !( !( Djerba Island M E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A !( GABES (o! GGhhaannnnoouucchhee DJERBA NEFTA !( BBiinn RRhhiilloouuff EEll HHaammaa !h ZARZIS Tozeurr !( !( !( !( DDjjeerrbbaa h Meezzrraaiiaa !( Gabès o GABES (o! ! !( TTiiaanneesstt TTaagguueerrmeessss Nefta !( !( !( Nefta OOuum SSeemaaaa !( AAll Meeddoouu!( Meeddjjiinnee !( !( Seftimi KKeettttaannaa AAbbaarrddaa!( !( HHaawwmaatt aall BBaaddaawwiiyyiinn Seftimi !( !( FFiittnnaassaahh !( !( !( !( LLiimaagguueessss !( Ain Saidana Adjim Arhir NNaaqqqqaahh Ain Saidana Adjim !( TTaaffeerrttaasssseett Arhir ''AAyynn ZZiiqqzzaaww !( !( !( KKeebbiillii AAzz ZZaarraatt !( AAll JJuurrff Tozeur EEbbnneessss JJuurrff aall QQaannttaarraahh SSiiddii Meessssaaïïdd Gabes Maarriitthh !( GGhhuullaayyssiiyyaahh !( BBaannii ''IIssáá !( !( !( BBaannii SSeeggggaannee Sidi ash Shammakh JJaamnnaahh !( !( !( AArrrraam !( !( Sidi ash Shammakh !( ZZaarraawwaahh BBaannii ZZaallttaann Kebili ZZaarrssiinn TTaamaazzrraatt !( BBiirr TTaaddjjeerrddiimeett !( !( !( Al Hafsah ZZaarrzziiss Al Hafsah !( !( !( TToouujjaannee Nouil AAzz ZZaarriibbaahh !( h Nouil !( ! ZARZIS !( !( !( Al 'Alandayah AAll ''UUwwaayynnaahh !( Al 'Alandayah DDaawwwwaarr aall Maa'' GGhhiiddmaahh ZZaa''ffaarraann BBaarrqquuqq RAS AJDIR !( AAll FFaawwwwaarr !( MAND!(ANIYIN !( AAll Maattaamiirr !( SSaabbrriiaa !( o Mééddeenniinnee Medenine AAll ''UUwwaayynnaahh RRaajjaa QQaassrr aall HHaalllluuff!( !( AAll QQaassrr aall JJaaddiidd !( !( !( QQaassrr aall QQuurraayyqqiirriiyyaahh BBaannii KKhhaaddddaasshh !( !( QQaassrr aall JJaawwaamii'' AAll Maarrssáá QQaassrr TTaarrcciinnee AAnn NNaaffffaattiiyyaahh !( !( KKrreerraacchhffaa RRaa''ss AAjjddiirr !( BBeenn GGaarrddaannee !( ABU QQaassrr aall ''AAbbaabbiissaahh !( !( AAlllloouueett eell GGoouunnnnaa KAMMASH Ghomrassen D !( AAbbuu KKaammaasshh Ghomrassen !( KKssaarr CChhoouulliinnee !h !( KKiirrcchhaaoouu!( !( !( Kasba Drina !( DDoouuiirraatt !( Kasba Drina KKssaarr GGhhiillaannee QQaassrr aasshh SShhuuhhbbaann !( ZWARA TRIPOLI TTaagguueellmiitt !( ZUARA Foum Tatahouine !( !( Foum Tatahouine ZZaallttaann o ZZuuwwaarraahh QQaassrr AAwwllaadd Maassmaadd KKaassbbaa BBoouu NNeemcchhaa KKaassbbaa eess SSaabboouunn !h !( AAll M HHaanInsTshhiirIr GA AAdd DDuuwwaayyrraatt !( !( !( !( Riqdalin Triipollii h !( Ed Dachla !( !( Bulaydat al Muqaddamin !( Riqdalin ! (o! !( Ed Dachla QQaassrr ''IIssáá!( Bulaydat al Muqaddamin QQaassrr Meehhiirrii !( AAwwllaadd BBiinn AAssmaadd BBuu aall AAsshhhhaarr !( AAbbyyaarr aass SSaabbaabbiill DDaagghhaagghhaahh!( AAll KKaarraasshhiiwwaahh BBiirr Moorrrraa !( AAll ''AAssssaahh Al Jamil !( ! Al Jamil Al Mayah . QQaassrr aasshh SShhaayyttaannaahh !( !( !( Sabratah Al Mayah !( !( !( !( DDaarr SSoouuïïdd KKaassbbeett DDaaffnniiaa Sabratah JJaaddddaa''iim !( !( Al Mashashitah AAiinn ZZaarraa !( !( !( Ez-zauia!( Al Mashashitah QQaassrr UUmm aarr RRuummaannaatt SSuuqq aall ''AAllaalliiqqaahh Agelát Ez-zauia !( At Tuwaybiyah CCaasstteellvveerrddee !( Qasr Awlad Sultan QQaassaabbaatt TTaannnnffoouurraa !( Agelát !( AAbbuu aarr RRiisshh !( At Tuwaybiyah !( !( Qasr Awlad Sultan !( !( !( !( AAll Maa''muurraahh !( FFóónndduugghh eell--AAlllúúss KKaassbbeett eell AAggoouum !( !( Tripoli (tarabulus) Fóndugh el-Giahsc !( HOMS HHaaff JJiirrjjiirr BBoorrddjj SSiiddii TToouuii AAll HHaasshhiiyyaahh aall HHaamrraa'' AAss SSaabbiirriiyyaahh Suani Ben Adem Fóndugh el-Giahsc !( BBaannii HHaassaann !( Suani Ben Adem !( !( Sidi Bin al BashFFiruui nndduuqq aann NNaaqqqqaazzaahh !( BBiinn GGhhaasshhiirr TRIPOLI Sidi Bin al Bashiri h AAll QQaassrr aall JJaaddiidd !( Qabilat al Khums!(! Al Khums !( (o! QQaabbiillaatt SSaalliimaahh Qabilat al Khums !( Al Khums Nuqat Al Khams AAnn NNaassiirriiyyaahh !( AAll ''AAkkaarriitt INTERNATIONAL !( AAll Maagghhaassiill SSuugghh eell--CChhmiiss Tunisia Sidi as Sa'is QQaarryyaatt SSuuqq aall JJuum''aahh !( !( Sidi as Sa'is !( !( !( !( Cuussssaabbààtt SSuugghh eell AAhhaadd FFuunndduuqq TTaarrbbaannaahh KKii''aam AAssbbii''aahh!( SIDI !( Zlliitten !( o Maazzrraa''aatt SSaaqqiill!( AAll KKhhaaddrraa'' Al Khoms !( AAll Waattyyaahh (o! !( !( GGaassrr eell DDaauuuunn!( AAll JJuum''aahh !( NNaa''iimaahhQQaarryyaatt aazz ZZuurraayyqqii SALIH!( Muussaayyyyaahh !( !( Al Aziziyah !( AAll ''AAmaamiirraahh AAdd DDaawwuunn !( Taarrhhuunnaa !( MISURATA OKBA IBN NAFA !( AAll HHuuwwaayyjjaatt AAdd DDaaffiinniiyyaahh !(Miissuurraattaa !( !( !( !( Az Zawia (azzawiya) FFóónndduugghh eesscc--SScceebbáánnii BBoorrggoo TTaazzzzoollii QQaarryyaatt BBuu RRuuwwaayyyyaahh !( GGaassrr AAhhmeedd RRaamaaddaahh !( QQaabbiillaatt aass SSaaqquu'' AAll GGhhiirraann !h !( !( o! !(QQaarryyaatt ''AAyynn BBii''rr aall GGhhaannaam BBuu GGhheeiillaann Qabilat al 'Abadilah ( al Kabir o !( Bir Oum Souich !( Qabilat al 'Abadilah !( al Kabir Bir Oum Souich !( CCrriissppii MISURATA a Tataouine Ar Rabitah !( i REMADA !( Ar Rabitah SSuuqq aall JJuum''aahh c BBoorrjj Meecchheehheedd SSaallaahh !( AAwwllaadd Maannssuurr s Tarhunah e !( AAll Maannaassiirr Zeleitin (zliten) Al Kumayshat Misurata H !( Al Kumayshat Al Jusaysh l BBii''rr ''AAyyyyaadd Al Jusaysh !( !( !( AAll JJaa''aaffiirraahh !( !( a

!( AAwwllaadd SSaa''iidd AAbbuu ZZaayyyyaann AAwwllaadd ''AAzzzzaam !( GGiiooddaa t

Al Qusayr !( a Al Qusayr !( !( Qaryat al Bayda'

!( Qaryat al Bayda' h As Sawadinah AAwwllaadd Muusshhaadd Al Kulaybah Qaryat as Sawadiq k As Sawadinah !( Al Kulaybah Qaryat as Sawadiq b QQaassrr aall HHaajjjj!( !( !( !( Ahl al Wadi AAll AAssaabbii''aahh a !( DDeehhiibbaatt !( AAll GGhhaazzzzaabbiiyyaahh !( BBaaddrr AAwwllaadd BBaaddrr!( Ahl al Wadi ZZaawwiiyyaatt aall Maassjjuubb!( !( !( TTiiggii !( !( !( !( !( Al Bayatinah AAll HHaaddaarrii''aahh S AAll QQuussaayyrr AAsshh SShhaaqqqqii Al Bayatinah !( AAll JJaawwsshh !( AAwwllaadd ''AAbbdd aall ''AAzziizz ''IInnaann !( Waazzzzaann!( !( Al Hawamid !( !( AAll ''UUrrqquubb BBii''rr DDuuffaann !( Al Hawamid !( Baldat Diqqi IInniirr QQaarryyaatt aann NNuusshhaayyhh QQaabbiillaatt TTaakkuutt Baldat Diqqi !( AAwwllaadd JJaabbiirr Ain Ghezaia!( As Salamat Ain Ghezaia AAll Maajjaabbiirraahh !( As Salamat !( !( TTaamlluusshhaayyiitt !( !( AAwwllaadd BBuu JJaaddiidd !( Baldat Jurayjin NNaalluutt !( !( Baldat Jurayjin !( BBaallddaatt aall QQaawwaassiim !( AAwwllaadd Maahhmuudd CCaabbaaoo AAll QQaannaaffiiddhh QQaarryyaatt BBiinn TTaallliiss !( Al Harabah!( BENI !( Al Harabah !( !( QQaassrr BBaannii Waalliidd LLoorrzzoott AArr RRaassiibbaatt Yafran (yefren) AAll JJaannaa''iinn!( WALID o EL BORMA o NANUR (o! AAll HHaayysshhaahh!(

AAss SSaaddddaaddaahh !( !( BBiirr ZZaarr Miizzddaahh AAbbuu QQuurraayynn!( !( QQaarryyaatt aall ''AArriimaahh!( !( Qaryat as Saba'is!( !( Qaryat Shumaykh Qaryat as Saba'is !( Qaryat Shumaykh !( NNaassmaahh QQaarryyaatt aadd DDaawwaa''iirraahh Ghadamis SSaawwaannii FFaassssaannuu AAll QQaaddddaahhiiyyaahh !( RRaa''ss aatt TTaabbaall Sawfajjin (sofuljeen) !( !( Algeria Maazzuuzzaahh

!( IIrrmaabbssaatt aazz ZZiinnttaann SSiinnaawwiinn QQaabbiillaatt aazz ZZiinnttaann aall ''AAmyyaann!( !( !( !( Qabilat ar Raqa'iqiyah TTiieerreett Qabilat ar Raqa'iqiyah SShhaa''wwaa''!( !( QQaarryyaatt aasshh SShhuuyyLyyaabb ibyan Arab Jamahiriya !( QQiirrddaahh

HABIT !( QQaarryyaatt UUmm aann NNaa''aam AWLAD MUHAMMAD !( QQaarryyaatt AAwwllaadd DDhhuu''aayybb AAll Maallllaassaahh aall BBaassrriiyyaahh !( o ZZeelleennýý DDuull !( BBii''rr AAbbuu aall GGhhuurraabb !(

!( !( AAll QQaarryyaahh aall GGhhaarrbbiiyyaahh AAll Maallllaassaahh aall GGhhaarrbbiiyyaahh !( TTaabbaaqqaahh !( AAll QQaarryyaahh aasshh SShhaarrqqiiyyaahh

NEW Gharyan BBaallddaatt TTuuqqttaahh !( GHADAMES !( Daraj !(GGhhaaddaamiiss EEaass(o!tt!( Daraj Ghadamiis GGhhaaddaameess EEaasstt 10°0'0"E 15°0'0"E

(o! Airport National Capital Road Network National boundary Date Created: 04 - MAR - 2011 .! Map Num: LogCluster-LBY-006-A2 o Airfield Primary First level admin boundary Coord.System/Datum: Geographic/WGS84 T u n i s i a - L y b i a (! Major Town GLIDE Num: !h Ports Secondary Surface Waterbody !( Intermediate Town The boundaries and names and the designations B o r d e r C r o s s i n g P o i n t Railway Tertiary Seasonal Mineral Pans used on this map do not imply official endorsement !( Small Town or acceptance by the United Nations.

!( Trail Seasonal Waterbody Kilometers Village Email: [email protected] Nominal Scale 1:1,500,000 at A2 Border Crossing Point Website: www.logcluster.org D River Global Logistics Cluster Support Cell, Rome/Italy Data Sources: GAUL, WFP, GLCSC, ESRI 0 25 50 75 100 142 143 MMaahhddiiaa KKhheenncchheellaa MMoorrssootttt TThhaallaa KKaaiirroouuaann MMssaakkeenn Tébessa MMookknniinnee Tébessa SSbbeeiittllaa CChheerriiaa Chebba KKaasssseerriinnee Chebba Greece !( LLaallaa SSffaaxx !(!( GGaaffssaa !( !( MMeettllaaoouuii 10°0'0"E 20°0'0"E DDjjeebbeell MMddiillllaa GGaabbèèss !( !( !( !( NNeeffttaa TToozzeeuurr Gabès Djerba MITIGA ABU (!o oLABRAQ !( El Oued El Oued KAMMASH TRIPOLI INTERNATIONAL !hDERNA Mediterranean Sea BENINA o !( h ZUARA SIDI SALIH BENGHAZI (!o AL MARJ Ra's al Tunisia ! TTrriippoollii TRIPOLI INTERNATIONAL Susah Hilal h MISURATA Sidi Abbas ZWARAoh !(Ed Dachla ! HOMS h Al Haniyah Shahhat ! ! ! ! !h Ed Dachla ! ! ! As Nuqat !( !. h Tulmaythay 'Umar al Muk!(htar ! ! Zawiyat !( ! Tripoli Al Khums ! ! !Safsaf Darnah Al Khums Grued Si Nur ed ! ! Bisharah Darnah Al Khams EEzz--zzaauuiiaa (!o !( !( ! Qaryat ! Umm ar Razam CCuussssaabbààtt Tukrah ! D!in AAll MMaarrii Martúba ! Az Zawia ! ZZlliitteenn ! !( ! !Suluntah al Faidiyah o OKBA IBN NAFA (!o o !( Al Khoms!( ! MMiissuurraattaa QARYAT AL Al Mabni Baracca Borgo ! AL BUMBAH NORTH Al Aziziyah Gasr !( Daryanah ! Marawah MARTUBAH (!oQusur al Bumbah h Ad Dafiniyah KAo RMAL ! ! !TOBRUK Bu Gheilan ! TTaarrhhuunnaael Dauun Al-Kuwaifia Torelli ! Al Tamimi (!o MISURATA ! A!l Abyar Jordas Al Qardabao hTOBRUK ! Tarhunah ! Banghazi ! ! ! ! Zeleitin Gioda Banghazi!(Ba!ninah Madinat al 'Abid AL Zawiyat al Zawiyat al !( Zawiyat Qabilat Takut T!igi Al Manasir Misurata Al Qawarishah ! Zawiyat al ! TToobbrruukk Qasr al ! ! al Abyar Mukhaylá Izziyat Acroma Umm Rukbah ! Sawani al Qawarishah! ! An Nawwaqiyah o KHADIM Murassas ! Jadi ! ! ! !! MARSA EL ! ! Nalut Al Majabirah Tikah !Jardinah Al Fatah o Ras Bu Wushayyikah Awlad Yafran ! Darnah Al Adm Kambut !( Qasr NANUR BREGA Zawiyat Bardiyah Mahmud o !o !( !( Suluq GAMAL ABD Bardiyah Bani ( QQaammiinniiss ! Suluq Masus Al Jabal Musaid ! !(Siidii Barrrranii BENI WALID h Zawiyat at Tilimun ! ! !( Walid ! EL NASSER !( Al Qaddahiyah !h SIRTE Carcura ! ! Furti ash Shalizinah Al Akhdar Mattrruh ! ZUETINA Sallûm !( o Buqbuq Ghadamis QASR SIRT ES SIDER Al Magrun ! Banghazi AAlleexxaannddrriiaa ! RAS h Madrasat ar Damanhur HIGHWAY Surt ! ! Damanhur Sawfajjin h Raqtah Madrasat Thalath Zawyett Siidii Musa !( ! Sinawin STRIP (!o ! LANUF !( KKaaffrr eell--DDaauuwwâârr h ! Ell Dab A El-ManSûra SIRTE ! oZUo ETINA KKaaffrr eell--SShheeiikkhh El-ManSûra !( Qaryat az Zuwaytinah o AAjjddaabbiiyyaahh AGEDABIA Ziftá o ESSIDER Ziftá HABIT AWLAD MUHAMMAD o MMaarrssáá aall BBuurraayyqqaahh ZZaaggaazziigg !( Tubruq RAS o Ghadamis Ghadames East Baldat Tuqtah !( MARSA BREGA BBiillbbeeiiss Ghadamiso !! LANUF !( (!o! Daraj Surt Al Uqaylah Cairo 30°0'0"N OIL Al Uqaylah 30°0'0"N Cairo GHADAMES NEW GHADAMES AL BOOSTER Gharyan o Al Jaghbub HHeellwwâânn AMAL ! AL HAMADA DAHRA V12 EEll--qquubbaabbaatt o CON 66 EAST oo o

AL JUFRA Maradah No AFURAH 1 Waddan ! Ajdabiya Awjilah El-faiyum HOFRA V10 ! !( El-faiyum Hun !(o ! ZELTEN C6 Siiwa

o o ! o WADDAN ! Jalu Beni Suef Sawknah HOUN o Beni Suef o WADI BU Ao TTIFEL BUZANAD SW OXY A 103 o o ! Zillah o ZELTEN SW NEW ZELLA 74 BEDA M3 o WAREHOUSE !( o 59E EEll--MMiinnyyaa Ash Shati Al Jufrah WAREHOUSE o SARIR NW 59A Al Faqaha ! !

Maison o BRACH SARIR MMaallllaawwii Rouge Umm al Wanzarik Barqin Qayqam Dabdab Barqawi !o! !!! ! Abid Deir Mawas ! ! ! !! ! ! ! Qirah ! Deir Mawas Adri AqarBrach Dairût TmisanQuttahDuésa Ash ! Az Zighan Dairût Tamanhint Shabb! EEll--qquussiiyyaa o! Samnu Libyan Arab o AL KHUWAYMAT Sabhah!( TAMINHINTSabha Qasrr Farraffrra !( QSasar bhah(!o SEBHA Khulayf! Al Abyad Taramhe Awbari ! Jamahiriya ! ! Al Qurayfah ! INT. ! ! ! Gasr Berruru TTaahhttaa Algeria oJarmah ! At Tanahmu Qaso r Larocu Tmassah SSoohhaagg UBARI Dujal ! BIR UMRAN Meseguin Zawilah Awbari Umm al Aranib ! ! Aqar ! ! Zuwaylah Az Zarqan Traghan ! 'Atabah !! ! ! Gauat Az Zaytunah!Umm al Izam Egypt !!!Qawat! ! ! Sardalas TasawahHaman!( !Zizau Magedul Tarbu ! Al Baydan Tazirbu Ain el-Giuluat ! !! !( Murzuq ! El Gezira Murzuq Maabus Iusef o EEll--kkhhaarrggaa GHAT WAW (!o AL KABIR !( Madrusah GGhhaatt ! ! Buzaymah Murzuq

Tajarhi ! Al Hawwari ! At Taj o AL WIGH !(! Al Jawf (! AAll KKuuffrraahh!((!oAl Jawf KUFRA

Al Kufrah o

KOUROU ARKENNE

MATAN AS SARRA (!o WWaaddii HHaallffaa

Sudan Niger Chad 20°0'0"N 20°0'0"N

KKeerrmmaahh AArrggoo 10°0'0"E 20°0'0"E DDuunnqquullaahh

(!o Airport !. National Capital Road Network National boundary Date Created: 03-Mar-2011 Map Num: LogCluster-LBY-001-A2 Kilometers Primary Coord.System/Datum: Geographic/WGS84 o Airfield (! Major Town First level admin boundary GLIDE Num: o L I B Y A Airstrip !( Intermediate Town Secondary Surface Waterbody 0 90 180 270 360 The boundaries and names and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement !( Tertiary !h Port Small Town Seasonal Mineral Pans or acceptance by the United Nations. G e n e r a l L o g i s t i c s P l a n n i n g M a p Nominal Scale 1:4,500,000 at A2 Railway ! Village(selction) Trail Seasonal Waterbody Email: [email protected] Website: www.logcluster.org Global Logistics Cluster Support Cell, Rome/Italy Data Sources: GAUL, WFP, GLCSC 144 River !( !( !(

!( !( !(

Al 'Irq Awlad Majid Al 'Irq !( Awlad Majid Waaddhhrraaff !( !( Djerba Island M E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A !( GABES (o! GGhhaannnnoouucchhee DJERBA NEFTA !( BBiinn RRhhiilloouuff EEll HHaammaa !h ZARZIS Tozeurr !( !( !( !( DDjjeerrbbaa h Meezzrraaiiaa !( Gabès o GABES (o! ! !( TTiiaanneesstt TTaagguueerrmeessss Nefta !( !( !( Nefta OOuum SSeemaaaa !( AAll Meeddoouu!( Meeddjjiinnee !( !( Seftimi KKeettttaannaa AAbbaarrddaa!( !( HHaawwmaatt aall BBaaddaawwiiyyiinn Seftimi !( !( FFiittnnaassaahh !( !( !( !( LLiimaagguueessss !( Ain Saidana Adjim Arhir NNaaqqqqaahh Ain Saidana Adjim !( TTaaffeerrttaasssseett Arhir ''AAyynn ZZiiqqzzaaww !( !( !( KKeebbiillii AAzz ZZaarraatt !( AAll JJuurrff Tozeur EEbbnneessss JJuurrff aall QQaannttaarraahh SSiiddii Meessssaaïïdd Gabes Maarriitthh !( GGhhuullaayyssiiyyaahh !( BBaannii ''IIssáá !( !( !( BBaannii SSeeggggaannee Sidi ash Shammakh JJaamnnaahh !( !( !( AArrrraam !( !( Sidi ash Shammakh !( ZZaarraawwaahh BBaannii ZZaallttaann Kebili ZZaarrssiinn TTaamaazzrraatt !( BBiirr TTaaddjjeerrddiimeett !( !( !( Al Hafsah ZZaarrzziiss Al Hafsah !( !( !( TToouujjaannee Nouil AAzz ZZaarriibbaahh !( h Nouil !( ! ZARZIS !( !( !( Al 'Alandayah AAll ''UUwwaayynnaahh !( Al 'Alandayah DDaawwwwaarr aall Maa'' GGhhiiddmaahh ZZaa''ffaarraann BBaarrqquuqq !( AAll FFaawwwwaarr !( MAND!(ANIYIN !( AAll Maattaamiirr !( SSaabbrriiaa !( o Mééddeenniinnee Medenine AAll ''UUwwaayynnaahh RRaajjaa QQaassrr aall HHaalllluuff!( !( AAll QQaassrr aall JJaaddiidd !( !( !( QQaassrr aall QQuurraayyqqiirriiyyaahh BBaannii KKhhaaddddaasshh !( !( QQaassrr aall JJaawwaamii'' AAll Maarrssáá QQaassrr TTaarrcciinnee AAnn NNaaffffaattiiyyaahh !( !( KKrreerraacchhffaa RRaa''ss AAjjddiirr !( BBeenn GGaarrddaannee !( ABU QQaassrr aall ''AAbbaabbiissaahh !( !( AAlllloouueett eell GGoouunnnnaa KAMMASH !( Abu Kammash GGhhoomrraasssseenn!( Abu Kammash KKssaarr CChhoouulliinnee !h !( KKiirrcchhaaoouu!( !( !( Kasba Drina !( DDoouuiirraatt !( Kasba Drina KKssaarr GGhhiillaannee QQaassrr aasshh SShhuuhhbbaann !( ZWARA TRIPOLI TTaagguueellmiitt !( ZUARA Foum Tatahouine !( !( Foum Tatahouine ZZaallttaann o ZZuuwwaarraahh QQaassrr AAwwllaadd Maassmaadd KKaassbbaa BBoouu NNeemcchhaa KKaassbbaa eess SSaabboouunn !h !( AAll M HHaanInsTshhiirIr GA AAdd DDuuwwaayyrraatt !( !( !( !( Riqdalin Triipollii h !( Ed Dachla !( !( Bulaydat al Muqaddamin !( Riqdalin ! 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NEW Gharyan BBaallddaatt TTuuqqttaahh !( GHADAMES !( Daraj !(GGhhaaddaamiiss EEaass(o!tt!( Daraj Ghadamiis GGhhaaddaameess EEaasstt 10°0'0"E 15°0'0"E

(o! Airport National Capital Road Network National boundary Date Created: 03-MAR-2011 .! Map Num: LogCluster-LBY-005-A2 o Airfield Primary First level admin boundary Coord.System/Datum: Geographic/WGS84 T u n i s i a - L y b i a (! Major Town GLIDE Num: !h Ports Secondary Surface Waterbody !( Intermediate Town The boundaries and names and the designations G e n e r a l L o g i s t i c s P l a n n i n g M a p Railway Tertiary Seasonal Mineral Pans used on this map do not imply official endorsement !( Small Town or acceptance by the United Nations. Trail Seasonal Waterbody Kilometers !( Village Email: [email protected] Nominal Scale 1:1,500,000 at A2 Website: www.logcluster.org River Global Logistics Cluster Support Cell, Rome/Italy Data Sources: GAUL, WFP, GLCSC, ESRI 0 25 50 75 100 145 Key documents

146 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 5 Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 04 Mar 2011

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This report is produced by OCHA in collaboration with humanitarian partners. It was issued by Cairo and New York. It covers the period from 3 March to 4 March. The next report will be issued on or around 5 March.

I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES

• According to IOM, 191,748 people, mainly migrant workers, have left Libya to date.

• Over 100,000 people have now crossed into Tunisia from Libya.

• There are reports that 10,000 people are moving from inside Libya towards the border with Egypt.

• A total of US$43.3 million has been contributed and $10 million pledged from donors in response to the crisis.

. The Emergency Relief Coordinator has designated a Humanitarian Coordinator for the Libya crisis, effective 4 March.

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147 Guidance on the Use of Military Air / Sea Craft to Support the Evacuation of Third Country Nationals in the Context of the Current Crisis in North Africa Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

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• There is an urgent need to evacuate tens of thousands of third country nationals (TCNs) who have fled the crisis in Libya in recent days. Doing so may help to avert a major humanitarian crisis.

- MCDA would complement overstretched civilian capabilities;

- MCDA would be used to meet a very specific requirement;

- MCDA would be used for limited duration only;

- MCDA would provide unique advantages in terms of capability and timeliness.

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148 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 4 Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

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I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES

- According to IOM, 172,874 people, mainly migrant workers, have left Libya to date.

- According to the Financial Tracking Service, US$35.6 million has been contributed and $10 million pledged from donors in response to the crisis.

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149 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 4 (Arabic version) Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 03 Mar 2011

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150 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 3 (Arabic version) Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

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151 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 2 (Arabic version) Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 01 Mar 2011

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I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES

• According to new estimates, up to 147,000 people have now fled Libya to Egypt, Tunisia and Niger.

• Thousands of people are stuck on the Libyan side of the border with Tunisia and are not allowed to cross. They are stranded without access to food, health, water and sanitation.

• More than 25,000 people have reportedly crossed from Libya into Tunisia over the past two days, creating a huge bottleneck on the Tunisian side of the border due to lack of onward transportation.

• A joint United Nations mission is being organized to eastern Libya to carry out a humanitarian needs assessment.

Please open the link below for the Arabic version of this situation report.

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152 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 3 Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 02 Mar 2011

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I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES

- On 1 March, an estimated 12,000 people were evacuated from the Tunisia-Libya border to Egypt by air and sea.

- A United Nations joint rapid assessment mission is currently in eastern Libya proceeding to Benghazi to assess humanitarian needs.

- The United Nations Emergency Relief Coordinator has allocated some US$5 million from the Central Emergency Response Fund to kick-start emergency efforts to help people fleeing violence in Libya.

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153 Report of the Human Rights Council on its fifteenth special session (A/HRC/S-15/1) Source: United Nations General Assembly; United Nations Human Rights Council

Date: 25 Feb 2011

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Advance Unedited Version

Human Rights Council

Fifteenth special session

25 February 2011

I. Resolution adopted by the Council at its fifteenth special session

S-15/1.

Situation of human rights in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

The Human Rights Council,

Reaffirming the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and relevant international human rights instruments, and relevant international law,

Recalling General Assembly resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006,

Recalling further Council resolution 5/1 and 5/2 of 18 June 2007,

Expressing deep concern at the deaths of hundreds of civilians and rejecting unequivocally the incitement to hostility and violence against the civilian population made from the highest level of the Libyan government;

Reaffirming that all States have an obligation to protect the rights to life, liberty and security of the person,

Reaffirming also the responsibilities of all States, in conformity with the United Nations Charter, to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms for all,

Reaffirming further that all Member States of the United Nations Human Rights Council should uphold the highest standards in the promotion and protection of human rights and that the United Nations General Assembly may suspend the rights of membership in the Council of a member that commits gross and systematic violations of human rights;

Supporting the statements made by the Secretary-General of the United Nations and by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, in particular the latter's statement of 22 February 2011 calling for international investigation into Libyan violence and justice for victims;

Supporting also the Press Statement of the United Nations Security Council on Libya of 22 February 2011,

Also supporting the statement issued by the Council of the League of Arab States of 22 February 2011, the statement of the Secretary General of the Organisation of Islamic Conference of 20 February 2011, the communiqué of the 261th Meeting of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union, and the relevant conclusions of the European Union Foreign Affairs Council of 21 February 2011;

1. Expresses deep concern with the situation in Libya, strongly condemns the recent gross and systematic human rights violations committed in Libya, including indiscriminate armed attacks against civilians, extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests, detention and torture of peaceful demonstrators, some of which may also amount to crimes against humanity;

2. Strongly calls upon the Government of Libya to meet its responsibility to protect its population, to immediately put an end to all human rights violations, to stop any attacks against civilians, and to fully respect all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression and freedom of assembly;

3. Strongly calls upon the Government of Libya for the immediate release of all arbitrarily detained persons, including those who were detained before the recent events, as well as for the immediate cessation of intimidation, persecution and arbitrary arrests of individuals including lawyers, human rights defenders and journalists;

4. Urges Libyan authorities to ensure the safety of all civilians, including citizens of third countries, to refrain from any reprisals against people who have taken part in the demonstrations, to facilitate the departure of those foreign nationals wishing to leave the country, and to allow the provision of urgent humanitarian assistance to those in need;

5. Also urges Libyan authorities to immediately cease the blocking of public access to the internet and telecommunication networks

6. Further urges Libyan authorities to respect the popular will, aspirations and demands of its people and to do their utmost efforts to prevent further deterioration of the crisis and to promote a peaceful solution ensuring safety for all civilians and stability for the country;

7. Recalls the importance of accountability and the need to fight against impunity and in this regard stresses the need to hold to account those responsible for attacks in Libya, including by forces under government control, on civilians;

154 8 Urgently calls for an open, inclusive, meaningful and national dialogue aimed at systemic changes responding to the will of the Libyan people and at the promotion and protection of their human rights;

9. Reminds the Government of Libya to respect its commitment as a Member of the Human Rights Council to uphold the highest standards in the promotion and protection of human rights and to cooperate fully with the Council and its Special Procedures;

10. Calls on the Libyan authorities to guarantee access to human rights and humanitarian organisations including human rights monitors;

11 Decides to urgently dispatch an independent, international commission of inquiry, to be appointed by the President of the Council, to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in Libya, to establish the facts and circumstances of such violations and of the crimes perpetrated, and , where possible identify those responsible to make recommendations, in particular, on accountability measures, all with a view to ensuring that those individuals responsible are held accountable, and to report to the Council at its seventeenth session, and calls upon the Libyan authorities to fully cooperate with the Commission;

12. Requests the Secretary-General and the High Commissioner to provide all administrative, technical and logistical assistance required to enable the above-mentioned commission of inquiry to fulfil its mandate;

13. Requests the High Commissioner to provide an oral update to the Council at its sixteenth session on the human rights situation in Libya, and to submit a follow-up report to the seventeenth session, as well as to organize an interactive dialogue on the human rights situation in Libya during the seventeenth session of the Council;

14. Recommends to the United Nations General Assembly, in view of the gross and systematic violations of human rights by the Libyan authorities, the consideration of the application of the measures foreseen in OP8 of General Assembly resolution 60/251;

15. Decides to remain seized of the matter.

2nd meeting

25 February 2011

[adopted without a vote.]

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155 North Africa & Middle East: Civil unrest Emergency appeal n° MDR82001 Source: International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

Date: 01 Mar 2011

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Programme Summary

Weeks of civil strife and unrest in several countries in the Middle East and North Africa region have provoked significant concerns related to security, safety, protection, and threats to livelihoods. Given the general insecurity and the negative economic and financial consequences, significant spontaneous population movements have been triggered, primarily from Libya to the neighbouring countries of Tunisia and Egypt. The prevailing political conditions are compounding a challenging situation and underlines the need to prioritize humanitarian concerns. Responding to the evolving situation, the IFRC has provided support from its DREF and is deploying a Field Assessment and Coordination Team (FACT) to support and complement efforts already underway, including support to National Society volunteers leading the response efforts. The IFRC is fully alert to pre-existing hardships and difficulties that are exacerbated by the current social and economic conditions and is concerned to focus support toward the most vulnerable amongst the affected population.

The IFRC is working with all its partner National Societies to ensure that they can continue to deliver effective emergency and social services in a neutral and impartial manner. Based on the evolving situation, this Preliminary Emergency Appeal responds to a request from the affected National Societies to provide appropriate and timely support and assistance in the areas of food and non-food relief items, emergency health, shelter, and water and sanitation.

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156 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 2 Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 01 Mar 2011

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I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES

• According to new estimates, up to 147,000 people have now fled Libya to Egypt, Tunisia and Niger.

• Thousands of people are stuck on the Libyan side of the border with Tunisia and are not allowed to cross. They are stranded without access to food, health, water and sanitation.

• More than 25,000 people have reportedly crossed from Libya into Tunisia over the past two days, creating a huge bottleneck on the Tunisian side of the border due to lack of onward transportation.

• A joint United Nations mission is being organized to eastern Libya to carry out a humanitarian needs assessment.

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157 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Unrest Situation Report No. 1 Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Date: 28 Feb 2011

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This report is produced by OCHA in collaboration with humanitarian partners. It was issued by Cairo and New York. It covers the period from 14 February to 28 February. The next report will be issued on or around 2 March.

I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PRIORITIES

• Humanitarian access to western Libya is the main priority.

• Few humanitarian needs have so far been identified inside the areas of eastern Libya which aid agencies have reached and assessed.

• Continued assistance is required in Egypt, Tunisia and Niger to help ease the congestion caused by the influx of over 100,000 people that have left Libya.

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158 Statement by the Office of the Prosecutor on situation in Libya Source: International Criminal Court (ICC)

Date: 28 Feb 2011

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 (2011) provides jurisdiction to the International Criminal Court over the situation in Libya.

The Office of the Prosecutor has to now decide whether an investigation into alleged crimes against humanity committed in Libya since 15 February 2011 should be opened.

The Office is currently assessing allegations of widespread or systematic attacks against the civilian population as well as other additional legal requisites established by the Rome Statute.

The Office is liaising with relevant organisations including the Arab League, the African Union, the UN Council on Human Rights, the UN High Commission for Human Rights and the UN Secretariat, as well as with States, in order to collect information required.

The Office of the Prosecutor is interested in receiving footage and images to confirm the alleged crimes. Additionally the Office is liaising with Libyan officials and army officers to receive information about the identity of authorities with command and control over the organizations allegedly involved in the crimes.

The Office of the Prosecutor has to act impartially. The next step will be to decide whether to open an investigation, and eventually collect evidence and request an arrest warrant against those identified as the most responsible. The judges will then decide based on the evidence. In accordance with its mandate to end impunity to contribute to the prevention of future crimes, the Office will act without delay.

"Information suggests that forces loyal to President Muammar Qadhafi are attacking civilians in Libya" said Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo. "This could constitute crimes against humanity and must stop. The Office will act swiftly and impartially. There will be no impunity for leaders involved in the commission of crimes."

Source: Office of the Prosecutor

159 In Swift, Decisive Action, Security Council Imposes Tough Measures on Libyan Regime, Adopting Resolution 1970 in Wake of Crackdown on Protesters Source: United Nations Security Council

Date: 26 Feb 2011

Security Council SC/10187

6491st Meeting* (PM)

Situation Referred to International Criminal Court; Secretary-General Expresses Hope Message 'Heard and Heeded' in Libya

Deploring what it called "the gross and systematic violation of human rights" in strife-torn Libya, the Security Council this evening demanded an end to the violence and decided to refer the situation to the International Criminal Court while imposing an arms embargo on the country and a travel ban and assets freeze on the family of Muammar Al-Qadhafi and certain Government officials.

Unanimously adopting resolution 1970 (2011) under Article 41 of the Charter's Chapter VII, the Council authorized all Member States to seize and dispose of military-related materiel banned by the text and adopt "all measures necessary" to secure the prompt and safe delivery of humanitarian assistance to those in need.

Through the text, the Council also decided to establish a new committee to monitor sanctions, to liaison with Member States on compliance and to respond to violations and to designate the individuals subject to the targeted measures. Individuals and entities immediately subjected to the targeted sanctions were listed in an Annex to the resolution.

Regarding its referral of the situation in Libya since 15 February 2011 to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, the Council recognized that States not party to the Rome Statute that established the Court had no obligations to it, but urged all States and concerned organizations to cooperate fully with the Court's Prosecutor.

The Council affirmed it would keep the actions of the Libyan authorities under continuous review and would be prepared to strengthen, modify, suspend or lift the prescribed measures in light of compliance or non-compliance with the resolution.

Following the adoption of the text, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon welcomed the Council's "decisive" action. "While it cannot, by itself, end the violence and the repression, it is a vital step — a clear expression of the will of a united community of nations," he said.

He expressed hope that the message that "gross violations of basic human rights will not be tolerated and that those responsible for grave crimes will be held accountable" would be "heard and heeded" by the Libyan regime and that it would bring hope and relief to those still at risk. He looked for similar action from the General Assembly and the international community as a whole, and warned that even bolder steps might be necessary.

In their explanations of vote, Council members welcomed the unanimity of the action and expressed solidarity with the people of Libya, hoping that their "swift and decisive" intervention would help bring them relief. Many expressed hope that the resolution was a strong step in affirming the responsibility of States to protect their people as well as the legitimate role of the Council to step in when they failed to meet that responsibility.

With the referral of the situation to the International Criminal Court, France's representative hoped the vote would open a new era in commitment to the protection of populations. Further to that goal, Brazil's representative expressed strong reservations to the provision in the resolution allowing for exemptions from jurisdiction of nationals from non-States parties, saying those were not helpful to advance the cause of justice and accountability.

Noting that five Council members were not parties to the Rome Statute that set up the International Criminal Court, including India, that country's representative said he would have preferred a "calibrated approach" to the issue. However, he was convinced that the referral would help to bring about the end of violence and he heeded the call of the Secretary-General on the issue, while stressing the importance of the provisions in the resolution regarding non-States parties to the Statute.

Some speakers, such as the representatives of Lebanon and the Russian Federation, stressed the importance of affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Libya. The Chinese representative said he had supported the resolution taking into account the special circumstances in Libya.

Speaking last, Libya's representative said that the Council's action represented moral support for his people and was a signal that an end must be put to the fascist regime in Tripoli. He launched an appeal to all the officers of the Libyan armed forces to support their own people, and welcomed the referral to the International Criminal Court, as well as the decision not to impose sanctions on those who might abandon Mr. Al-Qadhafi in the end.

Also speaking this evening were the representatives of the United Kingdom, South Africa, Nigeria, United States, Colombia, Portugal, Germany, and Bosnia and Herzegovina and Gabon.

The meeting was opened at 8:10 p.m. and closed at 8:55 p.m.

Resolution

The full text of resolution 1970 (2011) reads as follows:

"The Security Council,

"Expressing grave concern at the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and condemning the violence and use of force against civilians,

"Deploring the gross and systematic violation of human rights, including the repression of peaceful demonstrators, expressing deep concern at the deaths of

160 civilians, and rejecting unequivocally the incitement to hostility and violence against the civilian population made from the highest level of the Libyan government,

"Welcoming the condemnation by the Arab League, the African Union, and the Secretary General of the Organization of the Islamic Conference of the serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law that are being committed in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

"Taking note of the letter to the President of the Security Council from the Permanent Representative of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya dated 26 February 2011,

"Welcoming the Human Rights Council resolution A/HRC/S-15/2 of 25 February 2011, including the decision to urgently dispatch an independent international commission of inquiry to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, to establish the facts and circumstances of such violations and of the crimes perpetrated, and where possible identify those responsible,

"Considering that the widespread and systematic attacks currently taking place in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya against the civilian population may amount to crimes against humanity,

"Expressing concern at the plight of refugees forced to flee the violence in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

"Expressing concern also at the reports of shortages of medical supplies to treat the wounded,

"Recalling the Libyan authorities' responsibility to protect its population,

"Underlining the need to respect the freedoms of peaceful assembly and of expression, including freedom of the media,

"Stressing the need to hold to account those responsible for attacks, including by forces under their control, on civilians,

"Recalling article 16 of the Rome Statute under which no investigation or prosecution may be commenced or proceeded with by the International Criminal Court for a period of 12 months after a Security Council request to that effect,

"Expressing concern for the safety of foreign nationals and their rights in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

"Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.

"Mindful of its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security under the Charter of the United Nations,

"Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, and taking measures under its Article 41,

"1. Demands an immediate end to the violence and calls for steps to fulfil the legitimate demands of the population;

"2. Urges the Libyan authorities to:

(a) Act with the utmost restraint, respect human rights and international humanitarian law, and allow immediate access for international human rights monitors;

(b) Ensure the safety of all foreign nationals and their assets and facilitate the departure of those wishing to leave the country;

(c) Ensure the safe passage of humanitarian and medical supplies, and humanitarian agencies and workers, into the country; and

(d) Immediately lift restrictions on all forms of media;

"3. Requests all Member States, to the extent possible, to cooperate in the evacuation of those foreign nationals wishing to leave the country;

ICC referral

"4. Decides to refer the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya since 15 February 2011 to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court;

"5. Decides that the Libyan authorities shall cooperate fully with and provide any necessary assistance to the Court and the Prosecutor pursuant to this resolution and, while recognizing that States not party to the Rome Statute have no obligation under the Statute, urges all States and concerned regional and other international organizations to cooperate fully with the Court and the Prosecutor;

"6. Decides that nationals, current or former officials or personnel from a State outside the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya which is not a party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of that State for all alleged acts or omissions arising out of or related to operations in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya established or authorized by the Council, unless such exclusive jurisdiction has been expressly waived by the State;

"7. Invites the Prosecutor to address the Security Council within two months of the adoption of this resolution and every six months thereafter on actions taken pursuant to this resolution;

"8. Recognizes that none of the expenses incurred in connection with the referral, including expenses related to investigations or prosecutions in connection with that referral, shall be borne by the United Nations and that such costs shall be borne by the parties to the Rome Statute and those States that wish to contribute voluntarily;

Arms embargo

"9. Decides that all Member States shall immediately take the necessary measures to prevent the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, from or through their territories or by their nationals, or using their flag vessels or aircraft, of arms and related materiel of all types, including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment, and spare parts for the aforementioned, and technical assistance, training, financial or other assistance, related to military activities or the provision, maintenance or use of any arms and related materiel, including the

161 provision of armed mercenary personnel whether or not originating in their territories, and decides further that this measure shall not apply to:

(a) Supplies of non-lethal military equipment intended solely for humanitarian or protective use, and related technical assistance or training, as approved in advance by the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 below;

(b) Protective clothing, including flak jackets and military helmets, temporarily exported to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya by United Nations personnel, representatives of the media and humanitarian and development works and associated personnel, for their personal use only; or

(c) Other sales or supply of arms and related materiel, or provision of assistance or personnel, as approved in advance by the Committee;

"10. Decides that the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya shall cease the export of all arms and related materiel and that all Member States shall prohibit the procurement of such items from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya by their nationals, or using their flagged vessels or aircraft, and whether or not originating in the territory of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;

"11. Calls upon all States, in particular States neighbouring the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, to inspect, in accordance with their national authorities and legislation and consistent with international law, in particular the law of the sea and relevant international civil aviation agreements, all cargo to and from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in their territory, including seaports and airports, if the State concerned has information that provides reasonable grounds to believe the cargo contains items the supply, sale, transfer, or export of which is prohibited by paragraphs 9 or 10 of this resolution for the purpose of ensuring strict implementation of those provisions;

"12. Decides to authorize all Member States to, and that all Member States shall, upon discovery of items prohibited by paragraph 9 or 10 of this resolution, seize and dispose (such as through destruction, rendering inoperable, storage or transferring to a State other than the originating or destination States for disposal) items the supply, sale, transfer or export of which is prohibited by paragraph 9 or 10 of this resolution and decides further that all Member States shall cooperate in such efforts;

"13. Requires any Member State when it undertakes an inspection pursuant to paragraph 11 above, to submit promptly an initial written report to the Committee containing, in particular, explanation of the grounds for the inspections, the results of such inspections, and whether or not cooperation was provided, and, if prohibited items for transfer are found, further requires such Member States to submit to the Committee, at a later stage, a subsequent written report containing relevant details on the inspection, seizure, and disposal, and relevant details of the transfer, including a description of the items, their origin and intended destination, if this information is not in the initial report;

"14. Encourages Member States to take steps to strongly discourage their nationals from travelling to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to participate in activities on behalf of the Libyan authorities that could reasonably contribute to the violation of human rights;

Travel ban

"15. Decides that all Member States shall take the necessary measures to prevent the entry into or transit through their territories of individuals listed in Annex I of this resolution or designated by the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 below, provided that nothing in this paragraph shall oblige a State to refuse its own nationals entry into its territory;

"16. Decides that the measures imposed by paragraph 15 above shall not apply:

(a) Where the Committee determines on a case-by-case basis that such travel is justified on the grounds of humanitarian need, including religious obligation;

(b) Where entry or transit is necessary for the fulfilment of a judicial process;

(c) Where the Committee determines on a case-by-case basis that an exemption would further the objectives of peace and national reconciliation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and stability in the region; or

(d) Where a State determines on a case-by-case basis that such entry or transit is required to advance peace and stability in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the States subsequently notifies the Committee within forty-eight hours after making such a determination;

Asset freeze

"17. Decides that all Member States shall freeze without delay all funds, other financial assets and economic resources which are on their territories, which are owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the individuals or entities listed in Annex II of this resolution or designated by the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 below, or by individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them, and decides further that all Member States shall ensure that any funds, financial assets or economic resources are prevented from being made available by their nationals or by any individuals or entities within their territories, to or for the benefit of the individuals or entities listed in Annex II of this resolution or individuals designated by the Committee;

"18. Expresses its intention to ensure that assets frozen pursuant to paragraph 17 shall at a later stage be made available to and for the benefit of the people of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;

"19. Decides that the measures imposed by paragraph 17 above do not apply to funds, other financial assets or economic resources that have been determined by relevant Member States:

(a) To be necessary for basic expenses, including payment for foodstuffs, rent or mortgage, medicines and medical treatment, taxes, insurance premiums, and public utility charges or exclusively for payment of reasonable professional fees and reimbursement of incurred expenses associated with the provision of legal services in accordance with national laws, or fees or service charges, in accordance with national laws, for routine holding or maintenance of frozen funds, other financial assets and economic resources, after notification by the relevant State to the Committee of the intention to authorize, where appropriate, access to such funds, other financial assets or economic resources and in the absence of a negative decision by the Committee within five working days of such notification;

(b) To be necessary for extraordinary expenses, provided that such determination has been notified by the relevant State or Member States to the Committee and has been approved by the Committee; or

(c) To be the subject of a judicial, administrative or arbitral lien or judgment, in which case the funds, other financial assets and economic resources may be

162 used to satisfy that lien or judgment provided that the lien or judgment was entered into prior to the date of the present resolution, is not for the benefit of a person or entity designated pursuant to paragraph 17 above, and has been notified by the relevant State or Member States to the Committee;

"20. Decides that Member States may permit the addition to the accounts frozen pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 17 above of interests or other earnings due on those accounts or payments due under contracts, agreements or obligations that arose prior to the date on which those accounts became subject to the provisions of this resolution, provided that any such interest, other earnings and payments continue to be subject to these provisions and are frozen;

"21. Decides that the measures in paragraph 17 above shall not prevent a designated person or entity from making payment due under a contract entered into prior to the listing of such a person or entity, provided that the relevant States have determined that the payment is not directly or indirectly received by a person or entity designated pursuant to paragraph 17 above, and after notification by the relevant States to the Committee of the intention to make or receive such payments or to authorize, where appropriate, the unfreezing of funds, other financial assets or economic resources for this purpose, 10 working days prior to such authorization;

Designation criteria

"22. Decides that the measures contained in paragraphs 15 and 17 shall apply to the individuals and entities designated by the Committee, pursuant to paragraph 24 (b) and (c), respectively;

(a) Involved in or complicit in ordering, controlling, or otherwise directing, the commission of serious human rights abuses against persons in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including by being involved in or complicit in planning, commanding, ordering or conducting attacks, in violation of international law, including aerial bombardments, on civilian populations and facilities; or

(b) Acting for or on behalf of or at the direction of individuals or entities identified in subparagraph (a).

"23. Strongly encourages Member States to submit to the Committee names of individuals who meet the criteria set out in paragraph 22 above;

New Sanctions Committee

"24. Decides to establish, in accordance with rule 28 of its provisional rules of procedure, a Committee of the Security Council consisting of all the members of the Council (herein "the Committee"), to undertake to following tasks:

(a) To monitor implementation of the measures imposed in paragraphs 9, 10, 15, and 17;

(b) To designate those individuals subject to the measures imposed by paragraphs 15 and to consider requests for exemptions in accordance with paragraph 16 above;

(c) To designate those individuals subject to the measures imposed by paragraph 17 above and to consider requests for exemptions in accordance with paragraphs 19 and 20 above;

(d) To establish such guidelines as may be necessary to facilitate the implementation of the measures imposed above;

(e) To report within thirty days to the Security Council on its work for the first report and thereafter to report as deemed necessary by the Committee;

(f) To encourage a dialogue between the Committee and interested Member States, in particular those in the region, including by inviting representatives of such States to meet with the Committee to discuss implementation of the measures;

(g) To seek from all States whatever information it may consider useful regarding the actions taken by them to implement effectively the measures imposed above;

(h) To examine and take appropriate action on information regarding alleged violations or non-compliance with the measures contained in this resolution;

"25. Calls upon all Member States to report to the Committee within 120 days of the adoption of this resolution on the steps they have taken with a view to implementing effectively paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 above;

Humanitarian assistance

"26. Calls upon all Member States, working together and acting in cooperation with the Secretary General, to facilitate and support the return of humanitarian agencies and make available humanitarian and related assistance in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and requests the States concerned to keep the Security Council regularly informed on the progress of actions undertaken pursuant to this paragraph, and expresses its readiness to consider taking additional appropriate measures, as necessary, to achieve this;

Commitment to review

"27. Affirms that it shall keep the Libyan authorities' actions under continuous review and that it shall be prepared to review the appropriateness of the measures contained in this resolution, including the strengthening, modification, suspension or lifting of the measures, as may be needed at any time in light of the Libyan authorities' compliance with relevant provisions of this resolution;

"28. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter."

Annex I

Travel ban

1. Al-Baghdadi, Dr Abdulqader Mohammed

Passport number: B010574. Date of birth: 01/07/1950.

163 Head of the Liaison Office of the Revolutionary Committees. Revolutionary Committees involved in violence against demonstrators.

2. Dibri, Abdulqader Yusef

Date of birth: 1946. Place of birth: Houn, Libya.

Head of Muammar Qadhafi's personal security. Responsibility for regime security. History of directing violence against dissidents.

3. Dorda, Abu Zayd Umar

Director, External Security Organisation. Regime loyalist. Head of external intelligence agency.

4. Jabir, Major General Abu Bakr Yunis

Date of birth: 1952. Place of birth: Jalo, Libya.

Defence Minister. Overall responsibility for actions of armed forces.

5. Matuq, Matuq Mohammed

Date of birth: 1956. Place of birth: Khoms.

Secretary for Utilities. Senior member of regime. Involvement with Revolutionary Committees. Past history of involvement in suppression of dissent and violence.

6. Qadhaf Al-dam, Sayyid Mohammed

Date of birth: 1948. Place of birth: Sirte, Libya.

Cousin of Muammar Qadhafi. In the 1980s, Sayyid was involved in the dissident assassination campaign and allegedly responsible for several deaths in Europe. He is also thought to have been involved in arms procurement.

7. Qadhafi, Aisha Muammar

Date of birth: 1978. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya.

Daughter of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime.

8. Qadhafi, Hannibal Muammar

Passport number: B/002210. Date of birth: 20/09/1975. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya. Son of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime.

9. Qadhafi, Khamis Muammar

Date of birth: 1978. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya.

Son of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime. Command of military units involved in repression of demonstrations.

10. Qadhafi, Mohammed Muammar

Date of birth: 1970. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya.

Son of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime.

11. Qadhafi, Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar

Date of birth: 1942. Place of birth: Sirte, Libya.

Leader of the Revolution, Supreme Commander of Armed Forces. Responsibility for ordering repression of demonstrations, human rights abuses.

12. Qadhafi, Mutassim

Date of birth: 1976. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya.

National Security Adviser. Son of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime.

13. Qadhafi, Saadi

Passport number: 014797. Date of birth: 25/05/1973. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya.

Commander Special Forces. Son of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime. Command of military units involved in repression of demonstrations.

14. Qadhafi, Saif al-Arab

Date of birth: 1982. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya.

Son of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime.

164 15. Qadhafi, Saif al-Islam

Passport number: B014995. Date of birth: 25/06/1972. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya.

Director, Qadhafi Foundation. Son of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime. Inflammatory public statements encouraging violence against demonstrators.

16. Al-Senussi, Colonel Abdullah

Date of birth: 1949. Place of birth: Sudan.

Director Military Intelligence. Military Intelligence involvement in suppression of demonstrations. Past history includes suspicion of involvement in Abu Selim prison massacre. Convicted in absentia for bombing of UTA flight. Brother-in-law of Muammar Qadhafi.

Annex II

Asset freeze

1. Qadhafi, Aisha Muammar

Date of birth: 1978. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya.

Daughter of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime.

2. Qadhafi, Hannibal Muammar

Passport number: B/002210. Date of birth: 20/09/1975. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya. Son of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime.

3. Qadhafi, Khamis Muammar

Date of birth: 1978. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya.

Son of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime. Command of military units involved in repression of demonstrations.

4. Qadhafi, Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar

Date of birth: 1942. Place of birth: Sirte, Libya.

Leader of the Revolution, Supreme Commander of Armed Forces. Responsibility for ordering repression of demonstrations, human rights abuses.

5. Qadhafi, Mutassim

Date of birth: 1976. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya.

National Security Adviser. Son of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime.

6. Qadhafi, Saif al-Islam

Passport number: B014995. Date of birth: 25/06/1972. Place of birth: Tripoli, Libya.

Director, Qadhafi Foundation. Son of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime. Inflammatory public statements encouraging violence against demonstrators.

Statements

MARK LYALL GRANT (United Kingdom) welcomed the adoption, noting that his country was gravely concerned over the violence and had condemned the actions of the Libyan leadership. The text, he said, was a powerful signal of the determination of the international community to stand with the Libyan people as they charted their future.

HARDEEP SINGH PURI ( India) hoped that calm and stability were restored without further violence and called for measures to ensure the safety of the Indian population in Libya, as well as those attempting to leave. Noting that five Council members were not parties to the Rome Statute, including India, he said he would have preferred a "calibrated approach" to the issue. However, he was convinced that the referral of the situation to the International Criminal Court would help to bring about the end of violence, and he heeded the call of the Secretary-General on the issue. He, therefore, had voted in favour of the resolution, while stressing the importance of its provisions regarding non-States parties to the Rome Statute.

BASO SANGQU (South Africa) said his country was deeply concerned about the situation in Libya. The resolution adopted by the Security Council sent a clear and unambiguous message to Libya to stop the indiscriminate use of force in that country, and the measures it contained could contribute to the long- term objective of bringing peace and stability to the nation.

U. JOY OGWU (Nigeria) said that she was deeply concerned about the inflammatory rhetoric and loss of life occurring in Libya. As many had been calling for swift action, it was fitting that the Council had taken decisive action today. Nigeria supported the resolution and its "comprehensive" targeted sanctions. It was convinced that the text would deter individuals from supporting the regime and would provide for the protection of civilians and respect for international humanitarian and human rights law. The delegation believed that the resolution would swiftly address the ongoing violence.

SUSAN RICE ( United States) welcomed the fact that the Council had spoken with one voice this evening, in a clear warning to the Libyan Government that it must stop the killing. Calling the text a strong resolution, she said that this was about people's ability to shape their own future. Their rights were not negotiable and could not be denied.

165 NAWAF SALAM (Lebanon), noting the denunciation by the League of Arab States of the crimes committed against Libyan civilians, said he concurred with its opinion, as well as its support for the right of Libyan citizens to express their opinion. That was why he had voted in favour of the resolution. He stressed the importance of reaffirming the territorial unity of Libya and expressed deep sorrow over the lives lost.

VITALY CHURKIN ( Russian Federation) said he supported the resolution because of his country's deep concern over the situation, its sorrow over the lives lost and its condemnation of the Libyan Government's actions. He opposed counterproductive interventions, but he said that the purpose of the resolution was to end the violence and to preserve the united sovereign State of Libya with its territorial integrity. Security for foreign citizens, including Russian citizens, must be ensured.

LI BAODONG ( China) said that China was very much concerned about the situation in Libya. The greatest urgency was to cease the violence, to end the bloodshed and civilian casualties, and to resolve the crisis through peaceful means, such as dialogue. The safety and interest of the foreign nationals in Libya must be assured. Taking into account the special circumstances in Libya, the Chinese delegation had voted in favour of the resolution.

NÉSTOR OSORIO (Colombia) said the Colombian Government was pleased with the resolution, which had emerged as a result of a "timely process of consultation", in tune with the sense of urgency demanded by the international community. The resolution sent the "direct and solid message" that the violence in Libya must cease and that those responsible for it must answer for their crimes. Moreover, the decision to refer the situation to the International Criminal Court was an appropriate one. Colombia clearly rejected the calls for violence from official sectors in Libya, and condemned the violation of basic rights and freedoms of that country's citizens, including the right to life and to peaceful assembly. Colombia had co-sponsored yesterday's Human Rights Council resolution on the situation. Libya must find a way to respond legitimately to its people's demands, and the international community must remain united to bring an end to the violence there.

JOSÉ FILIPE MORAES CABRAL (Portugal) welcomed the unanimous adoption of the resolution, which he said sent a clear, united message against the crimes being committed against civilians in Libya. He expressed deep concern over the plight of refugees and other humanitarian issues, including the safety of foreigners. Impunity would not be tolerated and serious crimes would be prosecuted.

GÉRARD ARAUD (France) welcomed the fact that the Council had unanimously answered yesterday's appeal by the Libyan representative. The referral of the matter to the International Criminal Court might ensure that those responsible for the crimes were brought to justice. The Court had once again showed the rationale for its existence. The resolution recalled the accountability of each State for the protection of its population and the role of the international community when that responsibility was not met. He hoped the vote would open a new era for the international community as a whole.

PETER WITTIG ( Germany) welcomed what he called the Council's swift, decisive, united and strong message that the violation of the rights of the Libyan people would not be tolerated. The referral to the International Criminal Court demonstrated the determination not to allow impunity. It should be clear to all that the Council would continue to follow the situation closely.

IVAN BARBALI? (Bosnia and Herzegovina) said that in the current situation time was of the essence, and that the Security Council had to react "unanimously and urgently" to end the violence and prevent further escalation of the situation in Libya. His delegation had closely followed the popular movement in Libya, and was appalled at the "unacceptable level of violence" targeted at civilians there. Bosnia and Herzegovina condemned in the strongest possible terms the violence and loss of life, and therefore fully supported the decision to refer those responsible to the International Criminal Court. He called for an immediate stop to the violence. Worried about the outflow of refugees and the high number of internally displaced persons there, he called on international organizations to provide humanitarian aid and services to those affected by the violence.

ALFRED ALEXIS MOUNGARA MOUSSOTSI (Gabon) said that the situation existing in Libya over the last two weeks required an answer and a "strong, clear message" from the Security Council. Gabon had decided to add its voice to the resolution, not only to end the violence, but also to advise the Libyan regime of the consequences of its actions. Gabon was also ready to support other measures that the Council might adopt in support of the Libyan people and their right to life and free speech.

MARIA LUIZA RIBEIRO VIOTTI ( Brazil) said that her delegation was deeply disturbed by the dramatic situation in Libya. The measures adopted today were meant to halt the violence, ensure the protection of civilians and promote respect for international law. The resolution was a "clear signal" of the Council's readiness to respond to the situation in a manner consistent with its responsibilities. Brazil was a long-standing supporter of the integrity and universalization of the Rome Statute, and opposed the exemption from jurisdiction of nationals of those countries not parties to it. Brazil, therefore, expressed its strong reservation to the resolution's operative paragraph 6, and reiterated its firm conviction that initiatives aimed at establishing those exemptions were not helpful to advance the cause of justice and accountability.

IBRAHIM DABBASHI ( Libya) expressed his condolences to the martyrs who had fallen under the repression of the Libyan regime, and thanked Council Members for their unanimous action, which represented moral support for his people, who were resisting the attacks. The resolution would be a signal that an end must be put to the fascist regime in Tripoli.

He launched an appeal to all the officers of the Libyan armed forces to support their own people and renounce their support for Muammar Al-Qadhafi, whom he called "criminal" and whom he said was prepared to go to extremes to keep up the repression. He appealed also to the Libyan people to keep up their struggle to restore the State to the people. He welcomed, in addition, the referral of the situation to the International Criminal Court and the fact that sanctions were not being imposed on those who might abandon Mr. Al-Qadhafi in the end.

BAN KI-MOON, United Nations Secretary-General, welcomed the resolution. "While it cannot, by itself, end the violence and the repression, it is a vital step — a clear expression of the will of a united community of nations," he said. Calling the events in Libya "clear-cut violations of all norms governing international behaviour and serious transgressions of international human rights and humanitarian law", he said it was of great importance that the Council was determined to reach consensus and uphold its responsibilities.

He hoped that the strong message that "gross violations of basic human rights will not be tolerated and that those responsible for grave crimes will be held accountable" would be heeded by the regime in Libya and that it would bring hope and relief to those still at risk. The sanctions were a necessary step to speed the transition to a new system of governance that had the people's consent and participation.

He pledged to monitor the situation closely and remain in touch with world and regional leaders to support swift and concrete action. Expressing solidarity with the Libyan people in coping with the humanitarian impacts, he hoped that the new future for which they yearned would soon be theirs. Commending the Council for its decisive action, he looked for similar determination from the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council.

"Today's measures are tough. In the coming days even bolder action may be necessary," he said.

* *** *

166 ______

* The 6490th Meeting was closed.

For information media • not an official record

167 IOM Appeals for an Initial Eleven Million Dollars to Assist Migrants Fleeing Violence in Libya Source: International Organization for Migration (IOM)

Date: 25 Feb 2011

IOM is urgently appealing for an initial US$11 million to assist migrants caught out by the violence in Libya and who are in dire need of evacuation and repatriation assistance.

The US$11 million would allow the Organization to assist a first group of 10,000 migrants although official requests by several countries to IOM to evacuate and repatriate their nationals could involve assisting at least 50,000 people.

Among countries to have requested help from IOM is Egypt, which is already carrying out unilateral evacuations of its nationals from Tunisia. However, with an estimated one million Egyptian migrant workers stranded in an increasingly volatile environment, its government has asked IOM to help in their safe evacuation.

This would include assisting Egyptian migrants stranded in the Libyan port of Benghazi, about 600 kms from Egypt's border, to get to the Egyptian port city of Alexandria by boat. Assistance would involve providing support for travel to the embarkation point, issuing travel documents where necessary, sea transport as well as reception and onward travel assistance to final destinations in Egypt.

Other countries that have formally approached IOM to help their nationals with evacuation or repatriation include Bangladesh, Moldova, Montenegro, Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.

The funding would also allow IOM to assist migrants of other nationalities - third country nationals (TCNs) - on the Egyptian and Tunisian borders to be safely repatriated to their home countries and to be given post-arrival assistance.

Nepal, for example, has asked IOM to help repatriate about 600 of their nationals who had been working in the Libyan town of Derna and who are now waiting to cross at Salum border crossing. It also reports that 900 of their nationals currently stranded in Tripoli and Benghazi would need assistance if the situation deteriorates further.

In Tripoli, about 350 Sri Lankans are taking shelter at the Sri Lankan Embassy with several hundred other Sri Lankans spread around the country. Meanwhile, about 750 Bangladeshis out of an estimated population of 50,000 are also now heading for the Egyptian border and who will also need food, water and shelter assistance upon arrival.

Vietnamese authorities have told IOM that there are about 10,500 of their nationals in Libya. Although they say some have left, most are still in the country, many without travel documents which were probably kept by their employers.

"The situation for migrants inside Libya is extremely difficult and we are deeply concerned about their plight," says IOM Director General William Lacy Swing.

"We, therefore, urge donors to fund this appeal quickly. This would allow IOM to assist and protect migrant workers who have crossed borders at great risk."

Although IOM teams are at the Ras Adjir border point between Tunisia and Libya and at Salum between Libya and Egypt providing assistance to migrants and assessing needs, appeal funds would allow IOM to immediately set up evacuee reception and processing centres at both sites. This would ensure better registration of and assistance to migrants crossing Libya's borders with its neighbours.

The centres would also serve as crisis information points as well as staging areas for the provision of transportation assistance to migrants.

At least 40,000 people have already crossed into Tunisia and Egypt in the past few days with more arriving on a daily basis. This includes about 8,000 Egyptians currently stranded in southern Tunisia, according to the Tunisian Red Crescent, taking shelter wherever they can.

Hundreds of Nigeriens have also crossed Libya's southern border with Niger where IOM is providing assistance for the migrants at its reception centre in Dirkou.

"Although IOM is initially asking donors for US$11 million, it is likely that this figure will be revised as the situation evolves and in order to help us meet the requests of not just governments, but also of individuals, stranded inside Libya in frightening and worrying situations," adds Swing.

IOM has a long track record of providing humanitarian assistance to member states and migrants requiring evacuation from emergency and conflict situations. During the first Gulf war in 1990 it facilitated the evacuation of over 210,000 migrant workers from the region. In 2003, following the invasion of Iraq, and in 2006, following the invasion of Lebanon, it helped thousands more migrants return home to Asia and other Middle Eastern countries. Copyright © IOM. All rights reserved.

168 Commission Decision of on the financing of emergency humanitarian actions in North Africa from the general budget of the European Union (ECHO/-NF/BUD/2011/01000) Source: European Commission Humanitarian Aid department (ECHO)

Date: 25 Feb 2011

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THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No.1257/96 of 20 June 1996 concerning humanitarian aid 1 , and in particular Article 2(a) and 4 and Article 13 thereof;

Whereas

(1) Since the beginning of 2011, North African and Middle Eastern countries have experienced a wave of instability due to population protests asking for better living conditions. In Libya, protests against Colonel Muammar Gaddafi's rule which started on 16 February have left several hundred people dead and several thousand injured.

(2) On 22 February, after a speech by Colonel Gaddafi declaring all-out internal war, there was a visible outflow of people leaving the country by road through the borders with Egypt and Tunisia.

(3) As of 23 February, 5,000 people (Tunisian and Libyan) had crossed into Tunisia at Ras Ajdir village. 5,000 Egyptians crossed into Egypt at the coastal border town of Salum and 10,000 others were waiting in the area.

(4) Around 1.5 million of foreigners are living in the country, a possible major outflow is feared by the humanitarian community. This might be compounded by a refugee flow if fighting inside the country continues and/or intensifies.

(5) There is a need to provide first aid, food aid, basic medical care, medical equipment, basic shelter items like mattresses, blankets and sanitary kits to the population affected by the violence.

(6) To reach populations in need, humanitarian aid should be channelled through nongovernmental Organisations (NGOs) and international organisations including United Nations (UN) agencies. Therefore the European Commission should implement the budget by direct centralised management or by joint management;

(7) Humanitarian aid actions financed by this Decision should be of a maximum duration of 6 months;

(8) For the purposes of this Decision, the North African countries involved are Libya, Tunisia and Egypt;

(9) It is estimated that an amount of EUR 3,000,000 from budget article 23 02 01 of the general budget of the European Union is necessary to provide humanitarian assistance to over 10,000 beneficiaries including refugees and displaced persons, taking into account the available budget, other donors' contributions and other factors. The activities covered by this Decision may be financed in full in accordance with Article 253 of the Implementing Rules of the Financial Regulation;

(10) The present Decision constitutes a financing Decision within the meaning of Article 75 of the Financial Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/20022, Article 90 of the detailed rules for the implementation of the Financial Regulation determined by Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 2342/20023, and Article 15 of the internal rules on the implementation of the general budget of the European Union4;

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169 Protection considerations with regard to people fleeing from Libya – UNHCR's recommendations (as at 25 February 2011) Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Date: 25 Feb 2011

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1. Introduction

Thousands of people are fleeing from Libya, following the escalating unrest and violence in the country. Most people are leaving Libya overland to Egypt and Tunisia, but there are also departures by land, air and sea to other countries. Little information is available on the current situation in Libya, but there have been credible and alarming reports of excessive use of force against civilians and casualties in the hundreds. Reportedly violence is also being specifically targeted towards the large groups of foreigners in the country, including refugees and asylum-seekers. The UN Security Council has called for an end to the violence against civilians and for international humanitarian assistance to be provided to the people in Libya.

UNHCR has been reinforcing its operations in countries affected by recent displacements in North Africa in order to provide necessary support to governments. UNHCR is maintaining close contact with the Governments concerned and is working to assist them, as appropriate, to provide targeted support to meet needs and respond to the specific movements they are or may be experiencing.

2. UNHCR's Recommendations

Given the current situation in Libya, UNHCR is issuing the following advisory regarding the treatment of arrivals from and the possibility of returns to Libya. This advisory is not a guideline on eligibility for refugee status accorded through national asylum systems. Hence, UNHCR's position is without prejudice to decisions made on an individual basis on asylum claims for persons from Libya. UNHCR's position will be reviewed as the situation evolves and will be updated as necessary.

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170 The Arab Human Development Report: Worth a Second Read Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Date: 07 Feb 2011

With eyes fixed on the rapidly-changing Arab world, the Regional Bureau for Arab States of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has convened scholars, policymakers and opinion leaders in the region since 2002 to analyze and assess the extent of development challenges facing their countries.

Their findings, captured in five volumes of the Arab Human Development Report, foster a broad, informed discussion on the key questions facing stakeholders in the pursuit of human development to its full potential.

In many ways, these reports are a breakthrough: Not only do they highlight the root causes and the deep drivers of development challenges in the region, but they also outline a vision for the fulfillment of human development through increased access to education and knowledge, full enjoyment of freedom as the cornerstone of good governance, and empowerment of women.

Most important is the wide range of challenges facing Arab youth as they transition into adulthood. According to the 2009 edition, Challenges to Human Security in the Arab Countries, about 30 percent of the youth in the Arab States region is unemployed. Considering that more than 50 percent of the population in Arab countries is under the age of 24, 51 million new jobs are needed by 2020 in order to avoid an increase in the unemployment rate.

Equally critical is the importance of good governance to the achievement of development results, a central message in all of the Arab Human Development Reports, which focus on a number of development challenges facing the people of the Arab countries, including poverty, unemployment, water scarcity, food security, climate change, the empowerment of women as well as vulnerable groups, and conflict prevention and recovery.

According to the reports' authors, development gains are likely to be more sustainable where all citizens are empowered and government at all levels is responsive, transparent and accountable. They are firm and unequivocal in their call for governance systems and political leaders in the Arab countries to make progress, along with citizens, on rule of law, checks and balances and participation.

"Bold thinking holds the key to realizing grand visions for the future," reads the 2002 report. "Great goals require great acts."

Read the Arab Human Development Reports here.

The Arab Human Development Report is an independent report sponsored by UNDP and authored by leading scholars, policymakers and opinion leaders in the Arab countries.

UNDP is working closely with stakeholders in the Arab countries to address many of the challenges raised by the report.

In the area of governance, UNDP is helping to create the first-ever women lawyers' association in Sudan; to develop an independent anti-corruption authority in Iraq; to support free and fair elections in Lebanon; to strengthen decentralized governance in Yemen; to increase the effectiveness of parliament in Bahrain, Lebanon and Algeria; to improve gender-responsive delivery of social services; to advance legal empowerment of the poor; and to bring to the forefront issues of local governance in conflict contexts.

Read more about our work in support of public institutions and democratic governance at www. undp.org/governance/