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Flowering and Seed Yield in Three Species of Prairie Plants

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Flowering and Seed Yield in Three Species of Prairie Plants Flowering and Seed Yield in Three Species of Prairie Plants Julia L. Bohnen and Anne M. Hanchek1 Additional index words. Tradescantia ohiensis, Dalea purpurea, Spartina pectinata, native plants, establishment, flowering Summary. Production of native seeds and seedlings for landscaping and res- toration is an expanding horticultural industry in Minnesota, but seed yields of many species from wild stands are often small and vary widely in quality. Fig. 3. Total chlorophyll content (mg•liter–1) of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch. cv. In this work, we document phenolog- Delica) treated with hot water at 50C for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 min and stored at 10 (A) and 20C ical development and seed yield in cul- (B) for 4, 8, and 12 weeks. tivated and prairie-grown plants for Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. (Ohio spi- which fruits will maintain good ap- storage life of Butternut squashes. Food derwort), Dalea purpurea Vent. (pur- pearance and less storage rots for up to Technol. 9:372–373. ple prairie clover), and Spartina pecti- 8 weeks, and thus can reach distant Klein, J.D. and S. Lurie. 1992. Heat treat- nata Link (prairie cordgrass) at the markets with better quality. ments for improved postharvest quality of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum. For horticultural crops. HortTechnology T. ohiensis, seed yield under cultiva- 2:316–320. tion was significantly greater than in Literature Cited the prairie both seasons, with 2.5 g of Lurie, S. and J.D. Klein. 1990. Heat treat- seed recovered per plant in 1993. Un- Abdel-Rahim, A.M. 1988. Postharvest fun- ments of ripening apples: Differential ef- der cultivation, seed yield of establish- gal diseases of some vegetables in Kuwait. fects on physiology and biochemistry. ed D. purpurea was triple that of the Arab J. Plant Protect. 6:83–87. Physiol. Plant. 78:181–186. prairie, yielding 34 seeds per inflores- Dabrowski, A., J. Galazka, and S. Zalewski. cence. S. pectinata grown under culti- Lurie, S. and J.D. Klein. 1992. Ripening vation from seedlings or rhizome di- 1989. Technological properties, nutritional characteristics of tomatoes stored at 12C value, and storage properties of new pump- visions produced seed in the first and and 2C following a prestorage heat treat- second seasons, respectively, while kin varieties. Acta Alimentaria Polonica ment. Sci. Hort. 51:55–64. 15:153–159. plants in the prairie remained vegeta- Navarro, R. 1992. Producción de Kabocha. tive. Two-year-old seedlings produced Flores, E. 1992. Aspectos generales del Taller sobre producción de hortalizas. 38 seeds per spike. Field cultivation of cultivo de la calabaza kabocha (Cucurbita Memorias. SARH, INIFAP, CIRNO, these native plant species resulted in maxima Duch) en la Costa de Hermosillo. CAECH. Hermosillo, Sonora, México. increased seed yield and improved Departemento de Agricultura y Ganaderia. growth, while allowing phenological Disertación de licenciatura, Universidad Pedrosa, J.F., V. W.D. Casali., S.S. Cheng., monitoring and the use of species- de Sonora. M.I. F. Chitarra, and V.D. de Carvalho. specific harvest practices. 1983. Changes in composition of squashes Francis, F.J. and C.L. Thomson. 1965. Op- and pumpkins during storage. Pesquisa timum storage conditions for Butternut Agropecuaria Brasileira 18:29–32. squash. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 86:451– Department of Horticultural Science, University of Min- 456. Rath, G.C., D. Mishra and N.C. Nayak. nesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. 1990. A note on fungi causing rotting of Research conducted at the Minnesota Landscape Arbore- Hawthorne, B.T. 1988. Fungi causing stor- cucurbits in Orissa markets. Orissa J. Agr. tum, Chanhassen. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment age rots on fruits of Cucurbita spp. N.Z. J. Res. 3:161–162. Station publication number 21189, partially funded by Expt. Agr. 16:151–157. a grant from the Legislative Commission on Minnesota’s Resources. From a thesis submitted by J.L.B. in partial Schales, F.D. and F.M. Isenberg. 1963. The fulfillment of the requirements for a MS degree in horti- Hawthorne, B.T. 1989. Effects of cultural effect of curing and storage on chemical practices on the incidence of storage rots in culture. Our thanks to the Minnesota Native Wild- composition and taste acceptability of win- flower/Grass Producers Assn., the Minnesota Dept. of Cucurbita spp. N.Z. J. Crop Hort. Sci. ter squash. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Agriculture, and to Arboretum volunteers Jo Nielsen, 17:49–54. Kathryn McFadden, and Sue Tracey. The cost of publish- 83:667–674. ing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of page Holmes, A.D. 1951. Factors that affect the charges. Under postal regulations, this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate this fact. HortTechnology ● July/Sept. 1994 4(3) 255 RESEARCH UPDATE ncreasing demand for native spe- vested from remnant prairie (Bohnen, Fifteen nonflowering plants each cies for use in highway plantings, 1994). Growers noted that Spartina of T. ohiensis, D. purpurea, and S. Irestoration, and landscaping pectinata (prairie cordgrass), Dalea pectinata were transplanted from es- projects has spurred the growth of the purpurea (syn. Petalostemum purpur- tablished populations in the 20-year- native wildflower and grass seed indus- eum) (purple prairie clover), and Tra- old created Bennett/Johnson Prairie try. Raising native plants from seed descantia ohiensis (Ohio spiderwort) at the Minnesota Landscape Arbore- poses a challenge to growers who sup- (nomenclature follows Gleason and tum (lat. 44.52N, long. 93.37W) in ply locally collected and produced na- Cronquist, 1991) frequently produce early June 1992. Transplants were tive plants to an ever-increasing num- low seed yields, often with low ger- moved to a cultivated field plot on the ber of consumers. Seed yields of many minability as well. Arboretum grounds within 1 mile of species from wild stands are small, and We established field trials at the the prairie on the same day that they vary in quality. One option is to grow Minnesota Landscape Arboretum to were dug, and planted in single blocks plants for seed in cultivated stock plots, compare seed yield of Tradescantia of three × five plants spaced 30 cm on but we know little about the yield ohiensis, Dalea purpurea, and Spartina center. Additional individuals were potential of these plants under a cul- pectinata under cultivated field man- transplanted at the same time to ac- tural regime. Cornelius (1950) docu- agement vs. in a noncultivated man- count for losses during establishment. mented yield for selections of seven aged prairie. Another 15 undisturbed plants were species of native grasses in cultivation identified and marked in the Bennett/ and yield for the same species in prairie Methods and materials Johnson Prairie for comparison of seed remnants, but direct comparisons could Because native prairie plants are yields. All individuals of each species not be made because of the logistics not common horticultural crops, some that were taken or marked came from involved in cultivating several species, description of these three species is the same area. By using transplants, we and climatic differences from location necessary to understand their growth hoped to reduce potential differences to location. Other research that has and development. Tradescantia ohi- between and within treatments due to documented seed yield in prairie plants ensis, a member of the Commelinaceae, population differences and to indi- generally has compared different man- bears straplike leaves alternately on a vidual plant size. agement regimes or natural distur- succulent stem, with many vegetative We added one additional popula- bances within a prairie (Coffin and shoots produced during the growing tion of Spartina pectinata seedlings to Lauenroth, 1992; Hartnett, 1991). season. The bloom period is extended the cultivated plot in June 1992 to Still, some producers of native by the presence of numerous buds in allow comparison the following year seeds are exploring the advantages of each inflorescence. As a monocot, the between second-season seedlings and growing stock in small plots for better, floral parts are in 3s, and a seed capsule second-season divisions. These seed- more-uniform yields (Minnesota Dept. may contain up to six pitted, gray lings were produced from seeds col- of Agr., 1993). Field cultivation of seeds, two per locule. Each blue flower lected on 10 Sept. 1991 in Polk Co., native plant species provides an oppor- is 2 to 3 cm across and lasts only a day, Minn., and germinated in the green- tunity to control inputs and competi- opening in the morning and shrivel- house in Dec. 1991. tion, and to use species-specific har- ling by early afternoon (Runkel and The establishment season (Sum- vest practices, making seed cleaning Roosa, 1989). mer 1992) was generally wet and cool, easier and resulting in higher seed pu- Dalea purpurea is a deep-rooted, and irrigation was used sparingly, as rity. Because conditions that prevail somewhat woody-stemmed member needed. A 10N–4.3P–8.3K inorganic during seed maturation influence seed of the Fabaceae, with finely divided granular fertilizer was applied to the dormancy and germination (Mayer and compound leaves often folded over at cultivated plot in early July 1992 at the –2 2 Poljakoff-Mayber, 1989), seed pro- the edge (Gleason and Cronquist, rate of 24.4 g•m (5 lb N/1000 ft ). duced in the environment of a culti- 1991). The flowers are clustered in The area was hand-weeded. In 1993, a vated field might have greater ger- tight rose-purple cylindrical inflores- black woven weed barrier was laid down minability than seed harvested from cences or spikes, with each spike flow- around D. purpurea and T. ohiensis the wild. However, a disadvantage to ering basipetally. Lateral spikes are plants to reduce weed growth. Be- the cultivation of native plants is the generally shorter than terminal spikes, cause of its rhizomatous growth habit, potential for loss of genetic diversity and tend to begin flowering after the the weed barrier could not be placed through inadvertent selection.
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