DOCSLIB.ORG

Latgale's Palimpsestuous Past in Contemporary Latvia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Latgale's Palimpsestuous Past in Contemporary Latvia Politics and Society in the Baltic Sea Region 4 Catherine Gibson Borderlands between History and Memory Latgale’s Palimpsestuous Past in Contemporary Latvia Politics and Society in the Baltic Sea Region 4 Politics and Society in the Baltic Sea Region is a series devoted to contemporary social and politi- cal issues in the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea. A specific focus is on current issues in the Baltic states and how these relate to the wider regional and geopolitical challenges. Open to a wide range of disciplines in the social sciences as well as diverse conceptual and methodological approaches, the series seeks to become a forum for high-level social science scholarship that will significantly enrich international knowledge and understanding of the Baltic Sea region. All books published in the series are peer-reviewed. Series Editor: Dr. Eva-Clarita Pettai, Johan Skytte Institute of Political Studies, University of Tartu, Estonia. Address: Lossi 36, 51003 Tartu, Estonia. Email: [email protected] Editorial Board: Daunis Auers (University of Latvia, Latvia), Li Bennich-Björkman (University of Uppsala, Sweden), Bernd Henningsen (Humboldt University Berlin, Germany), Rasma Karklins (University of Illinois at Chicago, USA / University of Latvia, Latvia), Ene Kõresaar (University of Tartu, Estonia), Marju Lauristin (University of Tartu, Estonia), Lauri Mälksoo (University of Tartu, Estonia), Michael North (University of Greifswald, Germany), Tiiu Paas (University of Tartu, Estonia), David Smith (University of Glasgow, UK), Linas Venclauskas (Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania), Ramūnas Vilpišauskas (Vilnius University, Lithuania), Henri Vogt (University of Turku, Finland). The publication of this series is supported by the University of Tartu. Cover & layout: Kalle Paalits Copyright: University of Tartu Press, 2016 Home page of the series: www.tyk.ee/psbsr ISSN 2228–4451 (print) ISBN 978-9949-77-296-4 (print) ISSN 2228–446X (online) ISBN 978-9949-77-297-1 (online) Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................. 7 Figures .................................................................................................. 9 Abbreviations ....................................................................................... 10 A Note on Multilingual Names ............................................................ 11 Preface: The Palimpsestuous City of Dünaburg/ Dyneburg/Dvinsk/Daugavpils ............................................................ 13 Introduction ......................................................................................... 17 I. Framing the Subject ....................................................................... 32 II. Latgale’s Migrating Borders in History and Historiography ....... 61 III. Borderlands in National History: Latgale in the Latvian National Museum .................................... 87 IV. Re-shaping Latgale’s Past as a Tool for Region-Building in Rēzekne ......................................................... 112 V. Memory in the Margins: Daugavpils and the Traces of Former Histories ..................................................... 127 VI. Transnationalising Borderland Histories ................................... 139 Conclusion: The Palimpsestuous Memories of Latgale’s Past ............ 151 Borderlands between History and Memory Appendix .............................................................................................. 159 List of References .................................................................................. 166 Summary in Latvian and Russian ....................................................... 185 6 Acknowledgements I wish to thank the many people without whose support and encouragement this book would have never seen the light of day. The monograph began life as a thesis for a double degree Masters programme run by the School of Slavonic and East European Studies at University College London and the University of Tartu. The thesis was written under the supervision of Eva-Clarita Pettai (University of Tartu). I am extremely grateful for her invaluable critical and moral guidance, both as my supervisor and editor as I navigated the processes of researching and writing the thesis and then revising the manuscript for publication as a book. Her passionate commitment both to Baltic Studies and to pedagogy is inspirational. The other formative figure in this project has been Tomek Kamusella, who first kindled my interest in Latgale – and indeed introduced me to the wonders of the lands between Germany and Russia – as a wide-eyed undergraduate in St Andrews. His commitment to intellectual inquiry, and resolute encouragement and friendship over the years, has greatly shaped my development as a researcher. I am very appreciative of the generous financial support for my stud- ies during this period provided by the Gay Clifford Award for Outstanding Woman Student at University College London (2013–2014) and the European Commission in the form of an Erasmus Mundus Studentship (2013–2015) and Erasmus Mobility Bursary (2014–2015). The opportunity to spend the second year of my Masters studying in Estonia was a life-changing experience and I hope that many future generations of students will be able to benefit from a similar opportunity. This book has been greatly enriched both in its content and structure by critical comments from Uilleam Blacker, Linda Kaljundi, Siobhan Kattago, Heiko Pääbo, Heloisa Rojas Gomez, and Inese Runce at various stages in the project. I also wish to thank Richard Butterwick-Pawlikowski, Aleksandrs Borderlands between History and Memory Ivanovs, and Ligija Purinaša for their inspiring conversations over the years on the topic of Polish Inflanty and Latgale. The organisers and the participants of the 7th International Conference on Latgalistics at Rēzekne Higher Education Institute warmly welcomed me into their midst, especially Ilga Šuplinska, and shared their local knowledge with me. Papers feeding into this book were pre- sented at the Conference on Latgalistics in Rēzekne in November 2014 and at the Summer School on Borders in Post-Socialist Space: Past, Present and Future in Chernivtsi in July 2015. I wish to thank the participants of both conferences for their stimulating discussions and for helping me to rethink some of my ideas about regional studies, borders, and memory. I also wish to thank the group of Baltic Sea Region Studies Masters students at the University of Latvia that I had the pleasure of teaching in Spring 2016 for their animated seminar discussions on the topics of this book. I am greatly indebted to Ira Tretiakova, Galyna Lipelis, Svetlana Poleschuk, Alexander Polianichev, Lauma Krūvēvere, Rūta Liepiņa, and Krista Strode for proofreading and refining my translations from Russian and Latvian – спасибо and paldies to you all. Thank you also to Maryna Batsman for helping me with the transliteration of Yiddish place names. I also wish to thank the wonderful library staff at the European University Institute in Florence, where the manuscript was revised, especially Serge Noiret for his generous support in procuring books for this project and to Pernille Kjeldsen at the ILL desk for your diligence and ingenuity in sourcing publications in different languages for me. Finally, my heartfelt thanks go to Ostap Maliuvanchuk for his unwavering love, support, and patience, and for being my wingman on numerous research trips to off-the-beaten track places. I am also eternally grateful for the constant encouragement of my parents Fiona and Paul to ‘keep digging’, wherever it may take me, and to my sisters Martha and Isla, who help me to maintain a sense of perspective on life. Special thanks also go to my mum for her diligent eyes in proofreading my manuscript. Despite all the abovementioned input from different people into this project, any errors that remain are my own. Catherine Gibson Tartu, August 2016 8 Figures Figure 1. Poster depicting the First Congress of Latgale in Rēzekne, 1935 18 Figure 2. Overview of museums in comparative analysis 24 Figure 3. Analytical framework 56 Figure 4. CDA framework for analysing museum exhibitions 58 Figure 5. Timeline of the main geopolitical border changes in the history of the three historical territories which make up present-day Latvia 73 Figure 6. Aleida Assmann’s ‘formats’ of Transnational Memory 140 Figure 7. Overview of Functional Memory of the History of Latgale in Museums 164 Abbreviations DNMM Daugavpils Novadpētniecības un Mākslas Muzejs (Daugavpils Local History and Art Museum) DU Daugavpils University LU University of Latvia, Riga LNVM Latvijas Nacionālais Vēstures Muzejs (Latvian National History Museum) LKM Latgales Kultūrvēstures Muzejs (Latgale Cultural and History Museum) N.S. New Style (Gregorian Calendar) O.S. Old Style (Julian Calendar) RA Rēzeknes Augstskola (Rēzekne Higher Education Institute) A Note on Multilingual Names As is increasingly becoming the convention in historical works on Central and Eastern Europe, the way in which this book deals with the region’s multilin- gualism requires explanation at the outset. The names of places and people were known by different names to different people at different times. Latgale is no exception and in eastern Latvia today the particular uses of different names in different contexts continue to carry a strong emotional as well as political significance. This study follows the approach of using the version of the name used by the people
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ECFG-Latvia-2021R.Pdf
    About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for success (Photo: A Latvian musician plays a popular folk instrument - the dūdas (bagpipe), photo courtesy of Culture Grams, ProQuest). The guide consists of 2 parts: ECFG Part 1 “Culture General” provides the foundational knowledge you need to operate effectively in any global environment with a focus on the Baltic States. Part 2 “Culture Specific” describes unique cultural features of Latvia Latvian society. It applies culture-general concepts to help increase your knowledge of your deployment location. This section is designed to complement other pre-deployment training (Photo: A US jumpmaster inspects a Latvian paratrooper during International Jump Week hosted by Special Operations Command Europe). For further information, visit the Air Force Culture and Language Center (AFCLC) website at www.airuniversity.af.edu/AFCLC/ or contact the AFCLC Region Team at [email protected]. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in title, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the express permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources. GENERAL CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics and Government in Baltic States
    Introduction – Historical and cultural background Part II Lecturer: Tõnis Saarts Institute of Political Science and Public Administration Spring 2009 Baltic region in the 17th century • Despite Swedish and Polish rule, Baltic German nobility retained their privileges. • In the 15th century serfdom was introduced, in the 17- 18th century serfdom became even harsher (Elbe-line). • Positive influence of Swedish rule – education village schools literacy, Tartu University 1632. Oldest university in the region Vilnius University 1579 • After the 16th century main trade routes moved to Atlantic turning point for the CEE. The region began to lag behind from Western Europe. • 16th century heydays of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 17th century decline. • Declining of Tallinn and Riga as trade centres Swedish domain Russian conquest • Russian interest: Baltics as a window to Europe – trade and communication with Western Europe. • 1700-1721 Great Nordic War between Russia and Sweden. Peter The Great conquered all Swedish possessions (Estonia, Northern Latvia to Daugava +Riga; Latgale+Courland remained to Polish hands). • Nordic War as a big economic and social catastrophe plague, economic decline intensified even more. • “Special Baltic Order”: – Baltic German nobility retained its political power. – Russian Empire was not allowed to settle here immigrants – Should accepted protestantism and German cultural domination • 3 partitions of Poland (1772, 1792, 1795) - with third partition Russia got Courland+Lithuania. Russian Conquest 1721 Partition of Poland The region with a common destiny! • Only since the end of the 18th century we can speak about the Baltic region as a region what has a common destiny. • Before there was little common in the history of Lithuania and Estonia/Latvia! • Before the 18th century quite few contacts with Russian culture and Ortodox civilization.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Tourism D
    5 POTTERY WORKSHOP OF VALDIS PAULINS CATERING SERVICES Hello, traveller! Address: Dumu Street 8, Kraslava, Kraslava municipality, Latvia 13 JAUNDOME ENVORONMENTAL EDUCATION CENTRE AND EXHIBITION HALL 21 MUSIC WORKSHOP “BALTHARMONIA” Mob.: +371 29128695 DINING HALL „ DAUGAVA” Address: Novomisli, Ezernieki rural territory, Dagda municipality, Latvia Address: "Bikava 2a", Gaigalava, Gaigalava rural territory, Rezekne municipality, Latvia CAFE “PIE ČERVONKAS PILS” This is a guide-book that will help you to experience an exciting trip along The Green Routes E-mail: [email protected] Address: Rigas Street 28, Kraslava, Mob.: +371 25960309 Phone: +371 28728790, + 371 26593441 Address: Cervonka-1, Vecsaliena rural territory, of the border areas of Latvia, Lithuania and Belarus. Routes leading to specially protected nature Website: http://www.visitkraslava.com/ Kraslavas municipality, Latvia E - mail: [email protected] E - mail: [email protected] Daugavpils municipality, Latvia areas under the state care are called “green” ones. These routes are “green” because providers of GPS: X:697648, Y:199786 / 55° 54' 10.30", 27° 9'42.27" Phone: +371 65622634, Mob.: +371 29112899 Website: www.visitdagda.com Website: http://www.baltharmonia.lv Mob.: +371 29726105 tourism service take care of accessibility of environment for people with disabilities. The workshop is around on the territory of the protected landscape Fax: +371 65622266 GPS: X:723253, Y:227872 / 56° 8' 36.72", 27° 35'88" GPS: X:687623, Y:291964 / 56° 44' 1.98", 27° 4'2.23" GPS: X: 673571, Y: 189832 / 55° 49’ 22.13’’, 26° 46’ 14.74’’ You are welcome at the places, where you will get acquainted with the values of the nature area „Augšdaugava”.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    ESUKA – JEFUL 2014, 5–1: 27–36 LIVONIAN LANDSCAPES IN THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF LIVONIA AND THE DIVISION OF THE LIVONIAN TRIBES Urmas Sutrop Institute of the Estonian Language, Tallinn, and the University of Tartu Abstract. There is no exact consensus on the division and sub-division of the former Livonian territories at the end of the ancient independence period in the 12th century. Even the question of the Coastal Livonians in Courland – were they an indigenous Livonian tribe or a replaced eastern Livonian tribe – remains unsolved. In this paper the anonymously published treatise on the historical geography of Livonia by Johann Christoph Schwartz (1792) will be analysed and compared with the historical modern views. There is an agreement on the division of the Eastern Livonian territories into four counties: Daugava, Gauja, Metsepole, and Idumea. Idumea had a mixed Livo- nian-Baltic population. There is no consensus on the parochial sub-division of these counties. Keywords: Johann Christoph Schwartz, historical geography, Livonian tribes, Livonians DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.02 1. Introduction It is commonly believed that Livonians (like Estonians) did not form either territorial or political unity at the end of the ancient independence period in the 12th century (see e.g. Koski 1997: 45). The first longer document where Livonians are described is the Livonian Chronicle (Heinrici Cronicon Lyvoniae) for the period 1180 to 1227 written by Henry of Livonia, an eyewitness of these events. Modern ideas on the division of Eastern Livonian peoples and territories go back to the cartographic work of Heinrich Laakmann, who divided Livonians into three territories – Daugava, Thoreida, and Metsepole; and added that there was a mixed Livonian-Baltic population at the end of the 12th century in Idumea (see the map Baltic Lands: population about 1200 AD and explanation to this map in Laakmann 1954).
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Names and Denomination of Livonians in Early Written Sources
    ESUKA – JEFUL 2014, 5–1: 13–26 PERSONAL NAMES AND DENOMINATION OF LIVONIANS IN EARLY WRITTEN SOURCES Enn Ernits Estonian University of Life Sciences Abstract. This paper presents the timeline of ethnonyms denoting Livonians; specifies their chronology; and analyses the names used for this ethnos and possible personal names. If we consider the dating of the event, the earliest sources mentioning Livonians are Gesta Danorum and the Tale of Bygone Years (both 10th century), but both sources present rather dubious information: in the first the battle of Bråvalla itself or the date are dubious (6th, 8th or 10th century); in the latter we cannot be sure that the member of the Rus delegation was really a Livonian. If we consider the time of recording, the earliest sources are two rune inscriptions from Sweden (11th century), and the next is the list of neighbouring peoples of the Russians from the Tale of Bygone Years (12th century). The personal names Bicco and Ger referred in Gesta Danorum, and Либи Аръфастовъ in Tale of Bygone Years are very problematic. The first certain personal name of a Livonian is *Mustakka, *Mustukka or *Mustoikka (from Finnic *musta ‘black’) written in 1040–1050s on a strip of birch bark in Novgorod. Keywords: Livs, Finnic peoples, ethnonyms, anthroponyms, onomastics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.01 1. Introduction This paper (1) seeks to present the timeline of ethnonyms denoting Livonians; (2) to specify their chronology; (3) and to analyse the names used for this ethnos and possible personal names. It is supple- mental to the paper by Mauno Koski on words denoting Livonians (Koski 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Conde, Jonathan (2018) an Examination of Lithuania's Partisan War Versus the Soviet Union and Attempts to Resist Sovietisation
    Conde, Jonathan (2018) An Examination of Lithuania’s Partisan War Versus the Soviet Union and Attempts to Resist Sovietisation. Masters thesis, York St John University. Downloaded from: http://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/3522/ Research at York St John (RaY) is an institutional repository. It supports the principles of open access by making the research outputs of the University available in digital form. Copyright of the items stored in RaY reside with the authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full text items free of charge, and may download a copy for private study or non-commercial research. For further reuse terms, see licence terms governing individual outputs. Institutional Repository Policy Statement RaY Research at the University of York St John For more information please contact RaY at [email protected] An Examination of Lithuania’s Partisan War Versus the Soviet Union and Attempts to Resist Sovietisation. Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Research MA History at York St John University School of Humanities, Religion & Philosophy by Jonathan William Conde Student Number: 090002177 April 2018 I confirm that the work submitted is my own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the works of others. This copy has been submitted on the understanding that it is copyright material. Any reuse must comply with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and any licence under which this copy is released. @2018 York St John University and Jonathan William Conde The right of Jonathan William Conde to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Acknowledgments My gratitude for assisting with this project must go to my wife, her parents, wider family, and friends in Lithuania, and all the people of interest who I interviewed between the autumn of 2014 and winter 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Crusading, the Military Orders, and Sacred Landscapes in the Baltic, 13Th – 14Th Centuries ______
    TERRA MATRIS: CRUSADING, THE MILITARY ORDERS, AND SACRED LANDSCAPES IN THE BALTIC, 13TH – 14TH CENTURIES ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in History & Welsh History (2018) ____________________________________ by Gregory Leighton Abstract Crusading and the military orders have, at their roots, a strong focus on place, namely the Holy Land and the shrines associated with the life of Christ on Earth. Both concepts spread to other frontiers in Europe (notably Spain and the Baltic) in a very quick fashion. Therefore, this thesis investigates the ways that this focus on place and landscape changed over time, when crusading and the military orders emerged in the Baltic region, a land with no Christian holy places. Taking this fact as a point of departure, the following thesis focuses on the crusades to the Baltic Sea Region during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It considers the role of the military orders in the region (primarily the Order of the Teutonic Knights), and how their participation in the conversion-led crusading missions there helped to shape a distinct perception of the Baltic region as a new sacred (i.e. Christian) landscape. Structured around four chapters, the thesis discusses the emergence of a new sacred landscape thematically. Following an overview of the military orders and the role of sacred landscpaes in their ideology, and an overview of the historiographical debates on the Baltic crusades, it addresses the paganism of the landscape in the written sources predating the crusades, in addition to the narrative, legal, and visual evidence of the crusade period (Chapter 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Latvia by Juris Dreifelds
    Latvia by Juris Dreifelds Capital: Riga Population: 2.1 million GNI/capita, PPP: US$19,090 Source: The data above are drawn from the World Bank’sWorld Development Indicators 2013. Nations in Transit Ratings and Averaged Scores 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Electoral Process 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 Civil Society 2.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 Independent Media 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 Governance* 2.25 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a National Democratic Governance n/a 2.25 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.25 2.25 2.25 Local Democratic Governance n/a 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 Judicial Framework and Independence 2.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 Corruption 3.50 3.50 3.25 3.00 3.00 3.25 3.25 3.50 3.25 3.00 Democracy Score 2.17 2.14 2.07 2.07 2.07 2.18 2.18 2.14 2.11 2.07 * Starting with the 2005 edition, Freedom House introduced separate analysis and ratings for national democratic governance and local democratic governance to provide readers with more detailed and nuanced analysis of these two important subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • The Day Holding Hands Changed History Occupation and Annexation of the Baltic States Was Illegal, and Against the Wish of the Respective Nations
    The day holding hands changed history occupation and annexation of the Baltic states was illegal, and against the wish of the respective nations. So at 19:00 on 23 August 1989, 50 years after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed, church bells sounded in the Bal- tic states. Mourning ribbons decorated the national flags that had been banned a year before. The participants of the Bal- tic Way were addressed by the leaders of the respective national independence movements: the Estonian Rahvarinne, the Lithuanian Sajūdis, and the Popular Front of Latvia. The following words were chanted – ‘laisvė’, ‘svabadus, ‘brīvība’ (freedom). The symbols of Nazi Germany and the Communist regime of the USSR were burnt on large bonfires. The Baltic states demanded the cessation of the half-century long Soviet occupation, col- onisation, russification and communist genocide. The Baltic Way was a significant step to- wards regaining the national independ- ence of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, and a source of inspiration for other region- al independence movements. The live chain was also realised in Kishinev by Ro- manians of the Soviet-occupied Bessara- bia or Moldova, while in January 1990, Ukrainians joined hands on the road from Lviv to Kyiv. Just after the Baltic Way campaign, the Berlin Wall fell, the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia began, and the Ceausescu regime in Romania was overthrown. On 23 August 1989, approximately two doomed to be forcedly incorporated into million people stood hand in hand be- the Soviet Union until 1991. The Soviet Un- Recognising the documents of the Baltic tween Tallinn (Estonia), Rīga (Latvia) ion claimed that the Baltic states joined Way as items of documentary heritage of and Vilnius (Lithuania) in one of the voluntarily.
    [Show full text]
  • Relations of the Catholic Church and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania Relations During the Crisis of Covid-19: Partnership Or Dispute?
    KAUNAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, ARTS AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH GROUP - CIVIL SOCIETY AND SUSTAINABILITY Audris Narbutas Relations of the Catholic Church and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania relations during the Crisis of Covid-19: partnership or dispute? Kaunas, 2021 Audris Narbutas received a Bachelor and Master degrees from Vilnius University (Institute of International Relations and Political Science) He is a student of PhD Programme in Political Sciences, which is carried out at Kaunas University of Technology. Among his scientific interests are comparative politics, religious liberty, natural law and electoral behavior. Introduction The religious liberty is one of the most profound and fundamental deep freedoms in the West World. The vast majority of the modern democracies recognize the people’s right to worship God according to the particular traditions and norms of the different religious communities. The state of Lithuania belongs to this family of democracies where the religious liberty plays a significant role in the legal system of the Lithuania. The rights to express and practice each one’s faith are established in the Article 26 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania1 and in the bilateral treaties with the Holy See. Moreover, Lithuania approved the Law on Religious Communities and Associations, which purpose is to establish the legal relations between the different religious communities and associations and the State of Lithuania, Besides, It is an attempt to implement the human
    [Show full text]
  • Polish Battles and Campaigns in 13Th–19Th Centuries
    POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 Scientific editors: Ph. D. Grzegorz Jasiński, Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Reviewers: Ph. D. hab. Marek Dutkiewicz, Ph. D. hab. Halina Łach Scientific Council: Prof. Piotr Matusak – chairman Prof. Tadeusz Panecki – vice-chairman Prof. Adam Dobroński Ph. D. Janusz Gmitruk Prof. Danuta Kisielewicz Prof. Antoni Komorowski Col. Prof. Dariusz S. Kozerawski Prof. Mirosław Nagielski Prof. Zbigniew Pilarczyk Ph. D. hab. Dariusz Radziwiłłowicz Prof. Waldemar Rezmer Ph. D. hab. Aleksandra Skrabacz Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Prof. Lech Wyszczelski Sketch maps: Jan Rutkowski Design and layout: Janusz Świnarski Front cover: Battle against Theutonic Knights, XVI century drawing from Marcin Bielski’s Kronika Polski Translation: Summalinguæ © Copyright by Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita, 2016 © Copyright by Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości, 2016 ISBN 978-83-65409-12-6 Publisher: Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości Contents 7 Introduction Karol Olejnik 9 The Mongol Invasion of Poland in 1241 and the battle of Legnica Karol Olejnik 17 ‘The Great War’ of 1409–1410 and the Battle of Grunwald Zbigniew Grabowski 29 The Battle of Ukmergė, the 1st of September 1435 Marek Plewczyński 41 The
    [Show full text]
  • Richter Revised
    University of Birmingham 'A mass which you could form into whatever you wanted' Richter, Klaus License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Richter, K 2017, 'A mass which you could form into whatever you wanted': Refugees and state building in Lithuania and Courland, 1914–21. in Europe on the move: Refugees in the era of the Great War. Cultural History of Modern War. Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Checked for eligibility: 03/05/2019 General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.
    [Show full text]