AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT FUND
PROGRAMME : PROGRAMME TO REHABILITATE AND STRENGTHEN THE RESILIENCE OF LAKE CHAD BASIN SYSTEMS (PRESIBALT)
COUNTRIES : CAMEROON, NIGER, NIGERIA, CAR, CHAD AND LCBC
APPRAISAL REPORT Date: DECEMBER 2014 Team Leader : S. TOUNKARA, Chief Fisheries Expert, OSAN.3 Team Members: P.DOUGNA, Chief Socio-economist, OSHD.1 M.YINUSA, Financial Analyst, OSAN.3 A. B. DIOP, Environmentalist, OSAN.3 N.GAHUNGA, Gender Specialist, OSAN.3 S. MAOULOUD, Financial Management Specialist, TDFO D. TILENGAR, Procurement Specialist, TDFO A. LAOKOLE DEDJOGUERE, Agronomist, TDFO/OSAN.2 M. LABA, Disbursement Assistant, TDFO J. QUENSIERE, Consulting Hydro biologist, OSAN.3 P. NGWALA, Senior Social Protection Officer, ORTS E. NYIRINKWAYA, Procurement Specialist, ORTS
Division Manager: A. DAGAMAISSA, OSAN.3 Sector Director: C. OJUKWU, OSAN Director ORTS: S. TAPSOBA Regional Directors: M. KANGA, ORCE / O. DORE, ORNG/ J. LITSE, ORWA
Peer Review Peer Reviewers: J.L. KROMER, Chief Natural Resource Management Expert, ANRC A. DIAW, Country Programme Officer, CDFO M. TANGARA, Country Programme Officer, TDFO
M. TRAORE, Chief Natural Resource Management Expert, ANRC
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT FUND
MULTINATIONAL
PROGRAMME TO REHABILITATE AND STRENGTHEN THE RESILIENCE OF LAKE CHAD BASIN SYSTEMS (PRESIBALT)
OSAN DEPARTMENT
December 2014
Translated document
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Currency Equivalents, Fiscal Year, Weights and Measures, Acronyms and Abbreviations, Project Brief, Executive Summary, Results-Based Logical Framework, Project Implementation Schedule ……………….. i à viii I – Strategic Thrust and Rationale ...... 1 1.1 Project Linkages with the Country’s Strategy and Objectives ...... 1 1.2 Rationale for the Bank’s Involvement ...... 2 1.3 Aid Coordination ...... 2 II – Project Description ...... 3 2.1. Project Components ...... 3 2.2. Technical Solutions Adopted and Alternative Options Considered ...... 2.3. Project Type ...... 5 2.4. Project Cost and Financing Arrangements ...... 5 2.5. Project Target Area and Beneficiaries ...... 7 2.6. Participatory Approach in Project Identification, Design and Implementation……………………….8 2.7. Bank Group Experience and Lessons Reflected in Project Design ...... 9 2.8. Key Performance Indicators ...... 9 III – Project Feasibility ...... 9 3.1 Economic and Financial Performance ...... 9 3.2. Environmental and Social Impact ...... 13 IV- Implementation 4.1. Implementation arrangements………………………………………………………………………….13 4.2. Monitoring………………………………………………………………………………………… …15 4.3. Governance : ...... 16 4.4. Sustainability ...... 17 4.5. Risk Management ...... 18 4.6. Knowledge Development ...... 18 5.1. Legal Instrument ...... 19 5.2. Conditions Associated with the Operations of the Bank and the Fund…………………………… 19 VI – Recommendation ...... 19 ANNEX I : Country’s Comparative Socio-economic Indicators ANNEX II. Table of Bank Portfolio in the Country ANNEX III : Main Development Related Projects in the Country ANNEX IV. Map of the PRESIBALT Project Area ANNEX V. Key Infrastructure Planned by the Countries
VOLUME 2: TECHNICAL ANNEXES
Currency Equivalents
(September 2014)
UA 1 = XOF 755.23 UA 1 = XAF 755.23 UA 1 = NGN 239.97 UA 1 = EUR 1.13 UA 1 = USD 1.55
Fiscal Year
1 January – 31 December
Weights and Measures 1 metric ton = 2204 pounds 1 kilogramme (kg) = 2.20 pounds 1 metre (m) = 3.28 feet 1 millimetre (mm) = 0.03937 inch 1 kilometre (Km) = 0.62 mile
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ADF : African Development Fund AWF : African Water Facility BGR : German Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources CAR : Central African Republic CBD : Convention on Biodiversity CCRF : Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries CSP : Country Strategy Paper DRS : Defence and Restoration of Soils DWSS : Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation EUD : European Union Delegation EWS : Early Warning System FAO : Food and Agricultural Organization FCCC : Framework Convention on Climate Change GEF : Global Environment Facility GIS : Geographic Information System GiZ : Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit HDI : Human Development Index IEC : Information, Education and Communication IGA : Income-Generating Activity IPM : Integrated Pest Management (in the Lake Chad Basin) IRD : Institute of Research for Development IUCN : International Union for the Conservation of Nature LACBO : Lake Chad Basin Observatory LCBC : Lake Chad Basin Commission NBA : Niger Basin Authority NEPAD : New Partnership for Africa’s Development i
PAIBLT : Programme to Support the Lake Chad Basin Initiative for the Reduction of STI/HIV/AIDS-Related Vulnerability and Risks PANGIRE : National Action Plan for Integrated Water Resource Management FYIP : Five-Year Investment Plan PRODEBALT : Lake Chad Basin Sustainable Development Programme RAMSAR : Convention of Wetlands RDB : Regional Database REC : Regional Economic Community RISP : Regional Integration Strategy Paper SAP : Strategic Action Programme TBR : Transboundary Biosphere Reserve UA : Unit of Account UCR : Regional Coordination Unit UNDPUNESCO United: United Nations Nations Development Educational, ProgrammeScientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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Project Brief
BORROWERS: Cameroon and Nigeria DONEES: Niger, CAR and Chad EXECUTING AGENCY: Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC)
Financing Plan
Contribution Total Source Amounts in millions UA of the Prog. Instrument Countries Cost FAD (ABP) ADF (EUR) Total ADF FAD 13 and (million Grant Loan Total Grant Loan Total Grant Loan Total Beneficiaries UA) 1. Cameroon Loan 0.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 7.50 7.50 0.00 12.5 12.5 0.88 13,38 2. Niger Grant 5.33 0.00 5.33 8.00 0.00 8.0 13.33 0.00 13.33 0.24 13,57 3. Nigeria Loan 0.00 8.18 8.18 0.00 12.27 12.27 0.00 20.45 20.45 1.76 22,21 4. CAR Grant 0.73 0.00 0.73 1.46 0.00 1.46 2.19 0.00 2.19 0.14 2,33 5. Chad Grant 2.14 0.00 2.14 3.21 0.00 3.21 5.35 0.00 5.35 0.37 5,72 6. FEM Grant 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.68 13,68 7. UNESCO Grant 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0,23 8. CBLT Grant 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0,11
Total 8,2 13.18 21.38 12.67 19.77 32.44 20.87 32.95 53.82 17.41 71.23
Key ADF Financing Information Relating to Countries categorized as “Mixed” and “Transition” (Cameroon and Nigeria, respectively)
ADF Grant Currency Unit of Account ADF Loan Currency EUR, USD, GBP, JPY Interest Rate 1% Commitment Fee 0.50% per year of undisbursed amount Service Fee 0.75% per year of outstanding amount Tenor 30 years Grace Period 5 years: Cameroon and Nigeria
ERR (baseline scenario) 21.0% NPV (baseline scenario) CFAF 12.58 million
Time Frame – Key Milestones (expected)
Concept Note Approval 10 September 2014 Programme Approval 19 December 2014 Effectiveness July 2015 Deadline for Last Disbursement 30 June 2019 Closing Date of Loans and Grants 30 September 2019
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Executive Summary
Programme Overview: The ecosystems of Lake Chad are of considerable natural diversity and are exposed to stresses which climate change and man-made factors have worsened. The Lake’s basin also remains a very fragile area from the security, social, economic and political standpoints. Insecurity which is facilitated by the porous borders is characterized by various types of illegal trafficking and criminal acts, smuggling, proliferation of arms and communal rivalries. This situation is compounded by the presence of terrorist groups, such as Boko Haram, which is in an area where it can easily spread its influence. On the social front, recurrent droughts have accentuated the influx of migrants, with the attendant social tensions and intercommunity conflicts emanating from the struggle to access resources. Furthermore, the high unemployment rate of youths, who, for want of an occupation, are easily recruited by terrorist groups. From the economic angle, the water resources are dwindling constantly in the face of an absence of coherent management. The humanitarian situation is becoming increasingly precarious as a result of the influx of refugees fleeing from either armed conflicts in the region or growing food insecurity. In view of the foregoing, it is clear that the fragility that characterizes the Lake Chad Basin stems from complex problems relating to intertwined environmental, security, social, economic, humanitarian and political issues.
The scale of the problem requires a regional approach, including the rehabilitation and strengthening of the resilience of socio-ecological systems, which should be a visible quick-win. Within this context, the Bank proposes to buttress the implementation of programmes to rehabilitate and strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems of the Lake Chad Basin (PRESIBALT), which are consistent with the Five-Year Investment Plan (2013-2017) of the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) and are geared towards enhancing the resilience of vulnerable populations of Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, CAR and Chad, who depend on the Lake basin’s natural resources. The total programme cost stands at UA 71.23 million of which UA 53.82 million will come from ADF resources. It will be implemented over five years and will comprise of three components: (i) Preservation and development of water resources; (ii) Development of ecological services and value chains; and (iii) Institution capacity building and programme management. PRESIBALT will directly benefit 15.3 million people living in the Lake’s impact area, 52% of them women, by improving their incomes, food security and access to basic social infrastructure. It will also improve regional and local consultation/cooperation for integrated natural resources management and intra-regional trade in agricultural produce as well as address the social dimensions of resilience, which will in the long run reduce potential sources of conflict. In the drive to take into account the security context around Lake Chad and the urgent need to intervene in the area in order to reduce the factors of fragility, PRESIBALT will be implemented according to a “modular” and “conflict-sensitive” approach, which allows for implementation of the activities in the conducive regions, based on annual insecurity assessments.
Needs Assessment: Despite recent improvements due to more favourable rainfall, the Lake’s water surface area remains well below its “normal” level of 25,000 km² in the 1960s. This is further compounded by wind and water erosion, desertification, shrinking pastures with a dry matter deficit evaluated at over 46%, poorly valued production (post-harvest/capture losses stand at 50% for cereals and 30% for fish) and governance limited to natural resources management. The population’s precarious living conditions and extreme vulnerability require development efforts to centre on: (i) rehabilitating the productive capacities of ecosystems; (ii) strengthening resilience in vulnerable segments of the population, especially women and youth; (iii) developing value chains; and (iv) establishing stronger regional cooperation.
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African Development Bank’s Value Added: The Bank is the lead technical and financial partner and is entrusted with mobilizing the resources required for the implementation of the LCBC Five-year Investment Plan (2013-2017 FYIP) geared towards protecting the Lake. PRESIBALT therefore consolidates the Bank’s leadership in the drive to address the fragilities in the basin and free up the inclusive-development potential by facilitating a coordinated management of the water resources. The said water resources are the main factor of production of various ecosystems, the interactions of which generate an array of services and resources indispensable to the communities of the region. In addition to safeguarding this world heritage, the Bank’s value added lies in consolidating the outputs of past Bank operations especially by continuing silt control and degraded-agricultural-land rehabilitation begun during the Lake Chad Basin Sustainable Development Project and the Sahel Resilience Strengthening Programme, Implementation of the Water Charter, dissemination of the results of the Integrated Pest Management Pilot Project and the preservation of biodiversity through the elephant-protection programme. In keeping with the 2013-2022 Ten-year Strategy and in addition to management of the water and other natural resources of the basin as well as regional economic integration, PRESIBALT addresses fragility, agriculture, food security and gender. It also takes on board the 2011-2015 Climate Change Plan of Action and the Bank Strategy to “address fragility and strengthen resilience in Africa during the 2014-2019 period” by consolidating the role of the local communities and NGOs in resilience building and sensitization of the stakeholders on issues of fragility.
Knowledge Management: PRESIBALT will facilitate the rehabilitation of all hydro-meteorological networks of the basin and the establishment of robust simulation tools for rational water resource management. Furthermore, the programme will build LCBC’s capacities to optimally use the Regional Database (RDB) instituted by the Water Charter and finance basin water-resource-users fora for better information sharing. In parallel, an Early Warning System (EWS) and an agricultural information system will be set up to prevent the risk of natural disasters. Lastly, PRESIBALT will set up an integrated knowledge-sharing system on the programme activities which will be regularly disseminated via the LCBC website in order to build on and manage the knowledge and experiences acquired.
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Results-Based Logical Framework
Programme Country and Title: LCBC – Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, Chad and CAR Multinational – Programme to Rehabilitate and Strengthen the Resilience of Lake Chad Basin Systems (PRESIBALT) Programme Objective: To build the resilience of socio-ecological systems for sustainable and inclusive development in the Lake Chad Basin PERFORMANCE INDICATORS RESULTS CHAIN INDICATOR BASELINE TARGET MEANS OF RISKS/MITIGATION SITUATION VERIFICATION MEASURES
Improvement of the living conditions of the populations living in the Basin dwellers living below the poverty 59% in 2013 40% in 2020 Source : Lake Chad Basin line (%) United Nations Statistics, Observatory Reports Strengthening of shared-natural-resources governance and Natural-resource-governance index (1- 39 in 2013 50 in 2020 Country PRSPs
enhancement of social cohesion 100) IMPACT
Productivity of eco-systems is improved Monetary income/km² of flooded plains 0 EUR 3,125/km²/yr in Source : Risk: Insecurity and obstacles 2020 Annual Reports of LCBC to the free movement of people Secretariat and goods in the area
Integrated water resource management Number of countries having ratified the 2 5 Mitigation Measure : The
Water Charter MH/E international community’s Average revenues of households have increased Average incomes of male and female XAF 196,110 (2014) XAF 294,172 (2020) efforts to fight armed groups farmers will help to address insecurity, Vulnerable populations have been reintegrated in the socio-economic Number of rural jobs created 8,400 (2012) 50,000 (2020) reintegrate refugees and pacify
fabric and long-term jobs created the area. The secured access EFFECTS criterion was taken into Livelihood of women improved Ratio of female poverty rate in the 1.8 (2014) 1.2 (2020) account during selection of the project area/national averages programme sites.
1. Preservation and development of water resources LCBC, MH/E, FMWRS Risk: The vagaries of the - Rehabilitation of the Waza-Logone, Hadejia-Nguru and Land area (ha) 0 863 ha in 2020 Reports weather can lead to the Komadugu-Yobe flood plains. degradation of ecosystems - De-silting of sensitive areas of Komadugu-Yobe in Niger and ML (km) 0 1,600 km in 2020 and biodiversity Nigeria; and Chari-Logone in Cameroon. Mitigation Measure: - Anti-erosion works in 50% of highly vulnerable zones to Land area (ha) 0 89,700 ha in 2020 Financing of resilience actions, prevent weathering and water erosion. fight against fragilities, - Procurement/rehabilitation of agro-meteorological stations, Number 0 57 and 77 in 2018 creation of a RBT and hydrological stations and piezometers inclusion of the Lake in the - Rehabilitation/installation of “data-loger” manometers with Number 0 20 and 10 in 2018 world heritage sites tele-transmission capabilities, - Construction of mini drinking water supply systems and Number 360 boreholes in 2020 boreholes equipped with solar-powered pumps 0
OUTCOMES
2. Development of ecological resources and service as well as value Risk: Weak ownership of chains UNESCO Report, methods of sustainable - Creation of a Transboundary Biosphere Reserve and world Number 0 2 LCBC Report ecosystem management by heritage site States and communities - Increase in sustainable production of fish, cereals, wood and Fish (%) 0 30% in 2020 livestock products Foodstuffs (%) 0 60% in 2020 Mitigation Measure: Livestock products (%) 0 35% in 2020 Sensitization of States and residents on effective participatory ecosystems management
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Source : Statistics Office Risk: Weak stakeholder - Reduction of subsistence farming’s pest-related losses and Less than 60% cereals adherence to activities post-landing losses in the case of fish Percentage (%) 50% cereals/30% fish Less than 80% fish Mitigation Measure: Identify - Promotion of promising sub-sector value chains (cereals, fish, ≤10% optimal IGA systems, relying NLFPs, meat, etc) especially for women Percentage (%) of additional value Over 25% especially on the development added 0 of existing techniques and - Support for small and medium sized enterprises involved in 800 (60% of them for undertake sensitization socio-professional reintegration and other IGAs Number of SMEs financed women) campaigns targeting women’s 0 associations in particular - Putting in place of green wind and solar power generation 5 plants Number of units
- Equipment for developing, processing and marketing Number cooling units (FG/CF) 0 10 Number of mills 0 150 Number of shelling/de-husking plants 0 150 Number of dairy units 0 50 Number of threading plants 0 03 - Improved access by women to irrigated land schemes Irrigated land area schemes 0 600 ha (at least 40% for women) - Creation of multipurpose centers for women Number of centres 0 5 3. Institutional development and programme management Risk: Institutional weakness of - Trained beneficiaries (including women) Number 0 5000 (2020) (50% of Source : LCBC progress LCBC and insufficient - Reinforced women’s leadership 0 women) reports regional cooperation Source : Programme - Reinforced local governance Number of rural and community 0 1500 (2020) progress reports Mitigation Measure: LCBC coordination units put in place (80% of Capacity-Building Programme - Rural and community leadership women) 0 8 (2020) 80% of women and support for implementing the Water Charter - Coordination Timeliness 4 quarterly reports - Planning and monitoring of activities Quarterly progress reports produced produced yearly Risk: Long procurement - Recruitment of service providers Disbursement rate Average disbursement timelines and delays - Financial management and audit Audit reports rate of 20% every year Procurement Audit report submitted Mitigation Measure: before 30 June every Strengthening of the human year and technical capacities of providers
COMPONENTS RESOURCES Component 1: Preservation and development of water resources: (i) Preservation and development of water resources; (ii) Rehabilitation of agro- Sources of financing:
hydro-meteorological surveillance networks; and (iii) drinking water and sanitation. ADF: UA 53.82 million (75.6 %) Component 2 : Development of ecological resources, services and value chains: (i) Creation of a cross-border protected area and a world heritage Other sources: UA 17.41 million (24.4 %) site ; (ii) Development of value chains for the main basin outputs; (iii) Social dimension of resilience Component 1 : UA 21.86 million Component 2: UA 33.96 million Component 3 : Institution building and programme management : (i) : Institution building (i) Coordination and management Component 3 : UA 7.99 million
TOTAL : UA 71.23 million KEY ACTIVITIES
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Programme Implementation Schedule
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MULTINATIONAL PROGRAMME TO REHABILITATE AND STRENGTHEN RESILIENCE OF LAKE CHAD BASIN SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS (PRESIBALT) APPRAISAL REPORT
Management hereby submits this report and recommendations concerning a proposal to award loans/grants for a total amount of UA 53.82 million to finance PRESIBALT.
I. Strategic Thrust and Rationale
1.1 Programme Linkages with the Country’s Strategy and Objectives
1.1.1 PRESIBALT is consistent with the 2025 Vision of the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) – a vision which calls for international cooperation to safeguard Lake Chad, on the one hand, and on the other, sustainable development through the Strategic Action Programme (SAP). The thrusts of the SAP seek to preserve the basin’s production potential, ensure integrated management of water resources, improve food security and reduce poverty. The programme is also consistent with the Water Charter, the 2013-2017 Five-year Investment Plan (2013-2017 FYIP) of the LCBC, the agricultural and environmental policies of ECOWAS and ECCAS and the international agreements relating to wetlands (RAMSAR), climate change (FCCC), biodiversity (CBD) and the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF).
1.1.2 The programme is aligned to the Bank’s Ten-year 2013-2022 Strategy, which emphasizes green and inclusive growth. It is also in line with the Bank’s 2014-2019 Strategy for addressing fragility and strengthening resilience, and the thrusts of the 2011-2015 Action Plan on Climate Change. At the regional level, the programme is in line with the Regional Integration Strategy Paper (2011-2015 RISP) for West Africa (Pillar I: Establishing Links between Regional Markets; Pillar II: Capacity-building for effective implementation of the Regional Integration Strategy), and the 2011-2015 RISP for Central Africa (Pillar I: Developing Regional Infrastructure). At country level, PRESIBALT is consistent with the Bank’s operations strategies in the five countries concerned: (i) in Cameroon – CSP (2010-2014) and its Pillar II: Infrastructure Development; (ii) in Niger – CSP (2013-2017) and its Pillar I: Strengthening o Resilience against Food Insecurity; (iii) in Nigeria – CSP (2011-2015) and its Pillar II – Investing in Core Infrastructure to Promote Real Economic Sector Development; (iv) in Chad – the CSP (2010-2014) is underpinned by Pillar II: Development of Basic Infrastructure; and (v) in CAR – the 2014-2016 Interim Transition Assistance Paper and its Pillar 1: Rehabilitation of Public Socio-economic Infrastructure to improve the supply of basic services.
1.2 Rationale for the Bank’s Involvement
1.2.1 All Lake Chad Basin countries are affected to varying degrees by the degradation of its productive ecosystems caused by the Lake’s natural variability, climate change and human actions. Consequently, residents of the conventional basin1 (close to 50 million) live in precarious and increasingly vulnerable conditions. Apart from the Lake’s shrinking waters (90% in some years), many problems have appeared such as decline in the output of cereals (10% deficit), fisheries and livestock. At the environmental level, soil and water-table salinization, aquatic plant invasion and heightened silting have led to a reduction of cropland and a drop in the flow of the
1 The conventional basin corresponds to the hydrogeological basin. The active part of Lake Chad hydrographic basin covers an area of 967,000 km2. 1
Chari-Logone and Komadugu-Yobe rivers towards the Lake. Furthermore, the Lake Chad basin suffers from transborder insecurity, which takes advantage of the porosity of borders and is characterized by the following: (i) transborder military banditry and the vagrancy of armed groups; (ii) an array of illegal and criminal activities, including light arms trafficking and smuggling (fuel, pharmaceuticals, vehicles and spare parts); (iii) human and identity-document trafficking; and (iv) cross border land insecurity. Although, the countries in the region are actively committed to effectively implementing the United Nations Convention against transnational organized crime, cross border security cooperation across porous borders remains insufficient. The upsurge of the terrorist group Boko Haram in this zone bordering the Sahel as well as Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQMI) could lead to or fuel new threats, particularly since these terrorist groups take advantage of transethnic solidarity. This situation is compounded by migratory movements. Many local farmers, stockbreeders and fishermen migrate with their families towards the Lake Chad valley in search of arable lands. The search for new farmlands resulted in the destruction of certain grazing lands. These land disputes often culminate in social conflicts.
1.2.2. The Bank’s intervention, through PRESIBALT, particularly in the selected areas considered safe, could help to restore the productive capacity of the ecosystems and enhance socio-ecological resilience with a view to improving access to resources and reducing the social conflicts which otherwise result from such situations. PRESIBALT could also serve as an instrument to strengthen the Bank’s role as lead TFP of LCBC, in its efforts to mobilize the resources necessary to safeguard Lake Chad. The Bank’s intervention could also serve as a means for instituting dialogue with the countries concerned at a regional level and enable the institution to better position itself in its role as support and adviser on fragility in the Lake Chad basin. In this regard, the measures stipulated under PRESIBALT focus inter alia on: i) the conduct of a regional study on the diagnostics and impact of conflicts on the Lake economy; and (ii) support to communities in the resolution of conflicts. Furthermore, PRESIBALT enables the Bank to extend its support to resilience building and the reduction of fragility in Africa, in the same vein as its ongoing operations in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa. The programme strengthens and complements the actions of PRODEBALT by implementing the guidelines and feasibility studies prepared under the activities aimed at checking silting and water erosion.
1.3 Aid Coordination
1.3.1 LCBC enjoys assistance from several technical and financial partners, namely, agencies and organizations of the United Nations System (FAO, UNDP and UNESCO), EUD (European Union Delegation), the United States, GEF (Global Environment Facility), German Cooperation (BGR, GiZ), French Development Agency (AFD), the World Bank (WB), Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and ADB. As leader of the Multi-Donor Committee for Safeguarding Lake Chad, the Bank assists LCBC to implement its 2013-2017 FYIP. TFP interventions in the region concern in particular the rehabilitation of ecosystems, adaptation to climate change, the management of natural resources and institutional support for LCBC. At the regional level, a Donor Advisory Committee was set up and sits on various steering committees of LCBC-managed projects. Its role in this programme will be strengthened and it will become a framework for consultation and coordination for greater aid effectiveness. Furthermore, the capacities of the 2013-2017 FYIP implementation-monitoring and coordination unit will be strengthened for further involvement in the implementation of the Paris Declaration and the Busan commitment to ensure that aid to LCBC is more effective in terms of alignment and shared responsibilities. To this end, the Bank will finance consultants to analyse the distribution and efficiency of aid and partnerships. Finally, LCBC will combine the efforts of ECOWAS and ECCAS for enhanced coordination of the agricultural and environmental policies through a dialogue platform.
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Table 1: PRESIBALT Components Sector or Sub-sector Importance GDP Labour
Environment & Water 37.92% 30%
Stakeholders - Public Expenditure
Government of LCBC Member Donors Amounts (EUR million) Period Countries ADB 45.20 2006-2015 GIZ/BGR 4.00 2011-2017 World Bank 6.94 2008-2015 EU 3.97 2008-2015 AFD 0.80 2012-2015 IDB 12.24 2008-2015 Level of Aid Coordination
Existence of thematic working groups Yes Existence of an overall sector programme Yes
II. Project Description
2.1. Project Components
2.1.1 PRESIBALT aims to improve the resilience of people who depend on Lake Chad Basin resources for their livelihood. Specifically, the programme will: (i) strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems, (ii) develop key products in a context of adaptation to climate change; and (iii) strengthen social peace through sound governance of shared resources. To that end, major development works will be undertaken to improve the water flow coefficient of the tributaries of Chari-Logone and Komadugu-Yobe so as to re-flood the dried floodplains and preserve ecosystems and biodiversity. The “value chain” approach used will allow for the protection, storage, increased supply and marketing of more agricultural and fisheries products. PRESIBALT is a five-year project which will be implemented through a modular approach taking into account the security context prevailing in some parts of Lake Chad Basin and the extreme urgency of environmental safeguard actions and economic activities of the population. With this approach, implementation will factor in local specificities and various levels of security prevailing locally. The programme has three components: (A) Preservation and Development of Water Resources; (B) Development of Ecological Services and Value Chains; and (C) Institution Building and Programme Management.
Table 2.1 PRESIBALT Components Component Name Total Estimated Cost Component Description (MUA) Component A : UA 21.86 A1 : Improvement of water flow of the Logone-Chari complex and revival Preservation and million of the floods plains of Waza-Logone “Yaéré” in Cameroon and Development of (34.0%) Komadougou-Yobe in Nigeria. Water Resources (i) Rehabilitation works on the Waza-Logone floodplains (445 km2) and the Hadejia-Nguru of Komadugu-Yobe(418 km2). (ii) Dredging works (1,600km) of lake transport channels in the sensitive zones of Komadugu-Yobein Niger and Nigeria and on Chari-Logone in Cameroon, CAR and Chad. (iii) Related anti-erosion works in 50% of zones highly prone to weathering and water erosion. A2 : Rehabilitation of agro-hydro-meteorological and aquifer observation networks: (i) Rehabilitation and installation of the equipment of agro-hydro- 3
Component Name Total Estimated Cost Component Description (MUA) meteorological stations to densify the regional observation and data collection network. (ii) Support to the LCBC Observatory for satellite data processing, spatial database management (GIS), statistics processing within the LCBC Observatory to assist with the management of Basin resources and eco- systemic services and the establishment of an early-warning system. Component B : UA 33.96 B1 : Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (TBR) and World Heritage Site: Development of million (i) Design of Plan for developing and managing the future TBR. Drafting Ecological (53.0%) and validation of dossier to set up Lake Chad as a TBR and its inclusion Services and in the list of world heritage sites. Value Chains (ii) Capacity-building for organs that manage reserves belonging to the central space of the future TBR. (iii) Integrated and community management of elephant protection and suitable melliferous production. B2: Development of value chains for main Basin productions. (i) Identification of main poles of green growth and means of creating value- addition for strategic Basin products (fish, wood, livestock, cereals etc). (ii) Implementation of the fisheries development plan using an eco-system- based approach. (iii) Development works on 1,600 ha of small village irrigation schemes (SVIS), 5 multi-purpose gender empowerment platforms, 20 rural markets and 365 km of feeder roads. (iv) Pilot rural wind- or solar-power electrification programme for household, community and professional use. (v) Financing of a mobile-phone-based information system on the regional market for key products and harmonization of regional trade. (vi) Economic assessment of environmental services and pilot payment of environmental service (PES) operations to the benefit of rural communities, including women’s groups. (vii) Integrated pest management (IPM) in subsistence farming: dissemination of IPM techniques B3 : Human and social dimension of resilience. (i) Sensitization, literacy campaign and training in growth-sector trades and integrated into the Lake economy. (ii) Enhancement of access to and use of basic infrastructure of primary health care, access to drinking water and multi-purpose centres equipped with solar kits. (iii) Financing of sensitization campaigns on hygiene, Ebola, water-borne diseases (cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid fever and malaria, with the distribution of treated mosquito bed nets). (iv) Enhancement of employment and revenue-generation through labour- intensive works in off-farming periods and financing of income- generating activities (including development of productions using green technologies). Component C : UA 7.99 C1 : Improvement of institutional resilience. Institution- million (i) Information, Education and Communication (IEC) programmes and building and (13.0%) organizational development to benefit rural communities. programme (ii) Technical assistance to LCBC, national coordination units and local management governments on how to manage the programme, resilience, local governance, databases, organizational development, and gender mainstreaming. (iii) Support to the process for the ratification and implementation of the Lake Chad Basin Water Charter. C2 : Programme management (i) Coordination of the project’s technical, administrative and financial management activities, especially planning, implementation and monitoring of activities, procurement, financial management and preparation of annual audits of accounts.
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2.2. Technical Solutions Adopted and Alternatives Explored
2.2.1 The technical solutions adopted for improving water flow from Chari-Logone and Komadugu-Yobe towards the Lake stem from inter-basin water transfer studies (2011), the Lake’s current status (2013) and erosion/silt control plans financed by the Bank (2013). For its part, socio-ecological resilience is based on the analysis of production systems and their underlying resilience strategies (2014). These technical solutions will aim at optimizing available resources and better mainstreaming of gender and fragilities. Planned works are simple in design and their investment and maintenance costs are low. The eco-systemic and inclusive approach to socio-ecological resilience was preferred to a sector-based approach. A « value-chain » approach will also be adopted by PRESIBALT to take into account constraints relating to productivity and markets. Activities will integrate climate-related information depending on soil vulnerability, and foster sustainable water resource management and the use of green resilient technologies. Furthermore, information and communication technologies will be used for information systems delivery, database management and prevention of risks of natural disasters.
Table 2.2 Project Alternatives Considered and Reasons for Rejection Other Options or Brief Description Reason for Rejection Alternatives Considered Conduct of major civil This involves transferring water by (i) Physical impact: From the current state of engineering works to transfer gravity over 5.7 km3 from Ubangi Basin studies, the works will not significantly modify part (about 8%) of the waters to Lake Chad along the Chari course. the downstream flow of Chari but will allow for of Ubangi from the Congo Supposedly, this will raise the Lake water feeding the North valley in some climatic Basin to support the level from 0.5 to 1m, which would scenarios. hydrology of Lake Chad. probably help to avoid situations of small (ii) Economic and social impact: The cost of civil and dry Lake Chads – that is, not fed engineering investments is very high. Added to from the North valley – in a number of that is the loss of 5,200 km² of excellent lands climate-related or poor water for flood-recession cultivation. management scenarios. (iii) Significant environmental risk: In the current state of knowledge, the cross contamination of Nilotic and Congolese species can trigger an unprecedented ecological disaster. Separate national projects These projects are based more on national (i) A regional approach, based on an integrated perspective rather than on an integrated ecological vision would be most effective, in ecological logic where due regard is line with the key principles of the Water Charter. given to how the overall river-lake system operates and seeks proper management for a shared benefit of the resources. Approach targeting one sub- Through PRESIBALT, this approach (ii) To improve resilience of rural households in the sector only (stockbreeding, aims to develop only one sub-sector: Basin, a multi-sector eco-systemic approach is agriculture, agro-forestry or stockbreeding, agriculture, agroforestry or required. fisheries) fisheries.
2.3. Programme Type
PRESIBALT is a regional operation to be financed through loans and grants during the ADF-XIII cycle. Resources will be mobilized from country allocations and the Regional Operations (RO) window.
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2.4. Programme Cost and Financing Arrangements
The total programme cost, net of taxes and customs duties, is estimated at UA 71.23 million, including 59% in foreign exchange and 41% in local currency. Average provisions of 5% and 3% were applied to baseline costs for physical contingencies (UA 3.77 million) and financial contingencies (UA 3.66 million), respectively. The summary of estimated costs by component, expenditure category and source of financing as well as the expenditure schedule is presented in the following table. Detailed tables of programme costs and the list of good and services procurements of the five countries and LCBC are attached to this report as Annex B3 of the Technical Annexes.
Table 4: Summary of Cost Estimates by Component
% F.E % BC COMPONENTS (CFAF Million) (UA Million) ML DEV Total ML DEV Total A. Preservation and development of water resources 6,392,29 10,119.01 16,511.30 8.46 13.40 21.86 61 34 B. Development of ecological services and value chains 9,400.70 16,245.06 25,645.76 12.45 21.51 33.96 63 53 C. Institution building and programme management 3,492.69 2,538.47 6,031.16 4.62 3.36 7.99 42 13 Institution building 1,874.03 910.23 2,784.25 2.48 1.21 3.69 33 6 Programme management 1,618.66 1,628.25 3,246.91 2.14 2.16 4.30 50 7 Total BASE COSTS 19,285.67 28,902.54 48,188.21 25.54 38.27 63.81 60 100 Physical contingencies 1,111.59 1,733.93 2,845.52 1.47 2.30 3.77 61 6 Price escalation 1,393.99 1,367.50 2,761.49 1.85 1.81 3.66 50 6 TOTAL PROGRAMME COST 21,791.25 32,003.97 53,795.22 28.85 42.38 71.23 59 112
Table 5: Summary of Cost Estimates by Expenditure Category
EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES (CFAF Million) (UA Million) L.C F.E Total L.C F.E Total % F.E % BC I. Investment Costs A. Works 11,944.03 17,916.05 29,860.09 15.82 23.72 39.54 60 62 B. Goods 2,578.89 6,149.91 8,728.80 3.41 8.14 11.56 70 18 Vehicles 39.75 225.25 265.00 0.05 0.30 0.35 85 1 Equipment 2,539.14 5,924.66 8,463.80 3.36 7.84 11.21 70 18 C. SERVICES 3,151.03 4,749.19 7,900.22 4.17 6.29 10.46 60 16 Training 469.79 574.19 1,043.98 0.62 0.76 1.38 55 2 Technical Assistance 45.98 873.57 919.55 0.06 1.16 1.22 95 2 Studies 105.00 195.00 300.00 0.14 0.26 0.40 65 1 Contractual Services 2,480.26 3,031.43 5,511.69 3.28 4.01 7.30 55 11 Audit 50.00 75.00 125.00 0.07 0.10 0.17 60 - Total Investment Costs 17,673.95 28,815.15 46,489.10 23.40 38.15 61.56 62 96 II. Recurrent Costs A. PERSONNEL 1,539.00 - 1,539.00 2.04 - 2.04 - 3 Contractual Staff 195.00 - 195.00 0.26 - 0.26 - - Monthly Allowances 1,344.00 - 1,344.00 1.78 - 1.78 - 3 B. TRAVEL ALLOWANCES 23.76 15.84 39.60 0.03 0.02 0.05 40 - C. MAINT., OPERATION. & REPAIRS 11.33 25.55 36.88 0.02 0.03 0.05 69 - Vehicles 10.54 24.59 35.12 0.01 0.03 0.05 70 - Equipment 0.79 0.97 1.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 55 - D. OVERHEADS 37.63 46.00 83.63 0.05 0.06 0.11 55 - Total Recurrent Costs 1,611.72 87.39 1,699.11 2.13 0.12 2.25 5 4 Total BASE COST 19,285.67 28,902.54 48,188.21 25.54 38.27 63.81 60 100 Physical Contingencies 1,111.59 1,733.93 2,845.52 1.47 2.30 3.77 61 6 6
EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES (CFAF Million) (UA Million) L.C F.E Total L.C F.E Total % F.E % BC Price Escalation 1,393.99 1,367.50 2,761.49 1.85 1.81 3.66 50 6 TOTAL PROGRAMME COST 21,791.25 32,003.97 53,795.22 28.85 42.38 71.23 59 112
Table 6: Expenditure Schedule by Component
COMPOSANTES 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total
A. Preservation and development of water resources 0.26 12.85 5.22 6.33 - 24.66 B. Development of ecological services and value chains 1.69 16.88 11.68 5.83 1.83 37.91 C. Institution building and programme management 1.97 1.61 1.68 1.66 1.73 8.66 TOTAL PROGRAMME COST 3.91 31.35 18.58 13.83 3.56 71.23
2.4.2 PRESIBALT will be financed by ADF XIII in the form of loans and grants to the tune of UA 53.82 million, or 75.6% of the total project cost; and GEF, UNESCO, SOS Elephant, LCBC and beneficiary populations to the tune of UA 17.42 million, corresponding to 24.4% of the project cost. ADF resources will finance over 75.6% of capital (works, goods and services) and operating costs. The contributions of GEF and UNESCO will finance the capital expenditure and operating costs. Regarding the beneficiaries and the LCBC, their contribution will be in kind (for the works) and in cash; the latter will cover operating and maintenance costs of socio- economic infrastructure and equipment used for income-generating activities (IGA).
Table 2.6: Financing Plan
(UA Million) (CFAF Million) SOURCE DEV ML Total DEV ML Total % ADF 32.00 21.82 53.82 24,165.99 16,480.49 40,646.48 75.6 GEF 8.22 5.46 13.68 6,209.04 4,122.51 10,331.55 19.2 UNESCO 0.13 0.10 0.23 94.79 78.94 173.73 0.3 LCBC 0.06 0.05 0.11 45.47 38.33 83.80 0.2 Cameroon 0.51 0.37 0.88 385.59 277.66 663.25 1.2 Niger 0.14 0.10 0.24 105.35 75.90 181.26 0.3 Nigeria 1.02 0.74 1.76 773.52 556.75 1,330.27 2.5 Chad 0.22 0.15 0.37 162.39 116.76 279.15 0.5 CAR 0.08 0.06 0.14 61.83 43.90 105.73 0.2 TOTAL 42.38 28.85 71.23 32,003.97 21,791.25 53,795.22 100.0
2.5. Project Target Area and Beneficiaries
2.5.1 Project target areas (PTA) were selected based on priorities defined in LCBC’s Five- Year Investment Plan (2013-2017). Criteria used in defining this area include: (i) critical points where the operation will allow for improving the overall socio-ecological system; and (ii) areas highly vulnerable to water erosion, representing an area of about 50,000 km2 ; (iii) value chain and inclusive development areas. The reduction in the farming and fishing areas, combined with the high population pressure (migration, natural population growth and the influx of refugees) on resources, created conflicts, the most common of which was conflict between farmers and stockbreeders resulting from the extension of farming to all available wetlands and even to the
7 livestock migration corridors and fallow lands. The uncontrolled increase in the number of fishing channels also created disputes between fishermen and stockbreeders. In the same vein, non-compliance with the local fisheries-management rules pitched the local fishermen against the better-equipped migrant fishermen. Furthermore, the use of water, a shared resource, is a potential source of regional conflict, particularly for large irrigation projects. Almost 79.5% of conflicts relating to natural resources are solved by local authorities (district and village authorities) through mediation or by agro-pastoral-conflict-management commissions. Enhanced cooperation between these conflict-resolution bodies, NGOs and the public authorities will contribute to better rural-land management. The secure-access criterion was also taken into account during the selection of the programme areas. Security risks are lower in the Mambere Kadei regions of the CAR, the Diffa and Zinder regions in Niger, the Bauchi, Jigawa and Kano States in Nigeria, the Adamawa, Northern and Extreme North regions of Cameroun and the Chadian regions of Western Logone, Eastern Logone, Chari Baguirmi, Hadjer - lamis, Tandjile, Lac, Mandoul, Moyen Chari, Mayo Kebbi, Kanem, Guera, Ouadai and Batha. The TFP2 continue to operate in these areas through projects that are implemented mainly by local service providers and NGOs of the regions.
2.5.2 The project’s direct and indirect beneficiaries are 15.3 million people living on the banks of Lake Chad and its immediate hinterland. Each year, they land 50 to 100,000 metric tons of fish, almost 10 million metric tons of cereals and 52 UBT. The programme will contribute to building their resilience and improving local governance of resources. Women and the young unemployed will also benefit from skills training, professional integration and income-generating activities. Finally, value chains will be developed for fish from the Lake, cereals grown on the banks of the Lake and livestock products from the immediate hinterland. The PRESIBALT design also took into account concerns relating to social conflicts resulting from the use of the resources. Thus, 300,000 ha of flood plains, rehabilitated farmlands, small village-irrigation schemes (SVIS) and pastures emanating from the developments will allow the communities to increase their output. The social dimension of resilience is enhanced by the socio-professional integration of the vulnerable population segments, particularly women and the youth, as well as the financing of 800 income-generating activities (IGA), HIMO works and the values chains of the main commodities that feed intra-regional trade (fish, cereals, livestock etc.) Thousands of youths (30,500) will be trained in the trades, will create their green companies and will gradually cease to be recruiting grounds for terrorist groups. Finally, the establishment of the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (TBR) as well as the Lake Chad Water Charter and the different development and management plans, will advance local and regional good governance of natural resources.
2.6. Participatory Approach in Project Identification, Design and Implementation
2.6.1 This programme is designed using an integrated and participatory approach to enhance the beneficiaries’ ownership, on the one hand, and, on the other, increase resilience among poor rural dwellers. Firstly, the programme design stems from popular consultations (panel- discussions and restitution workshops and seminars) with stakeholders (rural dwellers, NGOs, institutions, etc) who expressed their views and concerns on the water deficit, IGA financing, insecurity, and access to social infrastructure during the project identification, preparation and appraisal phases. Secondly, the participatory approach, which enabled stakeholders to adhere to
2 The World Bank, IsDB and GiZ currently implement projects in the main Lake Chad basin. These include the Climate Change Adaptation Project (EUR 2.3 million) and the Local Development Facilitation Project (EUR 2 million) in Chad, the Social Safety Net Project (USD 50 million) and the Project for Natural Catastrophes Control in the extreme north of Cameroon (USD 108 million), the Project for Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change and Natural Catastrophes such as drought and flooding in the administrative regions of Tillabery, Niamey, Dosso and Diffa, which lie along the Niger and Komadugu rivers (USD 106.65 million), 8 the objectives and technical choices of the programme, will be continued and strengthened during the implementation phase. Thus, partnerships will be forged between Government departments, local authorities, NGOs and farmers’ associations for the implementation of all activities. The populations living within the vicinity of the programme will be closely involved in the management of the infrastructure and community facilities as well as in the local mechanisms set up to manage conflicts.
2.7. Bank Group Experience and Lessons Reflected in Project Design
2.7.1 The Bank has financed several LCBC regional and country-level operations. The regional operations include: (i) the Pilot Research/Development Support Project on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Subsistence Farming in the Lake Chad Basin; (ii) the Support Project to Lake Chad Basin Initiative for the Reduction of Vulnerability and Risks related to STIs/HIV/AIDS (LCBCI), (iii) the Water Charter Project financed by the African Water Facility; (iv) the Lake Chad Sustainable Development Programme (PRODEBALT); and (v) the Central Africa Biodiversity Conservation Programme – Protection of Elephants. Further, the Bank financed several ecosystems operations similar to Lake Chad including (i) Silt Control in the Niger River Basin (ABN); (ii) Lake Tanganyika Integrated Regional Development Programme (PRODAP); and (iii) the Project to Restore the Ecological and Economic Functions of Lake GUIERS in Senegal. The main challenges mentioned in the completion and supervision reports of projects implemented by LCBC have to do with: (i) LCBC’s limited capacities to execute projects directly; (ii) lengthy procurement time frames; and (iii) the slow pace of implementation of activities on the ground.
2.7.2 The programme design reflected lessons learned during the above operations and those of stakeholders like GIZ and IUCN in the same field. Due regard was also paid to lessons learned during performance reviews of the Bank’s multinational operations including: (i) development and floodplain flooding options stemming from pilot tests conducted in the Waza-Logone plain; (ii) technical silt/erosion control choices and DRS measures experimented during PRODEBALT and NBA Project; (iii) need for an institutional arrangement to ensure effective implementation of a multinational operation in coordination with States; (iv) choice of procurement methods based on the nature of activities and type of operators in the project area; and (v) mobilization of counterpart contribution, gender mainstreaming and performance monitoring.
2.8. Key Performance Indicators
2.8.1 The key performance indicators selected for the programme will be: (i) the completion rate of works and infrastructure; (ii) the monetary value added per km² of floodplains flooded every year; (iii) the additional tonnage of production of cereals, fish, livestock products, wood and percentage of value added in key sub-sectors; (iv) the rate of reduction of persons vulnerable to food and nutritional insecurity; (v) the drop in infections related water-borne diseases; (vi) the rate of increase of project targets’ revenues; (vii) the quality of training and number of men and women trained; (viii) the rise of revenue earned by women ; (ix) the level of women’s involvement in decision-making bodies (percentage); (x) the effective involvement of NGOs, (mostly those of women), and socio-professional organizations; (xi) the number of brigades and their members, including women, to be trained in IPM techniques; and (xii) the rate of recovery of post-harvest/capture losses.
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III. Project Feasibility
3.1 Economic and Financial Performance
3.1.1 The project’s financial analysis was based on the cost/benefit of additional cash-flows from plant, animal and fishery productions resulting from works. The assumptions chosen are: (i) the three project components are successfully implemented; (ii) impact assessment period is 20 years; (iii) opportunity cost of capital is estimated at 12%; (iv) the prices, outputs and average basic production costs for FY 2014 were used for the baseline situation in the project target area in five years; and (v) taxes and subsidies were excluded from prices and financial costs to obtain the prices and economic costs. Results were generated based on these assumptions and the programme costs estimated by COSTAB. The results are attached in this report as Technical Annex B4 and summarized as follows:
Table 3.1 Key Economic and Financial Data NPV (Baseline scenario) CFAF 12.58 billion IRR (Baseline scenario) 18.0% ERR (Baseline scenario) 21.0%
3.1.2 Financial Performance: PRESIBALT has financial impact on revenues of beneficiaries and households in the project target area. Average additional revenues generated are estimated at CFAF 425,715 per hectare. The internal rate of return (IRR) based on financial costs is estimated at 18%, for net present value (NPV) of CFAF 12.58 billion. This rate is satisfactory since largely higher than the capital opportunity cost of 12%. This high level of output will help to reduce the poverty incidence and improve the resilience of the population of target areas.
3.1.3 Economic Performance: The programme’s economic benefits (tangible and intangible) stem from its supplementary value added induced over 20 years plus the additional agricultural, animal, fishery and forest-farming production. This added value will contribute to raising the GDP of the countries concerned to the same level. The other benefits of the programme include the creation of 150,000 jobs every year and improvement of households’ resilience against the vagaries of the weather. Its indirect benefits on the economies of the five countries are the improved resilience of socio-ecological systems, the phasing out of fragilities and improved quality of products. The baseline economic rate of return (ERR) stands at 21.0% for a net present value (NPV) of CFAF 26.8 billion at opportunity cost of capital of 12%.
3.1.4 Sensitivity Analysis: Sensitivity tests were conducted on the economic and financial performance indicators (IRR, ERR and NPV) based on a 10% decrease in prices, a 10% increase of factor costs and a combination of these two variables. For IRR, the result was a variation of 19.7%, 17.9% and 18.6% respectively while for ERR, the result is 22.1%, 15.3% and 15.7% respectively. The results of the financial and economic analysis show that PRESIBALT is robust and financially and economically viable.
3.2. Environmental and Social Impact
3.2.1 Environment: The programme is classified by ORQR.3 in Environmental and Social Category 2, according to the Bank’s environmental and social safeguard procedures, given the nature of works to be undertaken (flooding of floodplains, dredging operations, small irrigated 10 schemes, bore holes, paths, socio-economic facilities, etc.). It was subject to an environmental and social assessment, pursuant to Bank procedures and regulatory frameworks of the countries concerned, a summary of which was posted on the Bank’s website on 7th November 2014. The main project activities aim to improve Lake water inputs and quality, and preserve and develop eco-systems in a context of adaptation to climate change. An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) was prepared and features in the technical annexes.
Formulated in a context of advanced degradation of endangered natural habitats/species, PRESIBALT will help to rebuild production capacities for sustainable development in the whole basin. Floodplain rehabilitation works will therefore help to restore water-flow of the main watercourses that supply the Lake. Anti-erosion works will limit silting and sedimentation in the Lake and help to recover degraded lands. The programme will also allow for creating a Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (TBR) and for listing the Lake as a UNESCO world heritage site. The target area is home to a large elephant population seriously endangered by poaching and conflicts. Lastly, a regional fisheries development plan will be put in place based on an eco- systemic approach. By promoting alternative energy sources (rural electrification in five population centres), the trend towards degradation will be reversed since the local population will be encouraged to adhere to the sustainable resource management policy introduced by the programme in the Lake and its basin.
However, the implementation of some rehabilitation activities can create negative effects such as the risk of destruction of natural habitats and water/soil pollution stemming from the increased use of fertilizers and pesticides. Besides, the irrigation schemes, the rehabilitation of glacis land, the support for promising sub-sectors, and the development of rural infrastructures can encourage immigration and foster overexploitation of some resources. The development of some processing activities can also lead to the use of more fire-wood, and hence deforestation. Increased trade and greater population mix can foster a rapid spread of communicable diseases such as STDs and HIV/AIDS.
Mitigation measures of potential impacts, mostly for the first component such as floodplain rehabilitation and dredging works on the Komadugu-Yobe and Logone-Chari, were identified and noted in the ESMP whose implementation benefits from a budgetary allocation of UA 306,600. It is noteworthy that the procurement of new meteorological and hydrological stations, and installation of manometers will help to better monitor certain environmental indicators in the basin. The programme will set up a cartography unit for processing satellite and geographic data (GIS) in the LCBC Observatory. National coordination units, working closely with Directorates of Environment, will also participate in monitoring the environmental and social impacts of programme activities and, where necessary, recommend appropriate corrective or compensatory measures. The environmental training and education programme will help to sensitize the population on the implications of destructive practices and ensure their participation in applying appropriate biodiversity and environmental protection measures.
3.2.2 Climate change: During implementation of the Bank-funded Lake Chad Sustainable Development Programme (PRODEBALT), activities under the component: Adapting production systems to climate change helped to mitigate some negative effects of climate change, including reforestation, setting up of forest reserves, protection of crop-belts from sandbanks, promotion of alternative sources of domestic energy, regeneration and joint management of cattle trails, collective surveillance of stocks and planning of fishery activities, and diversification of production and revenue sources. These actions will continue during PRESIBALT whose monitoring and readiness will be facilitated by ecological monitoring tools put in place in LCBC. 11
Generally, PRESIBALT activities will have major positive impacts on ecosystems, biodiversity, adaptation and reduced vulnerability to climate change and contribute to global efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change. In fact, the reconstitution of plant cover and introduction of clean energy will contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases. Besides, programme activities will be aligned to national climate change adaptation plans (PANA) and PANGIRE of the five countries and contribute to securing production systems. The population’s adaptation capacity will also be strengthened by developing climate change risk management tools, putting in place agro-hydro-meteorological stations and supporting producers to mainstream climate-related information into the management of rural activities, particularly through the early-warning system. Finally, the local development plans will integrate climate information generated by the programme.
3.2.3 Gender: The riparian countries of Lake Chad are among those with the highest gender inequality rates, ranging from the CAR, which was ranked 115th in the world in 2013, to Niger, ranked 146th the same year. The Lake region is among the poorest in Africa and poverty of women is heightened therein: 63% of women in the extreme north of Cameroon are poor, compared to the national average of 33.4% in 2012. Women represent about 52% of the population and have a heavier workload, compared to men, and they have lower access to education, information, agricultural extension services, inputs and credit. Cereals are cultivated mainly by women and spirulina is harvested solely by women, thus contributing to improving the condition of women in the areas where it is produced. Considerable land-related gender disparities also exist (women in the Nigerian zones of the project own only 4% of the lands). Fisheries activities are dominated by men but processing of the catch is incumbent on women. All the countries in the programme area are subjected to considerable population pressures and high birth rates, with Niger ranked as the country with the highest birth rate in the world (7.6 children per woman). In the Lake region, the fertility rate of women is higher than the national averages (it stands at 7.3 children per woman whereas it is 5.7 at the national level and in the North-West region of Nigeria). This situation, coupled with other factors such as the limited ability to take decisions, limit the access of women, particularly nomadic women, to health care services. The programme contributes to reducing gender disparities in the Lake Chad basin. In the long run, almost 8 million women would benefit from the programme activities. By facilitating the participation of women in the programme and their access to land security, decision-making processes and investment, on the one hand, and by enhancing the organizational capacity of women’s producer groups, on the other, PRESIBALT plays a strategic role in promoting inclusive growth and improving the situation of women in the project’s target area.
The programme will work in earnest to mainstream gender in all its components, including through equitable access to productive resources and capacity-building activities planned by the programme. Women’s integration and leadership will be promoted in basin resource users’ forums and a gender-sensitive Early Warning System will be put in place. The programme will comprise a set of pro-women services centred on: the development of alternative livelihoods; creation of ecological value chains; processing of fishery and agricultural products; solar energy; production of spirulina (50% of project beneficiaries will be women); support based on their structuring in groups; suitable technical vocational and social trainings (including in reproductive health); promotion of access and land security of irrigated schemes (40% of land allocated to women’s groups through local conventions); access to factors of production and technologies by reducing their work time and increasing their productivity and access to outreach services and multi-purpose centres (60% of women among beneficiaries). There are also plans to set up a monitoring-evaluation system based on gender disaggregated data as well as on gender-related indicators. The capacities of LCBC and gender-related stakeholders will be strengthened through
12 trainings and by recruiting a gender and socio-economic development specialist in the Regional Coordination Unit (UCR). Gender mainstreaming will be implemented in partnership with UNESCO and UN-WOMEN.
3.2.4 Social: The programme will help to improve the low level of human development, and consequently, strengthen the overall resilience of the populations and their living environment by acting on its key determinants. It will boost human capital value by strengthening the knowledge, fundamental rights and know-how of about 3 million people through sensitization, training and literacy of locals. By widening access to, and encouraging the use of, primary health care (300,000 beneficiaries every year) and drinking water (80,000 beneficiaries per year) and by maintaining these facilities, the programme will ultimately reduce by at least 50% the morbidity and mortality rates, especially those linked to water-borne diseases. Further, the construction of multi-purpose centres equipped with solar kiosks will strengthen some 80,000 beneficiaries’ access to community services and energy at competitive prices and contribute to the adoption of new social habits and practice of new trades (installation and operation of solar kiosks). All these will improve the living standards of the population. The employability of women and youth will also be enhanced through on-the-job training in the trades offered (30,000 per year) and technical training (500 beneficiaries per year) for promising trades chosen depending on the needs of the Lake economy. In addition, various projects and IGAs will consolidate or create about 150,000 jobs yearly. Lastly, the combination of works, vocational training and access to means of production for the poorest (Works for asset) will generate additional revenues for the populations estimated at 50% minimum of current revenues, encouraging them to use social services like education and health and strengthen the value of social capital.
3.2.9 Youth Employment and Promotion of Agricultural Entrepreneurship:
The option that favours association-type SMEs for the production, processing and marketing of products will foster the creation and consolidation of women’s and youth entrepreneurship. The programme supports the creation of about a thousand income-generating activities. These newly created enterprises will foster the immediate generation of direct long-term and/or seasonal jobs linked to construction of infrastructure or their long-term maintenance.
3.2.10 Forceful Resettlement: PRESIBALT activities will not lead to population displacement. Rather, they will help to stabilize the populations in their natural environment, offering them alternatives to take charge of their own development.
IV. Implementation
4.1. Implementation Arrangements
4.1.1 Implementation methods: LCBC is the executing agency of PRESIBALT whose implementation will span 5 years. To that end, a Regional Coordination Unit (RCU) will be set up within the General Directorate of Operations (DGO). Apart from the Regional Coordinator, the RCU staff will comprise a Manager/Accountant, a Procurement Specialist, a Monitoring- Evaluation Specialist, a Gender and Social Development Specialist and support staff (Cashier, Drivers and Secretaries), who will be recruited following competition and will sign performance contracts. The staff should be sufficiently competent to conduct the relevant regional and local studies that will underpin the resilience-building initiatives. It will benefit from light technical assistance comprising a high-level Hydrologist specialized in socio-ecological and resilience issues, a Sustainable Development Planning Specialist and short-term Consultants. RCU will rely on the Technical Departments of LCBC to implement activities in their respective spheres of 13 competence. The General Directorate of Administration and Finance (DGAF), and the Directorate of Project Planning and Monitoring-Evaluation (DPSEP) will include accounting, procurement and monitoring-evaluation aspects into their institutional arrangement.
4.1.2 At country level, Project Management Offices (BGP) will be opened to coordinate the implementation of activities, working closely with technical State services. Each BGP will have a National Coordinator, a Natural Resources Expert, an Accountant and support staff (Secretary, Cashier and Driver). The staff will be recruited following competition and will sign performance contracts. They will be trained in financial management, contract management and monitoring- evaluation, in keeping with the findings of the analysis conducted during assessment of the implementation capacity of the different structures. The programme will be implemented on the basis of a modular approach to take into account the security context prevailing in certain areas around Lake Chad. The implementation will also take into account the extremely urgent need to carry out environmental protection actions and safeguard the economic activities of the populations. Details of the institutional arrangement by country and the modular approach are attached as technical annexes in volume II of the appraisal report.
4.1.3 At the level of LCBC, a Steering Committee (SC), chaired by the host country’s 1st LCBC Commissioner (and in his absence, the 2nd Commissioner), will be put in place to ensure project governance. It shall comprise inter alia representatives of the LCBC Executive Secretariat (the Executive Secretary, the Works Manager of LCBC and the Head of Security), national Focal Points, the Donor Advisory Committee, the Stakeholders’ Committee, the Inter-ministerial Technical Committee and Women’s and Youth Organizations. An inter-ministerial committee will be put in place in each country.
4.1.4 To implement activities, LCBC will resort to specialized Institutions and NGOs based on conventions that will be submitted for the prior agreement of ADF. UNESCO, SOS Elephants of Chad, FAO and IUCN have been identified to implement RBT & SPM, eco-development and elephant protection activities, fisheries development plan and floodplain flooding dimensions respectively. Other institutions like African Centre for Meteorological Applications Development (ACMAD) and the AGRHYMET Regional Centre, already benefiting from Bank assistance, can be used in the field of observation networks and generation of climate-related information for sustainable development. The communities will participate in the activities to develop (HIMO) and manage the social infrastructure.
4.1.5 Procurement
Procurement of goods, works and consulting services financed by Bank resources will be done pursuant to Bank Rules and Procedures for the Procurement of Goods and Works (May 2008 edition, revised in July) or, as the case may be, the Bank Rules and Procedures for the Use of Consultants (May 2008 edition, revised in July 2012) using standard Bank bidding documents. A Procurement Plan (PP) will be prepared and submitted to the Bank which will ensure compliance with the funding agreements and its procurement rules. The programme coordination unit will be strengthened with a procurement expert who will assist in the procurement of goods, works and services as described in the technical annexes.
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4.1.6 Financial Management
The General Directorate for Administration and Finance (DGAF) of LCBC will be responsible for the programme’s administrative, financial and accounts management. An assessment conducted in DGAF ascertained if resources placed at its disposal will be used effectively, efficiently and exclusively for the purpose for which they were granted. The assessment gave rise to an action plan for strengthening the system involving: (i) procuring a multi-project software to enable LCBC have an integrated system to manage its ordinary activities and externally funded projects; (ii) recruiting a manager-accountant at DGAF devoted to programme activities and an accountant in each BGP in the five countries concerned; and (iii) strengthening the technical capacities of the financial management team. Details of the assessment of the LCBC financial management system and the PRESIBALT financial management arrangement are found in the technical annexes attached to this report.
4.1.7 Disbursements
The disbursement methods to be used in mobilizing Bank financing for the programme are: (1) direct payment method; (2) special account/revolving fund method; and (3) reimbursement method. The direct payment method will be used for works, goods and services contracts signed by the Borrower with suppliers pursuant to the Bank Rules and Procedures on Procurement. The special account method will be used to settle operating expenses, training costs, and expenditure incurred during field missions, etc. This will require opening (i) an account in a bank deemed acceptable by ADF, (ii) a special account at the level of the regional coordination, and (iii) five (5) auxiliary accounts at the level of each national coordination. For its part, the reimbursement method will be used when expenditure eligible for ADF resources are pre-financed by Borrower with the Bank’s prior agreement. These disbursements will be made based on the list of goods and services and the Bank Rules and Procedures, as described in the Disbursement Manual. A disbursement letter will be reviewed during negotiations and submitted to LCBC upon approval of the programme. Disbursement modalities are detailed in the technical annexes.
4.1.8 Audits
LCBC is responsible for preparing the annual financial statements of PRESIBALT through its services, in accordance with Bank rules. These annual financial statements and the internal control system of LCBC will be audited annually by a reliable, competent and independent audit firm based on criteria satisfactory to the Bank. The audited financial statements for each fiscal year will be submitted to the Bank no later than six months after the closing of the fiscal year to which they relate.
4.2. Monitoring
4.2.1 Due to the need to complete the RBT Development Plan and update the Fisheries Development Plan, programme implementation will span five (5) years. A start-up workshop will be organized at the start of the programme, and the first year will be devoted to: (i) establishing and training operational staff; (ii) procuring logistical means (vehicles, motorcycles and office equipment) ; (iii) recruiting consultants and technical assistance; (iv) signing collaboration agreements with specialized institutions and NGOs; and (v) conducting engineering studies for procurement dossiers.
4.2.2 The monitoring-evaluation (M&E) arrangement will help to decide the level of physical (implementation rate overall and by component) and financial implementation (commitment rate, 15 disbursement rate of ADF, the State and other financial partners) of the programme. It will be fed with information coming mainly from control/supervision missions (physical implementation) and progress reports. The monitoring of physical (commitments and disbursements) versus expected outputs will allow for ensuring the timeliness of the programme. Institutions tasked with statistics or specialized monitoring-evaluation consultants will assess programme effects and impacts under the direction of DGPSP and LCBC Observatory.
4.2.3 Planned project activities are summarized in the following table. These activities will follow an implementation schedule.
Table 3 Implementation Schedule N° Activities Responsible Entities Deadline 1 Appraisal ADF September 2014 2 Negotiations LCBC/GVT /ADF November 2014 3 Presentation of programme ADF Board ADF December 2014 4 Signature MOUs for Grants and Loan Agreements LCBC/GVT/ADF June 2015 5 Authorization 1st disbursement ADF September 2015 6 Project start-up LCBC / ADF November 2015 November 2015 / Dec. 7 Performance of services LCBC/ GVT 2020 8 Mid-term review LCBC/GVT/ADF June 2017 9 Completion of activities Governments/ADF December 2019 10 Completion report Governments /ADF March 2020 11 Audits LCBC Annually
4.3. Governance
4.3.1 The Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) was created in May 1964 to ensure the sustainable and equitable management of Lake Chad waters and other transboundary basin water resources with a view to promote regional integration, and preserve peace and security among member countries. Its policy and decision-making bodies are the Heads of State Summit and the Council of Ministers which meet once every year in ordinary session. The Executive Secretariat is the organ that executes decisions. It is headed by an Executive Secretary assisted by Directors- General, Directors and Service Heads. Its activities are financed by Member States. In line with the procedures outlined in the chapter on “financial regulation”, the annual budget is prepared by the Executive Secretariat and approved by the Council of Ministers in ordinary session. The consideration of previous budgets shows that their implementation rate was above 80%, which is satisfactory. The programme will enable LCBC to strengthen good governance in financial management and in procurement.
4.3.2 The significant progress made at the technical level was seen in the signing of the Water Charter, the design of SAP, master plans and the Five-Year Investment Plan. However, certain functions such as water surveillance and use are yet to be applied as indicated in the Water Charter. PRESIBLAT will help to foster the putting in place of innovative methods of governance at the regional, national and local level for an integrated management and equitable access to water resources, pasture, fishery and crop areas. To this end, it will enhance the capacities of the communities to prevent and manage conflicts stemming from the management of natural resources.
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4.4. Sustainability
4.4.1 The programme rests on the principle that sustainable and inclusive development can be achieved once beneficiaries are sensitized and perceived as development partners for all natural resource development and management actions. For that reason, the programme is based on a participatory approach. Representatives of the local populations and decentralized technical services were effectively involved in the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA), the definition of SAP focus areas and programme design. Activities were defined to meet the priority needs of beneficiaries expressed in 2013-2017 FYIP of LCBC. Not only were the populations, technicians and local authorities involved in the identification of sites to be developed and protected, they also brought on board their own knowledge and perceptions of environmental phenomena.
4.4.2 The project’s sustainability also rests on beneficiaries’ participation in the financing of community facilities (rural markets, water points, etc.), and related works (floodplain flooding, maintenance of water courses, soil defence and restoration, silt control, planting of fruit trees and forest plantations, etc). Beneficiaries will also take charge of the maintenance of socio-economic infrastructure and their management by management committees. The simplicity of planned infrastructure and strengthening of beneficiaries’ capacities are also consistent with an approach that fosters the sustainability of investments.
4.4.3 Farmers in the project areas will be trained in IPM techniques based on the participatory rural farm-school (FEP) approach, making it possible to guarantee the sustainability of programme outcomes. Communities, through trained village brigades, will constitute the major means of transfer of knowledge on pest control techniques. Apex organizations in the project target area will also be supported, which will further consolidate and lend consistency to actions undertaken.
4.4.4 The “value chains” approach and inclusion of aspects linked to product transformation, storage and marketing will allow for further linking productions to markets. The creation of small economically, financially and technically viable processing units will guarantee the sustainability of project outcomes. The programme will ensure that gender-sensitive facilities and technologies are put in place to favour the long-term economic empowerment of women and the development of their sources of revenues. The sustainability of programme interventions will also be assured thanks to the effective involvement of the private sector. Private service centres will provide services to farmers including capacity-building, support-counsel in processing, packaging, quality and market access. Incentive measures for public-private partnerships will allow for creating long-term alliances and PES contracts will allow for a sound management of the environment.
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4.5. Risk Management
Table 4 Risks and Mitigation Measures
Risks Level Mitigation Measure The insecurity that prevails in the region High The efforts of member countries and the international and obstacles to the free movement of community to fight armed groups will help to phase out people and goods stemming from the insecurity in the Lake Chad Basin and reintegrate refugees. insurrection of armed groups. It resulted in the establishment of a Multinational Mixed Force within the framework of a common strategy to combat crossborder insecurity. Thus, the security criterion was traken into account for selecting the programme sites. Security risks are moderate in the Mambere Kadei regions of CAR, the Diffa and Zinder regions in Niger, the Bauchi, Jigawa and Kano States in Nigeria and the Adamawa, North and Extreme North regions of Cameroon and the Chadian regions of Western Logone, Eastern Logone, Chari Baguirmi, Hadjer - lamis, Tandjile, Lac, Mandoul, Moyen Chari, Mayo Kebbi, Kanem, Guera, Ouadai and Batha. The TFPs continue to implement rapid-results projects in these areas, mainly through local service providers and NGOs. The vagaries of the weather can lead to a Low The development of resilience and fragility control actions degradation of ecosystems and and creation of a Transboundary Biosphere Reserve will biodiversity and make the populations mitigate this risk more vulnerable LCBC’s weak institutional capacity to Average The programme to build LCBC’s capacities in project manage a complex programme and management, procurement and financial management will insufficient regional cooperation for a mitigate this risk. Similarly, with the have done approach, good management of shared resources. the implementation of major dimensions will be entrusted to already identified partners. Lastly, the implementation of the Water Charter will help to strengthen regional cooperation for good integrated water resource management.
4.6. Knowledge Development The programme will assist LCBC to consolidate the regional database by installing a regional centre for processing statistical, geomatic and satellite data (agricultural, climatological, limnometric, piezometric and socio-economic) to allow for regular collection of necessary data and information for a better knowledge of the Basin’s water resources and environment. PRESIBALT will strengthen LCBC’s capacities to optimally use all aspects of knowledge acquired essentially through expertise, and will finance stakeholder forums to better share the information collected. Spatially-distributed SAP information will be shared with meteorological, hydrological and piezometric monitoring networks and with the agricultural information system in place. Hydrological information will be supplemented by other precise data on water resource use as well as regional/local water status reports (evapotranspiration, soil water assessment, areas under cultivation, areas under irrigation) in order to identify the risks of natural disasters and allow for a rational and proactive management of such risks. Lastly, PRESIBALT will establish an integrated water resource management system for sharing knowledge on programme activities through regular dissemination on the LCBC website in order to build on and manage the knowledge and experience acquired.
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V. Legal Framework – 5.1. Legal Instrument The legal framework of the programme will be: (i) a Loan Agreement with each of the following States: Cameroon and Nigeria; (ii) a Grant Agreement with each of the following States: Niger, CAR and Chad. 5.2. Conditions Associated with the Operations of the Bank and the Fund 5.2.1 Conditions Precedent to Grant and Loan Effectiveness: Effectiveness of Loan and Grant Agreements will be subject to fulfilment by the Borrowers and Donees of conditions stipulated in Section 12.01 of the General Conditions applicable to Loan and Grant Agreements and Guarantee Agreements of the Fund. The ADF Grant Agreements shall become effective on the date of their signature. 5.2.1 Conditions precedent to grant and loan effectiveness: The entry into force of the respective loan agreements shall be subject to fulfilment by the respective Borrowers of the conditions set forth in Section 12.01 of the General Conditions Applicable to Loan Agreements and Guarantee Agreements of the Fund. The respective protocol of agreements shall enter into force on the date of their signature 5.2.2 Conditions Precedent to First Disbursement of Grants and Loans: The obligation for the Bank and Fund to make the first disbursement of the Grants and Loans shall be subject to the effectiveness of the Grant Agreements and Loan Agreements, pursuant to the terms of paragraph 5.2.1 above, and evidence of fulfilment of the following conditions by the donees and borrowers, to the satisfaction of the Bank and Fund: i) tender evidence of the signature of an on-lending agreement to transfer the loan/grant resources to the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) under terms and conditions deemed satisfactory by the Bank and the Fund; and ii) tender evidence of opening by the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC), of a special account in the name of the programme, in a bank deemed acceptable by the Fund for receiving exclusively the loan and grant resources on-lent to the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC). 5.2.3 Other Conditions: The Borrower shall also submit to the Bank and the Fund, latest six months after the first disbursement of Loans and Grants: i) evidence of recruitment of regional and national coordinators of the programme and of the other members of programme coordination teams, in accordance with paragraphs 4.1.1 and 4.1.2; and ii) the administrative, accounts and financial procedures manual of the programme. 5.3. Compliance with Bank Policies The programme complies with the Bank Group’s Ten-Year Strategy (2013/2022) and all policies in force. VI. Recommendation It is recommended that the Board of Directors of ADF approve the proposed financings, namely: (i) for Cameroon: an ADF loan equivalent to UA 12.5 million; (ii) for Niger: an ADF Grant of UA 13.33 million; (iii) for Nigeria: an ADF Loan of UA 20.45 million; (iv) for CAR: an ADF Grant of 2.19 million; (v) for Chad: an ADF Grant of UA 5.35 million; to finance PRESIBALT, subject to the conditions stipulated in this report. 19
ANNEX I Country’s Comparative Socio-economic Indicators GDP per Pop. capita/ Average GDP Growth Area Density/k GDP, PPP PPP Rate in volume Population (000) (000 km2) m2 (USD) (USD) 2005-13
Cameroon 22,254 475.44 47 55,763 2,506 3.4 17,831 1,267 14 13,881 778 5.6 Niger
Nigeria 173,615 924 188 871,440 5,019 6.7 CAR 4,616 623 7 2,570 557 -0.9
Chad 12,825 1,284 10 27,633 2,155 4.8 1,108,966 30,066 37 3,827,029 3,520 5.4 Africa
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ANNEX II Table of ADB Portfolio in the Country
IP DO (Dev. DATE OF CLOSING COUNTRY PROJECT TITLE SECTOR AMOUNT % DISBURSED (Impl.Pr Objectives APPROVAL DATE ogress) )
PROJECT FOR THE REHABILATION AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE TCHEBOA BIOLOGICAL IMPACT AREA Environment 26/04/2012 30/06/2015 51 714,72 100,00 0,00 0,00 SEMI URBAN AREAS DWSS PROJECT Water Sup/Sanit 28/01/2009 31/12/2014 40 000 000,00 14,12 2,36 2,00 Cameroon RURAL AREAS DWSS PROJECT Water Sup/Sanit 12/05/2010 29/02/2016 10 000 000,00 41,43 2,64 3,00 RURAL AREAS DWSS PRJECT Water Sup/Sanit 12/05/2010 29/02/2016 4 565 196,99 54,87 2,64 3,00 YAOUNDE SANITATION PROJECT,PHASE II Water Sup/Sanit 19/06/2013 31/12/2018 20 990 000,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 YAOUNDE SANITATION PROJECT, PHASE II Water Sup/Sanit 19/06/2013 31/12/2018 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 PREPARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PANGIRE Water Sup/Sanit 23/12/2013 31/12/2016 851 601,23 10,08 0 0 MARADI, ZINDER, THAOUA WATER MOBILISATION PROJECT Agriculture 20/09/2011 31/12/2016 9 340 000,00 14,13 0 0 MARADI, ZINDER, THAOUA WATER MOBILISATION PROJECT Agriculture 20/09/2011 31/12/2016 22 232 103,16 7,13 0 0 KANDADJI PROGRAMME Agriculture 29/10/2008 31/12/2015 20 000 000,00 16,21 2,07 2,25 KANDADJI PROGRAMME Agriculture 29/10/2008 31/12/2015 20 000 000,00 25,9 2,07 2,25 NIGER-PPCR PILOT PROJECT Environment 24/09/2012 31/12/2018 6 400 150,91 1,44 0 0 NIGER-PPCR PILOT PROJECT Environment 24/09/2012 31/12/2018 2 357 950,33 0 0 0 Niger PAMOGEF - RESS. I MOBILIZATION SUPPORT PROJET Multi-Sector 26/01/2012 31/12/2016 10 000 000,00 7,55 0 0 VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUPPORT PROJECT-PADEFPT Social 15/12/2010 31/12/2016 7 870 000,00 12,32 2 2 VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUPPORT PROJECT-PADEFPT Social 15/12/2010 31/12/2016 17 630 000,00 12,16 2 2 RURAL AREAS DWSS PROJECT-PHASE 2 Water Sup/Sanit 20/09/2011 31/12/2015 16 000 000,00 15,45 0 0 RURAL AREAS DWSS PROJECT-PHASE 2 Water Sup/Sanit 20/09/2011 31/12/2015 3 413 231,39 30,01 0 0 RURAL AREAS DWSS IN 3 REGIONS Water Sup/Sanit 21/02/2007 31/12/2014 3 000 000,00 95,97 1,93 2 RURAL AREAS DWSS IN 3 REGIONS Water Sup/Sanit 21/02/2007 31/12/2014 10 704 047,24 68,51 1,93 2 SKILLS TRAINING AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Social 27/07/2005 31/12/2015 30 000 000,00 56,85 2,38 3 RURAL WATER & SAN SUB-PROG (YOBE & OSUN) Water Sup/Sanit 10/10/2007 31/12/2014 51 000 000,00 34,37 2,46 2 Nigeria URBAN WATER & SAN IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Water Sup/Sanit 02/09/2009 30/04/2018 50 000 000,00 2,57 2,42 2 ZARIA WATER EXPANSION & SAN PROJ, Water Sup/Sanit 08/02/2012 31/12/2017 63 920 000,00 0,85 0 0 ATRC STATISTICS Multi-Sector 22/11/2011 30/06/2015 1 000 000,00 69,84 0 0 KOUMRA - SARH ROAD PROJECT Transport 02/06/2009 31/10/2015 31 610 000,00 88,34 2,79 1,5 P.N.S.A ROUND TABLE Agriculture 29/11/2011 30/09/2014 139 326,00 95,53 0 0 RURAL INFRASTRUCRURE SUPPORT PROJECT Agriculture 06/07/2011 31/12/2016 5 200 000,00 10,99 0 0 RURAL INFRASTRUCRURE SUPPORT PROJECT Agriculture 06/07/2011 31/12/2016 5 200 000,00 22,66 0 0 PGRN SUPPLEMENTARY LOAN Environment 31/01/2011 31/12/2014 9 570 000,00 14,41 0 0 Chad ITIE SUPPORT PROJECT Multi-Sector 01/11/2012 31/10/2015 1 350 031,00 30,54 0 0 PUBLIC FINANCE SUPPORT PROJECT Multi-Sector 01/11/2012 31/10/2015 1 445 001,00 46,93 0 0 HIPC INITIATIVE SUPPORT PROJECT Multi-Sector 05/03/2014 30/09/2016 1 400 000,00 0 0 0 SECONDARY CENTRES DWSS SUB-PROGRAMME Water Sup/Sanit 11/07/2012 31/12/2018 10 710 000,00 12,06 0 0 SECONDARY CENTRES DWSS SUB-PROGRAMME Water Sup/Sanit 11/07/2012 31/12/2018 6 900 000,00 28,76 0 0 SECONDARY CENTRES DWSS SUB-PROGRAMME Water Sup/Sanit 11/07/2012 31/12/2018 2 559 923,54 8,9 0 0 PARCGEF INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT PROJECT Multi-Sector 31/01/2011 31/12/2015 4 000 000,00 37,62 0 0 PARCGEF INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT PROJECT Multi-Sector 31/01/2011 31/12/2015 500 000,00 0 0 0 EMERGENCY CRISIS-SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY PROGRAMME Multi-Sector 25/06/2014 31/12/2015 2 300 000,00 100 0 0 Central Aafrican Republic EMERGENCY CRISIS-SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY PROGRAMME Multi-Sector 25/06/2014 31/12/2015 12 700 000,00 100 0 0 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (PDCAGV) Social 22/07/2009 30/06/2016 8 000 000,00 37,19 2,58 3 STATISTICAL SUPPORT Multi-Sector 01/11/2012 30/11/2014 1 348 000,00 0 0 0 II
ANNEX III Map of Project Area (PRESIBALT)
SUDAN
CENTRAL AFRICA REPUBLIC
LAKE CHAD AND LAKE CHAD BAIN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
LAKE CHAD
PROJECT AERA
This map is provided by the African Development Bank Group exclusively for the use of the readers of the report to which it is attached. The names used and the borders shown do not imply on the part of the Bank and its members any judgement concerning the legal status of a territory nor any approval or acceptance of these borders
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ANNEX IV
Note on the Integration of the Fragility Factors
Introduction
This Annex gives an overview of how the Programme took into account the fragility and conflict aspects. Although the programme deals primarily with the environmental causes of fragility, it is implemented in a context of local, national and regional conflicts and instability, which, taken together, only compound the fragility stemming from environmental sources.
The following analysis reflects the programme implementation risks arising out of existing or potential conflicts and fragility as well as failure to intervene thereon. Analysis of fragility in each of the countries bordering the Lake Chad basin (Chad, CAR, Cameroon, Niger and Nigeria) is currently being conducted under the auspices of the Transition Support Department (ORTS).
This note also presents the consultation process as well as the key activities and measures implemented to strengthen resilience within the context of the programme.
A. Fragility Aspects and Contexts Addressed by the Programme
The Bank conducted three important studies on the Lake Chad Basin: the Inter-basin Water Transfer Study (2011), Study on the Current status of the Lake (2013) and the Study on Erosion and Silt-control Guidelines (2013). The findings of these studies facilitated the preparation of PRESIBALT, and more specifically, to assess the socio-ecological resilience factors of Lake Chad. These studies showed that Lake suffered from a progressive deterioration of its productive ecosystems arising out of the natural changes in the Lake, climate change and anthropogenic actions. This situation affected all the countries of the basin at varying degrees and led to increasing vulnerability and deterioration in the living conditions of the populations, about 50 million people. In addition to a reduction in the water area of the Lake (90% in some years), numerous other problems have surfaced such as a drop in cereal output (10% deficit), as well as a fall in fisheries landings and livestock production. At the environmental level, there was a progression in salinization of soils and water tables, invasion of water weeds, increased silting which led to a lost in cultivable lands and a drop in the flow of the Chari-Logone and Komadougou-Yobe waters into the lake. Consequently, population pressures increased on the lake environment (which is already fragile), and resulted in intercommunity conflicts over access to the shared resources.
Following the approval of the Bank’s Strategy on Fragility and Resilience-building in Africa (2014-2019), ORTS commissioned a study to access fragility in the Sahel (which covers some countries bordering the Lake Chad Basin, namely The Niger, Northern Nigeria and Chad). The report of this study and one on Fragility on Niger are being finalized. The studies on the assessment of fragility in Cameroon and CAR are ongoing and the summary reports on fragility of the same countries have already been prepared. These different analyses as well as the summary reports produced by the Institut Français des Relations Internationales (French Institute for International Relations - IFTRI) served as the basis for a review of the security, political, economic, social and environmental factors of fragility in the riparian countries of the Lake Chad Basin.
IV
Conflict/Fragility Analysis
The Lake Chad Basin is shared by Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, CAR and Chad. The fragility which characterizes this region is at the security, economic, social and political levels and come in addition to the environmental aspect which is adequately addressed by this programme.
Crossborder Insecurity
The Lake Chad Basin is marked by crossborder insecurity resulting from the porosity of the borders which in turn give rise to the following: (i) crossborder military banditry and the vagrancy of arm groups such as Boko Haram; (ii) a wide spectrum of illegal and criminal activities including light arms trafficking and smuggling (fuel, pharmaceuticals, vehicles and spare parts); (iii) human and identity-document trafficking; and (iv) crossborder land insecurity. This crossborder insecurity is part of the sociopolitical and economic dynamic of this region shared by Cameroon, Central African Republic, Niger, Nigeria and Chad, and is underpinned by cattle breeding and pastoral nomadism. It stems from the precolonial raids carried out by some ethnic groups. These activities were essentially economical and financial in nature because they allowed large political entities to replenish their coffers during the dry season or at times of financial crisis. They also allowed farmers to make up for poor harvest and reconstitute their herds which were decimated by frequent diseases or the scarcity of grazing lands in the dry season.
The raids constituted a form of parallel economy, virtually legal, as long as the author of the raids did not attack his/her own community. They were only condemned if the head of the community did not receive his/her share of the bounty in his/her capacity as the source and owner of any type of wealth accumulation. Thus the perpetrator of the rates was protected by the village or district chiefs provided the bounty was shared with them. The perpetrator was a sort of “noble criminal’. Moreover, the act was well considered a sign of bravely insofar as it did not result in population massacres.
When the Lake Chad Basin was shared by the German, British and French colonial empires at the end of the XIXth century, the aforesaid practices were outlawed. Raids thus become clandestine and were henceforth recognized small groups of relatives or friends from villages. Although the legal system punished the perpetrators of these raids, the latter developed new relations in prisons, particularly the Maroua prison (Cameroon). Those who broke out of prisons, fugitives, criminals and former convicts, transformed the forest into a refuge the resources of which they exploited. These meetings of criminals and the resultant experiences gave rise to “transethnic professional rural banditry”, commonly referred to as zarguina, which is different occasional robbery. Some notorious criminals, nicknamed soongoobe7, were considered as resistants, who challenged the colonial order, or even patrons protecting people from the same colonial administration. As members of the village communities, the zarguina enjoyed the solidarity of their people, the protection of their communities as well as their complicity (the law of silence), in the face of justice. Consequently, when proceedings were brought against them, they led to long periods of tranquility and security. The raids thus became transethnic rural banditry carried out by criminals who took advantage of crossborder ethnic solidarity to evade the law. In the same vein, the development of cities gave rise to urban criminality. Armed attacks, ambushes on the road and cattle raids resumed each time surveillance was relaxed. Traders moved around and markets prospered again. The phenomenon was not eradicated during the colonial period nor afterwards in spite of the public execution of criminals in Maroua - such as the execution of Boubakar Batinda in the 1970s - to serve as a deterrent. Although the repression which targeted the criminals did not put an end to the phenomenon, it nonetheless brought about some tranquility which was interrupted by the end of 1970s by the Chadian civil war. Recourse to heavy weapons by common criminals and the arrival of battle-hardened ex-combattants transformed the landscape by stepping up aggression and organizing the insecurity. The sociopolitical
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upheavals of the 1990s, against a backdrop of armed rebellion and ethnic tensions, entrenched violence and crime in the economic and political sphere of the Lake Chad Basin.
All these phenomena are interrelated and have repercussions on the demographic balance, the internal security and economic activities of the countries. They resulted in repressive national security policies, which were more or less successful. Whereas criminal networks are underpinned by crossborder complicity, interstate cooperation in security matters has remained timid or even nonexistent. The upsurge in the activities of the Nigerian terrorist group Boko Haram in these same area bordering the Sahel as well as Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQMI) will invariably give rise to and accelerate the creation of new types of threats, particularly since these terrorist groups also take advantage of transethnic solidarity.
Taking Crossborder Security into Account under the Programme
In light of the crossborder insecurity and in particular terrorism in the area, the programme sights were selected bearing in mind security considerations. The sights were mapped by identifying those in which the programme activities can be implemented. Indeed, insecurity is moderate in the regions of Mambere Kadei in the CAR, Diffa and Zinder in Niger, Bauchi, Jigawa and Kano States in Nigeria Adamawa, North and Extreme North of Cameroon, Western Logone, Eastern Logone, Chari Baguirmi, Hadjer - lamis, Tandjile, Lac, Mandoul, Moyen Chari, Mayo Kebbi, Kanem, Guera, uadai and Batha in Chad. The TFPs continue to implement rapid-results projects in these areas mainly through local service providers and NGOs.
Socio-Economic Situation
The Lake Chad Basin is also characterized by social tensions and intercommunity conflicts. The main cause of conflicts are the lack of resources and the attendant shortage of cultivable land, the insufficiency of grazing land, the decline in fisheries landings and migration trends. All the above are interrelated.
The drop in fisheries landings in the Bol district is related to the overall situation of Lake Chad which resulted in a sharp drop in fisheries output, hitherto a major occupation in the district when fishermen could feed their families from their activities and sell their surplus production. This situation is compounded by migration. Many local farmers, stockbreeders and fishermen migrate with their families to the Lake Chad valley in search of arable lands. The search for new farmland has led to the destruction of certain grazing lands. This scramble for land gives rise to social conflicts.
Social conflicts are aggravated in a context marked by high unemployment, particularly among the youth, who join terrorist groups and gangs. The situation of refugees from conflicts in countries bordering the Lake is also a source of concern. The area is characterized by precarious living conditions of the populations, particularly with regard to hygiene, health and education.
From a purely economic standpoint, one should underscore the absent of a coherent resource development and promotion policy in the Lake Chad Basin as well as a limited resource mobilization capacity.
Integration of the Socio-Economic Situation in the Programme
The programme will contribute to the improvement of the social situation in the Lake Chad Basin through the following activities: (i) enhancement of employment prospects and income through labour intensive works in the off seasons and the financing of 800 income-generating activities (including the promotion of productions that use green technologies); (ii) literacy activities and training in growth sectors that form part of the Lake economy; (iii) enhancement of access to and use of basic infrastructure in the area of primary health care and drinking water supply as well as the creation of multipurpose centers equipped with solar units; (iv) financing VI
10 sensitization campaigns on hygiene and waterborne diseases (cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid fever and malaria, with the distribution of 50,000 treated mosquito nets), as well as the inclusion of women in leadership positions and waterpoint management structures.
From the economic standpoint, the programme will support the following activities: (i) identification of the main green growth areas and value chains for the strategic products (fish, timber, cattle and cereals) of the Basin; (ii) implementation of an eco-systemic fisheries development plan; (iii) financing of a mobile telephone base information system on the regional market for the main; (iv) economic assessment of the environmental services and pilot environmental-services-payment operation (PSE) to the benefit of rural communities, including women groups; and (v) support to the countries for the ratification and implementation of the Lake Chad Basin Water Charter.
B. Community Consultation and Participatory Approach
This programme is designed on the basis of an integrated and participatory approach to increase ownership of the programme by the beneficiaries, on the one hand, and the resilience of the rural poor, on the other|. The programme was designed following consultations (discussions and restitution workshops) with the stakeholders (rural populations, NGOs, institutions etc.) who expressed their views and concerns during the identification, preparation and appraisal stages about the water shortage financing of the IGAs, insecurity, access to social infrastructure,. The participatory approach which enabled stakeholders to own the objectives and technical choices of the programme will be continued and strengthened during the implementation stage. Thus, partnerships will be developed between the administrations, local communities, NGOs and producer communities and associations for the implementation of all the activities. The riparian populations will be closely associated in the management of the infrastructure and community facilities as well as the local mechanisms for conflict management.
C. Main activities planned and related conflict management measures
Creation of a world heritage site and an Intergovernmental Man and the Biosphere Programme by UNESCO
Investment in human and financial resources, and building of appropriate capacity and knowledge systems
Solid governance structures, benefiting from the relevant institutional capacity building
Incorporate the understanding of social, cultural, environmental and economic systems in a bid to support all documented decision-making and integrated management of human capital
Undertake most action at the local community, river system and basin level
Active and participative involvement of diverse ethnic, social and cultural groups
Conduct a study on the diagnosis and impact of conflicts on the Lake’s economy, and support communes in conflict resolution.
The direct and indirect programme beneficiaries are the 15.3 million persons living on the banks of Lake Chad and in the immediate hinterland. Yearly, they produce 50 – 100 000 tons of fish, nearly 10 million tons of cereals and 52 million Tropical-Livestock Units (TLU). The programme will contribute to strengthen their resilience capacity and improve the local governance of VII
resources. Women and unemployed youths will also receive training in trades, and benefit from vocational development and income-generating activities. Lastly, value chains will be developed for fish found within the lake, cereals on the outer banks and livestock products in the immediate hinterland. Furthermore, PRESIBALT’s design also incorporated concerns related to social conflicts over resource utilization. Hence, more than 300 000 ha of flood plains, recuperated farmlands, small irrigated village schemes (PPIVs) and pasturage developed by the schemes will enable communities to extend their production activities. The social dimension of resilience is enhanced by the socio-professional reintegration of vulnerable groups, especially women and youths, as well as the financing of 800 income-generating activities (IGA), labour-intensive works and value chains of key products that sustain intra-regional trade (fish, cereals, livestock, etc.). Thousands of youths (30 500) will be trained in trades, set up companies with an ecological footprint, and gradually escape the control of terrorist groups. Lastly the creation of the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (TBR), along with the implementation of the Lake Chad Water Charter and various development and management plans will propel good local and regional governance of human resources.
D. Implementation, Supervision and Monitoring following Board Approval
A fragility assessment for the Sahel region is currently being conducted and will be completed early 2015. Moreover, ORTS will undertake a full fragility assessment for Chad, Cameroon and CAR, in addition to the one conducted on Niger. Current and expected outcomes from these studies will continuously enrich PRESIBALT’s implementation. ORTS is also preparing a guidance note on the use of the fragility prism in operations financed by the Bank. As a flagship project in one of the most fragile regions of the world, ORTS will review the timeliness of experimenting the fragility prism on PRESIBALT during the launching and in the course of field supervision. Further, the project has made provision for the involvement of local beneficiary communities in supervision and field monitoring missions.
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ANNEX V Key Infrastructure Planned by the Countries
Infrastructure/Goods Unit Cameroon Niger Nigeria CAR Chad Total Rehabilitation of the Flood Plains Km2 445 o 418 0 0 863 Dredging of the Lake Transport Channels km 80 640 640 0 240 1600 Erosion-Control Developments ha 2000 2000 4000 500 1500 10000 Hydrological Stations No. 10 4 16 10 37 77 Agro-metrological Stations No. 1 1 2 0 1 27 Piezometres No. 8 7 13 5 7 40 Manometres No. 3 3 8 2 4 20 Data logers No. 2 1 2 1 2 8 Satellite Data Treatment Unit U 0 0 0 0 1 1 Village Irrigation Schemes Ha 140 150 220 30 60 600 Agropastoral Ponds No. 0 1 2 0 0 3 Rural Markets No. 5 5 8 1 2 20 Feeder Roads km 65 90 140 34 36 365 Multi-purpose Platforms No. 2 2 2 2 2 10 Education Centres No. 1 1 1 1 1 5 Health Centres No. 1 1 1 1 1 5 Mini Rural Electrification Systems No. 1 1 1 1 1 5 Boreholes No. 84 90 130 20 36 360 Mills No. 35 35 55 10 15 250 Smoking Areas No. 12 12 20 1 5 877 Shelling/De-husking Units No. 35 35 55 10 15 250 Ice-Making Machine/Cold Room No. 2 2 4 1 1 10 Threading Workshops No. 1 0 1 0 1 3 Dairy Plants No. 12 12 20 2 4 50
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