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Diagnostic Radiology Physics Diagnostic This Publication Provides a Comprehensive Review of Topics Relevant to Diagnostic Radiology Physics

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Diagnostic Radiology Physics Diagnostic This Publication Provides a Comprehensive Review of Topics Relevant to Diagnostic Radiology Physics A Handbook for Teachers and Students A Handbook for Teachers Diagnostic Diagnostic This publication provides a comprehensive review of topics relevant to diagnostic radiology physics. It is intended to provide the basis for the education of medical physicists in the field of diagnostic radiology. Bringing together the work of 41 authors and reviewers from 12 countries, the handbook covers a broad range of topics including radiation physics, dosimetry and Radiology instrumentation, image quality and image perception, imaging modality specific topics, recent advances in digital techniques, and radiation biology and protection. It is not designed to replace the large number of textbooks available on many aspects of diagnostic radiology physics, but is expected Radiology Physics Physics to fill a gap in the teaching material for medical radiation physics in imaging, providing in a single manageable volume the broadest coverage of topics currently available. The handbook has been endorsed by several international professional bodies and will be of value to those preparing for their certification A Handbook for as medical physicists, radiologists and diagnostic radiographers. Teachers and Students D.R. Dance S. Christofides A.D.A. Maidment I.D. McLean K.H. Ng Technical Editors International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna ISBN 978–92–0–131010–1 1 @ DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY PHYSICS: A HANDBOOK FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA OMAN ALBANIA GREECE PAKISTAN ALGERIA GUATEMALA PALAU ANGOLA HAITI PANAMA ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARMENIA HONDURAS PARAGUAY AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PERU AUSTRIA ICELAND PHILIPPINES AZERBAIJAN INDIA POLAND BAHAMAS INDONESIA PORTUGAL BAHRAIN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BANGLADESH IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELARUS IRELAND ROMANIA BELGIUM ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELIZE ITALY RWANDA BENIN JAMAICA SAN MARINO BOLIVIA JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN SENEGAL BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BRAZIL KENYA SEYCHELLES BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA BURUNDI lao PeoPle’s DeMocRaTIC SLOVENIA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN REPUBLIC LIBERIA SWAZILAND CHAD LIBYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV cÔte D’iVoiRe MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CROATIA MALI TOGO CUBA MALTA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA, ISLAMIC TURKEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC REPUBLIC OF UGANDA OF THE CONGO MAURITIUS UKRAINE DENMARK MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICA MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA ERITREA MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ESTONIA NAMIBIA URUGUAY ETHIOPIA NEPAL UZBEKISTAN FIJI NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN FINLAND NEW ZEALAND REPUBLIC OF FRANCE NICARAGUA VIET NAM GABON NIGER YEMEN GEORGIA NIGERIA ZAMBIA GERMANY NORWAY ZIMBABWE The agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA OMAN ALBANIA GREECE PAKISTAN ALGERIA GUATEMALA PALAU ANGOLA HAITI PANAMA ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARMENIA HONDURAS PARAGUAY AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PERU AUSTRIA ICELAND PHILIPPINES AZERBAIJAN INDIA POLAND BAHAMAS INDONESIA PORTUGAL BAHRAIN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BANGLADESH IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELARUS IRELAND ROMANIA BELGIUM ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELIZE ITALY RWANDA BENIN JAMAICA SAN MARINO DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY PHYSICS: BOLIVIA JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN SENEGAL BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA A HANDBOOK FOR TEACHERS BRAZIL KENYA SEYCHELLES BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE AND STUDENTS BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA BURUNDI lao PeoPle’s DeMocRaTIC SLOVENIA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN ENE DORS D BY: CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN REPUBLIC LIBERIA SWAZILAND AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICISTS IN MEDICINE, CHAD LIBYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND ASIA–OCEANIA FEDERATION OF ORGANIZATIONS CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC FOR MEDICAL PHYSICS, COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF ORGANISATIONS COSTA RICA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV cÔte D’iVoiRe MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA FOR MEDICAL PHYSICS CROATIA MALI TOGO CUBA MALTA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA, ISLAMIC TURKEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC REPUBLIC OF UGANDA OF THE CONGO MAURITIUS UKRAINE DENMARK MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICA MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA ERITREA MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ESTONIA NAMIBIA URUGUAY ETHIOPIA NEPAL UZBEKISTAN FIJI NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN FINLAND NEW ZEALAND REPUBLIC OF FRANCE NICARAGUA VIET NAM GABON NIGER YEMEN GEORGIA NIGERIA ZAMBIA GERMANY NORWAY ZIMBABWE The agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. VIENNA, 2014 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2014 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 2014 STI/PUB/1564 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Diagnostic radiology physics : a handbook for teachers and students. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2014. p. ; 24 cm. STI/PUB/1564 ISBN 978–92–131010–1 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Radiology, Medical — Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Medical physics — Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Radiation dosimetry. 4. Diagnostic imaging. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEAL 14–00898 COPYRIGHT NOTICE FOREWORD All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of O ne of the important activities of the IAEA is the education of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised professionals responsible for the application of radiation. This is no less true in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual in radiation medicine than in other fields, where the physics professional not Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual only needs to understand the physical principles involved, but must also have property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications a sound knowledge of their application to medical practice. Consequently, the in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty IAEA has a long history of supporting education in these areas through the use agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are of guidance documents and, importantly, more directly through cooperation welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed programmes, including the support of Member States in developing their own to the IAEA Publishing Section at: university infrastructure for postgraduate education programmes in medical physics, the development of clinical training guides and, more recently, web Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section based educational resources. International Atomic Energy Agency In 2005, the IAEA published Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook Vienna International Centre for Teachers and Students, as a result of a process of determining a harmonized PO Box 100 syllabus for university education of medical physicists in radiation oncology. 1400 Vienna, Austria Following the success of this publication, it was apparent that a similar need fax: +43 1 2600 29302 existed in the other two specialities of medical physics, namely diagnostic tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 radiology and
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