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A TRANSCRIPTION and COLLATION of WYNKYN DE WORDE's 1498 EDITION of the CANTERBURY TALES with Cx2, the GENERAL PROLOGUE THROUGH Thm FRANKLIN's TALE

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A TRANSCRIPTION and COLLATION of WYNKYN DE WORDE's 1498 EDITION of the CANTERBURY TALES with Cx2, the GENERAL PROLOGUE THROUGH Thm FRANKLIN's TALE A TRANSCRIPTION AND COLLATION OF WYNKYN DE WORDE'S 1498 EDITION OF THE CANTERBURY TALES WITH Cx2, THE GENERAL PROLOGUE THROUGH Thm FRANKLIN'S TALE by WILLIAM FREDERICK HUTMACHER, M.A. A DISSERTATION IN ENGLISH Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved December, 1976 !••;«•; 5^ CopA I am deeply indebted to Professor Joseph J. Mogan for his direction of this dissertation and to the other members of my committee. Professors James W. Gulp, Beverly Gilbert, Joseph T. McCullen, and Everett A. Gillis, for their helpful criticism and their constant encouragement. 11 CONTENTS TITLE-APPROVAL PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ±± INTRODUCTION i WYNKYN'S LIFE AND WORKS 7 WYNDYN DE WORDE'S CONTRIBUTION TO PRINTING 13 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WYNKYN'S THE CANTERBURY TALES 21 SIGNIFICANCE OF WYNKYN'S ORDER OF THE TALES 25 SCHEME OF THE ORDER OF THE CANTERBURY TALES 26 WYNKYN'S VARIANTS FROM CX^ 27 PRINTER'S ERRORS 40 SPELLING 41 OMISSIONS IN WYNKYN'S EDITION 42 ADDITIONS IN WYNKYN'S EDITION 44 TRANSPOSITIONS IN WYNKYN'S EDITION 46 MISCELLANEOUS VARIANTS IN THE READING 48 BIBLIOGRAPHY 49 EXPLANATION OF THE SCHEME OF THE TRANSCRIPTION AND RECORDING OF THE VARIANTS 57 THE TRANSCRIPTION AND COLLATION (CONTINUED IN VOLUMES II AND III) 58 111 INTRODUCTION This study represents a partial examination of De Worde's 1498 printing of The Canterbury Tales, and has been undertaken as a study leading ultimately to an edition of this printing. No transcription and collation of the early editions of The Canterbury Tales has been done, no sustained study of Wynkyn de Worde has come to light, and his 1498 edition has thus far not been collated with any other. It is for this reason that in this study approximate­ ly sixty-five percent of The Canterbury Tales, as Wynkyn has them, have been transcribed and collated with Caxton's second edition of 1485. The variants have been schematically represented and dis­ cussed as they represent variants of (1) printer's errors or corrections, (2) additions, (3) omissions, (4) transpositions, and (5) spelling. The results of this dissertation strongly suggest a confirmation of conclusions that heretofore have been only assumed: that Wynkyn de Worde used as his source William Caxton's edition of The Canterbury Tales (1485), that he had no other source and that, consequently, the variants of Wynkyn's edition from that of Caxton's must be, in part at least, the result of common practices But see Speculum, 49 (1974), 181, where attention is called to The Caxton Chaucers, Beverly Boyd, 1975, University of Kansas, Lawrence. of the early printers. Before discussing the sources of these assumptions, it is necessary to consider a possible earlier edition of 1495 of The Canterbury Tales by Wynkyn de Worde. In his "Appendix to the Preface" of his edition of The Canterbury Tales (1775), Tyrwhitt states that though Wynkyn de Worde allegedly printed The Canterbury Tales in 1495, he has never seen it, nor has he met with any authority for its existence. He is sure, however, that if there 2 was such an edition, it was only a copy of that of Caxton. If 2 the 1495 edition was only a copy of Cx , the fact that it is hardly mentioned in the scholarship of Chaucer, never described, and its existence never insisted upon, is of little or no importance. Joseph Ames, in his monumental work of 1785 , simply mentions that Chaucer's Canterbury Tales were collected by William Caxton and printed by Wynkyn de Worde at Westminster. He then calls attention to Tyrwhitt's Preface. Eleanor Hammond in 1908 concludes thus: "The report of an edition of this date, no copy of which has ever been seen, comes apparently from a misprint in Ames; Tyrwhitt, Appendix to the Preface, cites Ames' mention of a 1495 folio 2 Thomas Tyrwhitt, The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer, To which are added an Essay upon his language and versification; an Introductory Discourse; and Notes. Vol. 1 (London: Printed for T. Payne, at the News-gate, 1775), p. viii. Joseph Ames, Typographical Antiquities: Being an Historical Account of Printing in England; With Some Memoirs of Our Ancient Printers, and a^ Register of the Year MDC. With an Appendix Concern­ ing Printing in Scotland and Ireland to the Same Time (London: Printed for the editor, William HerberF, 1785), Vol. 1, p. 123. edition, but remarks that Ames does not appear to have seen it himself, and that he has met with no other authority for its 4 existence." There has been no scholarship subsequent to 1908 that has added anything to the matter of a 1495 edition. If De Worde's unconfirmed edition of 1495 was from Cx or 2 Cx , then no doubt so was his 1498 printing, for the only other editions to have been printed prior to 1498 were two by Caxton (1475-76 and 1481-82 respectively), and one by Pynson (c. 1491). ?5 Pynson's edition was undoubtedly printed from Cx . Since Wynkyn 2 had access to a copy of Cx , why would he have used Pynson's 2 edition, knowing that edition to have been made from Cx^? It is logical to assume that he used Cx , for he must otherwise have gone back to manuscript, which is not likely on the basis of a statement made by W. W. Greg that "No print after Caxton's original edition was set up from a manuscript." In the light of Greg's statement, Tyrwhitt's remarks may very well be the first indirect linking of Wynkyn de Worde's 1498 edition to Cx^. It has long been accepted that the source of Wynkyn de Worde's printing of The Canterbury Tales in 1498 was William Caxton's edition of 1485. To say this, however, is to rely on data as ^Eleanor Prescott Hammond, Chaucer: A^ Bibliographical Manual (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1908), p. 203. ^Tyrwhitt, p. viii. ^. W. Greg, "The Early Printed Editions Of The^ Canterbury Tales," PMLA, 39 (1924), 741. 4 much negative as positive. Of the several editions of Chaucer, from those of Caxton to William Morris, that Eleanor Hammond lists y and describes, some have introductory materials, but nowhere is there to be found a discussion of Wynkyn de Worde. In regard to the question which naturally arises as to the importance of Wynkyn's source, it has apparently thus far been of little con­ sequence, since very few critics have mentioned it and since no critic has discussed it at any length. T. R. Lounsbury, in his three-volume study of Chaucer, devotes all of Chapter III to a critical discussion of the editions of Chaucer. He says of Wynkyn de Worde's edition only that both Pynson's and De Worde's editions follow the text of Cx^ . W. W. Skeat, in listing the earlier editions and commenting upon them, mentions that Pynson's edition of 1493 was copied from Cx^, Pynson's edition of 1526 was copied from Cx^; and between these two assertions he states merely that Wynkyn printed his edition in 9 1498. Either he did not know the source or he thought it un- import ant. 7 Hammond, pp. 263-328. ^. R. Lounsbury, Studies in Chaucer (New York: Harper and Brothers, Franklin Square, 189277 Vol. I, p. 264. ^Geoffrey Chaucer, The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer and Others Being a_ Reproduction in Facsimile of The First Collected Edition 1552 From the Copy in the British Museum With an Introduction by Walter W. Skeat, Litt". P., £.B^.A. (London: Alexander Moring, LTD., n.d.). Vol. IV, p. XV. W. W. Greg, in 1924, asserts that there is no reasonable •510 doubt that Wynkyn's edition of 1498 is printed from Cx'^ . In the very little that Eleanor Hammond has to say about Wynkyn de Worde, she indicates Cx as the source of De Worde's edition of 1495,^ and this is tantamount to saying that it is the source of the 1498 edition also because the information contained in the "Proheme" or preface to Caxton's second edition asserts that Caxton borrowed a book from a friend to correct his earlier edition. Charles Muscatine has recently quoted this Proheme, and in it Caxton says that he borrowed a more perfect copy of The Canterbury Tales for the purpose of correcting his edition of 1495."^^ Finally, Charles Muscatine states, "As one might expect, De Worde printed his Canterbury Tales from Caxton's second edition."^^ It is obvious that Cx as the source of Wynkyn's edition of 1498 has gone heretofore unchallenged. The 1498 volume of De Worde consists of sixty-three leaves, all in double columns except the leaf designated by the signature Ui. The signatures are from a to z. The Prohemium by William Caxton is printed with the signature ail, and the Prologue begins l^Greg, p. 6. Hammond, p. 202. l^charles Muscatine, The^ Book of Geoffrey Chaucer (San Francisco: The Book Club of California, 1963), p. 6. ^'Muscatine, p. 10. with a iii; two leaves following, the Prologue has the signature bi. From b to z the signatures are all in sixes except b with four leaves; c, eight leaves; d, eight leaves; r, eight; s, eight; t, four; u, five; y, four; fifteen leaves follow z without sig­ natures. The Colophon appears on the last of these leaves with the date 1498. On the front side of the last leaf of The Canterbury Tales there is a woodcut, which was also used in the Prologue, representing the pilgrims at the table.
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