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Controls on Natural Fractures in the Upper Lexington Limestone and Point Pleasant Formation: Central-Ohio

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Controls on Natural Fractures in the Upper Lexington Limestone and Point Pleasant Formation: Central-Ohio CONTROLS ON NATURAL FRACTURES IN THE UPPER LEXINGTON LIMESTONE AND POINT PLEASANT FORMATION: CENTRAL-OHIO Scott William Huck A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of ` MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2013 Committee: Dr. James Evans, Advisor Dr. Charles Onasch Dr. John Farver ii ABSTRACT James Evans, Advisor This paper focuses on the occurrence of natural fractures in the Point Pleasant Formation in central Ohio. Research was done on the Cheveron #1A Prudential core (#3410120196) at the Ohio Geological Survey H.R. Collins Core Laboratory. Core descriptions and photographs were taken along with the depth, width, length and orientation of healed natural fractures in the Point Pleasant Formation. Samples taken from core were used for thin section and lithofacies analysis, SEM, and cathodoluminescence. Geochemical data was also compiled from previous work and used in this thesis. The Logana Member is interpreted to be a mid ramp carbonate depositional environment and is characterized by stacked sequences of tempestite (storm) deposits. These tempestite deposits are characterized by undulate bedded skeletal packstones (Lithofacies Cpu) along with wackestones (Lithofacies Cwu) and mudstones (Lithofacies Cmu). The beds give evidence for both deposition above storm weather wave base (SWWB) and above fair weather wave base (FWWB). The base of the Logana Member is dominated by tempestites above SWWB while the upper portion the Logana Member is dominated by amalgamated tempestite deposits which are interpreted as evidence for deposition above FWWB. The undifferentiated Lexington Limestone is characterized by thicker beds of tempestite deposits and includes thick successions of undulate bedded, skeletal grainstones and packstones along with undulate bedded wackestones and mudstones. These are also evidence for deposition above SWWB. The upper portion of the undifferentiated Lexington Limestone transitions from a mid ramp carbonate depositional environment to a outer ramp environment, and a condensed section (Lithofacies Cppu) marks this transition into deeper water. The condensed section is characterized by phosphate nodules in undulate bedded skeletal packstone. Above this condensed section the undifferentiated Lexington Limestone transitions to hemipelagic rhythmites (HCr). These rhythmites consist of thinly bedded wackestones and iii mudstones with quartz silt. The quartz silt in the hemipelagic rhythmites is mostly likely derived from eolian processes. Lithofacies of the Point Pleasant Formation are a mixed siliciclastic and carbonate depositional system. The Point Pleasant Formation then transitions upward to mostly mixed siliciclastic and carbonate hemipelagic rhythmites, which are interpreted as evidence for deeper water conditions (below storm wave base). The upper portion of the Point Pleasant Formation transitions from hemipelagic rhythmites to carbonate tempestites. The carbonate tempestites are characterized by undulate bedded skeletal packstones (Lithofacies Cpu) interbedded with undulate bedded wackestones (Cwu) and mudstones (Lithofacies Cmu). At the top of the Point Pleasant Formation, a condensed section marks the transition to the overlying Utica Shale. The condensed section is characterized by phosphate nodules in an undulate bedded skeletal packstone (Lithofacies Cppu). This is interpreted for a rapid transition to deeper water and sets the stage for the deposition for the Utica Shale. There are a total of 64 healed natural calcite fractures in the core, 63 of these healed natural fractures are occurring in the Logana Member and the undifferentiated Lexington Limestone. A single calcite healed natural fracture is occurring in the Point Pleasant Formation in a skeletal packstone bed. Cathodoluminescence has identified at least three separate cementing events in the natural fractures in the Logana Member and undifferentiated Lexington Limestone. In the undifferentiated Lexington Limestone, the natural healed natural fractures originate in granular intervals (carbonate packstones and wackestones) and terminate upwards in cohesive intervals (carbonate mudstones). Calcite crystal growth is interpreted as slow growing in a fluid filled fracture. Differences in cathodoluminescence colors are attributed to differences in fluid composition which indicates multiple pulses of fluid movement in the natural fractures. Differences in natural fracture length between the Logana Member and the undifferentiated Lexington Limestone are dependent on bed thickness. Lithofacies of the upper Logana Member are very iv homogeneous compared to the heterogeneous undifferentiated Lexington Limestone. The heterogeneous undifferentiated Lexington Limestone is responsible for shorter natural fracture lengths that terminate in some wackestones and mudstones while initiating in the granular lithofacies such as the grainstones and packstones. Refraction of the natural fractures is due to differences in stress orientations that occurred during the slow propagation and opening of the natural fractures. Natural fractures are important reservoir characteristics and should be evaluated before hydrocarbon exploration should begin. The natural fractures in the upper Lexington Limestone and Point Pleasant Formation occurred before early oil generation and migration. One of the natural fractures in the Logana Shale Member contains a bitumen bleb in the middle of calcite cement. The amount of natural fracturing is extensive in the upper Lexington Limestone but not the Point Pleasant Formation. v DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my mother and father who have taught me the importance of hard work and provided me with the means to a higher education. Without them I could not of made it to where I am today. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to begin my acknowledgments by thanking my father, Rodney, and mother, Kim and my three older sisters, Kelly, Traci, and Terri for all their encouragement and support throughout my grad school career. I would also like to thank my advisor, Dr. James Evans, for all of his support, guidance, and assistance throughout this thesis and his willingness to help me every step of the way. I would also like to thank the rest of my committee members, Dr. Charles Onasch and Dr. John Farver for their willingness to join me in this research and assist me in writing this thesis. Also, thanks to faculty in the Biological Science Department at Bowling Green State University, including Dr. Carol Heckman and Dr. Marilyn Cayer, for their support and guidance using the scanning electron microscope in my research. I would also like to thank The Ohio Geological Survey, especially Greg Schumacher, for access to cores and samples used in this research. I would like to thank EQT Production including, Joe Morris, Chris Willan, Phil Morath, and Scott McCallum for their internship opportunity, which provided me with extensive background knowledge of the Point Pleasant Formation and support on this thesis. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Importance of Black Shales……………………………………………………….. 1 Origin of Black Shales……………………………………………………………. 2 Diagenesis of Black Shales………………………………………………………… 4 Role of Fractures in Diagenesis……………………………………………………. 9 Petroleum Geology of Black Shales…………………………...…………………… 10 Purpose and Goals………………………………………………………………….. 12 GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND……………………………………………………………... 14 Late Ordovician Taconic Orogeny…………………………………………………. 14 Regional Stratigraphy………………………………………………………………. 17 Mt. Simon Sandstone……………………………………………………… 17 Conasauga Formation……………………………………………………… 17 Kerbel Formation………………………………………………………. 19 Knox Group………………………………………………………………. 20 Wells Creek Formation…………………………………………………… 21 Black River Group……………………………………………………….. 21 Trenton Formation……………………………………………………….. 22 viii Lexington Limestone…………………………………………………….. 23 Point Pleasant Formation………………………………………………… 24 Utica Shale……………………………………………………………….. 25 METHODS…………………………………………………………………………………. 28 Core Descriptions………………………………………………………………….. 28 Scanning Electron Microscopy……………………………………………………. 30 Total Organic Carbon……………………………………………………………… 30 Cathodoluminescence………………………………………………………………. 31 RESULTS…………………………………………………………………………………… 33 Lithology…………………………………………………………………………… 33 Lithofacies Analysis………………………………………………………………... 37 Lithofacies and Interpretations……………………………………………………… 37 Undulate Bedded Skeletal Packstones (Cpu)………………………………. 37 Undulate Bedded Carbonaceous Wackestone (Cwu)…………………….. 37 Undulate Bedded Carbonaceous Mudstone (Cmu)……………………….. 41 Black Carbonaceous Carbonate Mudstone: (Cmub)……………………... 41 Swaly Laminated Carbonaceous wackestone (Cws)……………………..... 43 Brown Mottled Wackestone Facies (Cwm)……………………………….. 43 ix Undulate Bedded Grainstones (Cgu)……………………………………... 44 Heterolithic Rhythmite Facies( Cmw)……………………………………. 44 Packstone with Phosphorite Nodules (Cppu)……………………………. 48 Planar Laminated Carbonaceous Clay Shale (Scp)……………………… 49 Lithofacies Associations…………………………………………………………… 55 Tempestite Association……………………………………………………. 55 Amalgamated Tempestite Association…………………………………….. 59 Hemipelagic Rhythmite Facies Association………………………………. 61 Condensed Section Facies Associations…………………………………… 62 Depositional Environments………………………………………………………… 66 Diagenesis…………………………………………………………………………. 68 Rock Matrix………………………………………………………………. 68 Total Organic Carbon………………………………………………………………. 77 Natural Fracture Descriptions………………………………………………………. 77 Paragenesis………………………………………………………………………….
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