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Hydrogeologic Characterization of Thomas Spring, Jefferson County, Alabama

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Hydrogeologic Characterization of Thomas Spring, Jefferson County, Alabama HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THOMAS SPRING, JEFFERSON COUNTY, ALABAMA Watercress Darter National Wildlife Refuge GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA Berry H. (Nick) Tew, Jr. State Geologist HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THOMAS SPRING, JEFFERSON COUNTY, ALABAMA By Marlon R. Cook, Dorina Murgulet, and Alana L. Rogers Partial funding for this project was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Tuscaloosa, Alabama 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 Physiographic, stratigraphic, and hydrogeologic settings ..................................................... 2 Land use/land cover ............................................................................................................... 5 Spring discharge, physical properties, and chemical composition ........................................ 6 Nutrients........................................................................................................................... 12 Nitrate ........................................................................................................................ 12 Phosphorus................................................................................................................. 13 Metallic constituents ........................................................................................................ 13 Organic constituents......................................................................................................... 15 Isotopic composition........................................................................................................ 16 References cited............................................................................................................... 19 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Topography and assessment areas including drainage/recharge areas for Thomas and Glen Springs .............................................................................. 3 Figure 2. Geology in the Thomas and Glen Springs area ................................................... 5 Figure 3. Land-use/land-cover for the Thomas and Glen Spring assessment area....................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 4. Thomas Spring physical and chemical parameters.............................................. 9 Figure 5. Piper trilinear diagram showing major ion composition of water collected from Thomas Spring and Trussville wells............................................ 10 Figure 6. Stiff diagrams for the selected Trussville groundwater samples (FW, W-7, P-2, and W-10) and the Thomas Spring sample (ThS) ..................... 11 Figure 7. Cross plot of the δD and δ18O isotope data relative to the GMWL and TLMWL ........................................................................................................ 18 TABLES Table 1. Concentrations (µg/L) of metallic constituents detected in the water sample from Thomas Spring ............................................................................................ 14 ii INTRODUCTION The hydrogeologic assessment of Thomas Spring by the Geological Survey of Alabama (GSA) was commissioned by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to characterize geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical conditions in Thomas Spring. The assessment consists of an evaluation of available hydrogeologic data and collection of stream and spring discharge data and water samples. The purpose of the assessment was to determine stratigraphic and structural controls for occurrence of the spring, groundwater recharge characteristics to determine spatial and volumetric characteristics of spring discharge, general water quality and contaminant impacts, and age dating of spring discharge to determine groundwater migration patterns. Watercress Darter NWR was established to protect Thomas Spring, one of only 4 known locations where the watercress darter was found naturally. Uplands around the spring contain a mixture of mature pine and hardwoods and dense understory of vegetation. The small size of the refuge (24 acres) and its location in a suburban setting does not provide for a diversity of wildlife. The primary purpose of the refuge is the protection of Thomas Spring and its population of watercress darters (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014). The first population of watercress darters was collected at Glenn Springs in 1964. Additional field work has resulted in the location of three other populations: Thomas Spring (1976), Roebuck Springs (1978) and Seven Springs (2002). The greater Birmingham metropolitan areas encompass all of these sites, which are threatened with groundwater pollution and the presence of extensive impervious surfaces (e.g., roads, parking lots, and roofs), which divert water away from the recharge area of the springs’ aquifers and lessens flows. In 1970, the Service officially recognized the watercress darter as an endangered species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014). Little is known about the history of Thomas Spring, where Watercress Darter NWR is located, although it was apparently dammed up for about 20 years prior to the discovery of watercress darters. The damming of Thomas Spring created excellent habitat for the darters by providing slow-moving backwater that allowed dense aquatic vegetation to become established (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2014). 1 Although care was taken in collecting the water samples as close as possible to the groundwater inflow point, excessive algae in the pond made it impossible to determine the exact location of the inflow point. Therefore, unless the spring discharge rate is very high, samples likely represent a mixture of fresh groundwater with pounded water. Furthermore, during rain events, mixing of the spring water with meteoric water will likely occur in the pond. Nevertheless, a localized source of recharge can be attributed to the spring based on the isotope signature. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopes indicate that recharge to the investigated aquifers originates mainly locally. A more distant source of recharge may be possible through preferentially longer flowpaths along connected fractures. PHISIOGRAPHIC, STRATIGRAPHIC AND HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTINGS Thomas Spring is located in the Alabama Valley and Ridge section of the Valley and Ridge physiographic Province and the Birmingham-Big Canoe Valley physiographic district (Sapp and Emplaincourt, 1975). The Birmingham-Big Canoe Valley district is a narrow limestone valley, about 4 to 8 mi wide, developed on a faulted anticlinorium with shale, sandstone, and chert outcroppings (Sapp and Emplaincourt, 1975). Elevations in this area vary from 298 to 1,522 feet (U.S. Geological Survey, National Elevation Dataset (NED) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 1999). The drainage/recharge area for Thomas Spring, located towards the southwest of the Birmingham-Big Canoe Valley, is bounded eastward by Red Mountain, which serves as a surface-water and groundwater divide (fig. 1). Elevations in the designated area vary between 535 ft on the southwest margin to 778 ft atop Sand Mountain (U.S. Geological Survey, National Elevation Dataset (NED) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 1999). Steeper slopes are characteristic of the eastern part of the study area (13 to 5%) grading to more gentle slopes towards the west including the spring (4-0.5%). After an exhausted search of well records and the study area it was found that no wells were available in the area. Therefore, a potentiometric surface map could not be constructed to determine groundwater flow patterns. However, based on the topography of the spring area and the surface water drainage (northeast- southwest), the probable Thomas Spring aquifer recharge and spring drainage area was determined to cover about 350 acres (fig. 1). Although limited to surface characteristics 2 Figure 1.—Topography and assessment areas including drainage/recharge areas for Thomas and Glen Springs. (such as drainage pathways), the identified drainage/recharge area offers some insight on the source of recharge waters and potential sources of contamination. The spring and drainage/recharge area are situated towards the southwest terminus of the Birmingham anticlinorium. Geologic units outcropping in the delineated drainage/recharge area are the Chickamauga Limestone, the Copper Ridge Dolomite of the Knox Group, the Knox Group undifferentiated, the Kimbrell member of Conasauga Formation, and the Conasauga Formation (fig. 2). The Chickamauga Limestone, a light- to dark-gray fossiliferous limestone, comprises the eastern-most extremity of the drainage/recharge area, and occurs as a narrow band along the Red Mountain ridge (fig. 2). In the southeastern part (Greenwood quadrangle), this formation was described to be in part fenestral, shaly, and stylonodular (Ward and Osborne, 2006). On the northeastern side of the drainage/recharge area (Bessemer quadrangle), the Chickamauga Limestone consists of variably fossiliferous 3 limestone, calcareous siltstone, calcareous shale, and minor greenish-gray bentonite with a laminated to bioturbated texture (Osborne and Rindsberg, 2001). The Knox Group in Alabama can consist of several units including the Late Cambrian Copper Ridge Dolomite and the Early Ordovician Chepultepec Dolomite, Longview Limestone, Newala Limestone, and Odenville Limestone. Most of the Thomas Spring recharge/drainage area is underlain by Copper Ridge Dolomite (Knox
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