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Deposition and Dolomitization of Upper Knox Carbonate Sediments, Copper Ridge District, East Tennessee

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Deposition and Dolomitization of Upper Knox Carbonate Sediments, Copper Ridge District, East Tennessee Deposition and dolomitization of Upper Knox carbonate sediments, Copper Ridge district, East Tennessee HABTE G. CHURNET* ) KULA C. MISRA / Department of Geological Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916 KENNETH R. WALKER ) ABSTRACT tional zoning. These dolostones formed by ment toward the northwest, adjacent to a early diagenetic replacement of limestones very shallow marine environment dotted The upper part of the Cambro-Ordovi- due to dilution of marine pore water by with tidal islands toward the southeast. In cian Knox Group in the fault-bounded fresh water. A mixing-zone environment of the rock record, the former presence of Copper Ridge zinc district, East Tennes- dolomitization is indicated by the following these islands is indicated by thickening of see, consists of interbedded limestones and features of the constituent dolomite crys- fine-grained dolostones and a correspond- dolostones, with very minor sandy and tals: textural zoning with cloudy centers and ing thinning of underlying limestone units. cherty horizons. The nature of allochems clearer rims, concentric luminescent zoning, suggests that the limestones formed in increase of Fe content toward the rims, and INTRODUCTION marine peritidal environments. Other fea- low Na contents and Sr/ Ca ratios untypical tures, such as granular interallochem ce- of the marine environment. The Copper Ridge district, one of the two ments, dolomite inclusions in calcite, low The depositional setting within the area producing zinc districts in eastern Tennes- Na content, and low Sr/Cr ratio, suggest of study was a coastal, tidal flat environ- see, lies in the Copper Creek fault block, stabilization of the limestones in the pres- ence of fresh water. There are two textural varieties of dolo- stone: (1) fine grained and (2) medium to coarser grained. Fine-grained dolostones, composed of unzoned 0.02- to 0.05-mm dolomite crystals, represent penecontempo- raneous dolomitization of calcareous sedi- ments in upper intertidal to supratidal environments. Evidence for this includes the presence of continuous cryptalgal laminae, mud cracks, birdseyes and oolitic units, the probably former presence of evaporites, and the absence of normal marine fauna. The oolite units may be analogous to modern shoreline occurrences in Laguna Madre and Baffin Bay, Texas. The low Na and Sr con- centrations, as well as the nearly stoichio- metric Ca/Mg ratio of the fine-grained dolostones, compared to Holocene suprati- dal dolomites, are attributed to the forma- tion or neomorphism of the fine-grained dolostones in the presence of fresh water. The medium and coarser grained dolo- Figure 1. Locations of measured sections in the Copper Ridge zinc district, Copper Creek stones consist of 0.1- to 0.8-mm dolomite fault block, eastern Tennessee (after Harris, 11969). 1, River Ridge (this section lies in the crystals that show textural and composi- Clinchport fault block); 2, Thorn; 3, Joe Mill Creek-Rucker Branch/Idol Mine; 4, Tandy- Dalton; 5, Treadway/Flat Gap Mine; 6, Lee Valley; 7, Shiloh. Thrust faults: W, Walden *Present address: Department of Geoscierices, Valley; C, Clinchport; H, Hunter Valley; CC, Copper Creek; S, Saltville; R, Rocky Valley; University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tennessee P, Pulaski. Strippled area represents the Mascot-Jefferson City zinc district. 37401. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 93, p. 76-86, 13 figs., 2 tables, January 1982. 76 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/93/1/76/3434406/i0016-7606-93-1-76.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 DEPOSITION AND DOLOMITIZATION OF CARBONATE SEDIMENTS 77 which is bounded by the Copper Creek and RIVER THORN JOE MILL- TREADWAY LEE SHILOH Saltville thrusts. This block comprises a RIDGE HILL RUCKER VALLEY thick sequence of Paleozoic rocks, ranging in age from Cambrian (Rome Formation) to Mississippian (Grainger Formation). Commercial zinc mineralization is restricted r250M to the Lower Ordovician Kingsport and Mascot Formations, which constitute the upper part of the Cambro-Ordovician Knox 200M Group. These formations crop out along Copper Ridge in a narrow northeast-trend- ing belt for more than 65 km in Tennessee and southwestern Virginia (Hill, 1971). The -I50M Copper Ridge zinc district lies in this belt and includes the Flat Gap and Idol mines as well as a number of zinc prospects (Fig. 1). The Kingsport is composed of medium- •IOOM to coarse-grained dolostones with a varying proportion of limestone and intercalations of fine-grained dolostone. The overlying Mascot is composed primarily of fine- •50M grained dolostones (Harris, 1969). The top of the Mascot is marked by a pronounced unconformity, the post-Knox unconform- ity, which separates Lower Ordovician rocks from Middle Ordovician rocks. Zinc mineralization in the district is consistently 19-5 KM 9* KM I6KM • KM 4«KM associated with breccia bodies in the Lower Ordovician rocks. According to many au- • S S EE3 ÜM m m thors (for example, Wedow and Marie, FINE-GRAINED LIMESTONE MEDIUM AND SANDY CHERT STRCMATO- COVERED 1965; Hoagland and others, 1965; Harris, DOLOSTONE COARSER ZONE 00- LITIC DOLOSTONE OOUTC ZONE 1969; Hill and others, 1971a, 1971b; Hoag- Figure 2. Columnar section of part of the Upper Knox in the Copper Ridge district. The land, 1971), solution of limestone during River Ridge, Joe Mill-Rucker Branch, and Shiloh sections were measured during this the post-Knox erosional interval played a study; data for the other three sections were taken from Harris (1969). The datum used is a major role in the formation of breccia sandstone interval recognizable in most sections and referred to by previous workers as bodies. Harris (1971) suggested that erosion "Chert Matrix Sandstone" (CMS). MO signifies the Middle Ordovician carbonate rocks of the Mascot Dolomite would have pro- vided adequate Mg for dolomitization of that unconformably overlie the Upper Knox Group. the Kingsport. coarser grain size being due to a slow rate of concluded that mineralization (yellow spha- Not much has been published on the dolomitization. Oder and Ricketts (1961) lerite), brecciation, and dolomitization were petrography and composition of the differ- recognized two subtypes of medium- to broadly contemporaneous. In a recent pa- ent types of dolostones; their interrelation- coarse-grained dolostones, one diagenetic per, Hoagland (1976) acknowledged that ships and genesis, therefore, are far from and the other broadly contemporaneous the age relationships of dolomitization have resolved. The fine-grained dolostone occurs with mineralization. On the other hand, not been satisfactorily resolved. He sug- as regionally persistent beds, suggestive Hoagland and others (1965) suggested gested that both early synsedimentary dol- of early sedimentary origin. For regional two phases of epigenetic dolomitization omitization and late dolomitization by dolomitization of the Lower Ordovician by hydrothermal solutions from "unknown hydrothermal ore-bearing solutions prob- carbonate rocks of the eastern United sources and affiliations" later than the ably occurred. States, Laporte (1971) inferred an intertidal post-Knox unconformity—an earlier phase In the present study, we interpret the to supratidal environment, whereas Harris of intense dolomitization with very minor depositional environments of the Kingsport- (1973) argued for a Mg-rich subtidal envi- sphalerite mineralization and a later phase Mascot carbonate sediments and the nature ronment. The medium- to coarse-grained of sphalerite deposition with further dolo- and timing of dolomitization of the Copper dolostone is believed to have formed by mitization. Based on the crosscutting rela- Ridge district. The relevance of these inter- replacement of limestone (Harris, 1969). tionship of the sphalerite-bearing white pretations to zinc mineralization in the dis- However, there is no unanimity of opin- gangue dolomite and the presence of many trict will be discussed in a subsequent paper. ion regarding the timing, environment, or unmineralized breccias, Harris (1971) sug- mechanism of this replacement. According gested that dolomitization was earlier than STUDY AREA to Kendall (1960), the coarse dolostone was mineralization and was produced by a dif- premineralization in age and formed by late ferent solution. However, from a geochemi- The interpretation presented here is based diagenetic replacement of limestone, the cal study of the Flat Gap mine, West (1974) on investigation of three sections (River Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/93/1/76/3434406/i0016-7606-93-1-76.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 78 CHURNET AND OTHERS Ridge, Joe Mill Creek-Rucker Branch, and includes trilobites, gastropods, ostracods, clear, blocky calcite cements as well as the Shiloh), published data on three other mea- brachiopods, pelmatozoans, and sponges. isopachous cement around ooids (Fig. 4) sured sections (Thorn Hill, Treadway, and Most of the allochems have micritic enve- are indicative of a phreatic environment of Lee Valley) compiled by Harris (1969), and lopes, probably caused by microboring formation (Bricker, 1971; Land, 1973; Mey- study of selected samples from the Lee Val- algae and fungi (Perkins and Halsey, 1971). ers, 1974). The dolomite inclusions in some ley section, the Tandy Dalton prospect, and Planar algal-laminae and birdseyes are dis- of the calcite cements are diagnostic of a the Idol Mine. Locations of these sections cernible in some samples. No marine
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