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Home , Bald Eagle Formation, Black River Formation, Black River Group, Brallier Formation, Cincinnati Group, Conasauga Formation

Cross Sections From The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership: Visualizng Subsurface Carbon Storage Opportunities Across The Central And Eastern Philip A. Dinterman1, Jessica Pierson Moore1, J. Eric Lewis1, Stephen F. Greb2, Kenneth G. Miller3, William J. Schmelz3 1West Geological & Economic Survey, 1 Mont Chateau Rd, Morgantown, 26508, [email protected], 2University of , 3Rutgers University ABSTRACT A In the fourteen years following creation of the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) domestic energy A`

production and CO2 point-source trends in the United States have experienced tremendous changes. Increasing use of natural gas as a source of electrical generation, coupled with the rise of renewable technologies, resulted in the closing of many coal-fired power plants. The coal-fired plants that remain open must now strike a balance between competitive economics and an increasingly climate-conscious public. These challenges necessitate a continued comprehensive,

nation-wide, investigation of CO2 mitigation strategies, including carbon storage in deep saline aquifers as well as enhanced recovery of

oil and natural gas via CO2 floods.

In support of these efforts, MRCSP is characterizing Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) opportunities across a ten state-region in the central and eastern United States. Updating and packaging the existing database of petroleum fields in the region has been one of the Area of interest, with locations of multi- major MRCSP tasks of the West Virginia Geological and Economic channel seismic pro les and wells & Survey (WVGES) across this region. coreholes available in region. Wells & Coreholes WVGES is also working with other MRCSP researchers to construct a set Continental Oshore Stratigraphic Test wells Individual well depth are in feet below Atlantic Section kelly bushing. of regional cross-sections illustrating subsurface opportunities for CO2 B-2 & B-3 (white) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in depleted oil fields; Enhanced Gas 29 Exploration wells 1979-1981 (red) Recovery (EGR) in organic-rich , and CO2 storage in deep saline DSDP, ODP, IODP, AMCOR cores aquifers. A set of three cross-sections will be delivered as part of this MRCSP region showing oil & gas elds and CO2 point sources. CO2 point sources are (blue & green) effort: a cross-section illustrating opportunities in the north-central displayed according to emission levels. reaches of the region; a central cross-section that ties into a similar 17 18 West Dominion East section constructed during earlier research; and an offshore Atlantic Trans Inc. Anadarko GL 16 No. LW-904 E&P Co. LP Minard Run Oil Co. Inc. PA Dept. of Forest No. 1 section illustrating onshore-to-offshore opportunities in the Kankakee Arch Appalachian Basin No. 1 & Waters COP GL` Findlay Arch Minard Run Tract Tract 129 Tract 286 Mid-Atlantic. These cross sections will augment existing knowledge of Section Towards the Allegheny Front, surficial through lower strata are folded in Indiana Ohio a succession of synclines and anticlines, each with 50 to 500 ft. of fold amplitude. subsurface reservoirs across the region. For simplicity, these are not shown, but they do occur in the subsurface. Elevation (feet) South of +3,000 Gary South of South of South of Erie Fort Wayne Cleveland South Bend Toledo Sandusky When combined with results from other areas of MRCSP research, Biery and Johnson Co. Regional cross sections are only one aspect of the work undertaken in the MRCSP project. Overall, the 2 14 No. 1 Shaw, W. these cross-sections enable policy makers, researchers, and other Midwest Steel 13 Benedum Interests +2,000 WD-1 5 8 Burgoon Ss. 4 9 10 No. 1 project goals are to provide data for CCUS opportunities. Oil and gas elds have been evaluatedand Midwest Steel 3 6 7 Ohio Division of 11 The East Ohio 1 Northern Indiana Liquid Disposal Franklin Gas & Oil Co. Gas Co. Kardosh, J. constituent groups across a wide geographic area to visualize and Pfizer Chemical Co. Northern Indiana Callander & Gas the Geological Jones and Laughlin 12 Huntley Midco Remedial Public Service Co. Inc. LLC No. 1 Catskill 1,000 ft. Elevation No. 2 Public Service Co. Kimbel Inc. Exploration Corp. Survey Steel Corp. ICI Americas Inc. Corp. No. 1 No. 1A No. 1 Riceville and Oswayo Formations Mountain ranked for their suitability of CO storage and/or utilization. This includes compiling characteristics (ex. No. 1 Ames, H. No. 1 No. GB-4 No. 1 Brayman, H & D Formation depth (feet) No. WD-1 Pfizer Chem. Co. Wakeland, L.M. No. 1 Ohio Liquid Krysik-Wakefield No. 1 determine the types of CCUS strategies that represent viable options 2 TE Fehan Unit M & B Asphalt Co. Jones and Laughlin Formation +1,000 Midco Rem. Corp. Hall, K. Disposal Inc. Calhio Chemicals Co. +1,000 for mitigation of CO point sources in their respective areas. porosity, permeability, API gravity, water saturation, etc.) on all elds in the MRCSP region. The elds were Steel Corp. 2 MRCSP is supported by U.S. Department of Energy-National Energy then ranked, among other variables, on storage eciency and capacities. The regionalcross section are an 0 Lock Haven 2,500 ft. 0 depth Technology Laboratory Agreement No. DE-FC26-0NT42589. integral part of the evaluation of CCUS opportunities and provide a subsurface understanding of the 1,000 ft. depth Formation throughout the region from surface to basement. Cross section pathsand wells were selected to -1,000 Elk Group -1,000 Acknowledgements geographically cover the region, intersect important known geological features, and intersect highly Lock Haven -2,000 Formation ranked elds and/or areas. There is only a small number of wells that penetrate to basement in the deeper 2,500 ft. depth The authors would like to thank Battelle Memorial Institute who oversees Kerbel t -2,000 Formation ro n parts of the Appalachian basin and most were not recently drilled. Also, where applicable, MRCSP used -3,000 e F e zo n

n y e o zo n

n Mount Simon o zo n the MRCSP contract as well as all of the partner states (DE, IN, KY, MD, ti jec n Grenville Province I n o au lt interpretations from the U.S. Geological Survey regional cross sections. These cross sections are used to ti jec F I n

ti jec () -3,000 I n n eghe

-4,000 n ree Al l MI, PA, OH, & Rutgers University) for their contributions. Kristin Carter de ne, visualize, and evaluate the many reservoirs in the MRCSP region for potential CCUS opportunities. G

(Precambrian) li ng Stratigraphic column for the Coastal Plain and Oshore portion of Brallier Bo w Formation (PA), Stephen Greb (KY), John Harper (PA), Chris Lombardi (Rutgers), the MRCSP region. Units are labeled by lithology. -5,000 -4,000 ? 0 50 miles Upper Harrell Mbr. Fm. Cristian Medina (IN), Ken Miller (Rutgers), John Rupp (IN), Michael Solis Burket Mbr. -5,000 0 80 kilometers Tully Grenville Front t au lt Hamilton F

ro n

r g Group

(OH), Thomas Sparks (KY) in particular had significant input on the cross F y Marcellus Shale -6,000 Onondaga Formation u i dd leb ? M CABMichigan Indiana Ohio West Virginia CAB` Oriskany Sandstone n eghe Shriver Chert Al l sections displayed here. Stratigraphic Column for the and Appalachian basins portion of the MRCSP Relative Depth Relative Depth

9 of meters feet feet meters Ohio t Campbells Run - 1000 API# 34-013-00586 11 12 1000 -7,000 region. Units are labeled by type and/or CO sequestration/EOR target and con ning 7 elevation: 10 Miracle Run / West Virginia West Virginia s ea 2 3000 5 Ohio 8 680ft / 207 Kb West Virginia Rockport / API# 47-049-00244 API# 47-077-00119 3000 Condit Ragtown / elevation: 1 2 3 4 Ohio API# 34-031-22053 Ohio Class V CO2 injection API# 47-051-00539 elevation: Indiana Indiana 6 elevation: API# 34-067-20737 test well (MRCSP project) elevation: Hixenbaugh New Freeport 1,362ft / 415m Kb 2,172ft / 662m Kb ? ? Michigan Indiana IGS# 63691 aul ting

Ohio Oil Field f layers. IGS# 133708 IGS# 133540 Gratiot - elevation: Oil Fields MRCSP region states diplaying yearly emissons by state and within state by emissions API# 21-149-31335 IGS# 159232 API# 34-003-63691 1,040ft / 317m Kb 1,435ft / 437m Kb API# 34-117-20012 ? elevation: elevation: Kokosing River / Newcastle Consolidated / 898ft / 274m Kb Target: Target: wn elevation: elevation: elevation: elevation: Key 856ft / 261m Kb 797ft / 243m Kb Monroe - Gordon Ss. / Conemaugh Grp. / an d 892ft / 272m Kb 943ft / 287m Kb 871ft / 265m Kb Barney Run / Consolidated Cameron - h o -8,000 2000 1,016ft / 310m Kb Coshocton Consolidated 4th Ss / 5th Ss. Venango Fm. 2000 ? s Millwood Consolidated Gilmore Salem, North Becket Oil Field Garner type. Oil Fields ? Lima Consolidated Oil Fields Oil Field Oil Field Target: Maxville Ls. / Consolidated Oil Field th n

Mississippian Target: Clinton Ss. Oswayo au lt olding Oil Field Target: Berea Ss. t

Target: Berea Ss. Target: Oriskany Ss. F 500 Oil Field Keener Ss. / Target: f

Fm. 500 ? Target: Trenton Ls. Target: Berea Ss. Big Injun Ss. Gordon Ss. n ro n Pennsylvanian i o ?

Devonian ale F n

c

Dunkard Group U s

? - 1000 Ground level t 1000 e n the

-9,000 u y . . Glacial Deposits

Quaternary o k V V . . of c M

W W La r g

Michigan Indiana Indiana Kentucky Ohio Kentucky Ohio u Kentucky West Virginia Ohio Ohio Pennsylvania

Monongahela Group t

P3` Devonian - t Berea Ss. Pittsburgh Coal Sunbury Sh. s P3 e Coldwater Sh. Oh io Borden Group ? ? n e n Mississippian Salina Group Cabot Head Sh. Weir Ss. Pottsville Fm. ? K Muscatatuck Group mixed strata w e Upper Antrim Sh. Cleveland Mbr. Allegheny Fm. Mauch Chunk Group r o Potsdam Formation Cuyahoga Fm. Big Injun Ss. y Bedford Sh. t Sea level (Ohio Sh.) Hampshire Fm. Sea level T Penninsula ? ? Cambridge Arch ju s Michigan Basin Kankakee Arch Cincinnati Arch Appalachian Basin Devonian Traverse Ls. Maxville Ls. ~ immiscible 2,500 -10,000 Dundee Ls. Salina Group Cabot Head Sh. Niagara Group Big Injun Ss. ible U. Freeport Coal Greenbrier Ls. ~ miscible well depth Clinton Ss. Utica Fm. Berea Ss. Weir Ss. Bedford Sh. Keener Ss. Relative position of Trenton Ls. Utica Sh. Salina Group Foreknobs Fm. Price Group pos s

Trenton Ls. Chagrin Sh. Berea Ss. Huntington, W.V. Marietta, Oh. -1000 Clinton - Medina Ss. mixed strata -1000

Cincinnati, Oh. Maysville, Ky. Portsmouth, Oh. Ashland, Ky. Parkersburg, W.V. Wheeling, W.V. Pittsburgh, Pa. Wells Creek Fm. mixed strata Riceville Fm. old s

? f

Rome Trough 3 Venango Fm. 2,500 ~ immiscible (minor branch) -11,000 Prairie du Chien Fm. Gordon Ss. an d -500 -500 Elevation ~ s 9 18 25 well depth ~ miscible KNOX GROUP Gordon Ss. 11 Cincinnati Group 4th Ss. Riley Ss. Lake North Indiana Public (feet) Potosi Dol. 2 Central Indiana Common- 30 -2000 -2000 aul t 28 5th Ss. f 19 Huron Service Co. 12 wealth Gas 29 Energy Acquisition Gas Co. Great Dominion +2,000 St. Peter Ss. Core Energy No. 1 Corp. No. 1 23 24 Glenwood Fm. Eau Claire Fm. Onondaga Ls. Corp. & Weitzman No. 16T52 26 National Ernest Explor. & Prod. Benson Ss. ore LLC 8 Leuenberger, Betty Edwards, C.E. Newell Amoco 27 No. 4873 Nolichucky Sh. 1 No. 1-27 5 7 10 14 Spencer 16 Hill No. 1 Corp. No. 1 Martin -12,000 No. 4-30 4 6 13 (B&N Coal) Humble Rice Mt. Simon Ss. Warren Ss. y m North Michigan Land North Indiana Public 21 First Energy Georgetown No. 1 Huron Sh. Elevation Rose Energy Hunt Energy McClure Oil Co. Atlantic-Ritchfield Co. Continental Oil Co. Ford Ashland Oil Petroleum United Fuel Aristech 22 Pennsylvanian units Alexander Ss. and Oil Corp. S t a te Charlton Exxon-Mobile Oil Service Co. 17 20 No. 1 Generation No. 1 Ashcroft Inc. No. 1-32 No. 1-8 No. 1-13 No. 1 No. 1 Gas No. 1 (USS Cyclops United Marine undivided -3000 Oriskany Ss. -3000 Corp. & Refining Ma n (feet) No. 1 No. 1 Battelle No. 1 Cabot Corp. Inland Gas Ullman No. 1, MRCSP Minesinger Reno No. 1-15 Sparks, R.J., and Arco & Gaglio Branch Resur, R.D. No. 1 Griffith No. 9061T Chemical/ Corp. F uel Gas Middle Run Fm. Java Sh. CONCLUSIONS Kelly, Gladys Unit Wakeland, L.M. No. 1 Connery No. 1-A No. 537 FEGENCO KNOX +1,000 others Rawlings US Steel) No. 1 No. 1 AEP No. 1 Mississippian units +1,000 -1000 -1000 Martin Gladwin Duke Wilson Bailey Fannin Angola Sh. Kingery Arrington Mountaineer undivided Total Depth: Glacial Energy Clinton - Medina Ss. Rhinestreet Sh. ? Undivided Upper Unconsolidated 3,571ft / 1,088m Total Depth: Ordovician units Bedrock 3,409ft / 1,039m -13,000 “Red beds” Berea Formation Total Depth: (Cincinnatian Series) Undivided - 4000 - 4000 ? “Cincinnatian” 3,672ft / 1,119m Kerbel Fm. Braillier Fm. Kane Arch (Big Hill and Stonington Formations) Pennsylvanian

Elk Ss. B Utica Formation (gravity high) units (some Venango Group Silurian e (Bill’s Creek Shale) Total Depth: Benson Ss. 0 coal-bearing) 0 West Falls FINDLAY ARCH k m Colllingwood Shale Jacobsville Ss. Michigan Formation Berea 4,100ft / 1,250m Fm. Formation ? Precambrian a n Marshall Formation -1500 Vertical Exaggeration: 34 X -1500 The three new cross sections shown here are drafts and Chadakoin Formation KNOX -5000 Total Depth: Salina Group t -14,000 Saint Peter Sandstone Bedford and Berea -5000 o w Oneota Undivided 4,737ft / 1,444m GROUP Prairie du Chien Group Formations Grenville Complex n

Mississippian units Trempealeau Formation Shakopee p

Coldwater G r Dolomite u Total Depth: Lockport Dol. everything on the cross sections is a work in progress. When Munising Group -1,000 o -1,000 Sonyea Fm. Formation 5,283ft / 1,610 m oup Shale 0 10 20 30 40 Tully Ls. Mount Simon Sandstone Chadakoin

G r Davis Bedford and Berea Genesee Fm. Marcellus Sh. i n x Ohio and Brallier Rochester Sh.

Limestone o Formations g r Bradford Group Mahantango Fm. n Shale a Formations - 6000 K Miles

C h completed, these cross sections will provide a regional resource for Onondaga Ls. -15,000 Chagrin Member Kilometers F ? -2000 G a Central Arches to Basin Section Queenston Sh. Oriskany Ss. Helderberg Ls. Mandata Sh. o r Ohio -2,000 -2,000 the MRCSP region. Though designed as tools for carbon capture and t

0 10 20 30 40 m Shale Wells Creek Fm. es bu r a

Bass Islands Dol. -7000 tion Total Depth: Nolichucky Sh. ? 6,970ft / 2,124m utilization opportunities, these cross sections could be utilized by a wide g Maryville Ls. -16,000

thin Basal sandsto ne Wills Creek Fm. Precambrian Utica Sh. -3,000 or Mount Simon ro up -3,000 G Angola Trenton Ls. array of users for regional geology, structural, and stratigraphic correlation. s unconformity Sandstone l Formation McKenzie Ls. -8000 a l F

s t -2500 e

W Rose Hill Fm. Maryville Limestone Conasauga Total Depth: -17,000 Group 8,380ft / 2554m Rose Hill Fm. Cacapon Ss. Precambrian unconformity Beekmantown Dol. Tuscarora Ss. -4,000 -4,000 -9000 Unnamed Explanation for Phase 3 (P3), Great Lakes (GL), & Central Arches to Basin (CAB) anhydritic dolomite Munising Middle Run Genesee Formation Rose Run Ss. Group Tully Limestone Formation Copper Ridge Dol. Juniata Fm. -18,000 Cross Sections (Precambrian) Marcellus Shale Oswego Ss. Total Depth: -3000 FUTURE WORK -10000 -5,000 Onondaga Formation -5,000 9,910ft / 3,021m Mount Simon Rock Units () Rock unit series Sandstone Keyser Formation Mt. Simon Ss. Conasauga Maynardsville Limestone Nolichucky Shale Bass Islands Dolomite Top of Pennsylvanian strata Group Maryville Limestone Total Depth: Reedsville Sh. -19,000 St. Peter Ss. 10,625ft / 3,239m -11000 Basal sandstone Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) target -6,000 -6,000 Top of Mississippian strata Precambrian unconformity ? Salina Group Ordovician Middle Run Grenville Utica Sh. -3500 t ? Formation Province Top of Devonian strata Editing is continuing for both subsurface geology and cross section format. The nal ro n

() (Proterozoic) F

Trenton Ls. Sequestration target (potential saline reservoir) -12000 -20,000 ? Top of Silurian strata cross sections will be deliverable products for the MRCSP submission to U.S. y -7,000 Black River Group

-7,000 he n Grenville Queenston Precambrian Front Formation and e g Top of Ordovician strata Rome unconformity ? Local sequestration target (confining interval containing l Reedsville Shale St. Paul Group Department of Energy. Interpretations are ongoing as well as correlating geology over Rome Trough ? ? A (Martinsburg Irondequoit Dolomite “Clinton” -13000 Copper Ridge “B zone” potential reservoirs within it) Fm (main branch) Group) Dayton Dolomite Reynales Dolomite Top of Knox-equivalent strata (sub-Sauk unconformity) - 4000 -21,000 . Unnamed anhydritic dolomite -8,000 Location -8,000 multiple states and geologic basins where facies, lithology, and formation names all ? 1 (Medina Group) Confining interval Top of Cambrian strata Basal sandstone ? N Queenston Shale ? -14000 change. ? ? () Top of Precambrian strata ? SELECTED REFERENCES ? Organic-rich shale (confining interval with adsorption Beekmantown Dol. -9,000 -9,000 1,000 ft. well depth ? 2 trapping and possible enhanced gas recovery, * >2,500 ft - 4500 ? 3 ? -15000 ? on Great Lakes section) ? ? 2,500 ft. well depth Antero Resources, 2017, Company Overview, http://s1.q4cdn.com/057781830/ les/doc_presentations/ ? ? ? Organic-rich shale (confining interval with adsorption ? Precambrian ? -10,000 unconformity -10,000 trapping and possible enhanced gas recovery, *1,000-2,500 KNOX Rose Run Ss. GROUP unconformity 2017/09/Company-Website-Presentation-(C)-September-2017-(1).pdf -16000 MRCSP IS: ft depth on Great Lakes section) ? Mid-continent 4 ? Copper Ridge Dol. Rift Rome Fm. Total Depth: -5000 Trenton Limestone (may include - ? Basal Confining Units (Proterozoic) 16,512ft / 5,033m ? ? -11,000 basalts) 5 Black River Limestone -11,000 path of well used to interpret subsurface geology Nolichucky Sh. -17000 ? Sedimentary rocks (and in some areas intercalated Total Depth: MI Loysburg Formation Ryder, R.T., Swezey, C.S., Crangle, R.D., Jr., and Trippi, M.H., 2008, Geologic cross section E−E’ through the Appalachian basin 17,111ft / 5,215m ? ? Scale basalts) ? Maryville Ls. ? 6 0 30 mi ? Larke (Beekmantown) from the Findlay arch, Wood County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge province, Pendleton County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological 0 50 km -12,000 Formation -12,000 -18000 15 Vertical Exaggeration (65X) Igneous and metamorphic rocks -5500 ? 7 Survey Scienti c Investigations Map 2985, 2 sheets, 48-p. pamphlet. Waynesboro Fm. Mid-continent interpreted path of well, below total depth, F Phase III PA Mines Member G a ? Rift (including ? ? o

rm a Well Type used to interpret subsurface geology IN t some basalts) Well symbols Upper Sandy Member es b -19000 tion

-13,000 8 u -13,000 r

Ore Hill Member g

9 29 30 Class I injection well Gas Lower Sandy Member Ryder, R.T., Crangle, R.D., Jr., Trippi, M.H., Swezey, C.S., Lentz, E.E., Rowan, E.L., and Hope, R.S., 2009, Geologic cross section D–D’ through the Cambridge- Burning - 6000 Section Class V CO2 injection test Precambrian Springs Fault Warrior Formation Structure symbols -20000 10 27 28 well (MRCSP project) -14,000 unconformity -14,000 Appalachian basin from the Findlay arch, Sandusky County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge province, Hardy County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Dry 11 OH Class V CO injection test 26 2 Cambrian 24 well (other project) Scienti c Investigations Map 3067, 2 sheets, 52-p. pamphlet. 25 Anticline (details not shown) -21000 ? ? ? Injection zone Pittsburgh- Injection -15,000 13 15 Washington -15,000 Syncline (details not shown) 23 Lineament - 6500 17 2,500 ft. well depth 12 - Fault (arrow shows relative 14 19 WV -22000 22 Unknown direction of movement) Ryder, R.T., Trippi, M.H., Swezey, C.S. Crangle, R.D., Jr., Hope, R.S., Rowan, E.L., and Lentz, E.E., 2012, Geologic cross section C–C’ through the Appalachian basin 16 18 21 -16,000 KY 20 0 50 100 mi from Erie County, north-central Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge province, Bedford County, south-central Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scienti c Investigations Class I injection well 0 50 100 150 km -23000 -7000 Stratigraphic test for Map 3172, 2 sheets, 70-p. pamphlet. (Also available at https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3172/.) carbon storage research

MRCSP cross section completed in earlier phases through Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia, & Pennsylvania. This section includes four wells drilled by U.S. Department of Energy-funded projects for the Injection zone -24000 purpose of testing CO storage technology in the region. Precambrian 2 -7500 -25000