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Transforming Innovations in Africa This is a digital offfprint for restricted use only | © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV African Dynamics VOLUME 11 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ad This is a digital offfprint for restricted use only | © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV Transforming Innovations in Africa Explorative Studies on Appropriation in African Societies Edited by Jan-Bart Gewald André Leliveld Iva Peša LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 This is a digital offfprint for restricted use only | © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV Cover illustrations: Top right: “A single wheeled “garetta” southern Zambia circa 1910”, photo courtesy of the National Archives of Zambia. Bottom right: “Toyota HiAce built circa 1986 and still going strong as a minibus in 2010”, Mali 2010, photo by Jan-Bart Gewald. Bottom left: “Women bringing water to a steam traction engine southern Congo 1915”, photo courtesy of the National Archives of Zambia. Top left: “Craftsman regrooving millstones with an improvised lathe”, Mali 2010, photo by Jan-Bart Gewald. Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951191 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1568-1777 ISBN 978-90-04-24523-5 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-24544-0 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhofff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. This is a digital offfprint for restricted use only | © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV Contents Maps, fijigures, tables, boxes and photos .................................................. vii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ xi 1 Introduction: Transforming innovations in Africa; explorative studies on appropriation in African societies ................................. 1 Jan-Bart Gewald, André Leliveld & Iva Peša 2 Who killed innovation in the Cape wine industry? The story of a stuck fermentation c. 1930-1986 .................................................. 17 Paul Nugent 3 Entrepreneurship, colonial monetary economy and the limits of creativity: Appropriating trading stores in Northern Namibia, 1925-1980 .................................................................................. 39 Gregor Dobler 4 Frugal innovation in Africa: Tracking Unilever’s washing-powder sachets ........................................................................ 59 Cees van Beers, Peter Knorringa & André Leliveld 5 Mobile cash for nomadic livestock keepers: The impact of the mobile phone innovation (M-Pesa) on Maasai pastoralists in Kenya ...................................................................................................... 79 Marcel Rutten & Moses Mwangi 6 From Gao: Sawaba and the politics of decolonization and insurrection in the Songhay Zone of Mali and Niger (1957-1964) .................................................................................................. 103 Klaas van Walraven 7 From self-help group to water company: The Wandiege Community Water Supply Project (Kisumu, Kenya) ................... 127 Samuel O. Owuor & Dick Foeken This is a digital offfprint for restricted use only | © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV vi Contents 8 ‘It is time to start my own farm’: The unforeseen efffects of two waves of resettlement on household formation in Zimbabwe ................................................................................................. 149 Marleen Dekker & Bill Kinsey 9 ‘Cassava is our chief’: Negotiating identity, markets and the state through cassava in Mwinilunga, Zambia .............................. 169 Iva Peša 10 The social cocktail: Weddings and the innovative mixing of competences in Botswana .............................................................. 191 Rijk van Dijk 11 Of labradors and libraries: The transformation of innovation on a farm in Kibale, western Uganda ............................................... 209 Jan-Bart Gewald 12 Engine of change: A social history of the car-mechanics sector in the Horn of Africa ............................................................................. 237 Stefano Bellucci & Massimo Zaccaria 13 Water innovations among the Maasai pastoralists of Kenya: The role of outside interventions in the performance of traditional shallow wells ....................................................................... 257 Moses Mwangi & Marcel Rutten 14 Stealing from the railways: Blacksmiths, colonialism and innovation in Northern Nigeria .......................................................... 275 Shehu Tijjani Yusuf List of authors .................................................................................................. 297 This is a digital offfprint for restricted use only | © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV Maps, fijigures, tables, boxes and photos Maps 2.1 Winegrowing areas in the Western Cape .................................... 26 3.1 Shops in Ovamboland opened in 1959 and earlier and 1960-1965 ................................................................................................ 48 5.1 Kajiado County .................................................................................... 87 6.1 Gao and West Niger ........................................................................... 109 7.1 Location of Wandiege in Kisumu .................................................. 133 8.1 Locations of the resettlement schemes ........................................ 152 9.1 Mwinilunga District ............................................................................ 170 13.1 Kajiado County .................................................................................... 261 14.1 Nigerian railways ................................................................................. 281 Figures 3.1 Number of licensed shops in Ovamboland, 1956-1978 ............ 47 5.1 Outlets offfering fijinancial services in Kenya ............................... 84 7.1 Financial overview, 2007-2011 (in KSh) ........................................ 140 8.1 Percentage of household members belonging to the nuclear family ...................................................................................................... 159 Tables 2.1 Production in leaguers of wine by district (1924-1935) ............ 24 2.2 Grape varieties ranked by number of vines over a year old (1959) ....................................................................................................... 30 4.1 Location drivers of research and development ......................... 66 7.1 Allocation of key responsibilities for private participation options in the water sector .............................................................. 130 7.2 Connection charges as of May 2011 (in KSh) .............................. 138 7.3 Charges for water consumed as of May 2011 (in KSh) ............. 139 8.1 Place of residence of married sons of plot holders (%) .......... 158 8.2 Farmers’ perceptions as to where their sons would acquire land for farming ................................................................................... 161 This is a digital offfprint for restricted use only | © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV viii Μaps, fijigures, tables, boxes and photos 8.3 Household members and their relationship to the household head in resettlement areas and communal areas (2000) ........ 162 8.4 Household members and their relationship to the household head in resettlement areas and communal areas (2010) ............................................................................................ 165 14.1 Railway scrap metal distributed to blacksmiths across Northern Nigeria, 1954-1955 .............................................................. 291 Boxes 4.1 OMO distribution ................................................................................. 71 5.1 M-Pesa innovation ............................................................................... 82 5.2 Kashinko ole Ntekese, livestock trader ......................................... 95 5.3 Naisenya ene Ngoitoi, housewife .................................................... 98 13.1 Mbulu and improvements in shallow wells in Kajiado District ..................................................................................................... 264 Photos 5.1 Mobile cash ............................................................................................ 80 5.2 Use of M-Pesa at a livestock market .............................................. 97 5.3 A society embracing e-money .......................................................... 97 7.1 The pumping station-cum-kiosk and storage tower in the school compound ...............................................................................
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