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Mouvements Populaires Et Partis Politiques (1986-1996) : La Restructuration Manquée De L’Ordre Politique Agonisant Jean-Baptiste Chenet

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Mouvements Populaires Et Partis Politiques (1986-1996) : La Restructuration Manquée De L’Ordre Politique Agonisant Jean-Baptiste Chenet Mouvements populaires et Partis politiques (1986-1996) : la restructuration manquée de l’ordre politique agonisant Jean-Baptiste Chenet To cite this version: Jean-Baptiste Chenet. Mouvements populaires et Partis politiques (1986-1996) : la restructuration manquée de l’ordre politique agonisant. Science politique. Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2011. Français. NNT : 2011PA030079. tel-01068975 HAL Id: tel-01068975 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01068975 Submitted on 26 Sep 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE SORBONNE NOUVELLE – PARIS 3 ECOLE DOCTORALE 122 – EUROPE LATINE – AMERIQUE LATINE INSTITUT DES HAUTES ETUDES DE L’AMERIQUE LATINE-IHEAL Thèse de doctorat Science politique Chenet JEAN-BAPTISTE HAITI Mouvements populaires et Partis politiques (1986-1996) La restructuration manquée de l’ordre politique agonisant Thèse dirigée par M. Georges COUFFIGNAL Soutenue le 5 juillet 2011 Jury : M. Georges COUFFIGNAL, Professeur , Université Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3 Mme. Renée FREGOSI, Maître de conférences –HDR, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle- Paris 3 M. Hubert GOURDON, Professeur, Institut des Hautes Etudes de L’Amérique Latine M. Claude JOURNES, Professeur, Université Lumière Lyon-II Mme. Michèle Duvivier PIERRE-LOUIS, Professeur, Université Quisqueya - Haïti M. Daniel Van EEUWEN, Professeur, Institut d’Etudes Politiques – Aix-en-Provence Résumé HAITI Mouvements populaires et Partis politiques (1986-1996) La restructuration manquée de l’ordre politique agonisant La chute de la dictature duvaliériste, le 7 février 1986, marque un véritable tournant dans l‘évolution politique du pays. La situation nouvelle qui en résulte est généralement analysée ou comprise sous l‘angle de l‘explication découlant du paradigme des transitions. Ce cadre d‘analyse s‘est révélé en tous points inadapté pour rendre compte des bouleversements enregistrés. Dès lors, la recherche d‘une explication alternative vient à se poser. Cette recherche tente d‘explorer cette voie. Et elle soulève un questionnement fondamental qui appréhende la crise haïtienne sous l‘angle de l‘épuisement de l‘ordre politique imposé lors de la première occupation américaine pendant la période 1915-1934. Le défi de cette restructuration du champ politique avait sollicité davantage le rôle et l‘action de deux nouveaux acteurs qui ont durablement émergé dans la vie politique du pays à partir des années quatre-vingt : les mouvements populaires et les partis politiques. L‘interaction qui s‘établit entre ces deux acteurs avait acquis à la fois une dimension complexe et problématique. D‘une part, ils (les acteurs) n‘avaient pas pu développer une claire conscience de leur rôle dans le processus de transformation politique en cours. D‘autre part, il s‘est établi entre les deux acteurs un radical antagonisme qui a fini par compromettre la possibilité de construction des capacités politiques nationales en vue de favoriser une évolution positive dudit processus. Le retour à la domination directe américaine, avec l‘intervention militaire de 1994, consacrera l‘impossibilité de trouver une issue à la crise au plan interne. Cette intervention confirmera la réalité de l‘épuisement de l‘ordre politique de 1934 tout en provoquant des contradictions nouvelles. Elle a notamment contribué à précipiter la suppression de l‘armée, tout en procédant de manière quasi-totale à la confiscation de la souveraineté du pays. Pendant la décennie 1986-1996 qui reste charnière dans le processus de changement politique en Haïti, il n‘a pas été possible donc d‘aboutir à une redéfinition de l‘ordre politique agonisant. Mais l‘enjeu de son renouvellement reste indispensable. Malgré leurs faiblesses et les controverses à la base de leur relation, les mouvements populaires et les partis politiques demeurent encore les deux principales formes de représentation politique ou d‘action collective qui puissent aider d‘avancer dans cette direction. La difficulté majeure est d‘arriver à définir l‘originalité de l‘articulation entre ces deux acteurs qui pourrait bien convenir dans le contexte actuel marqué à la fois par le reflux des mouvements et le faible niveau d‘enracinement de la forme partisane. Mots clés : Haïti, Mouvement populaire, Parti politique, Ordre politique, Transition 2 Abstract HAITI Popular movements and Political parties (1986-1996) The missed reorganization of the political order failing The fall of the dictatorship duvalierist, on February 7, 1986, mark a true turning point in the political evolution of the country. The new situation which results from it is generally analyzed or included/understood under the angle of the explanation rising from the paradigm of the transitions. This framework of analysis appeared in all points misfit to give an account of the recorded upheavals. Consequently, the search for an alternative explanation has been suddenly posed. This research tries to explore this way. And it raises a fundamental questioning which apprehends the Haitian crisis under the angle of the exhaustion of the political order imposed at the time of the first American occupation for the period 1915-1934. The challenge of this reorganization of the political field had more requested the role and the action of two new actors who durably emerged in the political life of the country as from the Eighties: popular movements and political parties. The interaction which is established between these two actors had acquired at the same time a complex and problematic dimension. On the one hand, they (actors) had not been able to develop a clear conscience of their role in the process of political transformation in progress. In addition, it was established between the two actors a radical antagonism which ended up compromising the possibility of construction of the capacities national policies in order to support a positive development of the known as process. The return to the American direct domination, with the military intervention of 1994, will devote impossibility of finding an exit with the crisis with the internal plan. This intervention will confirm the reality of the exhaustion of the political order of 1934 whole while causing new contradictions. It in particular contributed to precipitate the removal of the army, while proceeding in a quasi-total way to the confiscation of the sovereignty of the country. During the decade 1986-1996 which remains hinge in the process of political change in Haiti, it was not possible thus to lead to a redefinition of the political order failing. But the stake of its renewal remains essential. In spite of their weaknesses and the controversies at the base of their relation, the popular movements and the political parties remain still the two principal forms of political representation or class action suit who can help to advance in this direction. The major difficulty is to manage to define the originality of the articulation between these two actors which could be appropriate well in the current context marked at the same time by the backward flow of the movements and the low level of rooting of the form partisane. Keywords : Haiti, Popular Movement, Political party, Political order, Transition 3 Dédicace A la mémoire de ma mère, Marie Jésula M. JEAN-BAPTISTE, femme de courage et de sacrifice. Nous saluons également la mémoire des innombrables victimes de la cause démocratique tombées sous la dictature duvaliériste et des régimes macouto-militaires qui se sont succédé au pouvoir au cours de la période 1986-1994. 4 Remerciements Mes remerciements vont d‘abord à mon Directeur, Professeur Georges COUFFIGNAL. Sa motivation persistante, sa disponibilité permanente et sa solidarité constante m‘ont permis d‘aller au bout de cette recherche. Je tiens également à remercier Madame Michèle Duvivier PIERRE- LOUIS pour son encouragement et son soutien au moment de nos plus grandes difficultés. Toute ma gratitude à Greet SCHAUMANS, Walter PRYSTHON pour leur support. Je suis également très reconnaisant à l‘égard de deux amies qui m‘ont aidé dans la mise en forme du texte : Jessie en Haïti et Cherline en France. Je t‘ai causé, Cherline, tant de difficultés et tu ne m‘as jamais montré un signe d‘impatience ou de regret. Ma reconnaissance va aussi à mes sœurs qui m‘ont toujours soutenu pendant mon séjour en France : Gester, Claudette et Nardine. Et à Toto avec qui des échanges sur la situation haïtienne ont toujours été dignes d‘intérêt. Cette recherche ne pouvait pas être conduite sans la compréhension et l‘appui indéfectible de ma famille : mon épouse, Maryse et mes enfants : Klara, Marnet, Samy et Marly. Ils ne se sont jamais plaints de mon absence et de mon indisponibilité à la maison du fait de mon travail. Vous ne vous en rendez pas compte ! Votre contribution a été d‘une valeur inestimable. Enfin, la liste serait trop longue à énumérer. Que tous les collègues à l‘Université d‘Etat d‘Haïti qui m‘ont aidé par leurs conseils, des militants d‘organisations populaires ou des dirigeants politiques que j‘ai rencontrés dans le cadre de cette recherche trouvent
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