.. .-
PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS IN IMPLEMENTING MASTER PLANS: A CASE STUDY OF RAJSHAlII CITY
FARHANAKHANLIMA
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGlONAL PLANi'\Ii'(; BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF EKGIN[f,Rli\:G A,\'D TECHNOLOGY DHAKA
AUGUST,2003 III1IIIIillili 1IIIIIIUllii , lII'SS06l111' '. - THESIS ACCEPT AND; FORM
PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS IN IMPLEMENTING MASTER PLANS: A CASE STUDY OF RAJSIIAHI CITY
BY
FAIU-IANA KHAN LIMA
Thesis Approved ~'>\a the Style and Content by
---~"-~"""-'---'----~------D1. Roxmw Hafiz Chairman Associate Plofcssor, Depar!ment of lJ RP, illJ ET, Dh~ka (Supervi'''I)
--~------Dr. S~IW"'-rah~ll Member J-kad ~nd P'Ofe5S01', DcpaI1ment of URP, ilUL"J, Dhaka
Mrs. Ishmt JSISlll Mcmber A,SlSlaul 1'lOt"(,S501'.DCparlrllClll uf lJRP, BUET, Dh~ka
K, G.' ------"_.------1+-~------.-.- KaLi Golalll Hallz Membel (ExteJ'Il~I) Town l'lallilcr (Dircctor), RAJljK
DEPARTMENT OF UliliA]\" MW REGIOI\AL PLANNING RAN(;IADF.SU UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERIl\'"G AND TECHNOLOGY DHAKA CANDIDATES DECLARATION
It is hereby declared that tim thesis Dr any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degre or diploma.
Signature of the Candidate
Farhana Khan Lima ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author expresses her heanlest gratitude and indebtness to Dr. Roxana Hath, Assuelate Professor, Departmenl of Urban and RegiOnal Plannlllg and supervi;or of the thesis for her valuable guidance, tender eare and continuous encouragement at different stages of preparation of this thesis The author considers It a rare fortune to work under her. II would have been quite impossible to carry on the research work and make it in a final shape without her valuable guidance and sympalhehc encouragement.
Indebtness and gratitude is also expressed to Dr, Sarwar Jahan, Head of the Department of Urban and RegiOnal Planning, BUET, for his _advice, eneOllragemeot and for rendering all possible help during this the~is work. The author is also obliged to Mr. Akhter Husain Chaudhury, ASSOCiateProfes~or, Dl~clpllne of Urban and Rural Planning, Khulna Umversity.
Dliring the preparation of this thesis the author has benefited from the generous help of Mr, Abdus Salek, Fonner Chairman, RDA; Mr, Amirul blam, Chief Town Planncr, RDA; and Mr, Golam Morshed, Executive Engtoeer, RaJshahl Clly Corporation.
The author is thankful to her friends tor proViding vanous technical help, 1\-1r Kabll' for pl'eparing map;, Azmel'i Asrafi and Dananl Afsana for survey and Debashis for compuler and pnnllng facilitie;, " "..- ABSTRACT
Rajshahi is the FOl.lrthMetropolitan City in Bangladesh The origin of the town date back to 1825 when the District Headql.larterwas shifted from Natore In 1947, the town became a Divisional Headquarter, The city ofRajshahi is famous for its tine silk and juicy_mango. The establishment of Municipality, College, Museum, Universit}, Medical College had expedite the development of the city in the past. The first physical plan of the city was prepared by the UDD in 1968. But due to some constraints, the Plan was not implemented, After the independence of Bangladesh, the Government formed Rajshahi Town Development Authority in 1976 for the physical planning and development of Rajshahi City and its adjoining areas, The Rajshahi Development Authority prepared Master Plan in 1984. This was basically a land use type Master Plan which included the future groy.th direction of the city as well as its major road network, housing areas, commercial & industrial sites, recreational spots etc, The Master Plan also identified a nl.lmberof projects in different sectors. Over the last 20 years the city ofRajshahi has been developed after this Master plan. During this period, a number of proposals of the Master Plan have been implemented while some of the proposals were not The trend of imbalanced urbanisation in Bangladesh is one of the major reasons bchind the non-implemenration of Master Plans. However, in the case ofRajshahi, the geographic location of the city is a barrier lOits economic development Moreover, the weaknesses in preparation of plan, lack of proper planning practice, lack of time to time review, political influence, lethargy in project implementation. etc. are some the reasons behind improper implemenrarion of the t984 Master plan of Rajshahi. This research intends to study the master plans earlier prepared for the city of Rajshahi ar.d to investigate whether the development of the city was accordingly or not. The research also aims to identify the causes behind non implementation of the master plan and to recommend to overcome the shortcomings regarding the situation ofRajshahi.City. Thesis Title: Prot-Iems and Constraints in Implementing Master Plans: A Case Study ofRajshahi City Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Roxana Hafiz Associate Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, BUET, Dhakil
" . LIST OF ABBREVIA nONS
ADe Additional Deputy Commissioner ADP Annual Development Programme Bcsrn Bangladesh Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research BlJET Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology BURP Bachelor of Urban and Rural/Regional Planning BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board CBD Central Business District CDA Chittagong Development Authority DiT Dhaka Improvement Trust OMAJUDP Dhaka Metropolitan Area Integrated Urban Development Project DMOP Dhaka Metropolitan-area Development Plan DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering DTW Deep Tube well ECNEC Executive Committee of National Economic Council HSD Housing and Settlement Directorate KDA Khulna Development Authority MPP Masters of Physical Planning MT Metric Ton MURP Masters of Urban and Regional Planning NOC No Objection Certificate PCP Project Concept Paper PP Project Proforma PWD Public Works Department RA.JUK Rajdhani Ummyan Kartripakkah RCC Rajshahi City Corporation RnA Rajshahi Development Authority BHD Roads and Highways Department RTDA Rajshahi Town Development Authority SMA Statistical Metropolitan Area TI Act Town Improvement Act UDD Urban Development Directorate UN United Nations UNSF United Nations SeCllrity Fund UNCHS United Nation Centre for Housing and Settlement UNOP United Nations Development Programme
'" TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Acknowledgement
Abstract H List of Abbreviation on Table of Contents ;v List of Tables viii List of Maps
Chapltr I: INTRODUCTION 1.7
1,0 Background of the Study 1.1 Objectives 1.2 JustificatIOnof the Study 1.3 Methodology
Chapter 2: GENESIS OF PHYSICAL PLANNING IN BANGLADESH 8_22
2.0 General 08 2.1 Background of Physical Planning in Bangladesl, 08 2 2 Creation of Development Authority J 0 23 Establishment ofUrhau Development Dm:clOralc(UOD) 12 24 Master Plans at Mwopohtan Level: Experiences In 14 Different CIties 25 Platm,ng rorHousmg Estates In DifferentDistricts 20 2.6 PhysicalPlanningat Di,trlct Level 22 2.7 Physical Planning at Vp"-ZillaLevel 12
Chapler3: THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT PATTERN OF RAJSHAHl 23-49 CITY
3,0 General 23 3 I Locationof the City n 3 2 Physical Characteristics of Rajshalti Region n 3.3 Historical B~ckground of the City 3.4 Physical Growth of the City "28 3.5 General Administration ofRajshahi 29 3.6 The Histol) ofRajshalti University 31 3 7 Conununication 32 3,8 EconomicStatusOfR.ljShahi 35 3 9 RajshahiCItyaJlan Urban Centre 38 3 10 Upgradationof the MunicipalityintoCity Corporation 40 3,11 Establishment of Development Authority and Physical 41 Planningof the City 3.12 Stakeholdersofthe City of Rajshahi 46 3,13 Preparationof MoslerPlan for R.'ijshahieny 49
Chapter 4: IMPLEMENTATION STATlJS OF PROPOSALS
4.0 General 50 4.1 Reviewofl96RMasterPlan 50 4.2 ImplementationStatus of 1968MasterPlan 51 4.3 Rcvicwofl984MasterPlan 51 4,4 ImplementationStatusof the Plan Propooals 52 4,5 OverallImplementationofthe Proposals 67 4.6 ChangeIn land usc Pattern in RaJshahiCit} (1980-2003) 70
Chapter 5: CAUSES OF IMPROPER IMPLEMENTATION 71-83
5 0 General 5.1 Deficienciesof Plan Preparation " 5.2 Reviewof the Plan 73" J{ Lcgislat1\'ePowerof the Plann~'TS 75 5.4 LengthyProcedureofProjeet Approval vB:!; Pohtieal mtcrferencc in the Change of Land lJ,e 77" Proposals v5.6 UnbalancedUrbanisatIOnandTrendof Development vf7 GeographicLocationof the eny 80" -e AbsenceofPrupcr PlanningPractice V~'9 Overlappmgof Activittcs "' "
Chapter 6; CONCLUSION 84_96
6 I) SmnmaryFindings 84 6 1 Recommendation 90 6.2 Conclusion '" APPENDJX-A APPENDJX-B APPENDIX-C
• LIST OF TABLES
PAGE Table.2.1 Enumerated Population of Bangladesh and Growlh Rates., 190 1- 1974 "" Table2.2 Life-Time Net Migrants by Districts., 195I-1974 Table'3.1 Major Evetlts in the History of Rajshahi Table:3.2 MailfExpre<. Tmin Service. Operating 5 Routes Table 3 3 LocallM,xed Train Services Operating 5 Routes Table 3 4 Inter-Cily Train Services Operatmg 5 Routes Tabld's Agncullure Production of Rajshabi m Nahonal Context Table,3,6 LIStof Agency Involved in D,fferent Se • LIST OF MAPS Map 2.1 Some Early Forms of Planning ConceplS in Bangladesh Map 2.2 DMDP Structure Plan Map23 Chitlagong Structure Plnn Map 2,4 Khulna Master Plan, 1961 Map 3.1 Location ofRajshahi Map 3.2 Growlh Pattern ofRajshahi City Map41 OuHme De,'elopmenl Plan of R.yshahi, 1968 Map 4,2 Land Use Proposal of 1984 Master Plan Map 4.3 Locallon of Proposed Recreational Areas Map44 Localion of Proposed Industrial Sites Map45 Location ofPropQsed Road Network Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study A Master Plan is a comprehensive, long-term plan (for 20-25 years) intended to guide the growth and development of a city, town or region and to make it livable and environmentally sound. It is also prepared for the improvement of an old city or for a new town to be developed and aims at controlling the future growth of a tOWIl, city or region, A Master Plan arranges the pattern of a city or town in such a way that it is sustainable for the future generation It also controls the haphazard and unplanned growth of a city, town or region. Initiatives were taken for the planned development of the towns and cities of Bangladesh and Master Plans were prepared in this regard. In reality, however. in most cases Master Plans were not strictly followed during the development of !Owns or cities This is due to various limitations in the implementation mechanisms. The other fact is that Master Plans have been drawn for a period of 20 - 2S years and there were no in built mechanism to adapt 10 severe ;ocial, political, economic ehangcs In faCl, there was no scopc for reviews and improvement in the Master Plan to accommodatc any drastic population change, After the creation ofBangladcsh in 1971, the pressure on the urban centrcs increased gradually, specifically due to migration of rural people to the large cities like Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi, This rescarch takes up Rajshahi as a case study as this is the smallest among the four major cities of Bangladesh, Rajshahi, before the partition of India in 1947, was a major urban center. After partition, Rajshahi locared at the north-western side of Bangladesh almost along the border of India and Bangladesh, became important as a divisional 2 headquarter. Rajshahi IS now a far-flung city with inadequate and inefficient communication routes and other deficiencies. Communication channels have been proposed to connect Rajshahi with other parts oflhe country. But most ofthis proJXlsal could not be implemented due to lack of adequate finances and proper initiatives. Two Master Plans were drawn for Rajshahi, one in 1968 and the other in 1984. Despite having two Master Plans Rajshahi did not develop according to the directions proposed. For example, the 1984 Master Plan forecasted an increase in the population to 4,50,000 (four Iakh fifty thousand) in 2000, whereas according to the Population Census 2001, the population stood at 3,85,0000 only. The other major cities (i.e. Dhaka, Chittagong and Khulna) were registering rapid increase in population whereas Rajshahi have not attained the forecasted level in 16 years. Unplanned residential areas developed in areas where other uses have been proposed. The 1984 Master Plan did not have a specified time frame within which to execute the Plan. The concerned authority is now unable to conceive when the plan period ends and propose a new Master Plan to replace the old ODe.These are some among of the various problems that are evIdent in the development plans of Rajshahi. This research intends to study the master plans earlier prepared for the city of Rajshahi and to investigate whether the development of the city was accordingly or not. The research also aims to identify the causes behind non implementation of thc master plan and to recommend to overcome the shortcomings regarding the situation ofRajshahi City. 1.2 Objectives TIle objectives of the present research are stated as follows, (a) To review the Master Plans prepared fur Rajshahi in 1968 and 1984. --- 3 (b) 10 compare and review existing land use pattern with that proposed in the Master Plans ofRajshahi. (c) To Identity the gaps or de\~ations between the proposed plans and the existing development pattern. (d) To identifY rersons for non-implementation or partial implementation of the Master Plans ofRajshahi. (e) To suggest policies and measures to rectify the problems presently encountered in order to enhance development ofRajshahi at present and in the future 1.3 Justification of the Study The present research has been conducted with the anticipation that it would make an understanding of the causes behind non-implementation of Master Plans in Bangladesh. It is expected that the study would clearly identity the existing powers given to the development authority for preparation and implementation of Master Plan. Moreover, it ig expected that the gtudy would help to find out the Ihortcomings during preparation [If a Master Plan, Moreover, it may also 5erve as guidelines for further studies relevant to the subject 1.4 Methodology Methodological jgsues of this study consist of operational definition of eoncept5, Procedures adopted for the collection of data and relevant information To study implementation status of Magter Plan it is necessary to know the background of its preparation and the status of the agency Involved in preparation of the plan. The causes 4 behind the failure or improper implementation or non-implementation of the Master Plan also needg (0 be studied. To conduct this study an appropriate research approach has been adopted conforming to the requirements oflhe objectives. 1.4.1 Selection orthe study For the present study, Rajshahl city has been selected as the study area. The city ofRajshahi is the faUlih Metropolitan City oflhe country and the city was intended (0 be guided by Master plan prepared in the state year, But due to various reasons the plan could no! be implemented properly. As a result the land use of the city has not developed in the directions proposed by the Plans, For this reason this rc:;earch has been taken up for a through investigation of the causes of failure and/or non-implementation of Master Plans for Rajshahi City. The re,eareh is going to analyze the Master plans prepared in 1968 and in 1984 respectively by th( Vrban Development Directorate (UOD) and Rajshahi Development Authority in association with the UDD and Vnited Nations Centre for Housing and Settlements (UNCHS). Moreover this particular issue has been selected for a number of reasons Firstly, the Master Plan prepared in 1984, for the city of Rajshahl was not prepared according to the type prescribed in the ordinance of Rajshahi Development Authonty. Secondly, the Master Plan prepared in J 968 by the UDD was without proper sLlrvey and proper implementation mdication Thirdly, the cause behind improper implementation of the Master Plan in the CIty of Rajshahi can easily be identified by studying the existing pattern of land use and the land lise pattern proposed in the Master Plans. And finally the concerned development authorities and the agencies involved in 5 preparation of Master Plan WQuid be able to take necessary mea,ures during preparation and implementation of a Master Plan properly. 1.4.2 Methodological approach of the research One of the objectives is to review and study the Master Plans prepared for Rajshahi in 1968 and 1984 respectively by Urban Development Directorate (UDD) and Rajshahi Development Authority (RDA). To fulfil thi, objective, relevant documents maps have been collected from the VOO and the RDA Another objective is to compare and review the existing land usc pattern with that of in 1984 Master Plan proposal. To achieve this objective information from both primary and secondary sources were used, The proposed land use in 1984 Master Plan was reviewed from the maps and document, collected from RnA While the present land use has been reviewed from the existing land use survey conducted by Rajshahi Master Plan Project (2001-2020) The causes behind improper implementation of the Master Plan were identified through exchange of views with the officials ofRDA & RCC and after reviewing different documents. 1.4.3 Review of Acts/Ordinances, Documents For the purpose of the present research, Act:JOrdinaflce like Rajshahl Town Development Authority Ordinance 1976, Chittagong Dcvelopment Ordmance 1959, Khulna Development Authority Ordinance 1961, Town Improvement Act 1951, Rajshahi City Corporation Act 1987. RTDA Ordinance was re\~ewed to know the ,tatus of Rajshahi Development Authority in preparation and implementation of Ma,ter Plan for the City. Diffcrcnt field of activities of the authority were also known. CDA & KDA • 6 Ordinance and Town Improvement Act were reviewed to compare the power to prepare Master Plan of Chittagong Development Authority (CDA), Khulna Development Authority (KDA) and Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkah (RAJUK) with that of Rajshahi Development Authority (RDA) The Rajshahi City Corporation Act was also reviewed to identify the co-ordination and conflict between the activities of Rajshahi City Corporation and Rajshahi Development Authority Documents like RDA board meeting resolution were reviewed which helped to know about the irregularities in implementation oflhe Master Plan and the pressure of political influences that RDA had encounter. The Rajshahi Master Plan Report of 1984 V.'lISreviewed to know about the Plan type and the proposals made in the plan The Interim Report of Rajshahi Master Plan (2001-2020) has also been reviewed to know the present land use of the city as well as the plan typology presently being prepared. Documents such as the "Physical Planning Progress in East Pakistan", helped a lot to gain knowledge on the history of physical Planning in Bangladesh. 1.4.4 Review orLand Use ofRajshahi City. The 1984 Master Plan Maps were reviewed to identify proposals adopted lor the development of the city. The existing land use of the city of Rajshahi was also reviewed from the recent completed physical feature and land use survey made by the Rajshahi Development Authority. This review provision has helped a lot to understand the change in land use pattern over the period after the completion of 1984 Master Plan. The revision has also identified the gaps between proposed and existing land use. . . 7 1.4.5 J"fonnld Interview and Exchange of Views The concerned officials of RDA and RCC were interviewed with a view 10 find out the anomalies in proper implementation of the Master Plan prepared in 1984. During the interview some important issues came out in the light of the experience of the concerned professionals As the professionals lIfC directly related/responsible in implementing the Master Plan, they were able 10 inform the facts behind the improper implementations. A number of senior planners shared their experiences and helped to fonnulate ideas regarding this research, The main motive behind preparation of 1968 Master Plan for the City of Rajshahi came to light during discussion with an Ex-director of the Urban Development Directorate (UDD). A number of causes regarding the importance of people's participation during plan preparation were emphasized by an expert of the Rajshahi University_ Chapter 2 GENESIS OF PHYSICAL PLANNING IN BANGLADESH 8 Chapter 2: GENESIS OF PHYSICAL PLANNING IN BANGLADESH 2.0 General Statement The history of planned development of settlements in Bangladesh dales back to 5"' AD when Pundunagar (Jl..Wtastangarh)was established. The olher planned development during the ancient period includes Paharpur at 8'" Century AD, Mainamoli at lOth Century A.D. Though all of the settlements during the early period were not large in scale, bul these are the signs of early planned development in this region The urgency of planned development in thiS region felt during the Pakistan Panod, It was started with some subdivisIon plans to resettle Muslim refugees ooming from IndIa In the later stage t,lI recently a number of efforts were taken for the planned development of Clties and towns in Bangladesh spe;;ifically Rajshahi. This part of the study deals with the history and trend ofphy$lCal planning in Bangladesh (refer to Map 2 I) 2. t Background of Physical Planning in Bangladesh Bangladesh is still purely an agricultural region During the Mughal period, Dhaka was the only centre, which had developed cenain urban characteristics, Mosl of lhe urhan dwellers belonged to the Mughal anny, the artisans and service population retained by the rulers around them. Chittagong at the time was a small port and trade centre, occasionally visited by the Arabs, Portuguese and English traders, Table, 2,1 Enumerated Population of Bangladesh and Growth Rates, 1901-1974 Ceo••••Date Enumerated Population Anoual Gro"ih Rate (%) (in thousand.) Goomerric 1901,MarchI 1$,928 1911,March10 31,555 .8M 1~21,March18 33,254 .526 1931,February26 35,604 1941,March1 41,991 1.663'" 1951.Marclll 42,0(,3 015 1%1,February1 50,840 1.930 1974,,March1 71A79 2.642 Source: Cen.us of Palm tan, Vol. 2, !lost P,1ki""" Popnlation 1961, Pr. 24 Map: 2,1 SOME EARLY FORMS OF PLANNING CONCEPTS IN BANGLAI>ESH ,\l,\h'IJA"lATl C\.G\ VATJON.AT {;OIWI. Com,]!. B,,!,,~ '.lj - "r'il , ••• " r B"ddhi" MQ''''''''''' 11/' em",,,. ..1D. JI-lAlI..Isn.'\(;AR 1'1.\'J or PAl L\RI'UH MO.'i-\STITlY Ilu"I" ('iriii"" ,on -1" 10 f~'"C",'un ..If) • J. ~ r fj,,,kD,i,, AI"""",,,..,- IJ"C",rmyAi) . During the later part of the 18'\ centut)' when the Brillsh nile "as established in Bengal, the centre of aUractlOn of lrade, commerce. mdustry and administratlOn ShWlted from Dhaka to Kolkata and tbc regIOn now comprismg Bangladesh was made to tum ill to an agricultural land and a raw.matenal supply-base for the de\'e1opment of mdustry in and around Kolkata. Up to the beginning of World War-H, thcre appeared no functiollal problems of the towns thllt grew up to meet the socio economic reqlllrcments of the age and to sausfy the then mode and me,,"s of communication and the smcd their purpose usefully. World War -l] eoupkd "ith the famine of 1943 really brought the first wave of large.scale migratlOn (see Table: 2 I) from countl}'Slde to the urban areas, Most of these immigrants Instead of retumiL1gto the countryside stayed m the urban areas for better employment op:JortUrutlCS This trend of inilO\\ continued eausmg an increase in urban populatIOn and started posed problems of accommodations and other urban amenities, TaiJlc, 2 2 LIfe- Tlllle Net Mi£ranlS b) DIstricts, 195 I-1974 Di,trid, 1951 1961 1974 DHlaJpur + 20,470 +]5,381 +132,409 Ran ur +86.473 +141,655 +62,029 Bogra + 647 - 11.577 _16,4~~ RoiJholll +38,182 +66,651 +60.887 P.bn, _.17,500 -70,615 _99,1(,~ Ku,hli, +1.60~ +4,'175 +19.199 !os>urc +211,)~5 +114,927 +4fl,HI KiwI"" +)7,M~ +74,041 +227,22" e,'kerg'mi +](),964 -51,140 _14,47~ l'atua,JlOiL No lnfom>a,ion No inf"f<"Mion .184,540 M,men,mg .19755 .122739 -111250 TRIl all No In/Ormal,on N" InfomlalJOn -%,870 D""la -57,402 +50,846 +578.654 Fmd LIT -D.)31 -63,213 -252,777 S"lhcl ',58,492 +96.813 ,"'lJO,675 Comilla _7(,,9>.1 -139,985 _35~,II4S NoolJJali -~5,045 .202,507 -261,226 Ch,llagollg +10 60S +50,513 +9<],849 Chittagon Hill Tracts +14,471 +36,47) +51,592 '101.. + ,0<1"",«,net '"'""g"* rotile dLStliet< - indi",,,,, not oLlt'm'g",t, from tb" dl,,,iets ~our<,,', 1951, 1961_C,,,,,,,, of I'.ki",,", 1961,Vol, 2. E,,, l',ki,'an, T'ok 8, pp 11.116to j].1J7 1974_ C"""" D.", T,bt ••9 1974-lJ""Slad"h PopulationCon"" R'port, 1974.&"gl.de,h, T,bl, ~. pp.25 10 After the partition of Brillsh India in 19.'17,large number of refugees and persons oonnectoo \\ith admmistratlOn, oorrunerccand industry ",th their dependents started to flow into the urban centres of Bangladesh (then Ea.stPal.astan) In successi\'e wan,,; mainly from the adjoining areas of the province in such short intervals that it became e' structure nOl [0 speak of pro,'iding them "ith proper arremties and facilities In additIOn, Go\emment had to lake up variollS de\elopmcnt \\orks throughout the proyincc, resulling In (he establishment of new OfJJCffi[or lhe Government as "ell as for autonomous bodies and construction of staff quarters for them Simultaneousl} commercial and mduslrial actl>'iues started to gather ITXlmenlumcreating job opportunities in the e.\lS1ingurban centres causmg mflux from rmal areas. All these factors combined togelher crealed insanitary ll\ing condnions and acule congestion In lhe already overcro"ded areas of the to\\TIS \Vhatever sheller and houses people crealed "ithin the to\\TI and in their fnnges III absence of proper planning, only let to lhe creation of slums and contributed to\\TIrds unplanned e:"lonsionof the to"ns 2.2 Creation of Development Authority For planning and dcwlopmenl of the metropolitan areas Gmemmcnt created three statutory bodies, namely Dacca Improvement Trust (Orr), Chittagong De\'elopmcnt AUlhonty (COA) and Khulna Deyelopment Authonly (KDA) These lhree areas together accounted for about 47 percent of the tOlal urban population of the proyince as in 1% L Besides llns, In order to rehabllilale the refugees and to proVIde housing for the public C'mvemmcntof East Pal.;stan created the Housing Wing m 1958, Wlderthe Works Department The function of the Housing Wing ",•.as to meet lhe demand of housing for the refugees and the public that induded II preparation of plans [or housing estates \\iuch ware or less extension of existing urban areas for the construction of low CO,! houses for the refugees and makmg prO\lSlon of plots for the public. While doing so the physical planners realised that comprehensi,e pl to prevent [he hapha=d growth that was likely to occur due 0 the Inlpacl of development acta'ill", In consideratlon of this conviction TO\m and COlUllJ) Planning Scheme I,as preparoo by the Housing Wing oflhe Govemmell! ,,11h [he objects: (1) To prepare plans for the Municipal areas and other IOwns suggestion rhe future land needs and mdicating the locatIOn of public facilities, uUlll,es and institutions required. (1j) To conduct stlldlC5relating to regional planning for the pro,'moe dealing \\ilh the prQbl1.'lTlSdirectly ansing from increasmg industrialisation and concmtration of population. (iiI) To train personnel m the field of physical planrung from \"arious disClplmes, >uch as, CIvil Enginoorin~ Arch,tecture, Geographj. Econorrues, Sociology and Law to meet the requirements of planners. According to the objectives of the scheme Master Plans for a few d,stncl Headquarters were prepared The Housing Wing took up two more schemes, namely: (i) Slln~', Investigation and plannmg of rural housing (ii) PreparatlOn of legislation for to"n and country planner The first one was meanl for Yillage plannmg and development. It amsaged: 0) To enable the ,'illagen to live in good houses at moderate cosls ".ith appropnate sanitary facilities, spaces for dQmestic anmJals etc. 12 (iiJ To educale rural poople on beller living conditions through the demonstration of econon-uc houses bUll! mainly of local materials, improycment of indlgerrOllsmethod of waler supply and sanitation, and, proper Slling of ci,-ic amenities lJke chspt'lsal)', school, CQmmunitycentre, elC. and (iii) To enable the y,lIagers to jjye in a happy and heaUh} e'l\'lronment and to sol\-e their problem; through sel[-heIp 2.3 Establishmellt of Urban Development Director"ate (UDD) With the view of urgency for creatlOn of e separate Ph\S;cal Planning Organisation. the GQyemment of East Pakistan created a neo.\ organisation, called Urban Dc\'elopmcnl DIrectorate (UOD) within the Works Pm\er and Irrigation Department in July 1965, and transferred allrhe incumbents \\orking in the Tcmn and COllnlry Planning and Survey. Im'estigatJOnand Planning of Rural Housing scherres of the Housing Wmg to (his newly creHtoo Dire;;tomte. The obJecti,.es of UrbIDl D",-elopmentDlfectorute were, (i) To ,dvise the Gmemrnffit on mailers of policy relation to urbamsation tand use. and land deHllopmenl (il) To prepare and coordlllllteregionul plans. masler plans, detailed IH)oul and site plans for the existing as well as the new urban centres e:-:c1udinglhe areas covered by the present tOI\TIde\elopment aulhornies of Dhaka. ChlUagong and Khulna: (iii) To undertake socio-economic research and COl1ecll(IDof data for determination of the location and pattern of future urban dcYeloprnent (IY) To prepare programme for urban deyelopmenl regarding selectlOn of sites, acquisition of land, reclamation of land 13 (I) To ,ceure appro,-al of programrrcs and plans and obtain necessaI) funds from the Government of any other agenc" approved by the GOl'ernment (Yl) To mh'ise the e:>.:,stmgurban del-e1oprnenl authoriues On Ihen operations at their request. On the other hand !he U1\ Special Fund Assistance 10 [)rban Development Directorate 15a,rubble for a penod of four and half}ellrs The Spa:ial FlUId P',!iect comprISes: (i) Research to provide the baSISfor polic} decisions about lhe location of major industnes, urban complexes and sites to be resened, acquired and d"".elopcd (n) Studies on the a\ailability of sUllable land for the localities thllS selected, the cost of sile formation and the relation of the new urban centres to transport facililles This study '\111take into aCCOillll the problems of flood controL (iil) Preparation of plans based of field suney and framing and impiemenlallOn of reromtllEfldallOnsconccrning land acquisillOn and design Tills slage may ll1yolve the study of site formall[)n by poldenng or reclamation by urban canal system The f,mcllon and scope of \\'ork of this Directorate has brol enlarged m-er what "as stIpulated in 'TO\\TI and Country Plarming Scheme" b, ffilrusting tlm Directorale also with lhe responsibility of co-ordinating all the ph~sical development acti"lies of the province, Having fell the nccesSl1yof a high po\\ered conuruttee lo coordinate all the physical development activities in lhe province the government formad the Urban Development Council headed by lhe Additional Chief SecretaI) (Development)of the Province. Ponder Due to lack of qualified professional and tecJtnjcal per"onnei the full str~gth of the Directorate could not be achle;-ed. Yet l'vithinthe lllTIl1edresomccsof men and materials this Directorate has staged an exhibition Ullderthe adnce of the first Project Manager proyidod bv the UNSF. on the basis of the facts and mformation collected from yarious sources the Directorate worked Onthe following programmes. (i) Collection of basic informatlOnand maps for establishing a Data Bank, Oi) Conduction research to formulate a strategy for the preparat;on of an overall physical de,-elopnll;>1tplanfor the prOlmce, (Hi) Preparation of Master Plans [or the e:>..lstingandpotential urban areas and industrial comple:>..esinthe province, (iy) PreparatIOn of mterim plans of the ffiUlllclpalareas pending finalJsation of Master Plans to enable MUlllCipaJCommittees to control developments \uuler the Bl.lildingConstruction Act. 1952 and subsequent amendments thereof (\) Preparation of a ComprehenSIveTO\ln and Country Panning Act for the prol'lllce 2,4 Master Plans at Metr"Opolitall Level 2.4.1 The Dhaka experience In modcrn urnes we can trace thc concern [or an orderly and planned gra'lth o[ Dhaku back to the late 1950's. Ilh", thc caPItal 'las but just one-s;;...thofits pres,nt si7c. Here is a renew on the planning eo Al lhe timc of plan preparation, the popuJauon of lhe former DlT area was a fraction OVCT one nnllion (1,015.000 person). The plarmers' bnef was to prepare a 10- year plan for a Dhaka, which Ivas capItal of then Easl Pakistan, a modesl si7.eClty I\ith \\hat appeared to be a modest potenllal for gro,,1h. The planners assumed a 40% population incrense o,'er lhe 20-ycar plan period, \\1th a 197~ targct figure of I 47 million In the Master Plan of 1959 planners looked to opllmismg higher flood free land for future e"pansion Because of the established paltem of tloodmg, !hen as no\\'_ this dIrected thelr attentions northward, New expunSlOnfocused on three locations north of the then urbanised area; Mirpur, GulshaniBanam and TongilUtlara. In the south. more tl'.Jde.st e.'\panslOn onto higher land was indlcated cast and "",t of Narae-anganj, The three northern areas together were projected to accommodatc 80 percent oftlle housing demand emanallng from the estimaled population increase In detall, the 1959 plan contained much mQrc than is brielly described abO\e !':onelhclc:sslts salimI features may be summarisedas follO\\s: • E:I,pansionwas to be mamly northward into /lood-free land • Expansion was 10 lake thc form of relutiwJy self-contamoo nC\\' satelilte lmms, • Aims imphcil m thc satellite to\\n approach included reducing presslites on the exlsting urban aren, and [0 some a"tent lowering pre\'mlmg 'hlgh' densnies • Expansl[)n area developmenl was assurned 10 be \\ithin the domain of thc public sector and 10 be supported b) "gellerous frnaflcial assistance" from government. -- 16 Tile 1981 Strategic PIa" After the independence m 1971 the importance of Dhaka changed In a Dash. Th,S situation made the recommendations for the preparation of a ne" long-term urban de,.-elopmcn!strategy for [he <;apitalin 1976. The planners \\ho sella "ork on this task in mid-1979 were doing so at the twenty-year conclUSIonofthe 1959 Plan In spatial terms the 1959 planners 'would easil\' have recognised (heir 'planned" eil}, despite the faCl that e..panS10Ilto the north had nol qUlte reached the limits the had dra\\n, The big differooce was that the area th"} had planned for one and a half million people nQ\\contained nearly lhr"" times that number As \\ith the earlier plan the 1979 planners "',fe asked 10 look r"enty years ahead. unlike [he earlier planners, howeYeI, they "ere preparmg an urban d6lelopment strategy for metropolitan Dhaka whICh"as to be the first step in ane". and more comprehensi"e system of plannmg Aftcr considering a 'log-list' of grO\\th oplions, essentially for the posl- 1~~O period, Dacca Metropolitan Area Integrated Urban Dmelopment Project (DMi\lUDP)-FINAL REPORT, 1981. reduced the final selection to three altematives 111ese"ere A ComprehensiveFlood protection B Peripheral Gro"lh C. Northern E.~panslOn Altemarive B ",as dismissed largely on the grounds that, with flooding conslraints, it would hm e insufficient capacity to absorb the projected population grO"1h, Jt IS ",orlh noting, however, lhal in the normal course of events this 'uncatered' for gro',1h would be absorbed ,ia increased dellsif'cation of the existing urban arro, This was, ho",e,'er, cormtcr to one of D\1AIUDP's major aims, ,~hich was 10 establish a strategy. of dISpersal, hence this alternative's dismissal The final 17 choice was between A and C, alternate ways of overcoming flood risk. the former by implementation of a comprehensive flood protection strategy, the latter by directing expansion onto flood-free land to the north. Dhaka Structure Plan The Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) under the Ministry of Housing and Public Works had taken initiative to prepare Structure Plan for the Capital. This effort was supported by International and National Consultants provided under subcontract by UNCHS. The overall objectives of the project were, The preparation of integrated Development plans and priority sectoral plans; The installation of sustainable capabilities in RAWK fur preparation and implementation of metropolitan plans with their associated management, promotional and regulatory support functions, The upgrading of capacities of RAJUK and related national training, research and advi~e institution;, The projecl's planning component was presented as a package of plan outputs which collectively address Dhaka's urban planning issues at three geographic levels, SLlb-regional, urban and sub-urban. The Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (Dl\.1DP) was comprised of three components. (Refer to Map 2,2) Structure Plan for 20 years (t 995-2015) Urban Area Plan for to years (1995-2005) and Detailed Area Plan for 3 to 5 years (1995-1998/2000) The new form of plan package was prepared with a view to replace the land use Master Plan of 1959 and development control of 590 sq mile were considered under the project. .t• A. L•LI I'll'::1~1 ~ v I U1ltl1lt T " . I!'. , Pii111h, . , • • r-~'[M~'0B' 1• • \jtllilli" I 't :0: l-I"l!~,' !' ,! 'C• N 1£:~01:::~;~ N ..'.. . , , . "Ii' !! I I{ • '" HI!I'I-llr'! ~ .U ?: II en ;J ..,'"t"l '" ~ t'" l>"' Z • .•I \0'"- '"N 0:> '"- <"/,, 18 RAJUK is still considering 1959 Master Plan proposal for the de\'eJ0pIT1el11 control of the capital cily_ The other problem is that the authoril} refers buck to the 1959 plan "hertever there is a problem \\'llh the new plan This creates a 101of confusion alld contradJcllon during lmptemcrllation and de\'eIopmcnt 2.4.1 Chitlagong Experience The second largest city of the country had its first Master Plan In I9IiI, This Plan 'IllS prepared soon after the establishment of Chittagong Development Aulhori!) (COAl. The 1%1 Master Plan "ns basically broad land usc to control the development of the elly. Chillagong Metropolitan Master Plan (CMMP) replaced (he 1961 Master Plan In 1995 This \Ias a pan of n UNDP l'inancJa! ledll1'cal Assistance project (8GD/88/055) "hose aim was to strengthen [he abllity of Bangladesh Gm l (0 plan and managc the developmenl of 1ls cities A comprehensiYc set of plans \lTIS prepared for MelIOp[)lilan Chiltngong. The set of plans consists of a Melropohtan Mastcr Plan and a scries of local area or Delailed Plans, Cluuagong Metropolitan MaSlet Plan comprises hm e1en:teJlls(Refer 10 Map 2,3) • A Slructure Plan (1995-2015) for Mctropolnan Clutlagong, The purpo,e IS 10 provide 0\ erall slrategy for Urban Development "lelroPQlitan Chitwgong • Urban DevcJoprneIll Plan (1995-2005) for the e~isting urban area of Chinagong and its lmmediale ~urroundings The plan is to guide lhe area "here urban dc\'e1opmenl aclmly is to be concentrated. Map 2.3 CHAITTAGONJ STRUCTURE PLAN •• JIo.., I-i GJ !• Ed.I••• ",.-_ I-I "'- II ••• l.,d., Ih---I •••••••••s •• t..:oh w- ••••l.I E.;"••• ..,_ A_ Inl ••••••l.o<~.•••• f•• I'uIpIonJ E,•••• _ Ow•••••""'"","-,'e-.•. C., o 0 , I " ••••.••••TOlDUr< •••• Of' " .CItlC1Jl.n. •••••LO. ,,-.... L1'llI 1,1"" , ~; e-m ..., _Iq """~C ••~ol ~ A1f<><_ ;",-. • , ' • _. ~'-. " ,------~.- - KHULNA MASTER PLAN, 1961 fD-" ••• • ,.....•• "". T•• ".~ •• ••••t••••••• _or ~ .--_, ...- ••..... U,," " •• ~ _ - , "000 ••• ,,< t••• a.", - •• ,," •••• "" ' •• <- •• - = ••.•• " ••• C ~ l " ••••••'"C. [Dj .""""'"''' . ~ 8 .....-"," -, g@] " .~"".••- -Il'd " ""'" The third largesl metropolitan cil} of the COillltl)expcrienced its first Master Plan in 1961.Here IS an oven'ie" on physical plannmg of the Cil} of Khulna of last four decades. t9611\1aster Plan In the backdrop, mcreasing urbanization, it was felt by the decision mal..ers in the late fifties that, Khulna city should be developed in an organl7ed lTlllnnerthrough proper planmng. The outcome "as the inception of KDA and subsequent fomlulation of Khulnn City ;V\asterPlan m ]961, (Refer to Map 2,4) The plan proposals "ere prepared in a maero frarlliMork emphasizing on the ph}sica! setting of the plan area The plan lacked in broad detailed and stud,. analysis, Most of (he proposals "ere set in the form of Olil-line instead or programmes and projects The proposals were made in the rour set> or plans, I~nd use de,'elopmcnL baslC Ulfraslruc(\lre and lmplementallon plan. HO\,,,,'er, the Master Plan, "hich was fam.,] for a period of 20 ) ears. losl its vahdl1ym 1981 In 1981. an attempl \\1ISmadc to levise the old Masler Plan. prepared in 1961 Senral studIes were condllcted m order to make sueh revisions. Ho"e,er. due 10 wlknO\\l1reasons the process of rension could not be cornpletoo The proc,,"s was regenerated again ailer one and a half decade and the errort was taken 1ll 1995 to prepare Structure Plan, Mastcr Plan and Detailed Area Plan for the cit:-:ofKhulna The new Plan, which was appro",>:;!bythe GlyemlTl(J1tin 2002. was prepared for Mare a) A StrategicPI"" for" periodor20 }'••rs. b) AStructurePlanfor a periodof 10 yctlrs. c) MaslerPlan d) Detailed Ar.a Plan for somc selected pan of the city. .- 20 2.4.4 Rajshahi Experience The [ou.111Metropolitan Cil\ of the COWlll) \\11sdedared as Metropohtan cily In 1984. The Cltv had its first Masler Plan back in 1968, The Urban Developmel11 Dm,clorate (UOD). of the Go\emmClll of East Pakistan. prepared the plan. This was basically a land use Master Plan mdicating broad category of land use The 1908 Master Plan for lhe ell, of Rajshahi did nOl had much scope 10 be impl=ted The j 968 Master Plan was replaced by lhe Master Plan prepared bY RDA m association with lJDD-UNDP in 1984. 11m. I\as also a land use lype Master Plan "ith indIcation of Road ]\'etwork and gross land usc category. The Master Plan "as completed under the supenislOn of Rajshahi De,elopment Authority. The lime period orlhe Master Plan ended in 21100. RDA took miliatire to prepare a new Master Plan for the city of RaJshahi in 2001, The new Masler Plan of tile cily is a package of Struclure Plan, Master Plan and Delalled Area Plan, The MaSler Plan lS expecled to be completed by 20t)4 The Plan mil cover an area of 322 sq km, 2.5 Planning fo" Housing E.,tat~s in Different Distl"irts During ',he PakiSlan Period in 1958, the Go"emmell! of East Pakistan took a comprehensive program for de\'elopmenl of urban land and con,lruC\ion of public hou,ing (inciliding refugee hO\lSing) In vanollS urban areas of the pro\'ince 1llese programs were mainly to rchabilllale lhe large .number of chsplaced families These schemes were eIwisuged the collStruchon of nucleliS hOllies and de\ c10pmenl of pIOls for the refugees \'v;th the prO\'l5lon of ancillary faCllllles and civic amenilles reqUlred for the prospecti\c d\vellers. These sehemes further emlsaged to develop some pIols for dlSlribution "rnong the local puhlic of Vru:lOuSIncome groups to achieve social , 21 integration of the displaced persons with the local iflhabilanls. For lhi; purpose gOHmmenl decided to establish ne" resIdential Neighb Here is a list of the Major HQusing Estates established at thai period ill d,fferent areas ofBanglndesh. (Refer to Appendb. A [or Maps) (i) Moharnm:tdpur Neighborhood, Dhaka. (il) Mi'1'ur Section No 10. Mlrpur, Dhaka (lil) Mirpur SectIOn ,,'0. J 0, Mirpur, Dhaka. (iv) J\11rpur Section No, 10, Mirpm. Dhaka. (v) Mirpur Secllon No HI, Mirpur. Dhaka, ("i) Lulmalla Housing Estate, Dhaka. (vii) Firoz Shah Colony, Chittagong (n;l) HalishaharNeighborhood.Chiltagong, (I>':) Khalishpur Housing and Industrial area, Khulna. ("J Dmajpur Housing Estate ('l.i) M}lnen,lJlgHousingEstate, (,ii) Chandpur Housing Estate, Chadpur ('I.\ii) Camilla Hou;mg Estate, ComiIJa. (.,'" ) Kushlia Housing hlale, Khshtia. (~1") Saldpur Housing Estate (,,' i) Parbotipm Housing Estate (x,ii) RajshahJ Housmg Estale, Rajshalti 22 2.61'hy,ica! Planning at Di!/riet Level After the formulation of Urban De,-elop=[ Directorate (OOD), the gm-ernment had taken initiative to prepare Master Plans for a munber of DlSlric[ To\\us, But in most of the cas~, the plan proposals "ere made "ithoul proper SUfI'C) and investigation The dIstricts for "TIlch Master Plans \\ere prepared arc induding Jalokhnti. Chapai Na"abganj, Barguna, Kuslltia, Camilla, Patuakhali, Chandpur and RaJshalu (Refer to Appendix B for Maps) 2.7 Physical Planning at Upazilla Level. Wilh II \leW to dccentralJze the form of development, gO\emn.,n! had imtiatcd II nel\' concept of reglOnaJisatiol1 in the form of Upa7illa in the earl." 80s Urban De\'elopmel11 Directorate (UDD) had taken initialil'e for preparation of Master Plan of these upazillas The Upa7JlIaMaster Plans "ere land use type Master Plan and Upa~illa Administration was responslble [or execution o[ the plan proposals Chapter 3 URBAN PATTERN OF mE CITY OF RAJSHAHl " 23 Chapter 3: URBAN PAlTERN OF THE CITY OF RAJSHAHI 3.0 General Statement Rajshahi originated on the bank of the River Padma which still exist as the older part of the city. Almost every cily originates from the centre orits economic activities, particularly, commercial and industrial activities. Rajshahi is no exception The aU season navigable Padma River once served as the lifeblood of Rajshahi City There were trading through the port facilities on the Padma, commercial activities cropped up around the port and gradually expanded outward ",ith the pace of groMh of population and economic activities. Rampur-Boalia was the main focus of activities. However, mainly or sluggish growth of the economy, the rate of urbanization was always slow in Rajshahi Loss of navigability of the Padma is identified as the most important reason for economic d01Nl1fall of the city. 3.1 Location of the City Situated of the left bank of the Padma at the apex of the Bengal Delta (24"22 N latitude and 88'33 'E longitude), Rajshahi originated as a commercial ceOlre, particularly lor silk amI in(llgo trade, and became prominent after the advent of the Europeans The city is bounded with Naogao Zilla on the North, Nawabgaoj 00 the West and Natore Zilla on the east (Refer to Map 3 1) 3.2 Physical Characteristics ofRajshahi Region 3.2.1 Geology and Soil The study area forms a small part of the much larger Ganges and Jamuna River Basin (part of the Bengal basin oftectoruc origin) which is primarily a large flat alluvial basins made up of quaternary sedimenls having varied thickness ranging from LOCATION OF RAJSHAHI , • '''''.. , , , , ., "" .. , ", , o f • • ,. • " -.- , • 24 a few hundred meters along the northern limit of the of the basin to 18 km a( the deepest )lorn! in the south of the counlry, The physical characteristICSof (he basin under consideralion are complex in that they have been the sites of sedimentar" depositIOn by two of the ",'Orld"s trughly rivers to the bnudmg and meandering streams of the Pleistocene surface (made up of cohesive material such as clay) bCl\\CCnthe Ganges and the Brahmaputra ri"ers show numerous cut-off and o.l:-bo" lakes mdlCaling that the aJluyjal deposits (mamly nne sand wlth sllt) are less consohdated The soil characterisllcs of [he area can be descnhed as the geological sliccession consisting of a series of interbedded sill/clay and sand" layers Il IS obserl'ed from the geologICal cross section that interbedded la)ers of yell' loose to loose and loose to medlUm densc non-plastic [me sandy silt and silty fine sand cxist in tile area Interbedded layers of rery loose to loose and ,-cr)' soft.to-soft Silt or [me sand mi.••.edwith trace to Intle Sill and traces of mica mal' be obsen~d Int~rbedd~d lal'ers of medlUm dense silt and nne sand and haYing granular composltwn and plasticll~ characteristics similar to the upper silt and fine sand lavers then underlie these laye". 3.1.1 General Topogrupfly TIle bank of tile Padma ri\'el from Gopalpur to Cilarghat (about 20 Km) is at ele\3ted place. From the court point to Sahapur, is furthcr ele\'ated and protected b~ R.'iJshahicll~ flood protection embankment; lhe general ground ele,atlon IIIthis area vanes from 17 m to 18m PWD; but the embankment efe.<:theight is around 21m PWD. The natural ground slope is from southwest 10 northea,l (from the Padma merbank) in the western side of the city; bul south"'est to nortllcast direction (due to 25 tne influence of the 13aral ri\'er basin) at the eastern side, at Charghat area: at the north, the liver 13aranaiis flowing [10m \Yes!to em,l and the nalural slope ISfrom west to east along the mer course. bl11(he natural ground slope to the right bank ofBaranai und further south, is from north to south, Study area );mdform has taken place by sedimentation rrocess of the Padma and Baranai mer>. Thus some of the areas in between these mer" the land IS10\\ and/or there exists the beels I1ke Durai. Tlkurc. fohar and Silindar etc,; khals or small spill channels or feeder channels off taking from or out faIllJl£ into these meIS. The"e are namelv Durai KhaL Keshobpur KhaJ. Tikure Khal, Salbm;a Khal Kala Khali Khal, Barajal Khat and HOJll Khal elC. 3.2.3 Climate Rajshahi has a sub-lroplcal monsoon climate. TemperatW"e is 10\\ in Janua') and varies between 8 8~Cto 259°C. From February temperature is found increase up 10 June and thereafter declines slightly el'ery monlb from July to August. From September. lemperalure dedmes rapldl" up to JanUalY. The people of RaJshahi generally feel the hot-\\'a,e dlU1I1gApdlto Maj, In 19')5. the temperature rose up to 43.3"C ill May. the highest 111seven years record and fell at record le'el 4,7"C in January in the same year. The mean relatl,e humic!ily IS f()und to In" in March (60,2%) and it IS high 111 August-September (88 4%) A high "inc! "peed is obseryed durmg Apnlto June, moSI of the norlhwester occurs during tbis period, Average 7 years monthly ramfall dala sho,\'s that me::n annual rainfall IS 1624.07 nun, whieh IS lo\\'er than tbe national mean 2320 nun, About 77 percent ramfall oecurs during June-September and rest 23 percent in other 8 months. Ramfall is very 10\, in December (3.14mm) and it is high in July and September whIch are 355.61 nun and 358.43 mm respectively, 3.3 Historical Background orthe City ldemified as a Stat,sllcal Metropolitan Area (SMA) along mth Dhaka Chittagong. and Klmlna (1~81 Census), RajShahlranks fourth in the hlerarchy ofthc urban centres o[ Bangladesh, It is the Administrall\e Headquarters as \\ill as thc lead1Jlgurban centre of the Rajshahi Division, besides being the scat of a universlty and numerous other ll1stitutions Ob\iow;ly, the city has a \'ltal role in the economic de\'elopmcnt of the DiVISIOn,"hlch represenls ncarly a quarter of the area a~ \\ell as population of the cowltry. TIle place also enjoyed an advantage in respecl of its site and situation, being localed of the bank of a large na,igable Tl\er and in the heart of an agriculhlralty rich regIOn producmg a number of prolitabJe merchandises The shll\mg of the District Headquartcrs from Nalore IQJbyshahl in 1825 gayc a new impelu; to the grO\\1h ofthc tolln. WhlChalsosened as the bcadq\lartcrs oflhe diYisionaladminislralion [or a short period from 1875-88 Follo\\mg is a scquential list of Major E, ents in the history of Rajshahi that pla.l'edImPOrlanlrole m shapmg lhe stahls and growlh oflhe cil\' Table 3,1 Major Evcnls in the Hlstory of Rajshah, Y""r Ewn!! y<,,, £' W25 DL5lncl H 1825 htabl"hment of laHkb,na 1947 Trarder of D"'"io"ol treo,lq""'t«> trum !"lp",gLITi 1" R"J'iM:n 1825 I\tT;.-,,1 L1fLnminu"" 195, Estoblhlunem of til. Raj >lndJi urn, m,l) 1~2~ bl,,,h>!llncnl uf the C"lkgLalc School 1958 hwbli,hmC'nt d ", RaJ,hahi Med,,,,,1 College liH9 Curumucl",n " lbe nesl pucea OC E,labh,hmcnl 0' Sccmd'J) and pen","em building ;n R'ish.tn H'gher Seoondmy EdnC[ltjOll'" tJoord J 855 Consln __d,oll " th" '10'-'1\ .Protection t9G2 E,tIlbli,hmenl of RadLo Smllon Lmhonkmonl m Raj>haln CM; E.lablL,lun"nl of l"'lJ,hahi S"dor limp;t"l C%' E,labh,hmcnl of Dm,wnal SlauIlUll 27 You Ennt. Yo,c Elent> IRG8 E,,,hl,,hmen! of fir.,tG"I,' &bool ,~ ScUmg Hp of j eiophol)e lC,chong. IHi E,",hli 1876 ESlabll,hmcnl c, fulJ,baln 19H, Upgradat10n Municipalil." mlo Mumoil",ljl." '" MUlllClpal Cmpor'"ffil" 191J E>",bl"hrnc'Illof the liel! pm.le M=uITI in Jl"j,,,,,hi The 1947 pamlion brought abo"l changes in the boundar,: of Bengal Districts and necessItateI' Migration of people. The 1951 census showed a sharp decrease; this was possibly owing to migratlOn of a large number of Hindus from RaJshahl 10 neighborlllg We,l Bengal districts, Since then there had been u st~ud~-mcreasc In populallon 'J here "ere reasons for this. • After pam/ion. the di,'jslOna!headquarter was established in tills town and a lot of base employment fac1l11iesweremade available to people Many reglOna!and district offices were setup Educational inltilutions hke lhe Medical College. the Engllleering College and the tini,-ersit)' "ere established. • People from rural areas began to migrate to (he town in search ofbeller jobs Acco,ding to the 1961 c~mus, 12% of the people of Rajshahi tmm "-ere immigrants from the dlfIerent parIs of Bangladesh and 17% came from the lndi'lll ,\l,lnct, adjacent to Rajshahl Il was lh,S ]7% that COnSlllllledlhe ITh1Jontyof the upper. the upper-middle and [he professional classes of Ral,hahi town today, The, formed the modemued ariSlocrac). ,ufficiently numerous 10 meel lhe \ill'QU5 need, of municipal go"emment and of lender,mp m lhis part of Bangladesh (Akanda, 1983). 3.4 Physical Growth of the City A number of factors impeded the physical gro\\1h and development of the town (Refer to Map 3.2) the past. The bach,ash effects of the gro,\1h of Kolkata a~ a colonial pnmate CIty inlubited the de,'elopment of Rajshahi, as it did with the other urban centres of the region. The dechne of the silk and indigo trade and the decay of the mer channel also dealt a serlQU,blow to the economy o[the town Again. aJthough the opening of the rmlwav. in Ihe eurl>. 1930s prO\lded a fillup to the derelopment of the to\\11,Its alignment clQse~'touching the northern margin of the built-up are", and paralleling lhe ri,'er, constricted the normal gro\I th of the town. Sand"lched bel\\een the railway and the ri\er, the town could only gro" in a nbbon rrom along the jeyee "ith almost a single thoroughfare, YU..the Nalore Road, The Imear gro\\'1h of thc city has indeed gi, en n,e 10 a d, ,functional shape affecting the whole urban s,slem, parllcularly lts land use and circulation pattern. It may be noted hare lhal a break lhrough in the north,,'ard e~panslOn of Ihe cll)' across Ihe fallwa, line has be"" Imde recently, but this has funher thrown the failwa\' ill to relief as a scnous rundrimce10interurban clfculallon Gm ernmcntal dcrelopmenl took place mosll\' on lhe we.,lem side in the directIOn of lhe administrativc qoarters A new force for growth 111the opposite dlfect;on ",,-, also created as a result of the estabh,hmenls of lhe Unl\'ersil) and thc [lCSIR Laboratory on the easlern fringe of the city and I\\'o largc"seaJe ind\lStries farther east, Thcse developments ha, e, of course, further accentuated the linear c"ten! of the CIty, "hich high lights the predominant lllllllCl1ceof the l\alore Road a, Ihe main urban artel)- (Refer 10Map 3.3), ;;- 8 f- ~ -U -::: -( ::: '" ~ 0•• Z S ::f- ::: i f- i~._-' g ~ a: ~ 00~ ~-C'!" ~~• 1:2: , I ,I • • ,~r" •• • I ] 29 3.5 Gene'"al Administration of Rajshahi. In anci~'lt tune RaJshruu District was a pall of Pundrahardhan Dunng 4"' centur" B C. Pundrabardhan "as lUlder [he rule ofChandragupta Mayur. From 750 10 115U A 0 it was under (he Palas d}lla<;ty, which \,as [he most glorious penod of its past. Then the Senas look mer and ruled from lZ1hcenlUI}' AD. to 1201 AD. Dl1llng medIeval penod (1204-1575) Rajshahl was ruled by the Mushms, which slarled by [he Mohammad Bakhtiyar Khl~j'S conquest of this reglOnin ]2()~ AD. Mughal. rule began in 1574 and contmued up to 1756. Bnjrsh look o'er the region aller the rail of SlTaJudhowla in the Palass€} Battle ill 1757. The British ruled RUJShahlas a part of Bengal for about 200 years, During British rule and subsequent period RaJshahl """' shaped by changing socio-econorruc-pol1l1cilchanges that tool.:place in thIs regIOn 3,5.1 The Mugltal Perit,,1 During the govemor,lup (Subadar) of Murshid Qul1Khan, he In h,s financial settlement di\lded the entire land of Bengal Ulto 13 chaklasl. Rajshahi was one of the 13 ehaklas, The ehakla Rajshillllthat included the present dIstrict of Rajshahi was a re\enue unit under the adminislration of Murshid QlIlJKhan. Al that time the ehalla Rl\IShahi\\as govened by a 7amlndar named Udai I"arayan. j.11S~anllndlli) extended On both "des (I"onh llild South) of the river Padma TIle people of the districts of Murshidabad. Birbhum, Santal Parglltlha. Rajshahi, llog1a, Pabna. Maldah and some people of Dinajpur and Rangpur d"tncls \\'ere his drrect tenants and paid the land revenue to him HIS\\,hole zumindar was !.:nO\lillasR 3.5.2 /iritish Perioil After the Battle ofPlassey in 1757, the East Indla Company b~c=e the legal allthority of the territory and Mth this the Mughal system of adtnirustrallOn in Bengal 30 changed radically. In 1765 the Dewan; of Bengal (including Bihar and Onssa) "as a«umed by the east India Company in relum for an amount of 26 lalJls 10 emperor Shcll Alam n, When the East Indm Campart} estabhshed their rule. the d"tncl of Rajshahi was included hkely in the zamindari ofRajshahl In 1783, during the lime the zamindan of R'Iishahi formed the pri,ale eslate belonging (0 Natore Raja, who alone "as responsible for lhe p1l}ment of revenue to the company. Up to the lune of permanent settlement m 1793, Raj,hahi famled the largest and one of the most Important administrative subdi, lsion of Bengal. Unlil 1825 the headquarters of Ralshahi d'slr;c! was at Natore The chIef defects orthe 10\\11were the absence of pure "aler supply and the eiliden! s:-slern "f dramage. In short at Ihal penad Natore was proved lO be a \"e') unhygienic place. This is why the headquarters was shifted to Rampur Boalla. a ~tat;on to\\11 of Rajshahl District ill 1824. The aClual location of the headquarlers was at Srccrampur near Hoal;a !lut in 1850. due to the heavy rainfall all the office, "ere taken a\lay by the ri\"CrPadma. J.5.J Prel'enr A rlm/llistration The greatcr district Ralshahl "as bounded on thc north b)' \\est DmaJpur. on thc "'cst by the dlstnct Maldah and Murshidabad. On the e Pamhads and 6,1 n villagcs, The administration of the dl!lricl is headed by a Deputy ComnnSSloner and he IS l The Chakta "as a Revenue Unil 31 (Revenue), AD C (PrOJect)and AD,C (Literacy). Besides 5 A D Cs there are J3 magistrates. 6 with first class power, 3 wnh second class power and 4 with third class power, 3.6 The History ofRaj,hahi !Jnivcn;it), R'lishahi, with a rich rus(orica! heritage, had l>ecn famous as a centre of culture and lcamitlg Dilling the earl} Bntlsh rwe, Rajshahi, though slarted as a European Commercia] OlLlpo,l, continued to flourish as an Important centre of cultural and intellectual life In prC"lndependence penod, the R.yshahi College was regarded as one oCthe best educatiotlllllll51ilu/lOns o[ns kmd in flcngal Courses up 10 the Mmler and rlachclor of Laws degree, \\ere offered at the college It "as allihaled originally to the Uni\'erslly ,,[Calcutta. after partition in 1947. 11came under lhe University of Dacca, The college emerged oul of a small English School fOlUldedill 1828, called the Boaha School J, 6: 1 E!iWhli!ihme,,1 'if tile U"il'er, The new !JniYersity was cstablishcd on 1953 bv Ihe R~ishahi Uni,-crsity Act ]953 (the East Bengal Acl xv of 1953) Its objecl "as to e,labhsh and illcorporatc a Uni,ersil" at R",isllahi for the purpose of affiliating tile Imermedwle. Islan-uc Intermed,ale and Degree Colleges of ans and Science. and ProfeSSIOnaL Techmcal and Oriental Colleges SlluUled ,,,Ihm the Rajshahi DivisIOn and also 10 promole and cnnlrol educatlOn al the ,(ages abO\e the secnnda!)' educallOn and 10 facililate the eslablishment ofpost-graduale I~achmg and research departments. 3,6:2 Growth alUi DCI'eiopllletlt of 'he Unil'ersity The Uniyersity of Rajshahi had a hwnble beginning, It started literally from a scratch. Teaching \vas formally started ill 1954-55session but nnl,- at the postgradllate level and in morning shifts at the Rajshahi Government CQllege, Courses were nffcred 32 in Bengal Economics, English, History, Philosophy, Mathematics, Education and Law. The offices of the University and the Library were housed in hired buildings of the centuries old Portuguese trading post called the Barakutlll lIud the B.B. Hindu Academy, an old school nearby. Provisions for students' accommodation was made in rented houses scattered all over the Rajshahi Town. At the same time elaborate preparations were taken to build the University campus on llIl area of 1000 acres al Ma/il1ar, about 3 miles away to the east oflhen city centre and along the Natore Road. Though basically the University wa~ modeled on II residential type, it had to affiliate colleges then functioning in the jurisdiction of the Rajshahi and Khulna Division. At the lime of establishment of the university, as many as 20 colleges wcre affiliated to it. 3.7 Communicatioin Rajshahi is well communiocaled through road, nlil lIIId air with other parts of the country. Although the the city is on the north of the mighty river padma, there is no water transport facilities to and from the city. Here is a discussion on the communication ofRajshahi with other parts of the cOlmtry discussed below. 3.7.1 Road Transport The Bus Services: Rajshahi is well cormected with other districts of Bangladesh by road. Inter-distrid buses operate along 20 routes while Intro-district bUiKlS operate each way along another 12 routes daily. In addition, 2 air-conditioned buses operate eaeh way daily between Rajshahi and Dhaka. The BlL~Tenninal: A bus tenninallocated opposite to main Railway Station is being used by all inter.-.district and intra-district buses. Around 500 buses (inter and intra district) regularly use the present bus terminal. In addition, the Dhaka bomul buses also operate from a place very near to this bus terminal. Moreover, a large number of 33 trucks operate from Rajshahi and cany thousands oftons of goods to many parts of the couotry. 3.7.2 Rail Trullspon RaJshah! Clly is reasonably well COllllected by railway with other palls of th~ country. The rmlway lme from Rohonpuf (border ,[alion in the west) to Ishwardl with a link to Chapm Nawahganj passes through the centre of Rajshahi Cily it is single line broad gauge rmlway. ~Ol I'el) well mamtained. There are 7 Railway Stations within RDA area of which Rajslmhi Railway Station is the largest and busiest. (See Append,,, C [or Pholograph) Rajshahi IS a terminal station (I e. trams origmate or terminate [here) for a number of lram ,en-ices, Trairu; operate [rom Ral,hahi and through RaJshahl along 11 routes and pro\lde 3 lypes of semces, namely lnler-City, MaillE."pres, and Local/Mi,cd llam ,ery'ces, To 3,2Imer- CT", ram scrnces ODemtrng 5R oo(es ~INl1" Name ofTmlll "j}"pc"r Serm" Route Fre ",nc\ Rcmorb , 706, P",uua hprc," !rue,"i!)' Rajsh"hl_ One lmin hocpl Bongabanclhu c'c')u") -"P SlUlUO) orid " &dmm , 733, Titwmr F,p,." lli Raj ,Iv,!ti_ ,', No hohd,,) C!til.hall , 7,I,lIJmndra Rhllhl.Swdpur Except F~"0« '" " Fnd"I.- , 716, JmlllITl" h"j""ss lli Raj,hal,,_ E,ccpl Goalunuo '" MonJa, , 71(" Kopnt.Wm lli ROJ,hlthi.Khu1na 00 heop\ , E~ TO« Thu"ua\ 726, S,tr>Jarbon RaJshahl_ ,Ie, E=1'1 I,W"''' '" ',rn '0 T,,,,,J,)' ,once" ,t,,""" ~b,t", R'J,h,lll ROIl"" ;"l , 0.11, lma,. ExPIT" lli "'U,hlLln. , ParbOlipur '0 ; 06, R.J'h.>h1 R'"J'less lli Raj,hahi_ 00 , Sir. ow. • 'I able: 3.4 Laca Mixed Train Sen ices QDerat1J1gAlong3 Rouies SINo Name of ham ;, . ofSe","" Roule F", "cru.~' Rcmmk.s , 52("L=1 ~, R.,jsll"hi bh"ard, On" "],"in . •,"'T)d.)'- lip & dO\m , 563 "ni 564, W Roho"p\~-R"j >hahi_ 00 L=I I,h"'ord, , 565,Lo<'ai RaJ,babi- Chapa, '" Na,,~hga,ti " Qui of l1rautcs, Rohonpur-l{ajshahi-Ishwardi roule is generally becommg ,mportant inter-count/) roule for carrying bolllders, lentils. rice and other import and e.,port traffic bel" een Bangladcsh and lndia 3.7.3 Water TraJispoJ1 It is only dunng lhe nuny season (wet season), that rirer I'adma can be lIsed by cOWltryboats. for carrying mostly sand from the islands (char;) for landfill and sand from ri,-cr beds for eonstrucllon. Since these are Inghl} seasonal use of Ih~ mer. no shore facilLticshme de, eloped, 3. 7..JAir Trrlll, The airport is situated On a hmd area of 162 acre~ Since the opening of the alfport in 1984, rcgular night connection ""th ])ha~a was maioraLnedThe Iermioal facility has been slighlly impl'o,ed. !l can h The runway of Rajshahl mrporl which is only 6000 fl long and is 5lLllableonly far the use of smallcr aircmfls like F-2H, At present bOlh Bangladesh Biman illld GMG lurlme, mainiain one daily Ihghl each bctween Dhaka and Rajshalll. Bangladesh 13m"", operates F-28 mrcrall, ha,-ing seatiog cupaci\} af l\5 passengers GMG operales 2-typcs ofaucralls, one having seating eapacily of3? and the other" a 511 seater 35 3.8 EconomicStatu, of Ra,ilhahi Raj,hahi is the fourth metropohlan city of rlangladesh ,md Di,-isional Headquarter of Raishahi Oi, i5ion, Durmg sj~lies, the cily e~pcrienced rapid Imear physical cl'pansion and UlcreUsein population Bul the rale of ccononuc gro\\.1h and the process of wduslnaluatiQn could not keep pace \\'llh It, Partition of IndIa in 1')47 and continuous rural-urban migration Jed to sudden population boom in Rl\JshahiC1t" and increased demand for mfra.,lrUCllIral facilities and urban amemlles TradillOnal agranan econolTI}of (he hinterland, lad of support serl'ices and capital \\ ere major conslraJlllS 10 industrial growth of R,!lshahi city. Like many olher cities in South Asia, Raishah, presents a Ca.~eof quarl-l At nallonnl leyei. northern regIOn of Bangladesh is recogruad a'; an economically bacb\ard region, For e~ample. per capita income in 19921~3of Rojshahi Di\"ision "as 18,33% less than the national memge Le\el ofporerty measured b~ the calorie inta~e standard was higher in Rajshahi though the Di\i,lOn '''IS surphlS in food production, About 56% oftb" poputation m the region wa, below the pO,erl) Ime. The DinslOn has a lower life expectancy (56 5 years). higher incidence of illileracy (72.9%) and lower co\eragc by national hcalth Improvemcnt prOglammer. Thc reasons for 10\\ llldustrial gro\\ih in Ra.Jshahiwere many Relall\'e isolalion and lllgh transport cost. problems of raw materials and pO\\,er supphes, lower scale of operation and low productlvily of capital compared to the whole of the count!)' were some ofmaior reasons, 31i 3.8.1 M~jol"Efonomic Functions of the City of Rajshahi in Local, Regional and Nation~1Context CIties m de,e;,'ping counlries like Bangladesh play a pivolal role in economic gro\\1h, employment generat10n and industrialuallon, However, economic Ii,mcllOns of a cn)" ha,"e to be compallble \\lth local (the city and the hinterland) resource endowment. The city of RaJshalu aelS as major emplojmenl centre for rural poor and destitute nugrating from its hmterlands The city pro,ides the base and faclliue.\ for industrial and manufacturing aClinties al a moderate le'el and generates \arious kinds of ,en ices m both pubhc and private sectors, It is thc modal poml for transport nelwork and Iran."h'pment acti\ ities for the adjoining regions and '\llh other paris of Ihe COUlllry Aliei partition of India, RaJ,hahi. a qUlet dIstrict t01\'11was gil en the status of dmsional headquarlers \Vllh Ihe eslablishment of a Um\'ersllj, MedIcal College and many regional offices the population of Rajshahl 10\\11had registered a sharp increase durmg the decade (I ~51-61). the increase being 42% orer lhe populallOn [)f 1951. The Ulcrease of popu!atlOn alS[) accounts for large number of opfee.\' and rIluhahirs who settled herc aftcr panltion ofIndia. The industnal ba,e of Rajshal1i is comparati"ely poor Process of mdustrmil"alion could not keep pace with the rate of Ulcreasein population. Inadequate development of infrastructural facilJt1es, shorlage of capital and its low produCt1Vl!YreglOnally acted as a brake on the devel[)pmenl of economic base of the city like lIldustry, trade and commerce 3.8.2 Impmtance of Mango in Regional Economy Rajshahi is famous for lts qualll} mangoes Mango retains its importance in regional and na1lonal econolTJ}.Mango ;s a pnnclpal cash crop in greater RajshahL BlUlgJadesh produces about two lakh tons of mangoes lJl50,aOOha. Annuall\', About one-third of the total country production of Mango IS gro\\n In greater Rajshahi, Mango produc1lon shows declinmg trends o'er recent years Main reasons for fall lJl production are declining fruit bearmg capacilies of aglllg mango trees, poor mainlenance of mango gardens. and lac~ ofm[)dem production tedmolog\'. 3.8.3 Role ofRajshahi in Regional and ~alional F,conomy Former Rajshahi Districl makes subSlanllal contribution to rcglonal and na1lonai econoffiv m agflculiure sector, Rajshahi produced 3.18% of nalional pruduclion of locall'ariety rice, 10 35% of nalional productIOnof I-IYVvarieties of rice and 9 8% of "h~al 10 Bangladesh in 1998-1999, Jl produced 715% of nallOnal produclion of pulses. 4 45% of oil ,""ds and 5,15% of potato in 1998- 99 One-lhird "f lolal mango production and 2487% of sugarcane production lJl the counlry "ere gnmn m Ralshahi zone Delail; are gi"en ill tabular form '1able 3.5 Agriculture ProductIOnsof Rajshalu m NationaJContext Mojor Crol" Area In "rod"ctio" Prod",lion Ml. I Pmductio" A, porco,,!nge Acre, i" 3.9 Rajshahi Cit}' as an Urban Cenlre RaJshalu had a rich lustorical background. In ancient and medieval times, it constituted the heanland of Bengal. Towards the end of medic"al times, \\"Ilh the transfer of capital from Dhaka to I\lurshldabad, Ra]shahi areas came in closer contact IIilh the ruling an'tocmey. The commercial pot€ntja~lies of RilJshahl allracled European compames, the Dutch, the French and the Enghsh, all of them ha\'ing business posts in Rajshahi 3.9.1 Development ofRajshahi Metropolitan Town The municipal administratlOn was introduced into Rajshahi to\\" In 1H7G, At the beginnmg. the mwuclpal committee consisted of seven members. all of them being nommaled by the gowmment. The district magIstrate. the sub-di,-i,iona! officer and the medical officer were e,-officQ members of the comrnillee. E\ enlually eleclion "as mlroduced lmtially on a limited scale. The chairman and the Vice-Chairman ,,'ere decled by the '::ommisslOners,the maJorily of them betng elecled by the municipal ta,-pa}ees The Mumcipal goremmcnt l\ias I'irtually a commiltee gO\emment: Ils adminlslratlOn lIas run through sel'eml eornrrullees conmlmg of mWllelpal eomnn;Sl[)ners, The number of RajshaJlJMuniCIpal commitlees rose to eight in the 19305, thev looked afler eight different aspects of adrrum,tration limmce. pubhc works, waterway s, I1ghl,,amlation and health, educallon, appeal and the Raja P N hosp'laL Here is a brief on the aetll'lty b} the muniCIpalityin some of the sectors. 3.9.1.1 Roadways The length of roads \lllhin the lirrulsof the tOl\1lincreased fTomnine miles in the 18708 to 69 50 in the ]')705, 0[69,50 miles, 31.91 were melal led. 9.27 herringbone soled, I I (,7 brick Jlal soled and the 16,65 were kutcha From lime 10 llme, pri\"ale roadl and by lanes "ere la1.en illlder the milllicipal management. In 1890, lhe mumcipalit) look thrcc such palhways Another three lane, "ere laken wlder the municipality in 1934, This "as how the mumc.pahty played an important role in the development of the city, Ho\\'e,'er, the mllilicipahly ,penl substantial amOlUltyearly E,r mwnlenance and repairs of roack Wilh the emergence of Rajshahi 10"" as the dl,islOnal headquarters after Ihe ereallon of PaklSlan in ]')47, the municipality recei,-ed much c!o,er go,-emment atlenllon and lts de\"elopmcnt. in consequent, was further stimulated 3.9.1.2 Electririty In 1920s. the town elne of R'\I,hahi began to feel the need of eleclriCltysuppk in [he milll!Clpaiar~"". rhe commissioners took acti\"e mterell in the subjecl in the 1930's: lh~ affiClailydecided in 1934 to replace gradually all kerosene lamps with electric ones on th~ slreels, A pm'ate firm named the Chittagong Elcctnc Suppl" Company undertook 10 SllPP!\' electric!t) 10 the town. The mllrllcipalit)'mad~ an arrangement with the eompam to the effect thm it would supp" " electneal energ)" to the "muJUcipalSlIeet I1ghts" from January 193G It was agreed thaI lhe compWlYshould erect along" ith m erhead- dlSlribulmg maim, a separate streetlight main and ,hould supply there flom clectl'lcal enerj])! to eleclnc streel lamps along municipal roads, streets, laJ1CIand oy-Ianes at specified rales '1he provisions of the Indian Electric!l" Act 1910 aJld the RaJsh~hi Eicctric License 1935 "ere to go"em thc supply of eleclnclty. 3.9.1.3 \\'atcr WOI"ks The supply of water to lown people ,HISOne of the major fimctions of the mrnllcipahty. One important advantage to Rajshrunof being a rivcrside to"11 was that its people could use ril'er "ate! [or thelt day-to-day purposes. Other sourccs of water [or the 10\\'" people were ponds, tanks and tube wells, dug and maintained by the .- 40 £amindars: (II''' of them were famQUS for their contributions - Maharam Hemallla Kumar, Dey, of Puthia lind Kumar Hemanta Kumar Rai Bahadur of Dlghapalla (See Appendi" C for Photograph) WIth the gro"th of population and the e."panslOn of the town, the need \\as felt 10 ""lend the water supply system To modemi7e the \\ater-works, the municipality entered into an arrangement with the ChiUagong Engineering Compam_ The company undertook to supply waler with electriCIty on conci,tlon that the munlclpahly would pay to the compatly a handsome amounl 3.10 UpgradatillR of the Municipality into City Corporation 3.10.1 Composilion of Raj,hahi City CO'llOl"lltioll Rajshahi City COrporallOn was established by Rajshahi C1h CorporatiOn ACi, 1987 a, an up-gradation of the I\llllliclpality or Pouralhm'a, The Cit\' Corporation is composed or 1, OneelectedMa,or. 2, Thirty elected Ward CommissIOner,. 3, Ten elected women cornrrusslOners (one for caeh three adjacent ward,) 3.10.2 Functions of the Cit} Corpo,'ation I To emure healthy environment in the CIt)'; 2. To ensure health\' conditions of both pubhc & pm'ate buildings b\' instructing ilild compeilmg the building omlCr to conform 10 the standard, 3, Milnagmg disposal of both hard & soft wastes; 4. Construction and maintenance of separate pubhc toilets- for male and female, S RegIstration ofilirth, death and marriage; Ii, Prevc~tion ofinfeetious diseases in the CIty, 41 7, Establishment. maintenance & operallon of health, molher and child care centre; 8, Establishment and mamlenance of necessary number of hospitals and dispensaries to provlde health. Ihcllilles: " Ensme supply of pure waler 10 the ell)" d\vcllers for general and pril'a!e use againsl collection of taxes; 10, Maintenance and control of public \\aler bodies, fishing grollnds. fellY ghat etc; 11, Quality control of private business in dnnkmg "mer: ]2, Ensurwf; shoppmg & markelmg facihties for commodltles in the Cll,: 13 Establlshment & mamtenance ofslaughteril1g house: \4. Establishment & !TlHlnlenanceor,elerinruy hospital and dlspensar:-: 15 PreparallOn and Implementation ofei!)' Master Plan: IG,Construction and MamlenanC€ of elly road~ for the city d\\cllcrs ensuring streetlight;ng and controlling transport ofl'ehicles: 17. EnslIfe the fire protection. city plantatlon and mamlenancc of education centres: 18 Arrangement of different kinds of e"hibition and flut. 19, Maintenance of arl gallery, museum, hbrary. cullural centers etc. 3.11 Establishment of Development Authority and Physical Planning of the City. 3.11.1 Establishment of City Dcvclopmcnt AllthOlity For formwation aJld execution of Plans and schemes for the development of RaJshahi Town and lIs adjoining areas, the go\'Cmment of the people's republic of Bangladesh establIShed an Autonomous body named Rajshahi Town Developmenl Authority in 1976, The prime dutles of the Authority include preparation of general 42 development plan, preparation of FlJncllonal Mater PIaR preparallon of de, elopmenl schemes. """cution of de,'elopmenl schemesele Here is discussion on the prune powers illld acli";lies of the Developrn"n! Authority regarding To\\'n Planning 3.11.2 Composition of the Auth01;ly The Authority shall consist of the following member" nmndy: (aj Chrurman to be appointed by the Go\'emment; (b) The Chairman or the 1{aj,hahi POllfashma ex-officio; (c) The Depul} COITlmiSSlOner, Raj,hahi, "'I.-officio, (d) One representative of tile Public Works Department, nol belo\\ the rank of Sllpcrintcnding Engineer, to be nominated hy the Ministry of Public \Vorl'< and Urban Development: (e) One representative of the Roads and Highways Department, nOl bdow the ran!.. of Supermtendmg Engineer, to be nominated by the Ministry of CommurucallOll-< (Rail"a), Roads. Highway and Road Tlansport DlnslOn). (f) One representati\'e of the Telegraph and Telephone Department. not belo\\" lhe rank. of Supermlendmg Engineer. to be nornmated b\' the MlItisll"\' of Commllillcations (Posts, Telegraph and Telephone Dl\'lslOn): (g) One representatil'e oftbe Public Health Engineerlflg. not belo" the rank of Sllpcrintendmg Englfleer, 10 be nommated by the Mims!,y of Land Admlmstration, r ocal GOI'CrmnenL Rillal De, elopmenl and Co-Operalll'e (Local GOyemrnent. Rmal De\'elopment (h) Thre~ non-official members 10 be nommaled by the Gowmm~nl 3.11.3 AClivitie, of the Authority PrejJlIrali(1Jl of Record,< 'if Tu:istiJ1g Service).', Fadlili",,', PI/blic Utilities a"d (if Important P"blic P""pertie,< (I) The Authority shall, as soon as may be aller the commencement of this Ordinance, collee! map, and other relevant records, undertake physlCal Sliney and do such other thmgs a.\ il may deem necessary for the purpose of preparation of record, of" (a) E"'sting drainage system, indicating its efficiency and deficlency; (b) Maps of all drains owned and maintained by Go\'errunent or any local authonty (c) Maps of drains over private land forming part and parcel of thc drain age system m lhe nrea to WhlChthisOrdinance extends; (d) Edllmg water supply and dlslnbution syslem, locallon and capacil\' of dlfferenl \\.al"r worh including deep tubewells, o,erhead lanks, mill waler-supplv plpelmesand lhe areas served by difierelll "aler "orks' (e) EducatIOnal instilutions, particularly pnma1) and ,"condar)' schools. indicating their locatlOll,slandard, number or pupils and the populalion of thc area served by each such m,litutlOn; (f) Existing public open spaces, plu} grounds for leenagers and olher plac", of lecrealion, mdlcating theIr localion, site and the area and populutlon served by cach such open space. play ground or place of recreallon: (g) Existing road S\Slem. lraffic load and nature of traffic on dlJferenl roads indlcallOgthe efficiencyand deficiencies oflhe Syslem,and (2) Properlles mcludmg vacant lands o\\ned by GO\ernmenl, local aulhorities, and corporations, indicating their present use Preparatio1l '1 General De",!lOPlllfllt Plan (I) "lhe Aulhont\- shall prepare in the pre,cnbed manner a general de, elopmenl plan for lhe area within its lerrilonal 11rrulsand submil the same 10 lhe Go\'emm~m for aPl)[O\'al. and the Goverrunent may appro, e the plan with 01wnhoul modlficalions (2) The general de\e1opmenl plan shall broadly indlCale- (a) Future road sy,lem. (b) Future drainage syslem; (c) Fulure waler supply syslem, (d) future distnhuli()n of educational inslltulioIlS, health service faclhties pub1Jcopen 'paces ,md places of rc<;reallon: (e) Location of fulure induslrial establishments and commercial centres, (f) Lallds llkel}'to be reqwred for development projects me execulion of \vhich rna}'commence within five years from the date of submission of the general de,.e1opmen[plan [0 the Government and (g) Such other matters as the Authority may deem fit 10mdicate m it (3) The general de"dopmcnt plan shall include such maps, charls. grarhs and other de,cnpti,c matters and reports as the Authorn, rna) consider necessarv. to full,'. e.,pialn the proposals cOlllainedin lhe plan "ith their Implications,justwcations and benefits. (4) The general de,'elQpmcnt plan shall la) down such basic plmming poJic\' as tl,e Authority may dcem appropriate for o"erall long term developmenl of thc area> to ",h'Ch lh,s Ordmance extends bul the plan need not precisel" mdlcate the land to be reqllired or acquired for any purpose, ahgnment for any road, drain or water supply line, the boundaries of an\' public open space or the sites for educational mstltullOllS,health sen-icc faClllliesand other amenities and public utihty ,ervices (5) All illture de\elopmenl schemes for any area "llhm lhe limits of the Authorily formulated by the Authorit, or olher agencies shall be in conformil, with the general development plan I'rejNlrali{}fl 'if Fll/lcliollaJ Masler Pia"," (I) The authority shall, pursuant to the general de,elopment plan_ prepare til the prescribed manner functIOnalmm;terplans relating to- (a) land use zoning and land reservation: (b) \Valet sllppl,_,e,,'erage and drainage; (,) road,_ highways and traffic circulatIon. and (d) Communily plannmg, housing, slum clearanc~ slum Improvement, (2) The Authority may, pursuant to the general de' elopmellt pl~n. call upon any local Authority or Government orgamzatloll or instl\lltion dealing "llh electric supply, railways and tele-comrnunicalions in an area to which this Ordinance ""tends 10 prepare funclional master plans ill respecl of electric supply, railways and lele-communication and therellpon the local Authority or Goverrunent organisalion or institution shall prepare 111 the prescribed manner functional master plans in respecl lhereof. (3) The Aulhonty, ,my local authoJi~' or 3Il) Goycmment organisation or instilution may be reqwred 10 prepare functIOnal master plans for the purpose of this Ordlllanee on such matters as the Gm ernment may', by 110tificationmlhe officmlGwctte, specd.}. (4) i\ll timcllonal master plans prepared under sub-secllon (1) or sub-seclion (2) shall be submitted by the Authority to the Go\emment [br approyal ,md the GOYemment may approve sllch plan, \\1th or ,,'ithout modifications, Preparatioll ,,{J)el'efol'menl Schemes (1) The Authority shall prepare ill the prescribed manner and submit to the Government for approval specific de,'e1opment schemes for an area [0 ",h'Ch this Ordinance extends or illl}part thereof on the basISof the funetlonal master plans, and all such development schemes shall contalll plans for the proposed de\ e!opments including those for housing if an" "nllen reports, specifications of "orh. estimates of cosl illid propo,ed methods of fmancmg. (2) A de,'clopmcnt seheme prepared and submllled lmder sub-seclLon(1) may' pro, ide for all Orilll) ofthG rollo\\'ing matters. namely:- (a) TIle acqUlsilioll of an) land In the area wmprised in lhe scheme. "hleh JlliI"_in the opinion of the Authorit), he requi,ed for. or be affected bj, the a"eculion orthe scheme: (b) The laying Olltor re-Ia}Jllgout oflhe land mlhe smd area: (c) such dcmolitiolL alteratlOrl or reconstrucllOll of blLlldmgs."tuawd on the lillld whJch 1l is proposed to acquire in lhe silld area as the Authority may eons,der necessary, (d) The construction of any bwldmg "hich the Authom)' mav cons,der it necessal)- 10 erecl for an)' purpose, comistcnt with the provislOllI of this Ordinilllce, other thon sale: (e) laylllg out or alteration of streels, drains. sewers. water supplY pIpe lines. bridges, cause Wd)S and culverts: (f) The le"eUmg, paving. metalling, 1lagging. channelling, swerlllg and drarning Oflhe said streets and prOVISIonthereinof water, lighting, and olher sanitary conveniences ordinarily provided in a munlcipalily, (g) The raising. lowering. or levelling of any land Ulthe area eompnsed In the scheme, (h) The formation, retention, enlargement and impro\ement of open spaces; (i) The augmentation of lhe presenl water supply or any other scheme for the lmprovement of waler sllpply; (j) The makll1g of a drainage and se\\erage scheme including outfall wor~s; (k) The acquisition and rescrvation of sItes for con,truc!ion of educatIonal institotions. health centres_ hospItals, po\\er hooscs and electric sulJ.- stalions, bus ta."iand rickshaw stand, and bwaars, and (I) An)' other matter consislenl mth lhis Ordinance wluch the Authont) rna" consider necessal'\ (3) The GO\emmenl may approve a developmcnt scheme submitted to 1lunder .'ub-section (1) \\ith or without modilieations. Formulation of and EWclion of development scheme of argenl public importance, (I) Notwithstanding Ihe prO\'lSlOnSof sectIons 10 and II, the Authority may. "ilh thc pnor appro"al of the Goyernment, formulate and e,ecuie de\'elopmcnt schcmcs of urgent public importancc c\'en before the preparalwl] of the general dc\clopmcnt plan or preparation 0f funclional master plans 3.12 Stakeholders of the City of Rajshahi Thc succcssful implementatlOn of a Plan depcnds upon efficiency of the slakeholders and the dcgree of lfl1egrationand coordination among them, Master PI~n of a Melropoiltan city ;nyolves a complc~ aif~ir hmlllg nllmerous 5iakeholders intluencing the decISionmaking proee,s of development. The FIfth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) identificd 12 major activities undcl' Physical Planning, Water Supply and Hou,mg Sector as contribution to thc lmprovement of the qua!Jtv of life-- and IlVlng---< condItions of Ihe people and their \\'orklllg enVl!O.lmenlby prol'idlllg adequale physical lIlfrastruclure and sen ices Of thesc actiyities, the following are concerned in urban areas: I, Preparation of Land use Master Plan for Urban Centres 2. Making prO\islOn of housing for go'emmenl personnel and dewloprnenl of satellite towns in urban areas 3, R(}-seltlementof slum and squatter d" eller, 4. Delivery of basic sen Ices to the slum dwellers, 5 Pro, 'S[Ollofsafe drmking water. sewerage and sanitation f..~eilitles 6. Conslructioll of Governmenl "ffice." inslilul'OllaJ and residential bul!dmgs 7. DewJopmenl of road network in metropolitan cities and rcdu,c lraffiejam ~. Combating enl'ironmental degradallOnand "aler/au pollutIOn 9 De,elopmenlofloumm to. Resear,h and Development In the field of bllllding materials and COll5trllctLon The !'i"e Year Plan however menllons thai t2 1I1lIuslriesand d"isions are implementing these acli"ilies, III reality. these actl\'llles are mostly under the Jumdlcllon of the ministries like (1) Housing and Pllhhe Worls. (2) Mimslry or Local Go'emment and Rmal De,'elopmenl, (3) Mmisl'} of Communication and (4) Ministr."of Civil A\lahon and Tounsm. The following agencies ha,'e been ldenlified as having links with Rajshahi Metropolitan Development and SenlCe Pro"isions' • 48 Table: 3.6 List of Agency 1m ohed in Dlfferenl Sedors in Rajshabi City 51,,"0, Name oflbe A enn Ma'orWorldn Area/Res lOn.,ibilitie, , Ball~\adesh Parjatan Corporotion Development of Touri ,m (BPC , 8.n 'k~csh R.il",lV' (BR) Roil Transport , Ban lade,h Rlfie, Boa,,1cr Sccmitv 4 Banglnde,h Road TrallspOrl Auillorll.' Ro"d -Trnnspon BRTA) , Banglode'h'nm;mnll & COHnge Promotion of Small and Coll'ge Ind",lrie, lndll,lrles Co orotion (BSC1C) 0 Bangl.desl~~Telegrnph and Telephone Telepllonc Comnllmic.tioll Ho.rd (1'&1 , Bmlglade,h Water De,elopment Rood Protcoliol1, (onstnKlioll ulld lll"int"","C" of Bo"d (BWDB) Town Protcctioll El1\ban~me"l. B"ril1d ,.~~"ltisectoral Development Irngation, ConstruClioll of Ro"d" Drinking waler " Authoril\' BMDA) Iv and Plantation , C.111011l11ClltBoard '" C1\'ll AVlotlOn Managcment of AIr Trnflic and HeIght Zomng '" DCl'anmCnl of For",t ~o",st " Department Pubhc Health Waler Supply and Sanilalion " Engll\ee,illg (DPHR)" U De \\1',-CO\lll11\ssto\ler DC) Geneml Ad\1\l\,islralion orthc Cih' Directorate of EducalJoJ\ EduUJ(ioll ,"olor "U Dircclorate or Health H""lth ", Tlireoloralc of lndust"es Industrial Sector n I)ircclorale of YoUilt Soclal Welfare of Ill" cil).p"ople lJi, i,ioll.1 ConmlLSStoller (DC) Dl"lswnai Admini'I"'li"" '" Hou,e Bl\ilding fiJ\aJlcc Corporation Hnu,illg Fmunce " HB,'C) Loc.l GO\enunent EnglJ\eering IIl'lallalion of J'h} ,i""l lnfra'tn\ctuTc Like Ro.d '" Departl\\ent (LGRD) N.lional Housing Amhorlly (NHA) De\clQ menl ofhon,i\l' o",a, for lite cil' d"ellers " Power ))", el" mellt flo.cd me Pro,-\de Eleclricnv SlL h \n Urbal\ Arcu, " PubllC Wor~, Dcpartme[\1 (PWD) !Je,'dopmem 00" mmntena\\co Go,'cmmen[ " InfrastnLcture like buildings " Ra'shoh, Cit\' Cor lOmtlOJ\ (RCq Municip"l Sen-iccs 25'" RaJshahi Dc, clopl1\onl Aulhoril) Plm"ung and Dewlopment Control RDA) R.'U,ltahl McdiUll College Hospital Medical education and health ,er\'lce " (RMCt-1) n Ra',hahl Metro Olll"" Police RMP) Mamlc".ll"" of L." and Order of the cily Road uLld High"'a)'S Department ConSlrucliolt of Road, '" (KHD) Ruml Electrifical!OJ\ iloard (REB) Pnl\,; l' , 3,13 Preparation o[ Mastt',' Plan [01'Rajshah; City The first ever irtitJal1\'ewas laken b} Urban Development Direelorale (UDLJ) ITothe preparatwn ofMasler Plan for lhe city of Rajshahi in 1w,g. This was basically II land use t-"pe Masler Plan. The proposals were indIcated in IImap withoul specillc proposals and inplemeIllation indication, Ralshahi LJe"e[opm~nt Authority prepared Masler Plan for the city in 1984 The In4 Master Plan of Rajshahi Cll\' was a Joint effort bv Urban De\'eJopm~nt Directorate (UDD), UNDP"lJNCHS and RDA. The plan preparal1(>n''''s aetiwly partielpated lJ:.UNCHS comuitants and the professional, fwm UDO, Though lhe plan was prepared til mid elghlies. il is un~nO"71 why the lJ1\' consultanls used the term 'Master Plan' [or Raj5hahiCity Plan Because concepl of 'Masler Plan" was alread} bemg discarded by pillillllngprofe"lOnal, lhroughoul the world. The ,lyle and manner used 10 descnb.l the plan does not also coincide wllh lhe Mast~f Pion prepmed in the 1950s an 1%0.1for olher l11ojorCItiesofllle COLilllf\ As the lime period of 1~g4 Mast~T Pion was o,'er in 2000. Rajshahl LJe\'elopmcnt A\lthonty took lIlilwli,e to prepare a nc\\, Masler Plall for lhe CIt, ']he nc\\' Masler Plan ",Ii contain a package of SlruCiure Plan, Urban Arca Plan ami Dctailed Area Plan. "jhe tolal Master Plan area is 322 'q k,m The Preparation ofthc MaSler Pl,m slarled m 20()] and is expeCied 10be completed by 2004. , ______C_h~apter4 IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF PROPOSALS j 50 Chapter 4: IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF PROPOSALS 4.0 General Statement It has already been mentioned that the first Master Plan for the City of Rajshahi "as prepared by Urban Development Directorate (UDD) in ]968. The second initiative to prepare Master Plan for the City was jointly taken by UNDP_UNCHS.lJTID_RDA in [978 and the plan was completed in 1984. In both the plans, a number of proposals were made. Over the last three decades the city has developed and some of the proposals have been implemented and some are yet to be. Th;s section will review the implementation status of the Master Pialls proposals made for the city of Rajshahi 4.1 Reviewof 1968Master Plan The 1968 Master Plan for the city of Rajshahi was an effort by Urban Development Directorate (UDD), The local experts of UDO prepared this plan, The 1968 Master Plan was termed as ,. Development Plan for the City ofRajshahi", This was basically a land use type Master Plan indicating the broad land use and future mad network of the city (Refer to Map 4.1) The plan was prepared without proper survey and invesligation. This happened because it was considered that the whole pJOcess from the heginning of gurvey to the finalization ofa Mastel' Plan with completion of all formalities would absorb a very considerable time But the physical development orthe urhan area~ had not enough time to wait tor sllch a long time. So for the guidance of the city development on a broad outline (like road and major land use) was considered and the plan was prepared in 1968 lor the city ofRajshahi. " , • .'. '. • / _'I ' . .. .., •. •, a 0 .. ,.-. t5:!!"-""" .t,H• ' •• ;: ." '"" .. -••• '..•....•.. , -<, . 0 ,.. C •. -< -'. Z- '" , '"<: ! -), , '"-'. , ., 0 '. ;:'" z '"~ ••• -, ... _. '. ---.... - • - - .•,;>'- " , ••• , , • . , .. , ...... Z -- , , ' , , ", " , •, [I I ' 1 , , !, 1 I i II ! , 'lilll!! • •, , , , ! i II I • 0 , ! I ! i !;, ! • i I'I I Ii ! !i"II' ." i I I' I , I " I I ~ • . IP' :;, I i 1 Ii,! \ "I . >I, >- I! 1\ ! I I .LI : en , "" " -• :r> •- • '"- 00'" 1 • • •, " • • - f .~ - i ~ I ! e r ~ I i , I I 51 4.2 Implementation Statm "f 1968 Master Plan Basically the 1968 Master Plan proposals had very limited :;cope to be implemented This wos because of the following reasons. (i) Change In the pohllcal situation of lhe Region (the independence oflJangladesh in 1971) (Ii) There was no caretaker of tile Plan', (iii) There were a 101of iimltations in the plan as It wa, prepar~d without proper survey and investigation Urban development Directorate had prepared the Plan but there was no lo~al office or officer to execute [he proposals_ Moreover, the plan was not handed over to any of the agency (like Municipal Corporation or PWD) to implement. "Ihis is why, the 1968 Master Plan for the City ofRajshahi was not implemented. 4.3 Reviewof 1984Master I'llm Thc 1984 Master Plan ofRajshahl City was Rjoint efiorl by Orban Development Dircctorate (UDD), UNDP-Ut\'CHS and RIM. Tbe plan preparation was activcly panicipatcd by UNCHS consultant, and the profcssional, from UDD The formalitie, for preparation "fthe plan were started in 1978 (Refer to Map 4 2). Though the plan was prepared in mid 1980s, it l~ unknown why the UN consullanls used the term 'MRster Plan" for RRjshahi City Plan. Becau~e concept of 'Master Plan' wa, already discarded by planning professLonalgthrough the world at that lime The style and manner used to describe the plan does not also coincide with the Master Plans prcpared in the 1950g and 1960~ for the other major citics oflhe country. The plan was to creatc for a population of 100,000 during the Third Five Year Plan and the addillOnal population of300,000 inhabitants for the period 1985-2000, -- The Plan set its objectives as follows, Tu provide good living conditions lor all calegones "furhan population, To promote urban acllvities and economics through judiciously devised land u,e pattern, road network and infrastructure To slandardi,ed housing area plans to conform to anticipated economic conditions, thal is, limiting houging '''bsidy. The plan was devised in ouHine form highhghting only the key proposals. The concern of the plan \\iRS physical planning and inli'aslructure development. 4.4 Implementalion Status of the Plnn p'"oposals The 1984 Master Plan recommended a numbel" of proposals for the lurther development of the city. All of the,e were mdicative rather than detailed For most ,,(the propo,als the plan recommended further study fOi the respective proposals. Here is the discussion on the proposals and their presenl implementation status 4.4.\ Town Centr.c A new lown centre of Rajshahl was proposed to be established on the north of Rajshahi Ra,lway stalLon During the preparation of Ihe Master Plan in 1984, the admini,tratlve activities were concentrated in lhe western part of the city. However, lhe mRin business aetlville, were mainly in the southern pari of the city The reaIOll.\ hehLlld the plOpOSR11OeSlabhsh a new tawn centre 'Were, To preser,e the heritage of the city m the 50uthern zone neal Shaheb baLar To expedIte the physical development of the city towards north and northea,t direction 1 1\'0 Organi"'lion was gL"en Ihe RCSPC1",bihl,' lOImplement [he M,,,lcr PI,m, 53 ]n 1988, the planners of the Development Authority took imtiatlve to establish a new Town Centre on the north ofRaj,hahi Railway Station Project Proforma (PP) was also prepared in this regard and land demarcation (for acquisition) was also completed. But the initiative stopped there at that point. There was no fU11herprogress in this regard DUring the study, it is identified thaI the reUi>onbehind the non-implementation of the proposed" Town Centre" is due to lack in proper follow up or the earlier initiative. The lown planner who took the initiative to implement the Town Centre Propo.lal, len RDA in 1989 and the procedure:. oflhe Town Centre was len along there. During the interview on the purpose of the study, the preseot Town Planner of RDA eOllld not inform anything about the Town Centre Proposal. Later, the fact came oul during studying the papers and relevant documents. 4.4.2 l1011sitlg The 1984 Ma.ller Plan proposed a number of Housing projects, These proposed projects were mainly for the low and middle-income group of people of the city, The plan .\uggested to prepare ser,ieed plots, which would meet the 50% of th~ total housmg demand. Here is a diseU"SlOn on the impicmelllation ~tatu8 of the housing projeets/proposal\ made in 1984 Master Plan Arrangement uf Serviced Plots Improvement of condition of Seroil Colony. Development of 7500 Serviced plots to meel up th~ need of low-income grollp of people. 4.4.2.1 Serviced PlotI The 1984 Master Plan suggested 7500 serviced plots to meet the housing demand of the city dwellers In the secondary city like Rajshahi, generaIly there is no private 54 investment in housing sector. Public agencies are the prune investor to meet the housing demand During the study 11is identified that Housing and Settlement Directorate (I-ISD) and Rajshahi Ocvclopment Authority (RDA) are the agencies 10 develop housing areas for lhe cily dwellers Housing and Settlement DIrectorate (1:150) developed first housing estate In RaJshahi in 1958 After lhe independence In 1971, RDA became the only agency 10 de,elop serviced plots for the city dwellers Over the last two and half decades. RnA has arranged lOB plOlS in three areas or the city Moreover, the proposals for 904 serviced plots in four different areas oflhe city arc under process and expected to be completed by three years, Here is a briefon the housing e;tates in Rajshahi City, Table: 4,1 Present and Upcoming Housing btates in Rajshahi City "I 1\0. N"m,' of the Hou,ing ,,"umher D.,-clol'cd for R~m"rI" E,ta!e of PJol\ , Padn~l ReSldemi"1 Arc~ 5(,5 Mlddk Income Group COI~pJetod m 1992 RDA " , bdjal RClidtllli,,1 Arc" % l\1iddIe h'COlllOGroup Completed lW; , RDA '" • SII},nllTR 4.4.2.2 Improvcmcilt of Semil Colrmy Seroil Colony is a living place of low.ineome group of people located on the nOl1h of Rajshahi Railway Station This residential area was developed in 1950s mainly , .. ", ..• - 55 to rehabilnate the refugee form India and Pakistan. The area was facilitated wlth roads and water supply. But over the time, due to population grow1h and lack 0[' proper maintenance of the faeihties, the Semil Colony became crowded and unhealthy. During the study It is known !lull RDA has so far taken no initiative to improve the condition of the colony, as it would not be a prolh-eaming project for (he authority. 1984 Master Plan suggested the improvement of the colony In respect of widening of roads, construction of pueea drains and making provision for sewage & improved water supply No major initiative was taken to improve the unhealthy condition of the colony Although the City Corporation under the "Safe Drinking \Vater Supply Project" took a few initiatives, were not good enough to meet the total requirement. 4.4.2.3 COJl.~tr",::I;()n0/Serl';ceil Plots/or Low-income Group of People The Master Plan suggested Serviced PIOlS to be constructed on the north of the propoled J\ew Town Centre and other areas of the old town. The plan suggested the sef\'lCed plots for housing area with the provi,ion offollowing facilities. o Watcr Supply (Shared plpe) o Pit Latrine o Roads o Electricity According to the suggestion of the Master Plan, RDA had developed a residential area on an area of 9.91acres with 224 plots for the low income group of people at lhe north oflhe proposed New Town Centre (although the Town Centre Proposal is yet to be implemenled). However, the prescribed facilities were not included during the development of the housing area. No initiative was taken for tbe developmenl of hou5mg areas in the old parts of the city as per the proposal of 1984 Master Plan. 56 4.4.3 Recreational l'acility There is a lack in proper recreational facilities in the urban areas of llanglade,h Rajshahl i, not exception. There arc very limited facilities for formal recreation (like parks, playground) in the city. River bank is considered to he the only place of recreation for the city dwelJcl'g. But the place is not \veJi organized 1984 Master Plan recommended a number of Recreational FaCllities for the city of Raj,hahl The locations for where the plOposal, were made are as follows. (Refer to Map 4.3) (a) Nonh Eastern periphery of the city (b) Con,truction of parks in the old par! oflhe city. (c) Developments of recreational facilitic\ along Padma rive ballk 4.4,],] North Ens/ern Periphery of/he City The northea;tem periphery of the city was prop'),ed to be developed as large opcning of the city contaimng water bodies, forest and zoo. The proposed area for the recreational "one was not implemcntcd during the lall 25 years, This;s becausc of two following reaSon" No agencics as well as private investor came to develop the arca Physical limitation of the city (The present end of the built-up area of the CItyi, still abolLl2 k m from the proposed site of the recreational zone,) 4,4.3.2 Development of Park,' in the OM Pari of the City The eo~gestcd arcas of the city are in need of opcn space and parks The existing open space in thc old town areas is not good enough to meet the rcquircments of the inhahitants, The 1984 Master Plan suggested to develop at least five parks in old town , ,,' -f', 57 area~ But the City Corporation as well as RDA had taken no initialive to develop such f~cilitics in the areas RDA developed a park on an area of 7.6 acre, adjacent to the Padma Residential Area The park i.\ .facIlitated with toys for children, large lake, boating facilities and garden. But the location and $lZe of the park is not good enough to meet the demand of the clly dwellers. 4.4.3. J /)el'e!"pment of Recreational Fucililie.1"long Pndnw River Bank The Padma riverbank was considered to be the prime rccrcatiollRI space for the elly dwellers The rivel rum On the ~o\lthern end of [he city end and there arc easy ac~esse; tll the riverside from e\'ery corner oflhe city This large space waS proposed to he pre8erved with plantation and other faClillles, The merballk was dcveloped under private initiativc in mid 1980\ 1\ park was dcvelopcd in lhe area and thc city dwellel's as well a~ visitors from other pans of the country "lsit it. About hRlf a kilometer of the pRrk WRSwashed away by the sevcrc flood in 1998. Pl'cselllly the nverbank is witlmut any lill'mal facilities likc silting arrangemenls, toilet, toys and tca stall elc In 200] l RCC and Water Development Board (\\iDB) The proposal is prcsclllly in lIS early .,tage oflhinking. 4.4.4 Draillag" According to the Maller Plan, the drainage and sewage facilitles of the city of Rajshahi were very unhygienic The plan proposal suggested new nelwork and " 5" improvement of dramage system of the city. The plan also sugge5ted to drainage channel to the north (or the cily) to the lower areas with connections to the Baranai River. 4.4.4.1 Drainuge Ma"fer Plan WIth a view to providing adequate and improved dramage facilities m R Drainage Master Plan was prepared in 1993 by Rajshahi City Corporation. The main objectives of the drainage project are, a) To discharge existing storm water drainage, solid waste and sanitation issues b) To assess the problems and causes of storm water drainage ofRajshahi City COl'poratl(m area, c) To formulate a Master Plan for storm water drainage, solid waste and sanitation lor RaJshahi city for the year 2020, d) To suggest institutional.\trengthemllg for effective operation and mai~tcnance of drainage and solid waSle services, Under the Drainage Masler Plan of the city of Rajshahi, quantitative scopes of works are as loll()w~, Table: 4.2 Scope of\Vork u~der Raj.,hahLDraj~age '\1aSler Plan Project P'"{I"ectCorn],!,ncnl Qu,mlit, in k.m. Prim"" Dr.tl1L ~ Kutcha (R~-,octlomllg) lKOO ~ KlllCil,1 (1-0'0\\) ~ ~"OO ~ Pllce, (Rd~lblhlllion) ~ 15,00 Puce" (New) ~ SCCOllli1"Dr.L;" '"" ~ PUCCil(RcI",bLl1lallOn)1JW ~ 2000 PUCC1l(RclmlHlil:llion) nee ~ 7.00 ~ Pucca (No,,) .'1.('(' ~ ~ Pucca (New) BW ("OG'"" ~ CQ",rcd Dnllll ~ TenH")' DToLn ""' Puce. (Rd"h,lIl P''O.cet Component Quantit, in 14m, Plot 0",1" Pucca:~cl.~blhl"tlon) 2200 . P'''C,1 New . 16.IXl I Clealllng & Removal of blocknge from ,:",ting drams . 9000 Source: R'liShillu Dlainag< Mast" Pion 199-1 The existing drainage of the city is under improvement by Pha,e-i of implementation plan, 80% of the Phase-l work are completed Under thi, Phase-l Program, origmal primary drains are re-organised and merged, redesigned and reconstructed a, Type -1,2 and 3 drain.l. Phase -IT works mainly of secondary drains will commence soon Then the final works will be done, implementations of 1994 f)ralllage Master Plan are supposed to meet the drainage congestion of the city Now in the middle of implementation, original sy,tem ;5 disrupted and new system WhKh is incomplete causing more draio~gc problems However, better situation will creale when the full proposal will be implemented, 4.4.5 Industrial and Commcrcial Developmenl The Clty 0; Rajshahi is mainly based on its agricultural productioo. Thc role of iodustry is not so remarkable for the economic development of the city A few major industries, industrial estate at Sopma, public seClor organization", and academic in,titullon5, informal sector and trade & commerce provide majOr base for econonuc activilies of the city. Agriculture ig the major base for economic activities In the extended area, Four grO""th centres and 12 hmslbazaars in and around RDA area have profound impacts in the city, The:;e markets expon surplul>agricultural product<; or (he region to other regions of the count!'y. 60 The Master Plan 1984 suggested a number of sites 10 be developed as industrial zone (Refer (0 Map 4.4), However, some project, regarding commercial development were also identified. Here is a discllssion on the implementation status oflhe proposal;. 4.4.5.1 Industrial SiteJ The 1984 Master Plan identified 7 (seven) new areas to be developed as hght and heavy industrial estates. But over the lust 25 years there was no development of such activitie, in Lhe proposed sites. This is ,imply because of tbe poor economic base of the city hom a lecenl survey (in 2002) by the Rajshahi Master Plan project (2001-2020) it IS known that about 46% of the plots of Sapma Industrial Estate is still vacant since its establi,hment In ]961 On the other hand the existing condition of the other industrie.\ ale nOI so good, The Government dosed Rajshahi Jute Mill in 2002, as il wa, a loosing concern. However, Raj~hilhi Textile Mill is undei. consideration to be closed soon a, lS also a luusing concern for the government. 4.4.5.2 Commercirll Developmellt A~ it is already discu>sed that the economic base "fthe city is not so healthy The industries arc bcing closed and 'ndustri~l plots being vacant for a long period But the devclopmenl authority of the city slill !rying to develop some commercial plot> a~ well as some markets. Over !he last \lVUdecades RDA has developed a commercial area (on an area of 18,80 acre~ with 117 plots) and two markets. Although the markets are func!ionmg well, the plots of the commercial area remain vacant, During the study it is identified thaI none of the 117 plots of Banolota Commercial area was used for commercial purpose over last 15 year,. lib .','.f'a Map 4.4 PROPOSED INDUSTRIAL SITES IN 1984 MASTER PLAN B1f\ .'. .,~.'1", ..•.." ~.... -.' -JUt ~ . , '. .. . . ' .r...~...'\c-'l.'fl"'I~~~~~~~~e, I', I . ,6 , '''''''. ,,' . ' ". .. ~! ---~=If . rl! I, J_~~ _ B '-J--~--!L ""WM.,;".1[:~~ "'~_~:~"-" 1'( !~~-~ r-=", T_~). II "'" !. (I II 'i . --?,,~~- I" ,-_. I ,\ I' I _/I JUl ~ . ,'i(_o '0<=~~. ...J' / ...... ,~, , '...... \ '1.. ~j_' '<~II=~!."" ~ _~~,. .' -Y4< .---.~-=--.""'" .. ,~ "=---- ,.~. ''1&0 -, _~_=-~""" \ // '. ,'"0 ".. ',' .~~, "'" ". . '0- .,'" "= .. - .-.-.~,- .~-~ ..../ . .' '.'.' ...... ," '<'.,, " ~ ,C: , "',. . , , :.:~ ., ":, .::' , ""~--':::;:',-.,i :;~.: :<", . .". "-''"-'"''; '." ~ , '--.' ..---- " i" '1' ,,'"?':~~:;;:~j"j - .. _. -;,".,' SourC"' RepoC\or Raj."-hi Moster Plan, 19M ., " , :4/); • "~.•~, : ;'~.f..c'L,' ,~ "~'':;;;;:1 <':c" .... ~'.~:: '_~ __ ...... ::...... ",. :'{Y:;:-I? .,-.... '_". , . " ••••• I 61 Table' 4 3 Major CommerGlal AreaIMarkets 111RRjshahi City SI No, "ame of the Commercial Arc" "-Umbel" of De,eluped BJ' Plot>lSho , 1 B'IlOIota COllUlICrclOi Arc;] m PIOI,) JillA , RJ)A M",ket 955 ;]. , RIM , Ch"drlicl,ik Marke! 153 (SI , Pri,"1C , Shaheb Bazar ClOlh M,rkcl 1-12 (SI ,I P~",to , Sl"lo::b B,,?ar Jewele", MaJkcl P,""ic 6 SIl.1hei>il.,nr Book M"rkot ;] , , n" "" Pm'ate , Madra," Markel IS? (Sbe Pri'otc R" SI~lhJj\'ew n~1Jkel l2~(s:;) PWD , Ra ,I,ll" H,nvkors Market 70 51 P,h'ale Source: Workil1f. papel on Eoonolll\, ,!Od In\cslmcnt (R1\Jskllti I\11Slcr Plan [2()()1_2020]) 4.4.6 Road NelwOI"k The internal road network of the city of Rajshahi was not a! all impl'€s,ive m the 19805 Although non-motomed vehicles dominated the major traffic. the internal road network was mainly narrow and ~nakll1g,The Centra! Business D,stricl (CBD) of the city wa, conge~ted and the city was served by only one major road A good number of proposals were made 10 case tbe movement oftraffie. (Refer to Map '1.5) Thc proposals in th" regard mamly focused on widemng of main eLty roads, construction of nng road in cost-west direClion, improvement of roads in congesled area, and construclion of new roads to cncoulage developmenl of tbe city towards north and northeast direCllOn Over the last two decades lhe cily of Raj,hahl has devcloped During lhis period, a number of road projectg were implemented following the recommendation made in 1984 Malter Plan, 4.4,6.1 RrlJslll1hi Bypllss The bypass was propo,ed to ease the traffic jam in the malll town The bypal5 was proposed on east west direction in a ~hape of balf circle, The procedure to implement the road Slarted in 1990, In the initial stagc RDA starled the proceedmg and worked to fix up ••• , M Map 4.5 PROPOSED ROAD NETWORK IN 1984 MASTER PLAN 11 " 'LEGEND EXISTING MAIN, ROAD .w..,_= PROPOSED MAIN - ROAD o EXISTING MAIN ROAD THAT WILL BE DEGRADI -+1 ...•:-+ RAILWAY' LINE "1"- \\ " " \1 j "II :!!:!G -- \- - j/ - R0 "- '. 4D o T - E"A~r l 'I " ! , NEWi/NAWABGA"'J ROAD ,II Ii - i' NEW NATORE Rq!, " ~, r' =="" ~~ ;-\\~, - Souroe, RepOJtofRajsbahi Ma""' Pia" 19M -, , . o .. ' , _.~f:-~,f,~:: _'c,- 62 the alignment. As the set up of RDA l~ no! good enough to complete the large proje~l. it was transferred to RHD to implement it. The major work of the project is ncarly completed and the road is expected to be opened in December 2003 4.4.6.2 Widening and Strellgrhening ~fil/alore-!'/awahganj Roar! Natore-Nawabganj road was the main road to and from the city In 1980.1 Th,S road passes through the CHI) area The width orlhe road was (specially Ilc~rthe CnO) only about 20 ft. AI a re'ult the area remained crowded and there was continuous traffic jam in the area RnA took [he projeet in 1977 to make it wide and straight. The 0 76 k,m, road completed in 1990 and the CnD was opened 4.4. 6.3Collsfruclion of..Rom! from T"I"iflUlr; to Rail Station ROlld A large portion (north and north-east) of the city had no direct aece", to the Railway Stilllon and all vehicle, [rom outside the city had to use Natore-Nawabganj road To ease the pressure On the Natore.1\awabganj load as well as to give aeeess to a large portion of the city, a road [rom Talannari to Railway Station was cOllstru~ted in 1990, The 80-ft Wide road has expedited lhe mobil'Lallon of traffk as well as to reduce the pressure On},'alore-},'awabganj road, 4.4.6,4 Sh"heh Baz""r to GrmrhUII[;1I MOIlr This is one of the important road proposals made m 1984 l\'laster Plan Shaheb BaLaar is the main commercial area o[the cily Pre'entiy the area is connccted "ith the east and we~t of the city through wide roads But the trend of devclopment oj"lhe city 1\ towards north The main jun~tion point on the north (Bindur Moar) is about J k,m. from the Shaheb Bazaar Presently the access to Shaheb Bazaar from Greater Road ig lhrough narrow snaking road passes betwecn old commercia] areaS of the city. l"he arca is congested although the day due to narrows. 63 Proposal was made in the 1984 l\faster Plan 10 conSll1LCIa w]lie road to make the commu~ication between Shaheb Bazaar and Airpol1 road fast & smooth According to the proposallUlA proposed an SO-ft wide wad between Shaheb Bazaar and Bindul' Moar The project was included in AOP in 2001, Rut later the Planning Commission in 2002 canceled it. RDA 15still processing with the lmport~ntroad 10 be approved. Here is the list of Road Propo"ais and their implementation ~tatus Table' 44 Implementation Status orlhe Road Proposals made in 1984 Master Plan Name of the Pmpu,ecc! 11.. ,J,"ili 13, ~ 4.4.7 Proposal a" d Implementati(lH Status of the Town Pl"<)t~ctionEm ballkment 1he Exisling Town Protection Embankment ofRajshahi City estabh~hed and built hy Tmgation Dcpal1menl of Bengal bctween 1940-45 amI now maintained by Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). The main function of the embankment is to protect 64 the existing city ffom the external flood,1 of the Padma River particularly the extreme high floods. It docs not serve the purpose of controllmg floods The length of the Town Protection Embankment was initially about 10 km from the court (Harupur) to Talaimari now extended up to Katakhali However, the national highway from .t\'atorc-.:'iawahgoni passes through RaJshabl City serves as secondary defense against flood The existing sjtu~tion is inadequate for the protection orthe future Rajshahi Metropolitan City The ]984 MR,ta Plan suggested for Improvement of the Hood prO/eel/on Hmbanlillleni oj Ihe cily. Here is the discussion on the actions taken for irnprovcmcm of Flood Protection Embankment of the city of Rajshahi The Project Concept Paper (PCP) [or Town Prolection Embankment for the future Rajshahi Metropolitan City had proposed three options for the implOvement of the embankment. The option one of the proposed improvements has already been Implemented. Aeeordmg to the option one o[ the embankment iluprovcment proposal, the eroded ponions of the emhankment havc been repaired from Court POLntto Kat~khali Tile brick m~uj'essmg area; along rivClside slopes have properly been repaircd Stmight and T-Groyellcs front base and slope area~ have been rcfilled with blocks 4.4.8 Study for Possible Future Sewerage System of Rajshahi City Sewage system ISnot very common in the context of Bangladesh Only few rities 111 Bangladesh po,sess sewerage sy"tem for disposal of sewage and these are eIther incomplete or implemented partially. Dhaka and Chittagong cities have partial scwemge system without even lull pledged treatment plant. As a result, water bodIes near by the cities are contaminated Moreover, development of scwerage system and disposal is 65 always expensive and qUIte criticaL However in planning for 21" centUly dlies, il ;; better to propose alternate full pledged sewerage sYjtenl and its disposal, According 10 Ihe Pfopo,\,1ifol' Ihe Mudy j;,r Ponible Future S('werllge ~ystem for the city of Rajshllhi was undertaken by Rajshahi Cil}' Corporation during preporRtion of Drainage Master Plan for RaJshahi Cily. Here is a discu$SlOnon the study The Folluwing consideration, arc made to propose separate sewerage and ils disposal \}'stem for RaJshahi Oty. I. Rajshahi Cily i, expected to the urhan - rural city development. Urban development pMi of the city will be high-density area and rural development will be less den.ILly arca LJrb~narea unly will be served with sewerage system. 2. Sewer lines will be located on the opposite .Iite of the roads against the eXlsting side of the ~torm water drains and water lupply lines 3. Sewer lines will be mainly tertlary, secondary and main/primary lypes and wi[1 bc parallel to 'itorm water drains. Household sewer lines from latrine to tertiary lines arc the responsibihty of indIviduals 4. Outrall area ol'the SeWerlllles will be in the opposite direction ()fhe oulJall of storm Waler drains As a result, sewage lifting stations will be required at junctLOl1Sto boost lip head. S. At the outfall of the mam :;ewerage line, a sewage treatment plant will be developed to treat raw sewage and after treatment solid waste and hquid will be separaled. 6 Solid waste may be used as eompo,t or lanrlfi[1or will be disposed in the dumping area or proposcd wlid disposal area. Aftcr treatmellt, liquid waste will be released to Duari Khal, which will be ultImately dlschargcd to Baranai River. 4.4,9 Selection of New site for Waste Disposal The present Solid Waste Management system of the city is managed by RCC. The (jty produces about 200 M'I of solid wa,te daily Theqe waste arc mainly dumped by the eily dweller into the local bins Tbe sweeper~ of the City Corporation eolleellhe,e 50Iid wa;tes and carry it to the dumping Sltes by truck. Presently the corporation dump" the collectcd "aste at Nawdapara on an area of 5 acres. Ihis area is not sufficient for the disposal of the solid waSle in the very ncar future, Wilh a vicw to lackle the situalion, RCC has ,ele~ted a dumping site at tim northwe~t of the llypass and area is expected to be completed for full operation by 2004. The other areas to bc used a\ dumping sites are Roadsides (10 krn.), Durnpiag Pond, and I,and filling (20 hector) 4,4.10 Expallsion ofWatn Supply Network of the City Rajshalll City COIporallOn (ReC) is mamly responsible for the municipal water supply filr RaJshahi Cily Area, The technical SUPP0I'lSror establishment of Deep 'fubcwell, (DTWs). selling "f pumps, commissioning "f D"IWs, waler ~urply dislnbutlOn networks> overhead supply tanks and clanfication plams ele are provided by the Directorale "fPublic Heallh Engineering (DPHF), Rajshahi. Raj,hahi Cily C"rporalion posse",,, now a lotal of n DTW, and Rajshahi Develupment AUlhority has 3 DTWI, all of which are commissioned and run by DPHE, Raj,hahi. Ten more DT\Vs have been sunk but lhese DTWs have been commissioned. A network of water supply system provides water ~upply to the housebolds. The network consi.,t; of main supply line, secondary supply line and plot or household line,. From the interviews.ofthe Dl'HE oiTrcials,it i, revealed that the water supply to the city -- , ~- 67 areas lS in;ufficient Presently the pumps of DPHE Rajshahi can luppl}' only' about 32,000 m3/dav out of total daily demand of 85,000 m3. Some organizations like BIT, Rajshahi Univcrsity and Medical College have their own water supply and distribution system, Water quality of lhe supplied municlpal water is 1'001 and is identiJied as veT)' Hard Wmer. Supply Walel contains excesslVC amount of Calcium, Magneslum, Manganese and Iron ill 1t III soluble form. Ihis water becomes turbid very quickly as it is exposed to open alr, DPHF. has established 3 Nos of clarifleatlon plants for rcmoving hardness and impurit1es of supply water. 4.5 Overall Implementation of the Pmposals From the revicw and Rnalysisof the proposals and their implemcntcd status, it is observed lhat oul of 32 specific projects/proposals 14 have so far been completed, H of the projeels are under process and the remaining to proje~t; are yet 10 be undertakcn by any ofthc agcneies innllved for the development ofRajshahi City Table 45 Comparative St~tement of 1984 Masler Plan Proposal and lts Implementation Status P("p",al Tn'l'lrmcnlalionSlatu' Prt)l'''"IIQIL of D",inage Masler Rojst~1hi Cil) COrpo~"tlOllulldenool< ful.lsbahi eh)' l'lanfor tile OIl" the p~ieCiin 199~ n,e rH'i pl",," Cmporatlon (RCC) of the P'Qlecl t~1Sa1rOlld, !>cel' compleled Tilo Socond pt~15eof tbe proieci is ex led 10;tan;OO11 hnpro\'emcnl of Tm\n The Ph"s<-l of the proPO'"t of Udllgladc.,1L W'lIer Proleciion Embankmelll cJl\bon~"'''1L1 ""pro\~"1eL1l has De\'elopment lJoard ahead, been rom lelcd '" 2001. (IlWDB . 1 It is ob,en;ed Ihat many of he pl'Oiects ilrc yeLlo be ilnp1cmented, 'I his is mRmly because of the economic backlock of the city Due to lack in ba,;e economy. [he physical development of [he city is being hampered and POpulaLlOngro'''1h of Lhe city is beyond the project gro\\ih. It is to be mcnlioned here that lhe prescnt populatlon of RDA area is 5.5 lakh, which was expected to be 8 Jakh (as prcdicted during 1984 master plan) t. 70 4.6 Change in land use Pattern in Rajshahi City (1980-2003) The cily of Rajshahi has developed over the last two decades after the preparation of 1984 Master Plan. But as there is no proper indication of future land usc propo,al in (he report, it is very difficult to identifY the change in the land use pattern according t() the proposal. However, a land use surv",y report (of 1980) of the city gives an idea on the land use pattern of the cily. On the basis of this report and the present land use (land use 0(2003) the following analysis on the change in land use pallern has been done. Tahle: 4.6 Change in land use Pattern in Rajshahi City (1980-2003) Lan No remarkable change in land usc is observed over the last two decades In the process or urbananization, agricultural lands are bemg lost to residemial and other uses, It has already been dlscussed earlier that the economic activities in Rajshahi City is very slow. The situation also reflects in the case of change ill land use in industrial and commercial sector. However, the decrease in the land use ofwaler body, Horticulture and open spaces is obserVed over the last two decades. .., Chapter 5 CAUSES OF IMPROPER IMPLEMENT AnON 71 Chapter 5:CAUSES OF IMPROPER IMPLEMENTATION 5.0 General Statement Rajshahi Development Authority is considered to be the prime agency for preparation and execution of the Master Plan for the cily of Rajshahi Although Rajshahi Cily Corporation is provided with same power to prepare a Master Plan, the agency took no step to prepare any Master Plan for the physical development of the city. As a re,u1t RDA has hecome the authority responsible for preparation, re,iew, caretaker as well as courdinator to execute the plan with [he help of agencies involved for differenl development activities of the city. During the study a l1umber of cause'> have been identified on improper lJnplemenlation of Rajshahi Master Plan, This ;5 due to various reilsons including lack in plan preparation, political int111ence, lengthy procedure in project approval, economic devclopment of thc city etc, The present section will discuss the caLlses hehind improper implementation of the Master Plan. 5.1 Defickncies of Plan Preparation A !lumber of limitations were identified in the pleparatioll of the 1984 !\taster Plan prepared for the cily orRaj~hahi The issues are discus.~ed as follows. 5,1.1 Legal Validity Regarding legal validation of oflicial appl'()val of the city pliln~ the RTDA Ordinance, 1976, in its section J 5, make~ the pmvi~ion that out of three categories of plans Ischeme the General Development Plan and l'unctiofllll Master Plan shall have to be notified in the official gazette, and such notific~tion shall conclusive evidence that the plan ha~ been duly made and approved by the Govermnent. But 00 far no e, ,dence could be lr'lccd in RDA records thm Mj such gazelle notification had heen madc regarding 1'J84l\'lasler Plan, 5.1.2 RTDA Ordinallce of 1976 II/lillfle Pia" 1)pe The pl,Ulprepared l"r the ci1, of R'\lshalJiin 1~84 was enlilled, 'Master Plan' lIJIdil was a single plan Bul thc RTDA OrdinllJlce 197(,. makes rro\'ision thm the cily plM .,hall bc prepared in 1"o slages. I!rsl, a General De\clopmenl Plan shall be preparcd III oullmc form sh,millg mawh the major illfrastruclure. II ',"auld la, d()\\n policle, ()r long term dc,'clopmenL Ne,t the Funclionm MaSler Plan shall be prepared. lIldlcating dctailed land usc ZOrlmg,inrr[l.';1ruclureand aJl categorics of de,'elopmcnl details. Bul lhe plan of J n'1 did nOl [ollow these prm,isions of lhe Ordinance. II prepared ~ plan callcd Master Pion' in Ihe style of M~stcr Plans of Dhaka. Chillagong arld Khuilla prepared in Ime t9S0s and earh- (,iJs, 5.1.3 f)"ra/io" of tile Ph", The pbn did nO! ,el a time frame for i1s ,mplcmematlOn or \aJidity So the AlIlhol'll, is unable In concei\'e "hen thc plan period ends illld a new plan 10 be I"Cpared 10 replace it. The plan hOWCYCLmadea fo,ecasl of pOjllllaliOnfor the platming area up 10 the yem 2000 It is ilpprehended Iha! lhe duralion o[ lh~ plan was probably for 15 year" 5.1..f Prepal'ation of I.and U,e Map Thc 1984 ,vlaster PIM \\' stage. A proper melhndology w,,-,no1 follo\\ed durmg Ihe prep~rilljOjjof 1984 Master Plan. TIu, h~s lesulLed in a numbcr of problems durmg imp1cmenlalioll, The shortcommgs of the plan are discu~sedas follows, Firstly, ;hc land use proposal map W!ISprepared on the baSISof gross sun8j rather lhan a detaIled survey. Moreover the land u,e map was not superimposed on lhe mOU7Umap (land o"ne"h,p indlcalJve map). As a resull 11" nearly impossible 10 idenlify the propo,,,Is m the real Held The de,"c1opmenlaUlhority is still IISHlglhe faulty ambiguous map for land use clearance. Second~_ the land w;e proposals were nOl mdlCatedfor the entire Ma,!er Plan area. The indication of ihe land lise proposals w~s limited III the hU11lup area only Olltside lhe bUll!up ~rea, there no Illd'calion ofland use ""IS marked. O,er the time the ell" had dercloped ph"slcally und the nOll-md'catcd areas hme came under comideration of isswng land usc PClmisslOll During the slud" it i8 knQ"" that there lS no controVguided rules 10 issue land use permissIOn in Ihe (non land use marked) areas 5.1.5 Pc"ple 's Participatioll Ther~ \\as no pro\ision of people's paJticipation dunng preparallon of I~H~ Master Plan as, there is no pro""On of such aClinty in Ihe RTDA ordmance, This has kepI Ihc pcople of Ihe cily a\\'av from the plan, Durmg [he mlen'ic\\ with lhe local ellte, il i, knO\\ll thai thc people. they do nol bOlher 10take any kind of permission cilher 10 use land or to budd a stt'uClur" 5.2 Reviewof the Plall The Masler Plan, \\,hich \\as prepared by lhe UNCHS and UDD consullanll, \\ '" Jell a~ il 15SmCe1994. No initiall\e was tak~n to rc\'ie" the Ma,ter Plan O\er the lime. "hich is very essential for the eonlmuailon of plmmmg process, The llme-Io- llme re"ew of Ihe Ma,ler Plan was abselll over the time because ()fthe insinceri1\ of Ihe planners (responsIble to look ~ftel' n). Dur;ng the study il is identified that for a long period of lime the plan was handled ellher by ~ non-planner or none. Here is a "' list oflhe background qualificmlOll of the professIOnals posled as ChicfTo\yn Planner and Asslslant 1 own Planner In Rajshahi De,-e1opment Authoril\' Table. 5.1 Ch'efTo\\TI Planner and Assistrnl! To"n Plmmers of RDA (1977-2003) Posilion Duratl0l1 A,ademic Qualification of the Person Em 10 ed September j 977 to December B Sc En"0 1977 ChiefTO\\TI Planner Januru; Inx to March j 978 NOlle Apnl ] 978 to MaC' j 985 l\'lPP (Background in Sociology) June 198510 January 1989 Non~ FebruarY j~~')to Date MURP (flackglolUld in Agro (hiel TO\\1l Planner f'collomics) february 197910 August MURP (Backgrolmd in GeographY) 1988 Assistant To\\n Pbnncr September lng 10 April None 1991 !\1ay 1991 to October 19n H Sc, En (Cjr~) NO\.ember 19'JR 10 l\'larch None 2001 A ,,120()) to Date CURP S,,,,rcc-; RDII (),l,ce. Record, Dwmg the sludy it is also idenllf,ed that the posnion of ChIef Town Planner of the Alllhofit)' was remained yacaot for aboul 4 (four) ~'eals soon aIler the preparation of the 1984 M,,,ter Plan and lhp posilion \\"as ,laJ1ed \\'llh a per;on "ho ,,"a, not c,'en planner Hml"c\cr, the positlOn of As,istanl TO\I11 PlaJ1ner was 'CI1lllln ,a~ant for G (Sh,) years (ln8-]<)C}lnnd 1999.20(1) aJ1dthe POSI "as occupied by a non-plmmer for long 7 (sewn) jears (1991-1998) In one sidc the authorit,- i, in shortage of requiwd numbers pLmners, on the olher hffild the posinons were elthcf racant or occupied by nOll-planners "Illch has dL,ruptcd tile tUlle 10 11mernie\\ optlOn BOlh "f lhe sltualiOllS hare resulled a serious problem ill plaJ1ning p'actice ami re\iew of the riM (whleh \Y~S\'cry much essential), 75 5.3 I,egislative Power of the Plmlllel'~ Plarmcrs \\'ol'klllg in the development Authority are conSldered to be lhe prime professionals to glve guidelines for the planned de,-elopmenl of II-city. But they arc provlded "jIll hmiled power (0 e,-"cute the id"ll or to control the unplarmed development It is "en. often that the prime declSlon-maker orihe allthonjy. o\wlooks (he idea, of (he planners. During the stud!' a number of cases haw be€n ldenlJlied where the logical opinions of the planners hare been 19nored 5.3. I Clue Stll(/)' No. 01: roxie".";'''' (~rRfljS!wlli CWltollmen! Area Raishalll Cantonment is establJshed On the northwest of Upa,hahar Resid~lltlal Area. During the eSlabhshment of the Cantonment the area \I a, c()n located oullid" the Cil, area !:luL mer Ilme the city has cxtcnded ph!'sienllv lowards the north, northe,w and n"rllm e,t dLrecti[)n, A, a matter of fact, the present posilioo of the Canlonment ("'h,"h " a re- i""aled inside the cit), area Under this circ\Jmqance, the Cantonment B"ard applj~d 10 the 'j[j111l Planner for land usc clearance [01 the extension o[jhe presenl ean[onm~n[ area lo"ard, north and northeast of its present position The proposal made b) Ihe Cantonment Board ",II surely make problems for the flltll1'CphyslCal de\'elopmenl of lhe ~jl" m, "ell '" • Will hamper lh~ fr~~ movemenl of [he CLt"dwellers (as in Dhaka). POltllJtlf, out lhe fael (lhal Ih~ Cantonment ~'-tcnsion proposal I\ould sluel", mal.e a problem for Ihe Cll; de,'elopmel1[ and NOC should not be issued), the Town Planner raised [he '.,su~ to the board meeting of the Authoril}, The b()ard d,d not c(ll1sider [he loglcal opinion orthe [0'111planner aod gaye penl1l~~ion to extent the area of the C~ntonment. A ~ 5.4 Lengthy Procedure of Project Approvnl PloJect "-preo"al is a YCI,"lenglhy procedllfe in I:langl~desh it is obsen'ed lhat ,it takes ~houl 5/(, yc~rs on an m eragc for the final fomlalitlCS On the othcl hand the secloral allocatLon In ADP IS not ah,,,ys so hcalth) to starl a much-needed project ill time, 'the projccts of RDA llccd thc follo\\mg steps to he completed before lhcir implementallon Step 01; The Authorlly prepurcs a project proposal lor a parllcular projcct Stl"l) 02: T11~Prolecl PrOfOlllla (1'1') " then scm to the Planning Cell of the MiniSlr\' of Housing and Public Worh for necessary revicw, Step 03: The Mum[r)' ofl'lousing and Puhlic WOlks lhen sends thc PP to the Ph) sleal Planning Cell of Plarmmg CommIssion aftcr necessarY correC[lons (If WI") Stcp 04 The i'h\'slCal Planning Cell of Planning COmlTIlSSLOllscndsthe Pi' f(lf Prc- ECN~-,C fOi the appro,'al after nccesslli} C(trrcctions (If illl') S(ep (15; If the ProJecl Co,t " morc than 10 Crorcs then I[ i$ ,end to f'CNEC [or appro, ill, S(ep 06: The AulhoTlly i\ givcn pernnsSlon to stall the projcct by the MlIll,lry or HOllSlIlg and Public Works and lhe projcct ,taIls Table, 5 2 UnratiOll 01 PIOJeCll'reparalion, 'W ',mOO""""j'" Yeal' or Y~~rur Requin'(1 I" I S(~rlin ' Completion Number or Years t R"'shaill Ma,ter l'I The minimum time reql[lred for lhe completion of all formuh(les \\as 3 "cws, While the ma'\.imum "as J7 years, It is obser\'ed that lhe completed projecls ofRDA \\ere reqlLJredmOre lhan <) years on an a1erage 10 completc all formahlJe5.Here i\ a list of projects, \\luch are being continued. 'fable: 5.3 On-Goin[; and Up-Coming Projecls of RDA Nam, "rtho Vroje i 997 ),003 Ongomg Tcmlinai "' (ik,'cmbc~) , (\",1, "clion Modem M,,,"e' 19% 2m; rhe pro),,,t ""bheld duo r"inlJlUITl " " loLili l\On " , Ch,,,,d, j"," II.c,,,knl,"i /\rca i ~'!5 2lJ()J iCorlb lillmg \\ (rrk " "ngolng , 1~9j E'l"I"'OIl 'Iud u"",,1(1,,ncnt c, 2002 'iI", P,")L'Ct " .Pl'r(r\'ed C, n",wli"', RC>ldcnl",1 A"" iHlc, N'"ni"" mwmg d Plo"mn Coml",«io" IJe," 5"5 Political Inle •.fe•.cnl"C in the Change of Lrmd Usc Proposals The lalld me" control mecharuslll of the dcvelopm~nl Author;l" is oftcn hampered hy polilical and adminislra(Lvcinfluence In the normal PlOcedme [or land use ]Jemlissioll, the lO\,n planner rejects au applJcatlOflfor laud usc clcarnnce, tf 11is 78 dilferent 10 llie indIcated land lise in the prc\mling Ma.,lcf Plan, In most of the cases, the person being rejected by the Town Planner makes apPe Aulhonl) for the cotlslderal;oll of the land lISe clearance Such "",e., are rm,ed d\lrmg hoard meeting ~nd mos! of the c~ses the declS10llSgo in support of tile appllcarn (although 11 dlITers from the I"lastcr rjfUl proposal) The board doe; not comider the 0PJnl0I1oftlle Town Plannci during the conlroycrsial resolution In some artlle areas. board h~s taken declswll< tQ change th~,emire Innd use This is a sClious no!alioll ofMn,ler Plan. According to the rules, 11ncleds appro-,d or the mmistry to change any land lise propos~l of lhe Masler Plan. nul JUling the stud,' il l.\ ,denldied (hnt [he board or RDA had tRkcn a numher of declSLons."hi,h is agamsl tb~ regulation. H~rc are some of lhe e.'..mnplesof lbe decisions as menlloneJ 5.5. ] CIIIlJIge 'it l1ldll.llria/ ProP"SfI/ aTKf",t"kl",1i & Ea,,1 "f Padilla R('sidemiflf Ar~a The J 984 Masler PI"" proposed a numbel ofSlles 10be dc, cloped as ligbl and hea,,' mduslTJal area l1l dilTer~nl parts of Ralshahi Cil" The,~ area, "ere also dcrllmked llllaLLdu,e proposal mar flllt withoul an" reH$onableground, lhe I""d !lse zoning of the,e are", ",ere ,hanged in a general rneelmg ill Ing It \\'lISonl\' 4 yeo'S aftel the complelion of Ihe Ma.,ler Plan It is sure lhal no remarkable change in l The mea of Kalakhah B"7aar awa whieh was declared as indmlrial area in the Master Plan "as changed into commclcial lW1duse mne illId the llrroacast to the 1'00111"ReSld~ntialArc~ which was marked ~s hgbl industrial 70nc was brought under residentlal 70nc, 5.6lJnhalanred LTrbanizatillnand Trend ofDevclllpment l'uhhc policy ill Bangladesh h~siDcleilsingly been concerned "illl POpulallOn d"tnbution and urhan17atlon nends. This is due tt> lhe fact that )lflSl pallern of econonllC and urban gro\\ih hal lended 10 be 'putially concenlrated in tile eenlral reglOn "i[b Dhab as the pnmate city ofBangladcsh TIllS has thus gencrated not only ml~r regional dilpantics in thc bel or cconOllllC wElrare but also l!nde.,irable and lInbalallceJ population d,stribullon, This make, 11economicaily a~ well as poIltlCally necessary for the IT()Vemment ofBangladcsh to adopt a ne\\' dC\Tlopmenl strategy of decentlah~Ed urb~nization lhrough current rural and lIIban plallrung activities to correct [he spatial imbahmce in developmenl pattern UrbaniLation policy atld urban inlerests arc no\\' heglllmng to be ret1ected more m the plannine actl\ ltie., of the Banglade.lh Go"cmmerH. impf(l\mg phl.SICa! facIlities of linng thrOl1gh fOlmulating appropriilte policie\ and undenaling programnk" bemg thc mrlJor conccm of dc\clopment phm (PPW & HS: Finh Fi,-e Year I'hm 1997-2002) The 0 utslanJing fcatmes of urb,mi7ation trends m fJ,mgladcsh are. tendcncy to mctJopoJl~alion on the onE h'lIld and the JO\\ level of mbamzallOn in othcr urban ccntles l1w. lS expressed m !he fast gro" th of mctro-Dhala lhal mcludcs about g 05 pClccn! of lhe !otill POp"latlOn of Bangladesh, "hich now h~s aboul 123,1'; mitilOll peoplc. App[()~imatcly more [han Qn~-thl!ds of (hc gro\\ih of urbml population belwecn 1991.2001 occurred In ll1E[ro-Dhilk~ So thE gro"1h of urballlzalion 1Il Bangladesh can be atlnbuled largely to lhe urbani7~tion of metrop(llit~n Cll} of DImka. As mentIOned earlier, more !h1illone thirds of the gro\,1h in lIrbanl/.a!ion rrray be a[tnbuted to Metro-Dhaka H i, f(lr this reason lhal the rcl~tive weight of thc urban pClplilatlOll of lhe remaining reglOns in BangladEsh (\,i7, Chittagong, Khulna. 80 Raishahi. Si1he! and Bari,aJ [)jyiS10ll) is low. from 1974 10 20m an mcrease ill (he rclatlVc share of the central (Dhal..a) regIon and a decline in (hat of the remaimng regwns are evident llllh~ following [able. Table' 5.4 DlSlnbulioll (,[SMA Population dllring the Period Inl, I')91 and 200 I 1981 1~~1 2U01 SMA Population % Population % l'op"lation % Dhab 34]0]J 1 59,95 (,95(1nO 64,09 991290R (,6 JJ Chiltagollg 1391R77 24,32 2348~28 11M 3202710 11 37 Khulna 646359 11,30 jOD1825 ~,24 ])2721') Ralsl,"lll 253740 4,43 544649 3 02 ("I(,7IG 4,'l1"'" Tol,,1 5722287 100 no IOR45R/.2 IOU.OO 14989573 100,011 So= JJBSReport Il appear, Ihal [he dcchnc ill rcialilC share of [he urban populatloll in the Norlhern region (Rajsllahi) 1Sthe largesl among (he regions ruld 1his arain pto,es the !lend to realiza!lOlLof lh~northern region. The dlstllbulH)Jlof SMA population during lhe ]a,l l\\enly ) eo':; inJieatrs s(ead" me of Dhaka SMA. population during 198L t991 and 2011[ and Khllian & Clullagorlg popolation declining graduallY R:Usl",l11 sho", ;Iighl Increase tram t'lRI 10 1991, lhen agen]]a declining lrend from 1991 10 20111Si\;tApopulallons 5.7 Geogmphic Localion ofthc City Wilhin Rai~halll !);"si()n, llogra cmrcn(]y repr"Senh [he f"-qeq gr01\ing dislncl bec"-u;e of its geogmphlc localion Th~ surge in deveJo]Jlllcnltriggcred by lhe d~,dopllleill af irrigation. small and medIUm scalc industlics in particular have pul Bogm ahead of Raishahi, The ease of Bogra ernphnsi7esthe need far inycstmcnts m agflc\,1tlll'eand mdllstries. Bogm is rcapll1gthc bcnefils Oflh" increased lnmsport and other activities prom(,kd b)' the opening of the JamlUlaBndge As Bogra emerges a, • SI the huh of [ramport and other economic acti"il1s of the region, the importance of Rajshahi i, heing dctcriomting day by da\ H(me\u ar~a such as Naogaon"s entrepreneurs CUlrcnlly prefer to gel supply and services [10m Bogm rather than Rajshahi, This is one oflhe reasons, "h,eh h of economic de"c1opmcnt for the ell\' of R..11shahl 5.8 Absenfe of Proper Planning I'l'a~.tice Dwinr, Ihe stud". 1[has been "b,ened that the funcllOnofplanmng section of lbishuhi Development Author;t" is far be,'Qlld the required profeSSIOnalplanning praClJC~Until I')9Il, the section used to prepare Project Proforma (1'1') lor d,Qi",ml projects. Presenll} Ihe secllOll iss\ICS(ile land clearance for land usc, Bllt there is no praCljc~ regardmg planning aCliritJes The RTDA ordinilncc spcClf!cd a numller of aCli"lies reinled 10 planning p,ru;licc. which \\ere no,-cr followed by an\" of jhe plan"ers 5.9 Overlapping of Activities 11 i; idenlified lha! there arc o\crlappmg of aCll\ltL"' among jhc agcnCles inrol\'ed in the d~,.eI()rmCllt of Rajshabi C1l\ "11mh"" crcated problems for the implemcntation of proJecls in priority basis In SOmeof the cascs it has crcated sClious problems 111fulurc dcyclopnlcnl of the Cil" Here arc somc ,asc sludies on Ih~ 0\ erlappmg 1lH'a,<1."ldentilicdin thc case Ralshalu S.9.1 COIwrlldi"" '1Roml There are fi\,c organilations responsIble for construction of Roads in RaJshahl CIty area But thclc is no specificalion for the organizations in this regard As a resull, conflict raised in the past dunng constJUctlon of major roads IIIlhe cLly,A llllmbcr of ImportWltroads havc not been lffiplementeddue to nOl1-spccificajio~of acti1'!t)'in the I city command area, The orgalll/.allOllSinvohed in eons(ructlOn of roads ill Rajshahi Cit\' atea are, R~ishahi(\ty. . Corporal ion (RCCl RajslmhlDerelopment Authonlv (RDA) Road, LocaJ Governmen( rngineenng Department (LGED) B~rendro Mul(ipurpose DClclopmen[ Authorit)' (BMDA) .'i.9.2 Preparation ,!{MIIsler Piau During the sludy 1\ is id~ntlfjed th~t there arc three dlfferenl orgarllzatlOn~, whlch holds po\\er to prepar~ Mastcr Plan Rajshahi De\elo]Jmcnl Authorily as well R\ Raj~haJliCit, Corpomtion ha, almost same ]JO\YCItoprepare Mastel' Plan fi,r thc city, 1-10\\e\er. the Call1Onmen[nOJl'dh", full ~ujhol'll, 10prepare M~$ler Plan 101' the area they f~el required for their purpose In thc c~se of Rajshahi. the CIt" corpOlajjon hils never prepared ~n, Master Pl~n fi,r the eny, Bul the earltonmcnt bowd is preparing a Mas(er Plan for the usc oflhe ~,mtonmenl. "h,eh i, eon!ral\' 10[he Master Plan of 199,1prcpal'ed by R~jshahIDel eiopmcnt Allthofll\' s.9..~ H,m,"iJlg Bo(h RHD,RCC and RDA are Ihe three departments (0 l~youl and three 1<\\"0111 of I~nds and dc':elop a, residential area But during the pa,>tit h~5been idcntitied !hnt RCC ha; no role in Ihc dCl'elopment ofhollsmg schemes exeepls some lCheblillation works In slum are'L', Ir~D has ub'g role in housing de\'elopment dUling Paklstan penod, But aner the independence or Bangladesh m 1971, RDA is the onl) organization to contribute In the Housinll Secttlr, 5.9..1 S,,,,ita/h,,, and Drainage RnA and RCC rune the same po\\er 10 e~ccutc 5~nitation and drainngc schclUes for the clly of RaJshahi But in realil" Ref: is the contribution m scweraee and drainage projects of lhe ell)' IWA inslalls drains only in l1S own de\"eloped ResidenlLaJunciCommercinj areas Chapter 6 CONCLUSION 84 Chapter 6: CONCLUSION 6.0 Summary of liindings J. Planning Practice in Bangfade,\'h The Planning pracLJce in ilanglade:.h region dates back to 5\1, Century 4,D. During this period. the ancient settlements like Mahastangar, Paharpur and l\1ainamali were established in the reglon. After thal time this l'egLon was mainly treated as a centre ofagricuhure. After the division of India, [he Sltuation oflhe region ,taned to change A large number of rcfilgee.\ migrated into Bangl~dcsh fj'om the neighboring India Bul Lhe country had not enough strength to provide .\hdter to the huge number of rel\lgees As a re.\uh hnphazard development as well as sluills & sguattcrs developed ill the urban areas of the counl')'. 2. Initi({ti"e~ ,!f Physical Planning in Banglllde,llt With a view to mitigate the problems aSSDclated with llnmigralion, the gOvernment of Em.t Pakistan took initlative for planncd development of the urban areas Developmelll Authorities "ere estiiblLshcd in the big Ulban areas hke, Dhaka, Chmagong and Khlllnll, in the mid 1950s DUling the same period the government had created Hou~mg Wing 10 accommodate [he refugees in different part~ of the coulllry_ Rasir~lly thi~ "'as thc stan uf physical planning in RUllgl~desh_Ma~ler Plan wa~ prepared for Dhaka, Chittagong and Khulna respertively in 19'i9, 1959 and 1961 by [he respective development ~uthority Housmg and Settlement Di,.e~toratc cs[abli~hed a number of housing estatcs in dif}"'rent palt, of the cOllnll)'. In 1965 the governmelll created a new physical planning organi~.ation as Urban Development Directorate for tbe survey and 85 physical planning of the urban centres other than Dhaka, ChiUagong and Khulna This physical planning organization prepared a Mater Plan for Raj,hahi City in 1965 3. The Urban Pattern r!f R'!i.,J",hi City Rajshahi is the fourth IVletropolitan CIties ill Bangladcsll slluatcd on the bank of river Padma. R~j,hahi became the district town back In 1825 when the Headquarter was shifted frOlll Narore and it became divisional headquarter in 1947. The city is important in education point of view of the northeastern par! of the country. The educational inS\l\uleS like University, Medical College, Engin~ering !nstltute, SUrVey Tnstitute and colleges serves the education demand of the eastern districts of Banglade,qh The city is also famous for it, silk and Mango. The Municipality of the city was established in 1876 Later it was upgraded and achieved the status of City Corporation in 1987 1n 1976, the government established Raj;h"hl Town Development Authority fur planned development of the city and its surrounding areas 'l he first Master Plan of the city was prepared in 1968 by lJl'han Development DirectOiate, In 1984, Rajshahi Town Development Authority prepared Master Plan for the city with the association of UI)I), UNCHS and UNOI'. Over the last 20 years the city has developed ailel the plan. As the time period of the 1984 Master Plan is over, the Development Authority has taken initiative to prepare a !leW Malter Plan fl,r the city. The preparation ufthe new Ma~ter Plan 8tilrted in 2001 and expected to be cumpleted by 2004. 4. Master PlallSfor the City of Rajshllhi Urban Development Directorate first took initiative to prepare Master Plan for the city of Rajshahi, The local expert~ of lJDD preparcd the plan, This wa~ baSlcatty a land use type Master Plan The plan was prepared with a view to guide the development ofth~ 86 city to some exten!. As the plan was prepared withoul proper survey and mvcstigalion, its proposals were ambitious rather than practical. The 1968 Master Plall was not implemented due to a number of reasons Firstly, the independence of the country which made change in the whole decisLon making process in the national policy Secondly, there was no implementing agency of the Master Plan in reality RDA prepared the second Master Plan of the city III association with UDD, UNCI-IS and UNDP in 1984 This was also a J~nd lise type Master Plan indi~atil1gthe growth direction orthe city, 11.,major road nelwork. housing areas, industry, recreational areas and a number of proposals for the further development ol'lhe olly 5, The proJ!oMd.of 1984 MII"fer Plan In 1984. the main administrative and commer~ial activities were located respectively in the western Md southern part of Rajshahi City The southern part is the old elly area, which holds herit~ge of the city of Rajshahi The 1981 Master Plan made a suggestion to make a new town eelllre on the nOrLhof Rajshahi Railwuy St~tion to avoid more haphazard developmclll a~ well as to keep the heritage of the city in the old town atea in ta~t, AJthough initiativc was taken in the pa"t (in 1988) to implement the town eentre proposal by RDA, it has not yct bcen realized due to madequate or lack of initiatives. A numbel 'Jf proposals wcre mude to meet the housing dem~lld of Rajshahi City. These were including preparation of 8erviced plol.\ for middle and low-income group uf people and upgrada\lon of slum & slum like al'ea~, Rajshahi Development Authority hilS takcn a good number of schemes to provide housing facilities for the eity dv,'cHers Over the last 20 yeats, the Development Authority has developed about 950 plo!8 ;n fom different area; of the city. H(Jw~ver, the project; of about 800 new plots in three different areas arc under process But the main problem is that most of the housing areas are bcing prepared for thc middle and hlghcr inCOlTI~group of pcople. As a r~5ult, the low-incomc groups of people are being deprivcd again and again. The upgJadation proposal of S~roil Colony (an area of low-income people) haq not been considered by the Development Authority. There is lack in recreational faclhties in Rajshahi City like other cilies of Bangladesh, There are few formal recreation areas in the city The 1911tlMaster Plan propo.\ed a numbcl of .\ile~to be developed as rcerealional spots for the city dwcllers BUl during the study 1t lS identilied Ihat none of (he proposals ha; for far been implemcnled Although RDA has devcloped a park in thc caqlem part of tile Clty, it is far beyond thc demand orthe city dwellers, During the study it has been identified that Rajshahi City Corporalion ha; taken initiative to develop the drainage system of the eill'. A 20-year plan was prepared by the corpolati()n for the develupment of the drainage lySlem ofthc eily The first phase orthe Drainage Mastel Plan i; compleled The ongoing drainage proJect, "part of the l'JHtI Masler Plan has bcen su~cessfully implemented 6. Lack of People'~ Parficipation d"ring l'nprtration of MaMa PI"" People's participation is a much-needed role in the implementation of any proJect/ progralllmeJM~ster Plan. M~ster Plan for a c1ty/town i,; generaUy prepared for the over~1I development, which is not withollt its people. Therefore, it lS a nccessalY option to include the opinion of the people during preparation of a plan so that the need and hope of the people renects in the pl~n, This is a prerequisile for the successful implemcntation 88 ofa Master Plan al~o But during the preparation of Rajshahl Master Plan in 1984, the opinion of the people was not included In any stage As a resull, it took a long lime to introduce the people with lh~ pl~n as weII a,1 with the activIties of the developm~nt authority. The option for people's ]J~rticlpation during the preparation of Maller Plan 15 no! abo included in the RTD_\ ordinance 7. Legrlf 1'{I/ir!ity ".(the Ma.•fer Firm Legal Validily of uny document is an essenllal requirement as it deals with a !lumber of is,llle;, A Master Plan ig an iITIporl~ntdocument, which deals with a IlUmbel of issues and policies. As per the RTDA ordinance, the plan prepared hy the authority needs to be apployed by the Government through the procedure of Gazelle i\otification. During the preparation of [984 Master l-'Ian no sueh lorm~lities was maintaioed (no JO~U1l1ellts 01 inCormatLon was available in lhis regard from RDA ofTicials). Blll the plan is being used for last 20 yean, for the important iS~lle~like land usc conllol and d~\"~lopmcnt, i,,,tallation ofinCraslruclLlfe etc The issue (lhat the plan does not have legal validlty) has not so Carb~ell raised in any slage of implementation neither by all organization nor hy any person. /\" u result it seems to be OK IIIleg~1respect. 8. lmpleflli'nting Age",y ofrhe Master Plan Tt is very imp0I1ant that there must be an ageney to implemeot a Ma,ter Plan ()lher,v;;~_ it is nearly impossible to execute the plan proposals properly. Studying the implemeotation stalu" in the case of Rajshahi elly, it has bcen s€en that the Master J'lan of Raj,hahi City (which was prepared by UOD in 1(68) was not impJemeokd, as the responsibility was not given to My paliicllJar organiz.ation. Bllt if there wa, any 89 Development Authority at thut time like Dhaka, Cluttagong and Khulna then the implementatlon of this Master Plan \\'as possible 9. Economic Condition and GeographicarLocation Although Raj;hah; '0 a dlVlsional city, it has not that muth of importance in economic point of view due to its geographlcallocalion The eCOnOlTIlC base of the cily is not:,o strong The main occupatIOn of the cily;; ;ervlcc and informal activities A Little portlon of the people is engaged with the industry-based occupation Moreover, the numher uf population In Rajshahi SMA has declined over the last two decades The population in Rujshahl SMA was 4.43%,5,02% and 4.31% respecli,-dy In 19~L 1991 and 2001, These entire situation, have a major impact on the phY81caidevelopment of the cily The phy,ical expansion of the city ov~r lhe last 20 years is not 80 remarkable 10. l',,!ifim/ln{1uence in Imp/eme"tati"" O(,U{/,I/er PI"" The implementation of proposals \5 often hampered by Ihe political mfluence/prelsur~, The composilion of RDA lS Wilh an eleven-member board including three non-official members, app{)int~d by the Gov~rnment, As there is no 'peclfic criterion of these person, [0 be llominated as board member, it'8 thc ruling pmty ma~ gels nomination by the governmcnt Thc.le lhree political memh~n, make pressure to do irrcgularities in d,fferent decisions during imp!emenlation of lv/aster Plan. A good' number of such Irregularitics have been identificd during the study, which wal due to Ih~ influence ofpolilical intere~t. j 1. I"l'"h'emellt of Agencie" in f)evr!opmellf There are a3 many as 30 major agencies mvolved for the development of various acllvities in Rajshahi City, These agencie, are responsible for development of dillerenl - 90 sectors Still (here is some overlapping of aClivilies amung these agencies As a result sometime.1 it creates problems ill some of the sectors Generally the agencies are mterested to do profit earning activilie.\ rath~r than service-oriented activities However, there is no co-ordination among the agencies in working areas. There is definite ,hartage in proper planning practice in R~l1g1adcsh_ Raj,hahi IS ( not exception In one slde the number of planners is shon in Rujshahl, 011the other hand the existmg pJanner~ are far away from proper professional planning practice 'J his is one of lhe major causes behind difficulties in pbn lmplcmcntation Moreover, as a professional body, Bangladesh Institute of Planners (],e, BlP) should have had a siglllficant role in Lhe upgradation of professional practice of the planners, formalion uf Planning Standards for lhe cities of Bangladelh and research work for the Urban and Rural areas of lhe country Bul, over I~SI 27 years, I3lP did not perform such activities and had no role tn improve the quality ofplunning practice 6.1 Recommendation To o\'ercome the problems id~ntilied dllrlllg the research, the j()lkm'lllg rccOl1llnendalion may be l~ken inlo ac.count. 1. Jo:lI.mreJ'e()pl("~'P{{rticipation durin;; Preparation o(il,fllst('/" Plan During thc study it i; idcntified lhal the 198~Master Plan of the city of Ra.ishahi w~s not plcpared according 10 the type presClibed l[] the Ordinance and people's panicipatlon was igno,ed during the preparation of the plan. RDA ha:; rectntly takcn lllitlativc to prepare Structure l'lan for the city of Rajshahi for next 20 ycars The preparation ufthe plan slarted III 2(0) and expected to be completcd by 2004. Up to the "." L present stage (The Inception Repon is completed) of the projecL, the opinion of the ,, 91 people is yet tu be taken So, the authOflly should take/make necessary option lor people's participat:on during the proposal stage. This is very much necessaI)' to include the people's participation during the planning stage ralher than hanging the map after completion of/he propolals for people's opinion, Necessary steps should be taken al1er completion of the on-going Master .Plan by RDA complete all formalilic, for the legal validity oflhe plan, 2. Hnsure the ImplemeHting Agemy of the Ma"fer Phm The first Master Plan for the city of Raj~hahi was not properly implemellled due 10 lack in proper ownership! caretaker/implementing agency. UOD i, presently dealing rht projects (yet to be final17ed) to prepare Master PJRllSfor the new divisional towns Barishal and Sylhet NeeeSlal'y step" ~hould be taken to hand over the plan to the existing City Corporation of the respective towns as an implementing agency of it Olhe, wi~e the p'-oposals of the plans \vill rcm~i]l unimplemented 3. Re-dc/ivale 'ilUp",)la C"ncep! utilization of local resourccs like agriclLllure productl can be emphaliLed to develop agro-bascd indust,-ie., to uplift the economic base of the city. However, the nation"l poilcy for dccelltrali7cd urbanintion, which led to introduction of "Upazil~ Concept" (1 9H3) \vith the purpose of providing social and economic dc, elopmem .\holLld be reactlvated SOOIl. 3. Amendfllent '1the RTJM On/iflaflee It is identified that the nOll-official board members of the authonty often creates problems in smooth functioning of plalllung activities through political inl1uence The composition of the authority with the inclusion of three non-official members (which is 92 cOllsidered to the representation of the general peoplt) is unavoidable To reduce the political pres;urc through the non-official members, [he present option of appointing nOn- official member; ,hould be amended Pl'Ofe,slonals like engmeers, planners"profc,son;, and la\\'ycrs' etc, may be the critena to be nominated as nOll-official members of the board 10 be ~ppoilltcd by the Government, 4. Formulation of Co-ordination Cell There i, some ovcl1apping in activities among the organi"atioll responsible for the de\'elopment of Rajshahl City This situation often creale; problems To reduce the cunthcl among the agcncicl, a Co-ordination Cell wnh member, from all leading agenclCs can be formed headed by the City Mayor. This cell can also aCI as co-ordination orlile M,I,ter Plan nnplelllcntation. 5. HIP to Ensure Pr"fc."imwl Planni"g Practice Although [he planning aClivilies are not very new in Uallglade~h, it is identified that there 1, a s~riou.\ la~k ill proper planning practice Tni, is due to the number and qu~hty of pre,em planners In different orgam7.~ti()lls. The Bangladesh lw,lilute of Planners (BlP) may lake necessary step.1 to improve the quality of planners In profc,.lio[]al practice, provIde a guideline of Planning Stand~rd, arrangc regular tnllnmg and opcn discus.lion ~bout Phy.lical Planning 7. Relocating l"dllstrie." Rajshahi i~ mainly a univer"ty town. It thrive; mainly on production and sale or mango & litchi. Though mango is onc of the mam c~sb crops ofRajshahi but there l~ no preservalion ,ystem to supply for all the year round even in Raj,hahi City /\, a result, ~ll (be production needs eithcr to eat within the city 01'(0 mpply only Dhaka City. Becausc 93 due to bad communication there is no \.\' frame and a reasonable ]Jm:c other than roUen, Th,S situation is almo,t same fix Hilsha F1Sh during rainy .,eason, Sometimes thlS seasonal fish may need to throw out in the river due to lack of proper pre,ervatJOn facilities So, if there is some kind of canning indus1rie, then the above situation will be trcmcndou,>ly 111l11r<1Ve.-J M,,!-~,:w pos,ibility to set up meat procesqing illdu~try in Rajshahi Thi~ is because of a large number of imported livestock from india • 8. ImprOl'ing ({""fIlunicatioll System Rajshahi does not pll%eSS imjJOliant economic and administrative fLincli(Jn~ a" that off)haka or Chittagong Actually, there were very few initiatives laken for growth. It is not ca~ilv ac~es~ible by J~lld, air or water transport. Though now the road communication sy:.tern fJom R~j;IMhi is far better thaIl ~ar1i~r bm 1t is only limited wilh Dhaka ro Chiltagong rather than other parts of the country, Moreover, there 15a tendenC} among us to think about only Dhaka ba,ed and accordingly preference is given ln that case, other parts of the country are depriving to gel lhe juicy mangoes and J.Jilsha li"h ill due time with a reasonable pnce. There is another example m case of silk produclion The entrepreneurs ol\btferent parts of the countJ)' ~re not interested to dch lheir bU;ll1ess "illl that of ;ilk, 'J he onc of the reasons oftbis drawback is lack of good and cheapest coml1ll1nication 9. Increase of Trade and Commerce From the above dis~u,;ion. it has been fOLllldthat if some canning indu~lries and communication 8ystems (air, road, rail and road) are developed there will be muhipJicr effcct in terms ofemploymcnt a~ well as boost up of economy, To expedite this ~ituation, 94 gO\Trnrnenl as well as locally eJected parliament memher and private entrepreneurs should take necessary steps, }'or example, through establishment of commercial infr~structllres such as international hotel and market may mcrease (rade and commerce as well as employment and economy with olher pans of the country. JO.lnaer::;:; o[Trl/de ]"ith India Bangladesh ha,c bilMcral trade relation "jth India. Sonamasjid Land Cu;tonl Statiun is an Important transit poim for land based trade Wilh Inell,1 There are good pro~pcclS fo!' increase in trade voluine with India in future This wIll however, depend On poli!i~aI will and spirit of cooperation between two countries. A railway link with India viu Sonamu;jid transit point and R~J;;hubi over Jamuna Bridge 10 Dhaka will greally facilitate bilateral trade between two countries Thi.\ po.%ibility will have tremelldou~ impacts on lht, economy of tile reglon in lerms of linkage efTeets and lran.\ponalion service, as "ell as boost up the tax b~se_ J 2. Del"l'/opmen! of Prulmu Rh'~r Banli A,5 Reereatio""l Spot 'j Ile long slrip along the nonh bank of River P~dma pi csen(ly serve ~~ lhe recreational spot of the city dweller.1 Bm the are~ is not orgamsed m aiL 'I here is no facilitics hke sitling arrallgement, boating, lighling elc, The area should bc developed "i!h somc J~CjJilles likc gm-dening, siUing arrangements, lightings, cable car, toys l"r chlldren etc, Moreover, floRUng restauranl can be a good ~dditioll to increase the aHractio[] of the recreational spot RaJshahi Development Authority with the ~ssociation with Rajshahi Cily Corporation & Bangladesh Water Development Board can playa vltal role to develop the aJea 95 13. Establishment of Mangonjtehi Processing lndm'try Rajshahi i~known as the .wuree of juicy mangoes in Bangladesh. During the season huge amount of quality mango is produced in the region. This local resource can be a good option to playa vital role in the local ecoU(lmy. Industries like mango manufacturing (to produce Juice) can oc established in Rajshahi which may playa vital role in the employment sector a~ well as in the economy. Private initiative Can be encouraged in this regard. 14. Incentive/or Silk Industries Rajshahi is famous for its silk fOf a very long time. This particular commodity also plays a vital role in the local economy as weiL But over the last decade due fo import of artificial silk from India the local original sericulturc silk is near destruction, Thi> is already a negative impact in the sector. As a result. the investors arc not intetested to make more investment in the sector fol' original senculture silk. Govemment should take initiative to revita1i~e the sector. 15. Etfab/isllmellt of Fith P,oce~'sing& Sweefmeat Faetory Rajshahi is well kn",VIl for sweet willer fish, which are available in the surroundings beels and in the river Padilla. After meeting lip the lo~al demand it is possible to slipply to the other parts of the country if initiatives is taken. Some fi~h processing industries ean be e~tablished in some locations which ean meet up the demand of fresh fish as well as can gene"lte some scope of employment However, the present production of swe~tmcat can be encouraged through some incentives by the government for the businessmen involved in this sector. .' 96 6.2 Conelu~ion The city of Rajshahi is not that much crowded and haphazard as Dhaka and Chittagong. The 1984 Master Plan of the city has been implemented to some extent However a number of proposals were not implemented due to some constraints like slow pace of economic development of the city, lack in plan preparation, political influence and improper planning practices, etc. The Rajshahi Development Authority is presently preparing a new Master Plan for the next 20 yeaTS. Proper initiatives ~hould be taken to implement the upcoming proposals in the new Mastcr Plan. However, a number of initiatives should be taken as suggested in the previous paragraph, programmes taken up by the government as well as the private investor:<;to boost up the economy in the region is vital. The progressive sectors like silk, mango, litchi etc. can be important roctor to increase up the local economy. The beaulifiJi riverbank can be improved in such a wa} to develop as tourist spot, picnic spot, scenic river cruise, boat restaurant, holiday house. Hence, there should be an all out dfort by the government, agencies involved and the private investors to build a prosperous Rajshahi in a planned way ill the future. Photograph # 01: Sopura Silk Factory in Rajshahi Industrial Estate Photo~raph # 02: Sopura Silk Show Room at Ra,jshahi Industrial Estate o Photo!!:•.•ph /I 03: PlIdm. Rk,tr Bank al Rni~hllhi: Om be' D~'dopnl n a ITCrr.lionlllSp PholO1!raph It 04 : narrndlll R~rJlrch Munum ( ElIld. 1910). RJ!jshahi • Photograph # 05 : Water Supply Network (LocaU}' Called Dhopkall) Installed by Rani Bhabani in 1900 is Still in Use as Source of Water Supply Photol;raph #1)5: A View ofRajskahi Railway Station APPENDIX-A < ~- ~" ~ • ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ < ~ ~ ~ < ~ ••.•.. < ~ < 0 '" "-0 z < ~ <-"- ~ 0, ~ -< , o v ,I ;;'1' , , , " ., • • I , , ; • ." , , , • ilII .' ;" • ,., ,.:i ,.'i , ., ., !;, , I'l' Ii , " iii " ,,' r ji ~ ';,II'I"" ,." ~~I :!~"dl , , ", " - " ' I , ~ I ., I I I, Ii" • ," t 0 :c !i , I < , < ,,, " , < " , I J , , , , , "~,-, a , '" .I. ' • , «" ,,'I". < " I,,;I; ;: w , b:.! I I -,. , , , L_ w • , "J , , ? , , , , , , , ", , , < < < < r - " --" - •• • -----....._- " -- ," , , , ! I -, •; ; , DETAILED LAYOUT PLAN FOR HALISHAHAR AREA,CHITTAGONG .' : .. , "..' . i.::.,;".~.>. ..'j,::>. ," .' ..' -,.'- ..' ~..,.... '" .' ..'~M.t_. ••_•... •• _ , .' ..•~.-,., ..•,~'..•., ~.•..._.. ...:.. -' ~.' ., -.. '" -...... •. - . ._-••• ••• ___~:-- • M ._ ~_ •••_._ , _ ••••• ...... ,_ •....••~ ' ,..,~ <"-"' • ,.• ~ ~ Sj ~ ~ ~ ~ 5? III , , " • • •, " " ,,•" • 0 •".,•" > • • • •" • • , • ,• • •• LAY-OUT PLAN FOR MOHAMMED NEIGImORHOOD, DHAKA \, . .; ,, , :j:! j , .,,"" .", '" " [ , w p ~ ~ ~ z • • • ~.• • I >-' _.-:'>'- ,, ~] '. -.-, '.,,,,",. ,.., , 11 ,, I Hi ' :iI' ;; , " " " , j , , , , ! ! APPI~NJ)IX-B - ! ,I ". , J ou.. z jj « .,, 'r0 ;' , 0:' -' , , f- o ,o ! ~ a: o ! 'D Q ~lmnDn!'D I i 0 i 0 I i ! 0 ! ~ 0 , ~ , "- ,.- f II I i ! 0 I I • I , , ~ 0 • ! ,,• ,I I .. • 0 , , I / I ,! ,i- i ,!", , j 1- \ • , , , , , -, " "." ..., , ----'~ .. ... , :, ' ,r- '_~~,-;_ "'" I EJ ," : -""" '.' "]i',i ltt 'T -, , " " , , ,• , 'ii1;j-,'.:I:: :~:: , --,c: ! • ,, , : ,, , i , ,, , , • W'lmUlOUJllilJ[Il!lOOJ ~i[1J[1 z r-6 a: ::0 a.. o z J: U'" .,z " ~ ~'" c z"" u '" ~ ", ~"" ~ '"" w ~ ,- " "z ""u 'BI!O"• 1f.J )1 ,'J U ° , '."""" ,~..•.• \ !' ", °, ,."r '\, , ..\ .,.. ." . , •:II• ...... ~ I ." z ...... I: I; < " ,,,. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~••• < '" ...... / ---,.', )t ~< -z ~ ~ a- ""z ;J • \\ / , " ~ A~"" ~ II I, , "I '""" I ...... " .. _:"?"~~_O_'"'._~_, ~""~ \ , APPENDJX- C , BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: Chapin, r, S, J. (1972) Urban Land lhe Planing, Umversity of IIlil10is Pres" USA. Chiara, J D (1969). Planniul: Design Criteria, Van Nostrand Reinbold Company, New York. Darall, Harber! B. & Hinman AJbert G (1928) Urban Land ErullOmics, McGro",th Pubhshing Company, 1]. S. A Gallion, Arthur 11,& Eisner, Simon (1986), The Urb~n Pattern: City Platllling ~l1d Design, Von j\'oslrand Reinhold Company, lJ S A Glasson, J. (1975). All Illtrodunioll to Regional "Ianning, Concept, Theory and I'r~ctkl', Hutchinson & Co (Publishers) I.ld, London. Golany, Gideon, (1976). New TOWll l'lanning: Principles and Practicp, A Willey- lmcrscicncc publicalioll, London Powkhin, M (I 980). Town.' for 1'."1'1., Progress Publishers, Moscow, Ratchffe, J (1993) An intmdurtion to Town and Country I'lanning, UCI, Pre5S Limited, London Roberts, M, (1977), An Introd"c!ion to Town Pla""ing Techniques, HutchInSOn& Co (Publishers) Ltd, London Tclil1g, A. E. (1970). Planning Lnw nnd PrOCfdlll'e, ButlerwOrlh and Co (Publishing) Ud AIH1C1.F:S (JOURNALS (PUBLICATIONS: Akanda, SA. (1983). The Oi,trict of ltajshahi: Its Past ~nd j'rcscnt, The lnstitule of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi Univclsity, Rajshahi GO\,~:I{NMEr\']" l'ltRlJCATlONS! REPORTS! DOCUME~TS: RAJliK (1993) DMDP, Strategic Growth Options- I)haka 2016, Rajdhani Unnayan Kartnpakkha, Dhaka. UNCHSIUNOP-UDD,RDA (1984) Rajshahi Maste,' Plan (Finall','opo,al), Raj,hahi. RAJUK (1993) DMDP, Strategi" Gmwth Option,- Ohaka 2016, Rajdhani Unnyan Kartripakkha, Ohaka, lillA (1999) Preparalion of St"octu rc I'lan, M astcr Plan and Detailed Area Plan for Khulna City, Interim RepOlt, Khulna Development Authority, Khulna. CDA (I(N5). Chiftag(lllg Metropolitan Master Plan (Outline Urban Development PIJln), Chittagong Developmelll Authority, Chiltagong CDA (1995) Chittagong Metropolitan Master Plan (Structure Plan), Cbittagong Development Authority, Chittagong. KDA (l997) "l'l'paration of Structure Plan, Master Plan and Detailed Arca Pial! for Khulna City, luception Report, Khulna Development Aulhority, Khull1a. RAJUK (I993) Dj\fDp, "Ianning Approach, RUjdhaniUnnyan Kaltripakkha, Dhaka. RAJLiK (1995). DMDP, Dhaka Structure Plan, Rajdhani Unnyan Kartlipakkha, Dhaka RPA (2001) Preparalion of Structure Plan, Master plan and Detailed Area Development Plan for Rajshahi MetropoHtan City, Dmft Interim Report, Rajshalll Development AuthOlity, Rajshahi Urban Development Directorate (l9GH). Physical Planning Progress, A Decade of Development & Reforms, Government of East Pakistan, Dhaka Urban Development Directorate (1968) An Approa,h Towanls the Formulation of a Physical Planning Strategy for BasI Pakistan, Government of Ea,l Paki,lan, Dhaka. Easl Palmtan Legislative Dcpallment (1961). The Dhakll Ga:wtte, The Khulna Development Authority Ordinance 196t, Fast Pakislan Ordinance No. Jl or t961, Government of Cast PakiSlan, Dhaka [asl Pakistan Legislative Department (1959) The Dhaka Gazette, "rhc ChiHagoll~ Dcvdopmenl Authority Ordinance 1959, East Pakistan Ordimmee No II of 196 I, Govcrnment ofhsl Pakistan, Dhaka. Mimslry of Law and Parliamentary Affairs (1976). The Bangladesh Gautle, Rajshahi Town Development Anlhority Ordinance 1976, Governmenl of the Pcople's Repubhc "fBangladesh Planning CommIssion (1988). Project Proforma (PP), Manual for Instruction for Projcrt Proforma, Ministry of Plilnning, G(>vemmentof the People', Republic ofnallgladesh. • Bangladesh Bureau of Stati,tics (1974) 1974 Bangladesh Population Census Report, StatistIC' DIvision, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic ofBangladesb. - I NT (1979). Terms and Concepts of Planning, Division of HumlJn Settlements Development, Asian Institute ofTecbnology, Tballand, Shankland & Cox Partnership (1981). Dhaka Metropolitan Area Integrated Urban Dnctoprncnt P'"ojcel, Planning Commission, Government of Bangladesh. Rajshahi Development Authority (2002) Resolution of the General Meetmg, Meeting No 04/2002, Section 10.01, 10.03, 10,05, 10.06, 10.07 & 11.00, Date 09/\012002, Ministry of Housing and Pubhe Works, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Raj.lhahi Development Authorily (2002), Resolution of the General Ivlerting. Meeting No, 0312002, Section 13 (1) (2) (3), 20 (1) (2) (3), Date 25/0712002, Ministl)' of Housing and Public Works, Government of the People's Republic of JJangladesh Rajlhabi Developmenl Authority (2002) Re~oluti()n of the General Meeting, Meeting No 0112002, Section 11 & 12, Date 02/04/2002, Mimstry of HOUSing and Pubhc Works, Government of the People's Republic of JJangladcsh Rajshahi Development Authority (2001) Re'olution of the General Meetmg, Meeting No. 0412001, Section 13, Date 05/07/2001, Ministry of Housing and Public \\'orks, Government of the Peoplc's Rcpublic ofBangladesb Raj;hahi Development Authority (2001). Resolution of thc Gcneral !\teeting, Meeting No 0312001, Section 18.00, Date 12/0412001, Minish)' of Hou,ing and Public Works, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Raj5hahi Development Authority (2002). Resolution of the General Meetmg, Meeling No, 0512002, Section 13.00, Date 14/12/2002, Ministry of Housing and Public Works, G"vcrnmcnt of the People' s Republic of Bangladesh, Housing and Environmental Research Cell, Survey for Land Use, Traffie and -Utility for Greater Rajshnhi, (Dhaka; June 19HO), UJ','PUBLISHED MA TERTALS: Chowdhury. Jahanllfa (1982) Planning 1'01" Future Development: A Case Study of .Rajshahi City, Unpublished MURP Thesis, 13UET>Dhaka ..,.