DOCSLIB.ORG

Security Council Distr.: General 2 November 2017

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Security Council Distr.: General 2 November 2017 United Nations S/2017/924 Security Council Distr.: General 2 November 2017 Original: English Letter dated 2 November 2017 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council On behalf of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, and in accordance with paragraph 40 of Security Council resolution 2317 (2016), I have the honour to transmit herewith the report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea. In this connection, the Committee would appreciate it if the present letter and the report were brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council and issued as a document of the Council. (Signed) Kairat Umarov Chair Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea 17-17136 (E) 071117 *1717136* S/2017/924 Letter dated 2 November 2017 from the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea In accordance with paragraph 40 of Security Council resolution 2317 (2016), we have the honour to transmit herewith the report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea. (Signed) James Smith Coordinator Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (Signed) Jay Bahadur Armed groups expert (Signed) Charles Cater Natural resources expert (Signed) Déirdre Clancy Humanitarian expert (Signed) Tapani Holopainen Finance expert (Signed) Nazanine Moshiri Arms expert (Signed) Richard Zabot Arms expert 2/161 17-17136 S/2017/924 Contents Page I. Introduction ................................................................... 8 A. Mandate .................................................................. 8 B. Methodology .............................................................. 9 II. Acts that threaten the peace, security and stability of Somalia .......................... 9 A. Harakaat al-Shabaab al-Mujaahidiin ........................................... 9 B. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant faction in Somalia ........................... 14 C. Intercommunal conflict ..................................................... 16 D. Public financial management ................................................. 18 E. Resource governance ....................................................... 24 F. Resurgence of piracy ....................................................... 27 G. Electoral misconduct ....................................................... 28 III. Arms embargo ................................................................. 29 A. Illicit flow of weapons into Somalia ........................................... 29 B. Federal Government compliance with obligations under the partial lifting of the arms embargo .................................................................. 32 C. Other Somali security sector institutions: compliance with the arms embargo ......... 35 D. Establishment of a United Arab Emirates military base in Berbera .................. 36 E. Military equipment captured during offensive operations by the African Union Mission in Somalia and Federal Government security forces .............................. 37 F. Security sector reform ...................................................... 37 IV. Obstruction of humanitarian assistance ............................................. 38 A. Al-Shabaab ............................................................... 38 B. Bureaucratic obstacles ...................................................... 39 C. Major supply routes ........................................................ 40 D. Diversion of humanitarian aid ................................................ 41 E. Attacks on humanitarian workers ............................................. 41 F. Manipulation of aid to exclude marginalized communities and fuel conflict .......... 42 V. Violations of international humanitarian law involving targeting of civilians .............. 42 A. Al-Shabaab and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant .......................... 43 B. Federal and regional forces, clan militias and other criminal elements ............... 43 C. African Union Mission in Somalia and international forces ........................ 44 D. Child recruitment and use ................................................... 46 VI. Violations of the charcoal ban .................................................... 46 A. Production, transport and stockpiles ........................................... 46 B. Illicit export of charcoal ..................................................... 47 17-17136 3/161 S/2017/924 C. Paperwork and criminal networks ............................................. 47 D. Implementation of the charcoal ban ........................................... 48 VII. Correction to the previous report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council resolution 2244 (2015) (S/2016/919) .............................. 49 VIII. State and non-State cooperation with the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea ........ 49 IX. Implementation of targeted sanctions .............................................. 50 X. Recommendations .............................................................. 50 A. Threats to peace and security ................................................. 50 B. Arms embargo ............................................................. 51 C. International humanitarian law ............................................... 51 D. Charcoal ban .............................................................. 51 E. Sanctions list .............................................................. 51 F. Disassociation ............................................................. 52 Annexes* 1.1: Al-Shabaab procurement of weapons following attacks on AMISOM .................... 53 1.2: Al-Shabaab use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) (STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL)* .. 56 1.3: 2 January 2017 VBIED attack in Mogadishu ........................................ 57 1.4: Puntland IED seizures .......................................................... 60 1.5: Al-Shabaab financing in Bay and Bakool regions .................................... 62 2.1: ISIL occupation of Qandala ...................................................... 64 2.2: Leadership of the ISIL faction .................................................... 68 2.3: Mobile phone analysis of Abbas Mahamoud Yusuf and the ISIL faction (STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL)* ............................................................ 70 2.4: ISIL attack on International Village Hotel .......................................... 71 2.5: May 2017 ISIL suicide bombing in Bosaso (STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL)* ............. 72 3.1: Galkayo conflict: 7 October to 18 November 2016 ................................... 73 4.1: Currency management .......................................................... 81 4.2: Abdullahi Mohamed Nor ........................................................ 83 4.2.1: CADG Engineering Pte. (STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL)* ..................... 88 5.1: Berbera port payoffs ............................................................ 89 5.2: Fishing governance ............................................................. 90 5.3: Oil governance ................................................................ 92 5.4: Strategic Natural Resource Management & Consultants Inc. ........................... 95 6.1: The Abdikarim Salah Mohamed a.k.a. Aw Koombe network and the hijacking of the Aris 13 (STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL)* .................................................. 97 * The annexes are being circulated in the language of submission only and without formal editing. 4/161 17-17136 S/2017/924 7.1: Puntland arms smuggling networks ................................................ 98 7.1.1: Puntland interdiction of arms from Yemen ................................... 109 7.2: Maritime seizure of arms in March 2016 by FS Provence .............................. 110 7.2.1: Belarus sights (STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL)* ............................... 115 8.1: Halane Central Armoury inspections, 26 April and 29 August 2017 ...................... 116 8.2: Registration and distribution procedures at Halane ................................... 118 8.3: Review of paperwork related to ammunition distribution from Halane (STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL)* ............................................................ 122 8.4: Review of paperwork related to a shipment of weapons and ammunition from Djibouti (STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL)* .................................................. 123 8.5: Diversion ..................................................................... 124 9.1: Establishment of a United Arab Emirates military base in Berbera ...................... 126 10.1: Marginalized communities and humanitarian access .................................. 127 10.2: Involvement of a Lower Shabelle NGO in inter-clan conflict (STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL)* ............................................................ 132 11.1: Destruction of Shiidle villages near Balad, Middle Shabelle ........................... 133 11.2: Child recruitment and use ....................................................... 137 11.3: Update: Abdirashid Hassan Abdinur — obstruction of humanitarian assistance and targeting of civilians ...................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Country of Origin Information Report Somalia July 2008
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT SOMALIA 30 JULY 2008 UK BORDER AGENCY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE 30 JULY 2008 SOMALIA Contents Preface LATEST NEWS EVENTS IN SOMALIA, FROM 4 JULY 2008 TO 30 JULY 2008 REPORTS ON SOMALIA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED SINCE 4 JULY 2008 Paragraphs Background Information GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.04 ECONOMY ................................................................................................. 2.01 Currency change, 2008 ................................................................ 2.06 Drought and famine, 2008 ........................................................... 2.10 Telecommunications.................................................................... 2.14 HISTORY ................................................................................................... 3.01 Collapse of central government and civil war ........................... 3.01 Peace initiatives 2000-2006 ......................................................... 3.14 ‘South West State of Somalia’ (Bay and Bakool) ...................... 3.19 ‘Puntland’ Regional Administration............................................ 3.20 The ‘Republic of Somaliland’ ...................................................... 3.21 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................... 4.01 CONSTITUTION .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia Question(S) Security Situation in Puntland and Somaliland (January – 15 November 2019)
    COI QUERY Country of Origin/Topic Somalia Question(s) Security situation in Puntland and Somaliland (January – 15 November 2019): 1. Short description of the region 1.1 Somaliland 1.2 Puntland 2. Control of territory and presence/activities of non-state armed groups 2.1 Somaliland 2.2 Puntland 3. Recent security trends, impact on the civilian population and overview of documented incidents with civilians casualties 3.1 Sanaag and Sool 3.2 Somaliland 3.3 Puntland Date of completion 12 December 2019 Query Code Q39 Contributing EU+ COI --- units (if applicable) Disclaimer This response to a COI query has been elaborated according to the Common EU Guidelines for Processing COI and EASO COI Report Methodology. The information provided in this response has been researched, evaluated and processed with utmost care within a limited time frame. All sources used are referenced. A quality review has been performed in line with the above mentioned methodology. This document does not claim to be exhaustive neither conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to international protection. If a certain event, person or organisation is not mentioned in the report, this does not mean that the event has not taken place or that the person or organisation does not exist. Terminology used should not be regarded as indicative of a particular legal position. The information in the response does not necessarily reflect the opinion of EASO and makes no political statement whatsoever. The target audience is caseworkers, COI researchers, policy makers, and decision making authorities. The answer was finalised on the 12 December 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Summary a General and Complete Arms Embargo Was Imposed on Somalia Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 733 in 1992. Since
    Summary A general and complete arms embargo was imposed on Somalia pursuant to Security Council resolution 733 in 1992. Since the partial lifting of the arms embargo in 2013, approximately 20,000 weapons and 75 million rounds of ammunition have been delivered to Somalia. While significant progress has been made since the arms embargo was originally imposed, Somalia still faces a multitude of internal political and security challenges. The importance of compliance with notification requirements following the partial lifting of the arms embargo, and effective and accountable weapons and ammunition management, cannot be understated. Compliance has, however, been consistently weak. Over the course of this mandate, no consignments of weapons and/or ammunition have been correctly notified as per the requirements of the Security Council. Weapons and ammunition management remained deficient, despite the dissemination of new Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) by the Office of the National Security Advisor in early 2017. Distribution logs managed at the Halane Central Armoury (HCA) in Mogadishu lacked precision and consistency to the extent that it was not possible to accurately determine where, when, why, how or to whom most weapons and ammunition were allocated during the first half of this mandate. Restrictions imposed by the FGS curtailed the SEMG’s ability to effectively assess weapons and ammunition management and distribution procedures in the second half of the mandate. These restrictions were maintained despite correspondence from the Chair of the Sanctions Committee to the FGS stressing the importance of enabling the SEMG to fully access and document the contents of HCA. Throughout the mandate, the SEMG collected evidence on the diversion of military equipment, with weapons known to have been delivered to the FGS — including many from a consignment received in mid-2017 — documented in the possession of arms dealers in Mogadishu and Baidoa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Final Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia
    United Nations S/2020/949 Security Council Distr.: General 28 September 2020 Original: English Letter dated 28 September 2020 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia addressed to the President of the Security Council On behalf of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia, and in accordance with paragraph 33 of Security Council resolution 2498 (2019), I have the honour to transmit herewith the final report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia. In this connection, the Committee would appreciate it if the present letter and the report were brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council and issued as a document of the Council. (Signed) Philip Kridelka Chair Security Council Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia 20-11488 (E) 061020 *2011488* S/2020/949 Letter dated 28 September 2020 from the Panel of Experts on Somalia addressed to the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia In accordance with paragraph 33 of Security Council resolution 2498 (2019), we have the honour to transmit herewith the final report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia. (Signed) Natascha Hryckow Coordinator Panel of Experts on Somalia (Signed) Brian O’Sullivan Armed groups/natural resources expert (Signed) Irene Raciti Humanitarian expert (Signed) Matthew Rosbottom Finance expert (Signed) Richard Zabot Arms expert 2/98 20-11488 S/2020/949 Summary The threat posed by Al-Shabaab to peace, security and stability in Somalia goes beyond the impact of the group’s conventional military action and asymmetric warfare to include sophisticated extortion and “taxation” systems, child recruitment practices and an effective propaganda machine.
    [Show full text]
  • S 2019 858 E.Pdf
    United Nations S/2019/858* Security Council Distr.: General 1 November 2019 Original: English Letter dated 1 November 2019 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia addressed to the President of the Security Council On behalf of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia, and in accordance with paragraph 54 of Security Council resolution 2444 (2018), I have the honour to transmit herewith the final report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia. In this connection, the Committee would appreciate it if the present letter and the report were brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council and issued as a document of the Council. (Signed) Marc Pecsteen de Buytswerve Chair Security Council Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia * Reissued for technical reasons on 14 November 2019. 19-16960* (E) 141119 *1916960* S/2019/858 Letter dated 27 September 2019 from the Panel of Experts on Somalia addressed to the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia In accordance with paragraph 54 of Security Council resolution 2444 (2018), we have the honour to transmit herewith the final report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia. (Signed) Jay Bahadur Coordinator Panel of Experts on Somalia (Signed) Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker Humanitarian expert (Signed) Nazanine Moshiri Armed groups expert (Signed) Brian O’Sullivan Armed groups/natural resources expert (Signed) Matthew Rosbottom Finance expert (Signed) Richard Zabot Arms expert 2/161 19-16960 S/2019/858 Summary During the first reporting period of the Panel of Experts on Somalia, the use by Al-Shabaab of improvised explosive devices reached its greatest extent in Somali history, with a year-on-year increase of approximately one third.
    [Show full text]
  • PROTECTION of CIVILIANS REPORT Building the Foundation for Peace, Security and Human Rights in Somalia
    UNSOM UNITED NATIONS ASSISTANCE MISSION IN SOMALIA PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS REPORT Building the Foundation for Peace, Security and Human Rights in Somalia 1 JANUARY 2017 – 31 DECEMBER 2019 Table of Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................1 Methodology ...................................................................................................................................7 Civilian Casualties Attributed to non-State Actors ....................................................................9 A. Al Shabaab .............................................................................................................................9 B. Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama ..........................................................................................................16 C. Clan Militia ..........................................................................................................................17 D. The Islamic State Affiliated Group ......................................................................................17 Civilian Casualties Attributed to State Actors and other Actors ............................................18 A. Somali National Army ...................................................................................................18 B. Somali Police Force .......................................................................................................21 C. The National Intelligence Security Agency
    [Show full text]
  • Consejo De Seguridad Distr
    Naciones Unidas S/2017/924* Consejo de Seguridad Distr. general 2 de noviembre de 2017 Español Original: inglés Carta de fecha 2 de noviembre de 2017 dirigida a la Presidencia del Consejo de Seguridad por el Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea En nombre del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea, y de conformidad con el párrafo 40 de la resolución 2317 (2016) del Consejo de Seguridad, tengo el honor de transmitir adjunto el informe sobre Somalia del Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea. A este respecto, el Comité agradecería que la presente carta y el informe se señalaran a la atención de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad y se publicaran como documento del Consejo. (Firmado) Kairat Umarov Presidente Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea * Publicado nuevamente por razones técnicas el 15 de noviembre de 2017. 17-17136* (S) 171117 171117 *1717136* S/2017/924 Carta de fecha 2 de noviembre de 2017 dirigida a la Presidencia Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea por el Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea De conformidad con el párrafo 40 de la resolución 2317 (2016) del Consejo de Seguridad, tenemos el honor de transmitir adjunto el informe sobre Somalia del Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea.
    [Show full text]
  • Private Security in International Politics • • Deconstructing the State’S Monopoly of Security Governance
    Title Page Private Security in International Politics • • Deconstructing the State’s Monopoly of Security Governance Patrick Jerome Cullen Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations The London School of Economics and Political Science 2009 UMI Number: U61569B All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615693 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 W£SE5 F O rtM F H_1BmWV tf1 P.J. Cullen: 02 September 2009 DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author.
    [Show full text]
  • TM March 10, 2017
    THE JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION MARCH 10, 2017 VOLUME XV, ISSUE 5 p.1 p.3 p.5 p.7 Alexander Sehmer Animesh Roul Rafid Jaboori Michael Horton BRIEFS Myanmar’s Muslim In- Islamic State’s Deir al- Al-Shabaab: Why Soma- surgency Gaining Zour Offensive Puts lia’s al-Qaeda Affiliate Prominence With Ji- the Syrian Regime Wants Puntland hadist Groups Under Pressure SOMALIA: ONE STEP CLOSER TO DEFEATING AL- told politicians and diplomats that the group could be SHABAAB broken in the next two years (Horseed Media, February 19). Despite this, his pre-election appeal to al-Shabaab Alexander Sehmer has not been entirely forgotten. In the build up to his election as Somalia’s president, Al-Shabaab, meanwhile, has vowed its fight against the Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed announced he would United Nations-backed government will continue, invite al-Shabaab for a “sit down and discussion” (Twit- branding Farmaajo, who has dual U.S. and Somali citi- ter, January, 28). His rhetoric toward the group since zenship, an “American puppet” (Mareeg, February 27). then has been less welcoming. The new president, known as Farmaajo, appears confident that he could be The group continues to menace the country. There have the one to bring an end to the al-Qaeda affiliate’s vio- been several attacks in Mogadishu, and this month mili- lent insurgency. Indeed, there is much that is in his favor. tants seized the town of El Baraf in the Middle Shabelle region as the army and African Union (AU) forces pulled Farmaajo was elected by legislators in the second round back (Garowe Online, March 8).
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Context for Somali Piracy and Its Suppression
    PIRACY AS A MANIFESTATION OF STATE FAILURE: A historical context for Somali piracy and its suppression Sarah-Letetia Craze ORC ID: 0000-0002-4424-7000 This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Arts at the School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne. 20 December 2018 FINAL 1 School of Historical and Philosophical Studies THESIS DECLARATION I declare that: 1 The thesis comprises only my own work. 2 Due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used. 3 The length of the thesis is 86,503 words in length, exclusive of tables, maps, graphs, bibliographies, and appendices. Sarah-Letetia Craze ii ABSTRACT This thesis establishes the Somali piracy epidemic of 2008-12 as a conflict between how Somalis perceived their own sovereign authority and the rules of centralised state norms established by the international community. I argue that as the dominant force in the conflict, the international community’s efforts to apply these rules was complicated by the re-emergence of historic contradictions between the need for immediate deterrence of pirates and the long-term objectives for piracy suppression. The criminalised war economy that grew out of the Somali state’s collapse in 1991 strengthened the Somalis’ historic cultural tradition of equating wealth with respect, a prime motivator for piracy. However, while ‘state failure’ provided a convenient explanation for the harsh reality of life in Somalia, it ignored the Somalis agency in their post-state collapse state-building efforts. The international community’s ignorance of the state-like authoritative constructs Somalis had built for themselves, especially in Puntland, meant the incomplete ‘state failure’ narrative fed the UN’s decision to suppress Somali piracy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Problem with Militias in Somalia
    Hybrid Conflict, Hybrid Peace How militias and paramilitary groups shape post-conflict transitions Adam Day, Case Study Authors: Vanda Felbab-Brown and Fanar Haddad Vanda Felbab-Brown Vanda Felbab-Brown is Senior Fellow at The Brookings Institution. This material has been funded by UK aid from the UK government; however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies. ISBN: 978-92-808-6513-4 © United Nations University, 2020. All content (text, visualizations, graphics), except where otherwise specified or attributed, is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial- Share Alike IGO license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO). Using, re-posting and citing this content is allowed without prior permission. Cover photo: AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool (Licensed) Back cover photo: UN Photo/Stuart Price Citation: Vanda Felbab-Brown, "The Problem with Militias in Somalia: Almost Everyone Wants Them Despite Their Dangers," in Hybrid Conflict, Hybrid Peace: How Militias and Paramilitary Groups Shape Post-conflict Transitions, ed. Adam Day (New York: United Nations University, 2020). Case 3 The Problem with Militias in Somalia ALMOST EVERYONE WANTS THEM DESPITE THEIR DANGERS By Vanda Felbab-Brown Acknowledgements The author would like to thank deeply the Rule of Law and Security Institutions office of the United Nations Missions Assistance Mission in Somalia for greatly facilitating this research. The author is also very grateful to Dr Abdiqafar Farah for his excellent fieldwork assistance and to Bradley Porter for desk research help. The conceptual and other substantive input from Cale Salih and Adam Day and editing of Eamon Kircher- Allen were invaluable.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Operations Forces
    community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/ Foreign Military Studies Office Volume 8 Issue #8 OEWATCH August 2018 FOREIGN NEWS & PERSPECTIVES OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES EURASIA INDO-PACIFIC 3 The Russian Perspective of “Friction” and “Wear” in Hybrid 28 The PLA Army Tests Its Special Forces Capabilities 55 Iran to Re-Launch “Helicopter Carrier” War 29 The Emergence of the PLA Navy’s “Jiaolong” 56 The IRGC Wins Multibillion Dollar Economic Projects 4 Russian Combined Arms Armies Are Implementing Commando Unit 57 Turkish Armed Forces Continue to Professionalize Automated C2 System 58 Questions on Shortfalls in Electricity Generation in Iran 30 The PLA Air Force’s “Thunder Gods” Airborne 5 Syria and the Russian General Staff Academy 59 Achieving Gasoline Self-Sufficiency in Iran 6 New Russian Armor Tactics from the Syrian Experience Commando Unit 60 Accepting FATF is Absolutely Forbidden 8 Slavic Brotherhood 2018: Applying the Syrian and 31 China: Achieving Strength through Big Data and 61 Turkish Foreign Security Policy Under an Executive Presidency Donbas Experience to the Balkans? “New Quality Combat Forces” 9 CIS Members Reject Russian Request for Assistance in Syria 32 Building More Capable Overseas Chinese Security Forces: The Next Priority? AFRICA 10 International Political Pressure Mounts against Russian 62 With Learning Chinese, a Dose of Indoctrination Troop Presence in Moldova 33 The Lessons China Taught Itself: Why the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Matters 63 If Somaliland and Puntland Go to War, the
    [Show full text]