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Home , Birmingham Surrealists, British Surrealist Group, Chicago Surrealist Group, Claude Cahun, Conroy Maddox, Dora Maar

FANTASTIC WOMEN SURREAL WORLDS FROM MERET OPPENHEIM TO FEBRUARY 13 – MAY 24, 2020

WALL PANELS OF THE EXHIBITION

INTRODUCTION

FANTASTIC WOMEN IN EUROPE, AND THE USA As goddesses, she-devils, dolls, fetishes, child-women or wonderful dream creatures – women were the dominant theme of male Surrealist fantasies. Most of the official members of the Surrealist movement founded in in 1924 were men. In the wake of the disastrous experiences of the First World War, they embarked on a search for fundamental spiritual renewal and alternative lifestyles. Inspired by ’s theories of the unconscious and his analysis of dreams, they practiced écriture automatique (automatic writing), celebrated coincidence and sexual anarchy in the tradition of the (1740–1814) and conducted artistic experiments of all kinds. Beginning around 1930, an increasing number of joined the circle associated with André Breton, the founder of the Surrealist group, often initially as partners or models. Surrealist ideas were disseminated internationally through numerous exhibitions in such cities as , New York and even Tokyo. And the contributions of women artists to the movement, to exhibitions and publications, were considerably more extensive than is generally recognized or have been documented to date. What distinguishes these women artists from their male colleagues above all is the reversal of perspective. Questioning their own mirror images or adopting various different roles, they engaged in a quest for a (new) of feminine identity. Contemporary political developments, literature and myths of non-European origin were among the themes addressed in the works of female Surrealists. The exhibition focuses primarily on women artists who were directly associated with the Surrealist movement, though in many cases only for brief periods of time. They were personally acquainted with André Breton, exhibited with other members of the group or dealt with Surrealist ideas in various different ways. With some 260 , works on paper, sculptures, photographs and films by 34 women artists from Europe, the US and Mexico – primarily from the 1930s to the 1960s – the exhibition covers a diverse range of styles and subjects.

BIOGRAPHIES AND WORKS

CADAVRE EXQUIS – THE EXQUISITE CORPSE Playing with chance, surprise, and the unconscious was a key objective of the Surrealists. The group often met to play word games: Joining together random words (“The exquisite corpse will drink the new wine”), bizarre and creative results emerged. The idea arose to play in a similar manner with images. This involved folding the paper each time a participant has drawn his or her part of the image, so that later participants cannot see what the ones before them had drawn. “Then it was delirium”, as Simone Kahn, André Breton’s first wife, later wrote: “All night long we gave ourselves a fantastic show, with the sensation to get it entirely and to have contributed with the joy to see the rise of unforeseen creatures and yet to have created them. […] There is no doubt that the participation of some of our great painters to the game, originated some true levels. But the true discovery was reserved to those who had no talent.”

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While many of the participating artists had professional careers—Greta Knutson, , Lamba, Sophie Taeuber-Arp—Simone Kahn, in fact, seems to refer here (amongst others) to the women who initially participated in such collective activities without any artistic training, like Suzanne Muzard, Jeannette Tanguy or Nusch Éluard. Nusch Éluard had been a trapeze artist before her relationship with . The collective play of the group was supposed to give rise to an ‘unconscious’ creative process detached from individual artistic genius, which gave room to the ‘marvelous’ and surprise. Everyone—men and women—was invited to contribute to the collective process in what, from today’s perspective, was an unusually democratic form.

EILEEN AGAR 1899 – 1991 London is born in 1899 in Buenos Aires, the daughter of a well-to-do British merchant family. In 1906 the family returns to . In London, Agar begins to study art in 1924 against her parents’ wishes. She initially attends the Brook Street School of Art run by , before changing to the Slade School of Fine Art in 1925. From 1928 until 1930 she lives in Paris, together with the Hungarian writer Joseph Bard, later her husband. She studies under the Czech cubist František Foltýn. She also meets and befriends André Breton and Paul Éluard. In 1933 the Bloomsbury Gallery in London mounts Agar’s first solo exhibition. That same year, she joins the London Group at the suggestion of ; with the group, she shows her first to the public. In 1936 she is the only professional English woman artist to be included by and in the London exhibition at the New Burlington Galleries. As a member of the Surrealist Group in England, she signs the fourth Bulletin international du surréalisme. Subsequently, she exhibits with the Surrealists in Paris, New York, and Tokyo, showing paintings and drawings, objects, collages and frottages as well as photographs. In his comprehensive 1936 exhibition Fantastic Art, , Surrealism at the in New York, Alfred H. Barr includes works by only two English women artists: Agar is one of them. The following year she spends the summer with Paul and Nusch Éluard, Roland Penrose and in Devon, becoming lifelong friends with the latter two. The holiday ends with a visit with and Pablo in Mougins, in the south of . The Second World War interrupts Agar’s artistic practise, and she only starts painting more often again in 1946. In subsequent years, she increasingly turns to abstraction and her work is frequently exhibited internationally. Eileen Agar dies in 1991 in London.

LOLA ÁLVAREZ BRAVO 1903 Lagos de Moreno – 1993 Dolores Martínez de Anda is born in 1903 in the Mexican city of Lagos de Moreno. Her parents separate soon thereafter, and she grows up with her father in Mexico City. There she meets Manuel Álvarez Bravo, whom she marries in 1925. The two live together in Oaxaca and Mexico City. From 1927 on they run an informal gallery in their house in Mexico City. Lola at first assists Manuel in his photographic work but soon develops her own interest in photography. When the couple separates a few years later, she moves in with her painter friend María Izquierdo. Both are strongly influenced by the Surrealist-inspired aesthetic of the Los Contemporáneos group in Mexico City and in 1936 befriend the dramatist when he visits Mexico. Álvarez Bravo teaches art in primary schools and works on inventorying the photographic archive of the Ministry of Education where her photographic talent is discovered. From then on, she travels throughout Mexico as the main photographer of the educational magazine El Maestro Rural. She also increasingly creates photo montages which have a strong Surreal quality about them. She receives further commissions and is appointed head of the department of photography at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. In 1944 her first solo exhibition is presented at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City. She holds photography courses and workshops until the

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1960s. In 1951 she opens the Galería de Arte Contemporáneo, which she runs until 1958. There she shows the first solo exhibition of Frida Kahlo in Mexico, an artist with whom she maintains a close friendship. Álvarez Bravo takes many portrait photos of Kahlo and other friends and fellow artists. She continues to teach and support into old age. Her own works are shown in numerous exhibitions. dies in 1993 in Mexico City.

RACHEL BAES 1912 Ixelles – 1983 Bruges is born in 1912 in Ixelles in , daughter of the painter Émile Baes. She takes an interest in painting early on, yet never attends art school. Her style is initially influenced by Flemish Expressionism. In 1929 she exhibits for the first time in the Salon des indépendants in Paris. In the 1930s she starts a relationship with Joris van Severen, the Flemish nationalist; she will never get over his death by execution in 1940. In 1945 she meets Paul Éluard, who writes the foreword for the catalogue of her upcoming exhibition at Galerie de Berri in Paris. Baes now turns to Surrealism. She befriends René Magritte, who shows great appreciation for her and paints her portrait in 1947. A first study on her work, authored by , is published the same year. In the 1950s she performs in an improvised piece filmed by Magritte and writes an article for the Surrealist magazine Rhétorique. In Paris, where she now lives, she moves in various artistic circles, meeting , , and Paul Léautaud. Through the support of André Breton, exhibitions of her work are shown at the galleries L’Étoile scellée and Le Terrain vague. In 1961 she returns to Belgium and, from then on, lives in Bruges, a city she often portrays in her paintings. Rachel Baes dies there in 1983.

LOUISE BOURGEOIS 1911 Paris – 2010 New York Louise Joséphine Bourgeois is born in 1911 in Paris. Her family runs a business specialising in the restoration of tapestries. Due to her talent for drawing, she starts helping out in the workshop early on. In 1932 she enrols at the Sorbonne for a degree in mathematics but soon turns to art. She studies at various artists’ studios in Montmartre and Montparnasse and at multiple art schools. Her first apartment in Paris is in the same building as André Breton’s Galerie Gradiva, which in 1937–38 regularly shows works by Surrealists. In 1938 Bourgeois marries the art historian Robert Goldwater and moves with him to New York. Both are regulars in the city’s gallery scene, where they also meet many European artists who have gone into exile because of the war, including Breton, , and . In 1945 the Bertha Schaefer Gallery in New York mounts Bourgeois’s first solo exhibition. That same year, with the help of Duchamp, she curates Documents, France 1940–1944: Art, Literature, Press of the French Underground at the Norlyst Gallery. The exhibition The Women at ’s gallery Art of This Century in New York in 1945 presents works by her as well as by , , , and many others. It is the second large presentation of women artists in the exhibition space of Peggy Guggenheim. Bourgeois now starts to frequently exhibit her work, while at the same time teaching at various schools and colleges in the US. In the 1970s she becomes involved in the feminist movement. She receives numerous awards for her artistic work and in 1982 becomes the first woman to be the subject of a retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. In 1993 she represents the US at the Biennale. Louise Bourgeois dies in 2010 in New York.

EMMY BRIDGWATER 1906 – 1999 Solihull Emma Frith Bridgwater, named Emmy, is born in 1906 in Birmingham. She takes an interest in painting and drawing early on. From 1922 until 1925 she attends the and then continues her studies at a local art school in , earning a living on the side as a secretary. In 1936 she attends the International Surrealist Exhibition in London which has a

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decisive influence on the development of her style. She meets and John and Robert Melville, key figures of the . Bridgwater soon becomes a member of the Birmingham Group and participates in a number of their exhibitions. Robert Melville introduces her to the Belgian Surrealist E. L. T. Mesens, and she goes on to exhibit at the latter’s London Gallery. In 1940 she joins the and participates in their activities together with Edith Rimmington, her close friend. Bridgwater has her first solo exhibition in 1942 at Jack Bilbo’s Modern Art Gallery. After the war, she attends a meeting of the reactivated Surrealist Group in England at the Restaurant in London, the group’s typical meeting place. She is invited by André Breton to exhibit in Le Surréalisme en 1947 at Galerie Maeght in Paris. She signs the declaration of the English Surrealist Group. In the period from 1950 until 1970 Bridgwater cares for her mother and disabled sister. She increasingly turns to her artistic work again only in the 1970s, discovering the technique of for herself. Until her death in 1999 in Solihull, ’s works are included in numerous international exhibitions.

CLAUDE CAHUN 1894 – 1954 Saint Helier is born Lucy Renée Mathilde Schwob in 1894 in Nantes. In her youth, she is already strongly influenced by her family’s passion for literature. She starts writing and taking photographs early on. After humanities studies, she leaves home in 1917 and takes on the artist’s name Claude Cahun, whose gender ambiguity is important to her. From 1920 on she and her lifelong partner, Suzanne Malherbe, who adopts the pseudonym Marcel Moore, live together in Paris. They are actively involved in the cultural life in Paris and also part of a lesbian and political network. During this time, Cahun does predominantly literary work, but also starts developing a— soon extensive—photographic oeuvre. In 1932 she meets André Breton and starts associating with the Surrealist group. The focus of her artistic work shifts to creating objects and photographs. In 1936 she signs the collective statement of the Surrealists, ‘Il n’y a pas de liberté pour les ennemis de la liberté’ (There is no freedom for the enemies of freedom). That same year, she accompanies Breton to London where she is involved in the preparations for the International Surrealist Exhibition at the New Burlington Galleries. In 1937 Cahun and Moore settle on the Channel island of . There, they continue to step up their political activities. During the German occupation of Jersey, they are active as resistance fighters and propagandists. In 1944 they are sentenced to death for their activities, but the sentence isn’t carried out. Claude Cahun never fully recovers from this experience; in 1954 she dies in Saint Helier, Jersey.

LEONORA CARRINGTON 1917 Clayton Green – 2011 Mexico City Born in 1917 into a well-to-do English family in Clayton Green, Lancashire, Leonora Carrington grows up a rebellious youth. She decides to study art and in 1936 attends the Amédée Ozenfant Academy in London. In 1937 she meets Max Ernst, whose art she has long admired and goes with him to Paris. She joins the group of Surrealists and has lively exchanges with Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí, , and Joan Miró, among others. In 1938 she participates in the Exposition internationale du surréalisme in Paris. For two years, she lives with Max Ernst in Saint- Martin-d’Ardèche. She publishes her first short stories with illustrations by Ernst. In 1940 the Second World War and a serious nervous crisis force her to emigrate. After an extended stay at a psychiatric clinic in Spain, she leaves Europe for New York in 1942. Her works are first shown there in the exhibition First Papers of Surrealism. Carrington is very active in the group of exiled Surrealists in New York. A year later, she emigrates to Mexico City. There she marries the Hungarian photographer Chiki Weisz in 1946. She is in close contact with Benjamin Péret, , and Luis Buñuel, but there is no organised group of Surrealists in Mexico. In New York, presents her work in a solo exhibition at his gallery, and she also

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participates in major group shows at Peggy Guggenheim’s gallery Art of This Century and the Museum of Modern Art. She studies alchemy, spiritualism, mythology, nature, and the Kabbala. In addition to painting, she writes novels, plays, and short stories. She spends the 1980s in New York and Chicago, where she is involved in the activities of the . In 1992 she returns to Mexico. In 2005 she is awarded the National Prize of Sciences and Arts of Mexico, which is reserved for the country’s most esteemed artists. Leonora Carrington dies 2011 in Mexico City.

ITHELL COLQUHOUN 1906 Assam – 1988 Lamorna The daughter of an employee at the British Embassy in Manipur, Margaret is born in 1906 in Assam, India. She grows up there and in England. From 1927 on she attends the Slade School of Fine Art in London, but was nevertheless primarily autodidactic in training herself as an artist. During a study in Paris in 1931 she is first exposed to Surrealism. The works of Salvador Dalí and André Breton especially influence her. In 1932 and 1933 her works are exhibited in the Paris Salons. She visits the 1936 International Surrealist Exhibition in London and it makes a strong impression on her. That same year, the Cheltenham Art Gallery mounts her first solo exhibition. In 1939 she meets Breton in Paris and joins the British Surrealist Group. Colquhoun exhibits together with Roland Penrose at the Mayor Gallery in London, and she also publishes several articles in the Surrealist magazine London Bulletin. In 1940 the Belgian Surrealist E. L. T. Mesens who is active in London gets her expelled from the British Surrealist Group due to her devotion to occultism. She joins various occultist groups. Her work often parodies the Surrealist obsession with sexuality and eroticism. In the 1940s Colquhoun experiments with the of decalcomania, frottage, fumage, and automatism. She presents her observation in the 1949 theoretical essay ‘The Mantic Stain’. In the 1960s and 1970s she increasingly turns to collage and publishes several novellas. Ithell Colquhoun spends the last period of her life in Cornwall and dies in 1988 in Lamorna.

MAYA DEREN 1917 Kiev – 1961 New York Maya Deren is born Eleonora Derenkovska in 1917 in Kiev, then Russia. Shortly afterwards, the family emigrates to the USA and shortens its name to Deren. Eleonora attends a school in Switzerland. After that, she studies journalism and literature in New York. There she discovers her interest in film and dance. At first, she earns money by writing for radio stations and foreign newspapers, until she moves to Los Angeles in 1940. For some time, she joins the Katherine Dunham Dance Company, for which she works as manager and secretary. In 1942 she meets the filmmaker Alexander Hammid; the two marry shortly afterwards. The following year, they create their first joint film, Meshes of the Afternoon. Deren changes her first name to Maya. With Hammid she moves into an apartment in Greenwich Village, which soon becomes a popular hangout for the New York art scene. The couple’s circle of friends includes Marcel Duchamp, André Breton, John Cage, and Anaïs Nin. In 1943 Deren shoots the film The Witch’s Cradle at Peggy Guggenheim’s gallery Art of This Century in New York, with Duchamp in a supporting role. She writes numerous articles about the medium of film for various newspapers and creates photographic portraits of Surrealist artists. The Japanese musician Teiji Ito, who creates the scores for a number of her films, becomes her life partner. In the late 1940s Deren undertakes four trips to Haiti where she shoots footage for a film about voodoo rituals, which is never completed. She receives the first ever Guggenheim Fellowship awarded for creative film work. With Alexander Hammid and Amos Vogel, she founds the Creative Film Foundation for promoting independent filmmakers and strongly advocates for the recognition of film as distinct art form, independent from the activities of Hollywood. Maya Deren is considered a key figure of post-war

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American avant-garde film. In 1961 she dies unexpectedly of a cerebral haemorrhage in New York.

MAYA DEREN, MESHES OF THE AFTERNOON, 1943 At the beginning of the film, a young woman enters a house, drops into a chair, and falls deeply asleep. In the following dream sequence the protagonist repeatedly tries to catch up with a hooded figure with a mirror for a face. Each time, the woman fails and ends up inside the house again, until finally multiple versions of herself are in the room. She is awakened by a man, who takes her upstairs to the bedroom. The final scene shows her sitting in the chair with her throat cut and pieces of a broken mirror scattered across the floor. Recurring elements in the film include a key, a knife, a flower, a telephone, and a record player, objects which also play a role in psychoanalysis. The film makes use of the technical possibilities of slow motion and of tracking shots which correspond to the protagonist’s perspective. As a result, the viewer at times sees through the woman’s eyes; soon, it becomes impossible to tell what is reality and what is dream; temporal and spatial dimensions are suspended. In this way, the film explores the subconscious, the interior experiences of an individual.

GERMAINE DULAC 1882 Amiens – 1942 Paris Charlotte Elisabeth Germaine Saissat-Schneider is born in 1882 in Amiens. Raised in Paris, she develops an early interest in the arts and studies music, painting, and theatre. In 1905 she marries Louis-Albert Dulac, an engineer and author from an upper-class family who supports her in her career. She initially turns to journalism and works as a writer for the feminist magazine La Française. At the same time, she works on the editorial staff of the radical feminist journal La Fronde. In 1915 she establishes the production company D. H. Films together with the novelist and poet Irène Hillel-Erlanger. Dulac has her first major box office success in 1918; she is part of France’s first cinematographic avant-garde. Her films focus on social issues and address feminist topics such as freedom and the right to choose between work and family. In multiple clubs and associations, she champions free authorship in the film industry and the education of a wider public. In 1928 her film The Seashell and the Clergyman premiers, based on a script by the Surrealist dramatist Antonin Artaud. He himself is unhappy with the adaptation of his work and vociferates his grievances, which results in a split between Dulac and the Surrealists. In the late 1920s the artist produces a number of music-based experimental films before turning to making newsreels and documentary films with her own small production company France-Actualité. She stopped making feature films after the introduction of sound film. In 1942, during the German occupation, Germaine Dulac dies in Paris.

GERMAINE DULAC, THE SEASHELL AND THE CLERGYMAN, 1928 The film is about a young clergyman who seeks to prevail over his rival, a decorated, sword- bearing officer, in the battle to win the heart of an unattainable woman and ultimately needs to overcome the social structures surrounding him. In the opening scene, the clergyman is pouring a dark liquid from a large seashell into glass beakers which he then smashes to pieces until he is interrupted by the officer, who grabs the seashell from him. The clergyman now chases the man in uniform through various urban and rural areas, driven by his strong desire for the lady accompanying the man. The film takes the viewer through an endless number of archways, halls, and passages into a ballroom filled with chambermaids who are moving in an absurd choreography. The glass globe displayed there is eventually destroyed by the protagonist who, in doing so, shatters his own mirror image. In the final scene he drinks from the large seashell and finds himself. Dulac’s film makes use of numerous filmic devices familiar from expressionist or fantastic films, such as distortions, superimpositions, and dream sequences. Artaud had intended the narrative as a variation on the traditional Oedipus drama, in which alchemical processes now served to

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have the protagonist unite all passion, sexuality, and knowledge within himself. The film was not reviewed in the usual publications, and distribution was eventually stopped. It was not until the 1950s that it was rediscovered by film critics and finally came to receive the attention it deserves as the historically first Surrealist film.

LEONOR FINI 1907 Buenos Aires – 1996 Paris Born in 1907 in Buenos Aires, grows up in , the daughter of an Italian mother and an Argentinian father. She never attends an art school but autodidactically develops her own distinctive style, which is influenced by Italian Mannerism, German and Flemish Romanticism, and magical realism. At the age of seventeen, she participates for the first time in a group exhibition. From she receives a first commission to paint a portrait. In 1931 she goes to Paris, where she befriends numerous artists affiliated with Surrealism, such as , Henri Cartier-Bresson, Paul Éluard, Max Ernst, René Magritte, Salvador Dalí, and . Although she doesn’t become a member of the group, she shows her works in many Surrealist exhibitions, including in 1936 in the International Surrealist Exhibition at the New Burlington Galleries in London and Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The focus of her work now shifts from portraits to allegorical and mythological compositions. The following year she meets Leonora Carrington, with whom she becomes close friends. In 1939 Fini organises an exhibition of fantastic furniture at the Paris gallery of and René Drouin, in which Meret Oppenheim and Max Ernst also participate. The Gallery in New York devotes a first solo exhibition to her work. Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, she leaves Paris and spends the following years in Monte Carlo and Rome. In 1946 she returns to Paris where, from then on, she lives with two friends in a ménage à trois. In addition to her paintings, she creates many stage and costume designs for opera, ballet, theatre, and film, while also illustrating works of well-known authors. In the 1970s she writes three novellas. Leonor Fini dies in 1996 in Paris.

JANE GRAVEROL 1905 Ixelles – 1984 Fontainebleau is born in 1905 in Ixelles, Belgium. The daughter of a painter and illustrator, she attends the art academy, studying in Constant Montald and Jean Delville’s classes in symbolism and monumental painting. In 1927 she has her first solo exhibition also in Brussels. A few years later she moves to Verviers, where she becomes the chair of the local artistic and literary association in 1938. In 1949 she meets , Marcel Lecomte, and René Magritte; the latter invites her to exhibit her work at Galerie Lou Cosyn in Brussels the following year. She becomes an important member of the Belgian Surrealist Group, which seeks to distance itself from André Breton’s increasing tendency towards mysticism. In 1952 Graverol founds the magazine Temps mêlés together with the writer and literary critic André Blavier. The following years, she meets Marcel Mariën during preparations for a Magritte exhibition. He becomes her long-time partner and is a major inspiration for her in her art. With him and Paul Nougé she founds the subversive, Stalinist-leaning avant-garde periodical Les Lèvres nues in 1953 and subsequently becomes its editor-in-chief. In the 1960s Graverol meets André Breton and Marcel Duchamp in New York, which once again strongly influences her style. She corresponds with Breton. Around the same time, she meets the Surrealist poet and physician Gaston Ferdière, who becomes her life partner. She changes residence to France but maintains close contact with the Belgian Surrealists and exhibits every year in Belgium. In 1984 Jane Graverol dies in Fontainebleau.

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FRIDA KAHLO 1907 Coyoacán – 1954 Mexico City Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo Calderón is born in 1907 in Coyoacán, now part of Mexico City. Later, she will give 1910—the year the Mexican Revolution began—as her birth year. As a child, she already has health issues which will dog her throughout her life. From 1922 on, she attends the prestigious Escuela Nacional Preparatoria in Mexico City, which is supposed to prepare her for an academic career. There she observes as he is working on a mural in the school’s auditorium. In 1925 she is impaled by an iron handrail in a major bus accident. During the long recovery she starts painting. Because of lasting health effects, she is forced to give up her plan to study medicine. In 1929 she marries Diego Rivera. It is the beginning of a symbiotic relationship, with numerous affairs and separations on both sides, which lasts for the rest of her life. Rivera and Kahlo spend some time in the US. In 1931 a painting by Kahlo is on public display for the first time in the Sixth Annual Exhibition of the Society of Women Artists. In 1938 she meets André Breton and during their visit to Mexico. Breton describes her as a ‘ribbon around a bomb’, and recognises a distinct form of Surrealism in her painting; he promises her an exhibition in Paris. Though Kahlo draws inspiration from different sources and does not consider herself a Surrealist she accepts the invitation. That same year, Breton writes the foreword for the catalogue of her first solo exhibition at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York, which presented twenty-five of her works. In 1939 the Kahlo exhibition organised by Breton and Marcel Duchamp takes place at the Galerie Renou et Colle in Paris. Works by the artist are now more frequently on view in Surrealist exhibitions. Amongst her friends are the artists Leonora Carrington, Remedios Varo and Alice Rahon who moved to Mexico in the meantime. Some of her works are shown in the 1943 Exhibition by 31 Women in Peggy Guggenheim’s gallery Art of This Century, together with Carrington, Leonor Fini, Valentine Hugo, Lamba, Meret Oppenheim, Kay Sage, and Sophie Taeuber-Arp. She has her first solo exhibition in Mexico in 1953 at the Galería de Arte Contemporáneo of Lola Álvarez Bravo. The following year, Frida Kahlo dies of a lung embolism in Mexico City.

JACQUELINE LAMBA 1910 Saint-Mandé – 1993 La Rochecorbon In 1910 Jacqueline Lamba is born in Saint-Mandé, a Paris suburb. She attends the École nationale supérieure des Arts Décoratifs and takes courses in the art school of André Lhote in Paris. There she meets Dora Maar, who becomes a lifelong friend. In a Paris café in 1934 she meets André Breton, whose writings she has long admired. Later that year, the two are married in a joint ceremony with Paul and Nusch Éluard. Lamba starts exhibiting together with the Surrealists in London, Tenerife, Tokyo, and Paris. She works mainly as a painter but also creates objects, collages, and photographs. In 1938 she travels with Breton to Mexico where she meets Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo. The two women artists become close friends. The Second World War forces Lamba and Breton to emigrate to the US in 1941. There they gather exiled Surrealists around them. Lamba works as a translator for the Surrealist magazine VVV, which is founded in 1942. In January 1943 she participates in Peggy Guggenheim’s Exhibition by 31 Women at her New York gallery Art of This Century together with Leonora Carrington, Leonor Fini, Valentine Hugo, Frida Kahlo, Meret Oppenheim, Kay Sage, Dorothea Tanning and Sophie Taeuber- Arp. That same year, she separates from Breton and shortly thereafter marries David Hare, the sculptor and editor of VVV. She has her first solo exhibition in 1944 at the Norlyst Gallery in New York. After participating in the show Le Surréalisme en 1947 in Paris, she dissociates from Surrealism. In the mid-1950s she separates from Hare and returns to France. She develops her own painting style and focuses on landscape subjects. In 1993 Jacqueline Lamba dies in Rochecorbon on the Loire.

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SHEILA LEGGE 1911 Penzance – 1949 Banyuls-sur-Mer Sheila Constance Chetwynd Inglis is born in 1911 in Penzance, Cornwall. Her father dies in the First World War and the family later moves to Cairo. In 1934 Chetwynd Inglis marries Rupert Maximilian Faris Legge, but the marriage doesn’t last long. While developing a strong interest in Surrealism, she reads ’s A Short Survey of Surrealism (1935) and subsequently offers the author her help in organising a Surrealist group in England. In 1936 the International Surrealist Exhibition takes places at the New Burlington Galleries in London. Legge was closely involved in its preparations: a group photo shows her in the first row of organisers. She opens the exhibition with a performance on Trafalgar Square, in which she appears as the Surrealist Phantom of Sex Appeal, embodying paintings by Salvador Dalí. She is dressed in a floor-length white dress, black gloves up to the elbows, and coral-red shoes. Her head is completely covered by a mask of roses; later on, she carries the leg of a mannequin in her arm. Claude Cahun photographs the performance. Numerous British newspaper and magazines report on the event, making Legge one of the Surrealists whose photographic image is published particularly frequently. In 1937 she participates in an exhibition of Surrealist objects at the London Gallery of the Belgian Surrealist E. L. T. Mesens. For some time, she is actively involved in the activities of the London Surrealist group, but she soon withdraws again from those circles. In 1942 she meets the author John Lodwick, with whom she goes to France. There, in Banyuls-sur- Mer, dies in 1949 from pneumonia.

DORA MAAR 1907 Paris – 1997 Paris Henriette Theodora Markovitch, who will become known under the pseudonym of Dora Maar, is born in 1907 in Paris. She grows up in Buenos Aires; in 1926 the family returns to Paris. There, Maar studies at the Union centrale des Arts Décoratifs, the École de photographie and the Académie Julian. In addition, she attends the art school of André Lhote, where she meets Henri Cartier-Bresson. During her studies, she meets Jacqueline Lamba, who becomes her closest friend. During this time, she models for a number of photographers, including . She now increasingly focuses on photography. From 1931 until 1934 she runs a photo studio in Neuilly- sur-Seine and Paris, together with Pierre Kéfer. The two create numerous advertising campaigns and do portraits. In 1932 the Galerie Vandenberg in Paris mounts Maar’s first solo exhibition. She frequents the circle of the Surrealists and often advocates anti-fascist ideals. In 1934 she signs the manifesto ‘Appel à la lutte’ (Call to the struggle) initiated by André Breton. She opens her own studio in Paris, where she shares a darkroom with the photographer Brassaï. In 1935 she shows her work in the International Surrealist Exhibition in Tenerife and in 1936 in the show of the same name in London. Through Paul Éluard, she meets Pablo Picasso and enters into a relationship with him, which lasts for some nine years. She often poses for him and documents his work in photographs. At the suggestions of Picasso, she turns to painting again. In the 1940s her paintings are shown in galleries in Paris. After the separation from Picasso, she withdraws from public life and retires to the countryside. There she turns to spiritual matters and arrives at a figurative style of painting. In 1997 Dora Maar dies in Paris.

EMILA MEDKOVÁ 1928 Ústí nad Orlicí – 1985 Emila Tláskalová is born in 1928 in Ústí nad Orlicí. In 1942 she starts technical and specialized training as a photographer at the State School for Graphic Arts in Prague, which she completes in 1946. Meanwhile, she does work in a film laboratory and later works as a photographer at the Institute for Labour. During this time, she also meets the painter Mikuláš Medek, whom she marries in 1951. With him, she creates a first series of staged photographs in 1948–1951. She becomes acquainted with a circle of young authors who belong to the Czech Surrealist group around , which has been revived after the war. With them, she works on a number of

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anthologies in which her photographs are published. The apartment in which she and Medek live becomes a popular meeting place for numerous artists and intellectuals. In 1954 Medková becomes head of the photo laboratory at the Research Institute of Labour and Social Affairs of the Czech Federation of Trade Unions. In 1963 she switches as a photographer to the Psychological Institute of the Charles University. These positions secure her livelihood, while at the same time granting her a certain independence in her artistic work. In 1960 Medková has her first solo exhibition at the Regional Museum of Hradec Králové. Many other national and international exhibitions of her photographs follow. While in Paris in 1966 she visits the artist . That same year, her works are shown in the exhibition Surrealism and Photography in Brno and Essen; in a group exhibition in Prague, her work is presented together with that of Toyen. From now on, Medková is heavily involved in the activities of the Czechoslovakian Surrealist Group; she participates in happenings and collective works. In 1985 Emila Medková dies in Prague after suffering a serious illness.

LEE MILLER 1907 Poughkeepsie – 1977 Chiddingly In 1907 Lee Miller is born in Poughkeepsie, New York. Early on, she models for her father, a passionate hobby photographer. At the age of nineteen, she is discovered by Condé Nast, the publisher of Vogue magazine, and embarks on a successful career as a photo model. As a result, she becomes interested in photography. She briefly attends the Art Students League in New York before moving to Paris in 1929. There she works in the studio of Man Ray, soon becoming his partner and lover. Together they develop the technique of solarisation, a photographic process of overexposure. Her circle of friends includes major artists of the time like Pablo Picasso, Paul Éluard, and Jean Cocteau. In 1932 Miller returns to New York, where she opens her own photo studio: the Lee Miller Studio. Her work is shown in several group exhibitions as well as in a 1933 solo exhibition at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York. In 1934 she abandons her studio and moves to Cairo with the Egyptian businessman Aziz Eloui Bey, whom she has married. As early as 1937 she returns to Paris where she again joins the Surrealist circles. At a costume party she meets the English Surrealist Roland Penrose, with whom she moves to England. With the start of the war, she works as a war photographer for Condé Nast Publications, documenting the consequences of war in England, France, and . Her pictures are amongst the most important photographic documents of the Second World War and the collapse of the German Reich. After the war, she returns to England. She marries Roland Penrose, with whom she moves to Farley Farm House in , which becomes a popular hub for Surrealists and other visiting artists, such as Eileen Agar, Dora Maar and Picasso, Leonora Carrington and Max Ernst. Miller now no longer photographs, focusing instead on her other passion, cooking. In 1977 Lee Miller dies in Chiddingly, Sussex.

MERET OPPENHEIM 1913 Berlin – 1985 Basel Meret Oppenheim is born in 1913 in Berlin. She grows up alternately in South Germany and Switzerland. In 1932 she decides to become a painter, drops out of school, and goes to Paris. There she briefly studies at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière before being invited by and in 1933 to exhibit with the Paris Surrealists at the Salon des Surindépendants. Until 1937 she is part of the Surrealist circle around André Breton. There she meets Max Ernst, with whom she has a turbulent affair, which Oppenheim abruptly ends after a year. In 1936 she creates the work Breakfast in Fur, a fur-covered teacup which immediately becomes the quintessential Surrealist object; Alfred H. Barr acquires it the same year for the Museum of Modern Art in New York before mounting his exhibition Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism. In 1936 Oppenheim also has her first solo exhibition at the Galerie Schulthess in Basel. From 1937 on she lives in Basel. She becomes close friends with Leonor Fini. With her, Max Ernst, and others, she participates in a 1939 exhibition of fantastic furniture in Paris.

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Oppenheim will report later that she falls into a creative crisis which lasts eighteen years; nevertheless, she creates important works during the 1940s and 1950s. In 1959 she organises Spring Banquet, which is restaged later that year at the Exposition internationale du surréalisme (EROS) in Paris, albeit in altered form, leading Oppenheim to dissociate herself from all further Surrealist manifestations. In Bern, where she now lives, she is part of a lively art scene. Oppenheim in the 1970s was able to develop her utopian concept of an “androgyny of the mind”, which countered the notion of androgyny as a neutralising merging of the sexes. In 1985 Meret Oppenheim dies from a heart attack in Basel.

VALENTINE PENROSE 1898 Mont-de-Marsan – 1978 Chiddingly is born Andrée Boué in 1898 to a military family in Mont-de-Marsan in the south of France. She initially studies drawing at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris and frequents the literary circles of Montparnasse. In 1924 she meets the English Surrealist artist Roland Penrose, whom she marries the following year. She changes her name to Valentine Penrose and joins the Surrealist circles in Paris and Great Britain. She is involved in the publication of the first issue of André Breton’s magazine La Révolution surréaliste. Penrose models for Man Ray and in 1930 appears in Luis Buñuel’s film L’Âge d’or. She is interested in mysticism, alchemy, and occultism; makes several visits to India; and learns Sanskrit. In 1936 she accompanies Alice Rahon on a trip to India and the two become very close. Their relationship is reflected in Penrose’s poems of the following years. Later in 1936 she joins the Spanish worker’s militia; during the Second World War, she fights in the French Resistance. Penrose contributes to Surrealist magazines like the London Bulletin and VVV. Paul Éluard writes the foreword to her first published volume of poetry. In the 1940s Penrose creates collages in which she combines the Surrealist techniques of frottage and fumage. She unequivocally comes out against the Surrealists’ preconceived notions of gender roles. In 1951 she publishes the novella Dons des féminines, along with collages and prose; based on its structure, the book is described as archetypically Surrealist. After the war, though long divorced from Roland Penrose, she lives with her ex-husband and his second wife, Lee Miller, at Farley Farm House in Chiddingly, Sussex. Valentine Penrose dies there in 1978.

ALICE RAHON 1904 Chenecey-Buillon – 1987 Mexico City Alice Marie Yvonne Philippot is born in 1904 in Chenecey-Buillon in eastern France. As a child she sustains serious injuries which will continue to affect her for the rest of her life. In 1931 in Paris, she meets the Austrian artist , whom she marries a few years later. Through him, she has access to the Surrealist circles in France. She publishes her poems under the name Alice Paalen; in them she often uses the Surrealist technique of automatic writing. Yves Tanguy and Joan Miró illustrate her volumes of poetry. She undertakes numerous journeys, including in 1936 to India together with Valentine Penrose. In 1939 André Breton and Jacqueline Lamba with Frida Kahlo invite Rahon—a name she will adopt in 1947—and Paalen to Mexico, a country that fascinates them. For this reason, and because of the outbreak of the Second World War, they settle permanently there. Rahon and Kahlo become close friends who can discuss their health issues with one another. In Mexico Rahon starts painting, combining Surrealist elements with subjects and colour typical of the country. In 1940 she shows her work in the International Exhibition of Surrealism in Mexico City. She also contributes to Paalen’s magazine Dyn. She has her first solo exhibition in 1944 at the Galería de Arte Mexicano in Mexico City. Many other exhibitions in Mexico and the US follow. After her divorce from Paalen in 1947 she is in a relationship with the Canadian Edward Fitzgerald for some time. In her later years, she lives practically in seclusion. Alice Rahon dies in 1987 in Mexico City.

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EDITH RIMMINGTON 1902 Leicester – 1986 Bexhill-on-Sea Edith Rimmington is born in 1902 in Leicester, England. She studies art at the Brighton School of Art, where she meets the Surrealist artist Leslie Robert Baxter. The two marry in 1926 and now live in Manchester. In 1937 Rimmington moves to London, where introduces her to the Belgian Surrealist E. L. T. Mesens who runs a gallery in London. She joins the British Surrealist Group and becomes one of its main protagonists. On a weekly basis, she takes part in the meetings of the Surrealists at their regular hangouts, the Barcelona Restaurant in Soho and the Horseshoe Pub on Tottenham Court Road. She is close friends with Emmy Bridgwater. With her and occasionally also with Ithell Colquhoun, she practises the technique of automatic writing and drawing. Her works are shown in major Surrealist exhibitions. The Second World War interrupts her artistic practise; she paints little and focuses more on writing. Many of her drawings and texts are published in Surrealist magazines like the London Bulletin, Arson, and Fulcrum. In 1947 André Breton invites her to participate in Le Surréalisme en 1947 at Galerie Maeght in Paris, along with Emmy Bridgwater, Jacqueline Lamba, and others. In the 1950s Rimmington leaves London and moves to Bexhill in Sussex. From now on, she focuses especially on photography. In 1986 Edith Rimmington dies in Bexhill-on-Sea.

KAY SAGE 1898 Albany – 1963 Woodbury Katherine Linn Sage is born in 1898 into a wealthy politician’s family in Albany, New York. Shortly afterwards, her parents divorce, and Kay, as she will later call herself, travels through Europe with her mother. Starting in 1914 she attends courses at the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design in Washington, DC, taking up painting studies in Rome at the British Academy and the Scuola liberale delle Belle Arti. In the Eternal City she encounters Prince Ranieri di San Faustino, whom she marries. For ten years, the two live together in Rome and Rapallo. In 1935 she leaves her husband. The following year, she has her first exhibition at the Galleria del Milione in Milan. She moves to Paris, where a number of her works are shown in the Salon des Surindépendants. These arouse the interest of the Surrealists; she meets André Breton and Yves Tanguy, starting what will prove to be a lifelong relationship with the latter. Having been recognised by Breton, Sage goes on to call herself a Surrealist. At the beginning of the Second World War she returns to New York. From there, she provides funds to allow many of the Surrealists to immigrate to the US. Sage has her first solo exhibition in the United States in 1940 at the New York gallery of Pierre Matisse. Some of her works are shown in the 1943 Exhibition by 31 Women in Peggy Guggenheim’s gallery Art of This Century, together with Leonora Carrington, Leonor Fini, Valentine Hugo, Frida Kahlo, Jacqueline Lamba, Meret Oppenheim, Dorothea Tanning and Sophie Taeuber-Arp. In 1946 she moves with Tanguy to a farm in Woodbury, Connecticut. There they host many of their fellow artists. Sage’s work meets with general recognition in the following years. In 1947 she shows her work in Le Surréalisme en 1947 at the Galerie Maeght in Paris. She continues to paint and write poetry until the 1950s, when her eyesight deteriorates. As her illness progresses, and after Yves Tanguy’s death in 1955, she slides into a deep depression. In 1963 Kay Sage commits suicide in Woodbury.

DOROTHEA TANNING 1910 Galesburg – 2012 New York Dorothea Tanning is born in 1910 to Swedish immigrants in Galesburg, Illinois. From 1932 on, she attends the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1935 she moves to New York where she initially works as a commercial artist. The 1936 exhibition Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism at the Museum of Modern Art inspires her to radically change her painting style and awakens her interest in Surrealism. In 1939 she travels to Europe to join the Surrealist circles there, only to find that, due to the outbreak of the Second World War, they no longer exist. Back in New York in 1941, she

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meets the art dealer Julien Levy, whose gallery presents her first solo exhibition in 1944. In 1943 works by her are already shown in Peggy Guggenheim’s Exhibition by 31 Women at her Art of This Century gallery, together with Leonora Carrington, Leonor Fini, Valentine Hugo, Frida Kahlo, Jacqueline Lamba, Meret Oppenheim, Kay Sage and Sophie Taeuber-Arp. Tanning joins the New York Surrealist group and among the people she meets is Max Ernst, who is married to Guggenheim at the time. The two fall in love and marry in 1946. They initially settle in Sedona, Arizona; in 1956 they move to Paris, where Tanning gradually turns to abstraction. In the late 1960s and 1970s she creates fabric sculptures which she sews herself and stuffs with wool from her own sheep at her property in Huismes, Indre-et-Loire. After Ernst’s death in 1976 Tanning returns to New York. There she begins to focus on writing, publishing two books of memoirs, two volumes of poetry, and works of fiction. In 2012 Dorothea Tanning dies in New York.

BRIDGET TICHENOR 1917 Paris – 1990 Mexico City In 1917 Bridget Pamela Arkwright Bate is born in Paris to a wealthy British family. She spends her youth in England, France, and . As a sixteen-year old, she moves to Paris, where she embarks on a successful career as a photo model for Coco Chanel. At an early age, she takes drawing and painting lessons with and is influenced by the art of Leonor Fini, a friend of her mother. After being encouraged by her father to study art, she attends the Slade School of Fine Art in London. In 1938 she marries the poet Hugh Joseph Chisholm with whom she goes to New York. She moves in the city’s artists’ circles and enrols in the Arts Student League of New York. Later, she works as a fashion editor for Vogue magazine. For a while, she shares a townhouse with Peggy Guggenheim, the arts patron and gallerist. After divorcing Chisholm, she marries the photographer Jonathan Tichenor in 1945. In the late 1940s at the prodding of a relative, she visits Mexico and is fascinated by that country. She leaves her second husband and from 1953 on lives in Mexico, whose culture and spiritual dimension are reflected in her work. She uses a tempera technique from the Italian Renaissance and populates her paintings with fantasy creatures. Her first solo exhibition is presented in 1954 at the Galería de Arte Mexicano in Mexico City. In 1958 she participates in the First Salon of Women’s Art at the Galerías Excelsior in Mexico City, along with Leonora Carrington, Alice Rahon, Remedios Varo, and others. That same year, she builds herself the Contembo ranch in Michoacán, where for many years she led a withdrawn life with her many pets. The painters Leonora Carrington, Alan Glass, and are among her closest friends. In 1990 Bridget Tichenor dies in Mexico City.

TOYEN 1902 Prague – 1980 Paris Toyen is born Marie Čermínová in 1902 in Prague. Around 1920 she attends the city’s School of Applied Arts. In 1922 she meets the poet Jindřich Štyrský and a long-standing collaboration develops between them. Her artistic career begins with her involvement in the radical Czech avant-garde group Devětsil, which unites Constructivists, Dadaists and other artists. Around this time, she changes her name, adopting the gender-neutral pseudonym Toyen, which is derived from the French word citoyen, meaning ‘citizen’. She and Štyrský spend the years 1925 to 1929 in Paris. There Toyen has her first solo exhibition at the Galerie d’art contemporain. With Štyrský she participates in numerous exhibition projects. Both invent poetic Artificialism as an alternative to abstraction and Surrealism. After returning to Prague, Toyen fully adopts Surrealism. In 1934 she and a number of fellow artists found the Czechoslovakian Surrealist Group. The following year the group has its first exhibition; André Breton and Paul Éluard visit Prague after the exhibition is over. On this occasion they publish the first Bulletin international du surréalisme together with the Czech Surrealists. From now on, Toyen participates in all international exhibitions of Surrealism. During the German occupation of , she

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and Štyrský are banned from exhibiting and go underground. As a radical opponent of Stalinism, Toyen flees to Paris in 1947, where she becomes one of the most important figures of the Surrealist movement. In 1980 Toyen dies in Paris.

REMEDIOS VARO 1908 Anglés – 1963 Mexico City María de los Remedios Amicia Rodriga Varo y Uranga is born in 1908 in Anglés in the Spanish province of Girona. Her father encourages her early on to draw and gives her scientific texts, adventure stories, and writings on philosophy and mysticism to read. In Madrid she attends the school of applied art and subsequently enrols in the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. Through lectures and events focusing on the works of Salvador Dalí, Luis Buñuel, and Federico García Lorca she is exposed to Surrealism. In 1931 Varo moves with Gerardo Lizarraga, her first husband and former fellow student, to Barcelona, where she moves in avant- garde artists’ circles. Together, they create cadavres exquis. Varo joins the Grupo Logicofobista, a collective of visual artists and authors who are influenced by Surrealism and seek to combine art and metaphysics. She starts a relationship with the Surrealist poet Benjamin Péret, with whom she goes to Paris in 1937. There she belongs to the circle of Surrealists around André Breton, meets Wolfgang Paalen, Alice Rahon, Joan Miró, Max Ernst, Leonora Carrington, and Dora Maar, amongst others, and exhibits with the Surrealists in Tokyo, Paris, Amsterdam, and Mexico City. Because of the war, Varo and Péret flee to Mexico in 1941, where they again become involved in the Surrealist movement. Varo now develops her characteristic painting style, which combines the Surrealist techniques of fumage, frottage, and decalcomania with the depiction of detailed old-masterly figures. She becomes close friends with Leonora Carrington and the photographer . In 1947 she separates from Péret. Later, she starts a relationship with the Austrian Walter Gruen, who promotes her career. Her first solo exhibition in 1956 at the Galería Diana in Mexico City is a great success. In 1963 Remedios Varo dies from a heart attack in Mexico City.

UNICA ZÜRN 1916 Berlin – 1970 Paris Nora Berta Unika (later Unica) Ruth Zürn is born in 1916 in Berlin. In 1932 after finishing school, she starts working for the German Film Agency Universum-Film AG (Ufa), first as a cutter and later as a dramaturge for commercials. She marries the much older, wealthy Erich Laupenmühlen. After their divorce in 1949 she lives through tough financial times, eking out a living by writing short stories for newspapers and radio plays. She associates with the Berlin artists’ scene, regularly visits the cabaret theatre Die Badewanne, and lives together with the painter Alexander Camaro for three years. In 1953 Zürn meets the Paris-based artist . She enters into an intense relationship with him, which lasts until the end of her life. Zürn moves to join Bellmer in Paris, where she starts experimenting with automatic drawings and anagram. During the following years, she writes numerous prose texts. Amongst her most important works are the anagram poems Hexentexte, published in 1954. In the period from 1956 until 1964 her work is shown in four exhibitions. Zürn and Bellmer frequent the circle of the Surrealists and count Jean Arp, André Breton, Marcel Duchamp, and Max Ernst amongst their friends. Together, the couple show their work in the 1959 Exposition internationale du surréalisme (EROS) at the Galerie Cordier in Paris. That same year Unica Zürn is participating in the documenta II in Kassel in the graphics department. In 1960 Zürn suffers a severe nervous crisis and, as a result, she spends many months in psychiatric clinics in the years that follow. She is treated with strong psychotropic drugs. Nevertheless, she works, though she also destroys many of her works. Her autobiographical text Dark Spring is published in 1969. In 1970 Unica Zürn commits suicide by leaping from the window of the apartment in Paris she shares with Bellmer.

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