TERRORISM AND THE STATE: INTRA-STATE DYNAMICS AND THE RESPONSE TO NON-STATE TERRORISM Kieran McConaghy A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2014 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6535 This item is protected by original copyright Terrorism and the State: Intra-state Dynamics and the Response to Non-State Terrorism Kieran McConaghy This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews Date of Submission 10/7/14 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Kieran McConaghy, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2011 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in International Relations in April 2012; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2011 and 2014. Date 10/7/14 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in International Relations in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date 10/7/14 3. Permission for publication: (to be signed by both candidate and supervisor) In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration, or have requested the appropriate embargo below. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the publication of this thesis: PRINTED COPY a) No embargo on print copy ELECTRONIC COPY a) No embargo on electronic copy Date 10/7/14 signature of candidate signature of supervisor Abstract Although there has been a wealth of academic literature which has examined counter-terrorism, both in the general sense and in case study focused approaches, there has seldom been an engagement in terrorism studies literature on the nature of the state itself and how this impacts upon the particular response to terrorism. Existing literature has a tendency to either examine one branch of the state or to treat (explicitly or implicitly) the state as a unitary actor. This thesis challenges the view of the state as a unitary actor, looking beneath the surface of the state, investigating intra-state dynamics and the consequences for counter-terrorism. I highlight that the state by its nature is ‘peopled’, demonstrating through comparative analysis of case studies from Spain, France, and the United Kingdom, how the individual identities and dispositions of state personnel at all levels from elites to entry level positions determine the nature and characteristics of particular states. I show that if we accept that the state is peopled, we must pay attention to a series of traits that I argue all states exhibit to understand why campaigns of counter-terrorism take the shape and form that they do. I posit that we must understand the role that emotional and visceral action by state personnel in response to terrorism plays, how the character of particular state organisations can impact upon the trajectory of conflicts, and how issues of intra-state competition and coordination can frustrate even the best laid counter-terrorism strategies. Furthermore, I show how the propensity for sub- state political violence to ‘terrorise’ populations makes the response to terrorism a powerful political tool, and how it has been deployed in the past for political gain rather than purely as an instrument to improve security. I conclude that future academic analyses of counter-terrorism must take this into consideration, and likewise, state personnel must be mindful of the nature and character of their state should they wish to effectively prevent terrorism and protect human rights and the rule of law.! Acknowledgements I was told before I embarked on my doctoral studies, that the life of academic researcher can be a solitary one. Thanks to a great number of people along the way, I never once felt like I was facing this task alone. This thesis would never have been completed but for the assistance of a great number of people. I owe them all a debt of gratitude. Firstly, I wish to thank my family. They gave me unwavering support throughout my PhD research and looked after me on my visits. I would particularly like to thank my parents, Adrian and Nuala McConaghy. I am eternally grateful for their support and their encouragement. They reassured me and kept me motivated through the tough times and smiled and celebrated with me through the best times. I dedicate this thesis to them. I would like to thank my primary supervisor, Professor Richard English for generosity with his time, for his patience, his confidence in me and in this project, and for affording me so many wonderful opportunities over the course of my studies in St Andrews. I really could not have asked for more. I wish to thank too, my secondary supervisor Professor Nicholas Rengger. Nick shared his knowledge on topics which were previously alien to me, gave me career advice and insight into academic life, and as Head of School created a warm and open collegiate atmosphere where PhD students are a central concern. I would also like to thank the staff of CSTPV, particularly Gillian Duncan and Julie Middleton for their regular assistance and advice, and for whom no problem was insurmountable. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues. Thank you to all of you for showing an interest in my research, for being my first audience for many sections of this work at various stages, for welcome distractions, for celebrating the landmarks with me along the way, for cheering me on through the final stages of thesis writing, and for turning that beautiful town in north- east Fife into home for three fantastic years. Thanks, all of you. I would do it all again in a heartbeat. List of Abbreviations 17N Epanastatiki Organosi Dekaefta Noemvri 32CSM 32 County Sovereignty Committee AAA Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista AIA Anglo Irish Agreement ALN Armée de Libération Nationale AP Alianza Popular ATE Anti-Terrorismo ETA BVE Batallón Vasco Español CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIRA Continuity Irish Republican Army CNT Confederación Nacional del Trabajo CRS Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité DUP Democratic Unionist Party EA Eusko Alkartasuna EE Euskadiko Ezkerra EG Eukzo Gastedi EGI Euzko Gaztedi Indarra EPA Emergency Provisions (NI) Act ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ETA(m) Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (militar) ETA(p-m) Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (político-militar) FAF Front de l'Algérie Française FLN Front de Libération Nationale FRU Force Research Unit GAA Gaelic Athletic Association GAL Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación GFA Good Friday Agreement/ Belfast Agreement GPRA Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne GOC General Officer Commanding HB Herri Batasuna HMSU Headquarters Mobile Support Unit IET Intergroup Emotions Theory INLA Irish National Liberation Army IPP Irish Parliamentary Party IRA Irish Republican Army IRB Irish Republican Brotherhood KAS Koordinadora Abertzale Sozialista LOPP Ley Orgánica de Partidos Políticos LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam MI5 Security Service MI6 Secret Intelligence Service MLNV Movimiento de Liberación Nacional Vasco MNA Mouvement National Algérien MPC Mouvement pour la Communauté / Cooperation MRF Military Reaction Force / Mobile Reconnaissance Force NSU Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund NICRA Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association OAS Organisation de l'Armée Secrète OIRA Official Irish Republican Army PIRA Provisional Irish Republican Army PNV Partido Nacionalista Vasco PP Partido Popular PSNI Police Service of Northern Ireland PSOE Partido Socialista Obrero Español PTA Prevention of Terrorism Act PUP Progressive Unionist Party REP Régiment Étranger de Parachutistes RIRA Real Irish Republican Army RUC Royal Ulster Constabulary SAC Service d’Action Civique SAS Special Air Service SDECE Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-espionnage SDLP Social Democratic and Labour Party SECED Servicio Central de Documentación SF Sinn Féin UCD Unión de Centro Democrático, UDA Ulster Defence Association UDP Ulster Democratic Party UDR Ulster Defence Regiment UFF Ulster Freedom Fighters UMD Unión Militar Democrática UPN Unión del Pueblo Navarro USC Ulster Special Constabulary UUC Ulster Unionist Council UUP Ulster Unionist Party UVF Ulster