The Battle of Stalingrad

The Bloodiest Battle in Recorded History

Garrick Phimister Sid Grover Ziyi Zhang Ben Redfern William Kesten-Orange

8th December 2016

Abstract

This material was extracted from the DH100 wordpress website at http://wludh.ca/dh100/2016/T3/G2/M3/.

Contents

Contents i

1 Aspects of The Battle 1 1.1 Timeline ...... 2 1.2 Media ...... 5

2 Significance of The Battle 9

3 Fun Facts 11 3.1 Russians ...... 11 3.2 Germans ...... 12

4 Conclusion / Aftermath 15

5 Axis / Soviet Strategies 17 5.1 German ...... 17 5.2 German Operations ...... 18 5.3 Soviet Union ...... 18 5.4 Soviet Operations ...... 19

Bibliography 21

1. Aspects of The Battle

On the eve of July 17th, 1942, a war within the war began as the Germans make their stand in claim of Stalingrad (now Volgograd). From that day until the sun set upon the night of February 2’nd, 1943, many men had fallen, and many innocent lives were lost. As both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin understood the key significance of Stalingrad for both its transportation and industrial us, they each had purpose to claim the land as their own. As the Russians had successfully defended their city from German forces, the battle is now considered to be the single most crucial battle of the Great Patriotic War. This was the battle in which initially stopped the advancement of the Germans and eventually aided in the victory of the allies.

German forces had been rallying and claiming land in and around the Aksay River, Kuban River, Kalach, Armavir, Yeysk, and Krasnodar. All of these claims made before August 25th, 1942, when Stalingrad was officially and formally declared under siege from the German Army. By September 3rd, 1942, the Ger- man 6th army had reached the outskirts of Stalingrad. While working their way into and through the city, they had fought their way through the streets, killing many innocent lives of women, children, and men.

By mid-September the Swastika flag had been raised in the center of the city, this to indicate the Germans advancement and minor victories thus far. The Russians saw this battle somewhat like a campaign, and had eventually moved into the southernmost corners of their country to further rally troops and col- lect support from its people. With this now larger supply of troops, the Soviets claimed their place along the Volga River, in a perfect vantage point for attacking the Caucasus troops of the Germans.

As it is highly regarded as the bloodiest battle in recorded history with rounding 2 million casualties, each side of the battle seemed to have their own opinions of what had truly happened. The Russians regard the battle as the Greatest Battle of the Second World War, while the German people seem to remember the battle as a Rattenkrieg, or Rat War. Many tactics were used throughout,

1 1. Aspects of The Battle for example an attack focused upon encircling the enemy, replication that of Hannibal in 212 B.C. when he had initially sought after war with the Romans.

Throughout the battle, many moments occurred to support the German memory of a Rattenkrieg. The Soviets surrounded the army of General Paulus in order to claim their surrender, but instead slaughtered the group, much alike swine in a slaughterhouse. However it was not only the Russians using well proven military strategy.

On the 25th of November 1942, the Germans, low on supplies, ammunition, and in need of troops calls upon the Luftwaffe to airdrop supplies as well as men for larger squadrons to be forged on land and by air. In doing so, the Ger- mans had hoped to take Stalingrad quickly (within a few days), however when the 4th German Panzer army launched Operation Winter, the Soviets had built a defense too strong for the Germans to penetrate. In saying this, the operation failed miserably resulting in the death of hundreds of troops.

Once the winter had approached battle conditions worsened, as did the troops. The German 6th army was promised Arial support, warmed shelter, and food provided they leave their post briefly. However, although tempted, Hitler would not allow the troops to stand off guard for even a moment. Do to this series of events, upon the earliest hours of morning on February 2nd, 1943, 91,000 men were forced to surrender, while nearly 150,000 had died in a final stand of defiance. From this point on, Stalingrad remained on the offensive for the rest of the war.

1.1 Timeline

1942 July 28th – Joseph Stalin issues “not one step backward” to his troops and Generals. 1942 August 4th – Elements of the German Army cross the Aksay River toward Stalingrad. 1942 August 6th – The German Army crosses the Kuban River near Armavir 1942 August 7th – Elements of the German Army attack Soviet forces near Kalach. 1942 August 9th

2 1.1. Timeline

– The German Army captures the strategic post of Yeysk and Krasnodar on the Sea of Azov. 1942 August 14th – German forces cross the Kuban river near Krasnador. 1942 August 19th – German General Paulus and his 6th Army is ordered to attack the Soviet city of Stalingrad. 1942 August 25th – Stalingrad is officially under siege by the German Army. 1942 September 1st – German Army elements, backed by Romanians cross the Kerch Straits. – The Germans establish a bridgehead over the Terek River.

1942 September 3rd – The Germans enact an offensive aimed at the heart of Stalingrad. 1942 September 6th – The strategic Black Sea port city Novorossiysk falls to the Germans. 1942 September 15 – The Soviet Army is Unleashed on Voronezh. 1942 September 24th – The German Army makes headway toward Tuapse. 1942 October 6th – Malgobek falls to the German Army. 1942 October 9th – The Soviet government hands all military powers to the Soviet Army. 1942 October 14th – Adolf Hitler stops all further offensives against Soviet targets in the region for the year and orders his commanders to hold their positions until 1943. 1942 October 18th – The German drive against Tyapse is stopped by the Soviets. 1942 October 25th – The Germans enact a new offensive in the Caucasus. 1942 November 1st – The Caucasus town of Alagir is captures by the Germans. 1942 November 2nd – The Caucasus town of Ordzhonikidse is captured by the Germans. 1942 November 19th – The Soviets push forward a new two-part offensive – Operation Uranus –

3 1. Aspects of The Battle north of Stalingrad and break through the Romanian-held defenses.

1942 November 20th – Part 2 of Operation Uranus is enacted at the southern end of Stalingrad. – German General Manstein is appointed the commander of Army Group Don. 1942 November 22nd – Two elements of the Sovier Army meets at Kalach, effectively encircling the German 6th Army at Stalingrad. 1942 November 25th – In an effort to resupply their troops, the German Luftwaffe is called upon to exercise airdrops of vital supplies to the German Army. 1942 December 12th – While Hitler rejects any Plea from the German 6th Army to retreat from their position, the 4th Panzer Army is used through Operation Winter Storm in an attempt to relieve the beleaguered German troops at Stalingrad. 1942 December 16th – The Soviet Army puts Operation Little Saturn into effect and attacks Rostov. – The Italian Army goes into full retreat from the Soviet Advances – German Army forces are called off from further offensives at Tuapse. 1942 December 21st – Soviet relief forces and supplies header for Stalingrad are stopped at My- shkova. 1942 December 23rd – All further attempts to relieve Stalingrad are put on hold, indefinitely. 1942 December 24th – The Soviet Army launches a fresh attack at Kotelnikovo, routing its Romanian defenders and putting them into full retreat. 1942 December 28th – German Army Group A is given the official order to retreat from the Cau- casus region. 1943 January 1st – German forces at Terek retreat. 1943 January 8th – Soviet generals send in the formal request fo surrender of the German 6th Army at Stalingrad, a request which is formally rejected. 1943 January 10th – Soviet General Rokossovsky unleashes hell on the German 6th Army through thousands of artillery cannons and Katyusha rockats.

4 1.2. Media

1943 January 12th – Soviet troops make headway against the defensive lines at the Don River by Hungarian and Italian troops. – German Caucasus elements make it to their bridgehead over the Kuban River. 1943 January 13th – German Army elements at Terek retreat to the Nagutskoye-Alexsandrovskoye position. 1943 January 14th – In an effort to replenish and build up their army ranks along the East Front, German Generals proposed conscription service of the Baltic people for service. 1943 January 17th – The German Panzer Corps at the Don are officially surrounded. 1943 January 25th – A Soviet offensive splits the German 6th Army at Stalingrad. – German forces at Armavir retreat. – German forces at Voronezh retreat. 1943 January 31st – German General Paulus formally surrenders his southern Stalingrad army to the Soviets. 1943 February 2nd – The German Army north pocket at Stalingrad formally surrenders to the So- viet Army. – The liberation of Stalingrad is officially over.

1.2 Media

5 1. Aspects of The Battle

2.jpg 2.bb

1.jpg 1.bb

Figure 1.2: German soldiers in September of 1942 reload- Figure 1.1: A monument to the ing their weapons as they pil- Battle of Stalingrad constructed lage through the streets of Stal- in the years between 1959-67 ingrad, Russia. (In The Streets (Monument 2016) 2016)

6 1.2. Media

3.jpg 3.bb

4.jpg 4.bb

Figure 1.3: September 17th 1942, when the Swastika flag was raised in the middle of the city of Stalingrad to sig- Figure 1.4: German troops nify German victories thus far. within the trenches in Kalach. (FlagPole 2016) (Trenches 2016)

7 1. Aspects of The Battle

5.jpg 5.bb 6.jpg 6.bb

Figure 1.5: Luftwaffe plains Figure 1.6: 90,000 German traveling into Stalingrad dur- troops being marched in the ing the later days of Novem- snow, across and out of Stalin- ber 1942 to provide troops and grad following their surrender supplies to their men. (Bomber on February 2nd, 1943. (Ger- 2016) manPower 2016)

8 2. Significance of The Battle

The smashing of the Nazi Wehrmacht on January 31, 1943, by the Red Army was a decisive turning point during World War 2. The outcome of that victory acquired planetary significance. Known as Operation Barbarossa, this was Hitler’s personal war against ‘Jewish-Bolshevism’ and the annihilation of the Sovie t Union, which had been a central ideology of German Fascism. The Nazis intentions were to physically exploit the U.S.S.R and its quasi-inexhaustible re- source base, and the destruction of its people, making it the first time in the history of warfare that an entire people were targeted.

Figure 2.1: A cannon placed in front of a crumbling building in the war-torn city. (Stalingrad Metro Station, Cannon 2016)

On December 6th during a blizzard, General Georgi Zhukov (of Russia) launched his offensive on a 250km front with over 100 divisions. By the end of February, Nazi forces had been driven back 120-250km from Soviet Cap- ital. Total Nazi casualties at this time exceeded over 1 million, or 31% of Wehr- macht’s fighting force. German forces began to retreat and backed away from eastern Europe and Russia ending German expansionism. This was considered the first major loss for Germany and a major turning point in the war. Until this point, Nazis were seen as an unbeatable force of power but after the outcome of Stalingrad, the myth of Nazi invincibility was destroyed with its defeat. It is considered the most brutal war in history with a horrific number of casualties on both sides, leaving 20 million Soviet people dead and 40 million wounded during 1941-1945. Defeat, however, came from the hand of Hitler

9 2. Significance of The Battle himself as it was his decision to attack Russia in the first place, breaking the pact of non-aggression Germany and Russia signed before the war. Until this point, Stalin had no intentions of attacking Germany but was ultimately brought into the war. The results of the war could have differed significantly if Hitler decided not to bring the war to the Soviet front, but in doing so he ensured his own defeat. Not only did it change the fate of the war, the battle changed the entire complexion of the politics of wars as its outcome guaranteed the Soviet Union would survive. The Soviet Union was more susceptible to German offers of peace as they were in a position of power at this point. The victory of the war for allies lay crucially with the decisions the Soviets would make because they were in this position where they could either continue fighting or not. After the war, the U.S. questioned how to treat foreign policy with the Soviet Union. Were they to become allies through trust and cooperation, or was the U.S. going to get tough and use whatever geopolitical leverage was available? President Roosevelt decided to aid the Soviets because of their growth in strength, as well to defeat the Germans. They needed to Russians, resulting in an unlikely alliance.

10 3. Fun Facts

When people think of the Battle of Stalingrad, most people think of the combat and the bloodshed. What rarely comes to mind are what types of food they’re eating, what kind of living conditions they’re in, the state of the medical team, and the deaths not caused by fights.

3.1 Russians

Food and Living Conditions For the Red Army, the soldiers did not receive great rations and the food was not divided evenly. The snipers were given the best rations while fighting soldiers received the next best, and the in- jured got less. If the soldiers were lucky, they would get three servings of kasha, which is a buckwheat porridge. As a treat, the Russian soldiers would sometimes get a piece of salted herring. Another treat is a daily ration of makhorka tobacco and they would have alcohol to get them through the days. The soldiers camped out in the icy fields drinking vodka everyday.1

Figure 3.1: Kasha frying in a pan (MotherWouldKnow 2016)

1Bull 2008.

11 3. Fun Facts

Medical Information The bravest figures in this battle were the female medics with only basic training. They would drag back several wounded soldiers in action to be treated. There are many stories that recount these heroic feats and sacrifices. In the Red Army, there were at least 119 field hospitals with 62000 beds for casualties.

Other Manners of Death Since the soldiers looked to alcohol as a means of relief, when they ran out, they had to find substitutes. One example is antifreeze (contains methanol). These unreliable substitutes caused blindness and death. Other forms of death include freezing to death, diseases, and starvation.2

3.2 Germans

Food and Living Conditions

Figure 3.2: Killed horse (OnceUponATimeInWar 2016)

The Sixth Army began with a kilogram box of potatoes for 15 men and 500 grams of bread for each soldier per day. As the battle played through, the rations thinned more and more until it became a slice of bread (75 grams) per soldier. The casualties received no

2Kaplan 2000.

12 3.2. Germans

food or drink. They were even desperate enough to kill supply horses to make watery soup for protein. Rats and lice riddled the land. The rats would chew through tank cables and the lice would latch onto the soldiers. The soldiers fought the cold by sleeping together to share warmth which would activate the lice.3

Medical Information For the Sixth Army, many medical supplies ran out and sur- gery had to be performed without anesthesia. Those who could still walk were attended to before those who had more fatal injur- ies. Most soldiers with head and abdominal wounds were left to die.

Figure 3.3: A doctor operating on a soldier (PadreSteve’sWorld 2016)

Other Manners of Death Similar to the Red Army, the Sixth Army had other forms of death that include freezing, diseases, and starvation. • Mild cases of frostbite could be treated with ointment, but those with gangrene were amputated. Soldiers died in masses from frostbite and hypothermia.

3Kaplan 2000.

13 3. Fun Facts

• There were so many deaths caused by diseases that the medics feared it has infected every soldier. Jaundice was welcomed by the soldiers so they could be taken off the field. • While the soldiers were starving, they were given high-meat paste to improve nutrition, but in a starving body, in combin- ation with stress, tiredness, and cold, only a fraction of the calories were absorbed. The fat could not be metabolized and lead to many sudden deaths. Other forms of death include freezing to death, diseases, and starvation.4

4Kaplan 2000.

14 4. Conclusion / Aftermath

The battle of Stalingrad led Hitler to a deep mistrust of his commanders. The losses/casualties of German soldiers was reaching above 150,000. This statistic is important as this was also causing the soldiers fighting at the front to start losing hope in their cause. This mistrust also fuelled Hitler’s motivation to start micromanaging everything at the front. This was a mistake that ended up costing him the battle. The Germans had multiple opportunities to leave Stalingrad and fall back. They ended up being ordered to stay put. With the winter fast approaching the city became extremely hard to hold.1

Figure 4.1: A monument in Stalingrad to the Battle (Swastikas, Flags, Berlin, Germany 2016)

Battle of Stalingrad was of the utmost importance for the allied forces. This was because the battle had the ability to break the defences of the eastern Ger- man forces. German commanders were making assumptions in regards to soviet tactics. These assumptions specifically in the battle of Stalingrad were proved to be incorrect. This is what led to the degradation of the German forces. This also led to the turning point in the war. This meaning that prior to this

1Ziemke F, ”Stalingrad to Berlin: German Defeat in the East [in en]”. Government Printing Office, 1968

15 4. Conclusion / Aftermath news of the war in Germany, it was generally of the triumphs of war. After this, the news started to turn grim as Hitler had to admit to his defeats. This outcome of a German loss due to poor tactics was felt through the entire German conquest.

Figure 4.2: Buildings all over Berlin were flying the Nazi flag. It was a sym- bol of power to the Germans and reminded them of why they were fighting (Monument, Fountain 2016)

They had to pull troops from the western fronts to try and salvage the eastern front. This was significant as Hitler who was making the calls in the back- ground was doing so from a standoff point of view he never really saw the severity of the front. As such he made decisions based only on knowledge he was told and what his assumptions were. The loss at Stalingrad ended up being the demise of the German forces.2 What all of this decision/ or lack thereof led to was the loss on the Stalingrad front. The German forces time and time again found themselves having to deal with situations that could have been avoided had Hitler been less indecisive. Hitler could not process that fact that things were not going well and proceeded to make decisions based on the illusion that the German forces still had the upper hand. In the wake of the battle of Stal- ingrad the German forces were no longer able to maintain all of the fronts, the German forces moral was decreasing all due to decisions made by Hitler.3

2Raymond Limbach, ”Battle of Stalingrad” Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015 3Dana Sadrarananda, ”Beyond Stalingrad: Manstein and the Operations of Army Group Don” Praeger Publishers, 1990.

16 5. Axis / Soviet Strategies

Strategy is everything. Who could push further into enemy territory? Who would win and who would lose? The Battle of Stalingrad was a very strategic battle to win in World War 2, because it was the first time that the German army was utterly defeated.

5.1 German

Figure 5.1: Swastika (Nazism Exposed - flags and symbols 2016)

The Germans were volatile opponents using a few different key strategies in the Battle of Stalingrad. Hitler signed the 10-year non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union in 1939, but had no intention of keeping the pact. Instead he used this time to build up his troops behind the Soviet border. One of the goals was the Caucasus oil fields, which would supply the German army with much needed fuel, thus yielding Soviet efforts. Cutting off Soviet supplies to troops so that Soviet industrial output would be disrupted while engaged in military quarrel. The forces had to wait until their supplies were replenished

17 5. Axis / Soviet Strategies or eventually be defeated. Hitler favored this type of warfare because it would make his enemies suffer and slowly and die or force them to retreat.

5.2 German Operations

On June 22nd, 1941, Operation Barbarossa commenced where German armed forces and its allies invaded deep into Soviet territory. A tactic called Blitzkrieg, which means “lightning war”, warfare was a favoured style of warfare by the Germans. This type of warfare, used by the German panzer tanks, was to attack enemies at the weakest point and defeat them the fastest. By spring of 1942 the Germans had established their front along the border to the USSR. The Ger- mans were in high spirits as they thought they would crush the Soviets since they were no longer hindered by the winter weather. On June 28th, 1942, Op- eration Blau/Blue commenced with multiple German and Romanian units were to capture the Caucasus Oil Fields for a plentiful supply of fuels.

Figure 5.2: Barbarossa Map (WWIIPodcast 2016)

5.3 Soviet Union

In December of 1941, after suffering multiple losses, the Soviet Union coun- terattacked German forces in the Battle of Moscow, successfully driving them

18 5.4. Soviet Operations out. The Soviets quickly realized that the Germans were not prepared for any- thing offensively for the winter months to come, and took advantage of this by quickly planning their next attacks.

Figure 5.3: Soviet Union (Soviet Union Flag 2016)

5.4 Soviet Operations

• Operation Uranus 19 November 1942

– Southwestern Front 1st Guards, 21st, 5th Tanks, 17th Air Armies, and the 25th Tank Corps – Don Front 24th, 65th, 66th, 16th Air Armies – Stalingrad Front 28th, 51st, 57th, 62nd, 64th, 8th Air Armies

• Kotelnikovo Offensive Operation 12 December 1942 – 31 December 1942

– Stalingrad Front 2nd Guards, 5th Shock, 51st, 8th Air Armies

• Middle Don Offensive Operation (Operation Little Saturn) 16 December 1942 – 30 December 1942

– Southwestern Front – Don Front

• Operation Koltso (English: Operation Ring) 10 January 1943 – 2 February 1943

19 5. Axis / Soviet Strategies

– Don Front 21st, 24th, 57th, 62nd, 64th, 65th, 66th, 16th Air Armies

Operation Uranus, the Soviet Union plan to counterattack the northern flank of Stalingrad. Soviets chose to attack the northern flank because it was defended by Italian, Hungarian, and Romanian forces that were not adequately equipped to defend such a big scale, thoroughly planned attack. The amount of support they had compared to the German counterparts of other defenses (November 19-30, 1942). The Soviet Union used a military tactic called a pincer attack. It consisted of effective counterattacks from both sides of the enemy’s flank, essentially to pin them down. Operation Uranus was the most strategic decision made because it set in motion Germany’s first brutal loss. The Stalingrad Pocket formed was by the pincer attack of Operation Uranus entrapped the German and it’s allies armies.

Figure 5.4: Pincer Strategy Map (Pincer Attack 2016)

20 Bibliography

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