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Early Cultures of Northeastern Asia EARLY CULTURES OF NORTHEASTERN ASIA By Nikolai N. Dikov Translated by Richard L. Bland EARLY CULTURES OF NORTHEASTERN ASIA By Nikolai N. Dikov Translated by Richard L. Bland ii SHARED BERINGIAN HERITAGE PROGRAM Asia and North America were once joined by a massive “land bridge” in a region now popularly called “Beringia.” In order to promote the conservation of the unique natural history and cultural heritage of this region, the governments of the United States and Russia have proposed the establishment of an international park agreement between the two countries. The Shared Beringian Heritage Program of the National Park Service recognizes and celebrates the contemporary and historic exchange of biological resources and cultural heritage in this region. The program seeks local resident and international participation in the preservation and understanding of natural resources and protected lands and works to sustain the cultural vitality of Native peoples in the region. To these ends, the Beringia Program promotes the free communication and active cooperation between the people and governments of the United States and Russia concerning the Bering Straits region. © The Russian text of Drevnie kul’tury Severo-Vostochnoi Azii (Aziia na styke s Amerikoi v drevnosti) by N. N. Dikov (Moscow: Nauka, 1979) was translated into English by Richard L. Bland of the Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, and published by the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Shared Beringian Heritage Program, Anchorage, Alaska, by one-time permission of the author’s estate. June 2004. iii Table of Contents Translator’s Introductions ................................................................................................................ v Preface .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Paleolithic of Extreme Northeast Asia Environmental Conditions ..................................................................................................................... 5 The Problem of the Initial Settlement of Northeast Asia and America ..................................................10 The Early Ushki Upper Paleolithic Culture of Kamchatka and the Hypothesis About Its Role in the Initial Settlement of America ..................................................................................20 The Late Ushki Upper Paleolithic Culture of Kamchatka ......................................................................37 The Early Holocene and Final Paleolithic of Kamchatka ......................................................................58 From the Paleolithic to the Neolithic on the Upper Kolyma The Problem of the Mesolithic .............................................................................................................61 The Siberdik Culture ............................................................................................................................69 The Maltan Complex............................................................................................................................76 The Neolithic of Kamchatka The First Ushki “Mesolithic” or Early Neolithic Culture ........................................................................83 The Second Ushki “Late Mesolithic” or Neolithic Culture .....................................................................88 The Tar’in Culture of the Late Neolithic ................................................................................................93 The Stone Age and Undeveloped Bronze Age of Chukotka The Earliest Late Paleolithic Traces of People in Chukotka ............................................................... 101 The Late Neolithic North Chukotkan Culture ...................................................................................... 105 The Ust’-Belaia Culture ...................................................................................................................... 110 The Appearance of Sea Mammal Hunting and the Problem of the Origin of the Eskimos .................. 127 The Wrangel’ Paleo-Eskimo Culture .................................................................................................. 130 Northeast Asia During the Period of the Undeveloped Iron Age and the Remnant Neolithic The Okvik Culture .............................................................................................................................. 135 The Old Bering Sea Culture ............................................................................................................... 146 The Birnirk Culture ............................................................................................................................. 170 The Punuk and Thule Cultures........................................................................................................... 173 The Cultural Complexes of the Lower Anadyr’ and Kanchalan Rivers and the Northeast Coastal Areas Adjoining Them ....................................................................... 180 The Anadyr’-Main (Vakarevo) Culture ................................................................................................. 184 The Old Koryak Culture ..................................................................................................................... 189 The Northwestern Bering Sea (Old Kerek) Culture ............................................................................. 204 The Middle Kamchatkan (Nikul’skaia) Variant of the Old Itel’men Culture ......................................... 208 The South Kamchatkan (Nalychevo) Variant of the Old Itel’men Culture ............................................ 216 Common Regularities and Basic Features of Historical Development in Extreme Northeast Asia ............................................................................... 223 iv Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 229 Appendix: Index of Distribution of Similar Forms of Stone Artifacts in the Archaeological Sites of Kamchatka, Chukotka and the Northern Okhotsk Coast .......................................................................... 231 References ......................................................................................................................................... 267 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 329 v Translator’s Introduction This book was originally published as Drevnie kul’tury Severo-Vostochnoi Azii (Aziia na styke s Amerikoi v drevnosti) [Early Cultures of Northeast Asia (Asia at the Crossroads with America in Antiquity)] (Moscow: Nauka, 1979). This work contains many archaisms. I have assumed that it will be the specialist who reads this book and that he or she will know how to deal with, for example, the Sandia point. To adequately annotate this work would take a book in itself. Therefore, I have left it as an artifact of the past containing an enormous amount of primary data, which is, in fact, what we study. One note of caution: in this book, as in others by Professor Dikov, the citations to illustrations seem to get a bit confused. As before, I have tried to correct these where possible. Otherwise I have left them as they appear in the original. I would like to thank Anna Gokhman for her usual excellent job of proofreading the translation, Lynne Ertle for great editing, and Sue Roberts for a fine job of layout. I owe a deep debt of gratitude to Bob Gerhard, director of the Beringian Shared Heritage Program, Peter Richter, its manager, and Katerina Wessels, whose help I couldn’t have done without. We all must thank them for their continuing support of translation through the Beringian Shared Heritage Program. Finally, we owe a special debt of gratitude to Professor Margarita Alexandrovna Dikova for permitting the National Park Service to make available in English her late husband’s book. —Richard Bland Preface The study of archaeology in extreme Northeast Asia has at present a special urgency. It is very significant not only for reconstruction of the distinctive historical past of this distant and severe region but also for resolution of the problem of the initial settlement of neighboring America, which took place in the Paleolithic from Northeast Asia through ancient Beringia, which joined the two continents during the glacial epoch (Chard 1960a, 1960b, 1960c; Debets 1951a, 1951b; Hopkins 1959, 1967, 1972). The scope of the archaeological problems of Northeast Asia includes not just the discovery of common regularities and features. Here at the crossroads of Asia and America, the thesis of convergent historical development in America, after its initial settlement and isolation owing to its closure by ice sheets in Canada, is being adopted by an increasing number of adherents and can be examined. If the Paleo-Indian population did in fact develop at this time under conditions of full isolation and nevertheless arrived at the same economic, socioeconomic, and technical- technological forms as in the Old World, then this, consequently, as some scholars are inclined to suggest, is a striking “experiment” of independent, convergent development set up by nature itself. The New World in this case would be a kind of
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