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Post-Soviet Period Changes in Resource Utilization And Tamara Litvinenko1*, Kazuhiro Kumo2 1Institute of Geography RAS 2Hitotsubashi University, Institute of Economic Research *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] POST-SOVIET PERIOD CHANGES IN ustainability S RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND THEIR 66 IMPACT ON POPULATION DYNAMICS IN CHUKOTKA AUTONOMOUS OKRUG (RUSSIA) Abstract. This study examines changes that have occurred in the resource utilization sector and the impact of these changes on population dynamics in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Russia) during the post-Soviet period. This paper discuss topics of population-dynamics-related differences that have emerged in the region and impacts of these differences on the use of natural resources and the ethnic composition of the population. Through this study, it was shown that changes have tended to be small in local areas where indigenous peoples who have engaged in traditional natural resource use for a large proportion of the population, while changes have been relatively large in areas where the proportion of non-indigenous people is high and the mining industry has developed. Key WORDS: Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, indigenous people, non-indigenous people, population dynamics, natural resource utilization, human settlements, intra-regional differences, non-renewable mineral resources, renewable natural resources. Citation: Tamara Litvinenko, Kazuhiro Kumo(2017) Post-soviet period changes in resource utilization and their impact on population dynamics in Chukotka autonomous okrug (Russia). Geography, Environment, Sustainability (GES Journal), Vol.11, No 3, p. 66-86 DOI-10.24057/2071-9388-2017-11-3-66-86 Introduction traditional ways has maintained local stability (Mulvihill and Jacobs 1991; Duerden 1992; The demographic economic systems in the Khaknazarov 2013). Nevertheless, it is not yet North are extremely unstable. The reasons fully clear what characteristics make the local for this are the region’s dependence on the demo-economic systems and settlements extraction of mineral resources, the fact in the North stable on the whole, and what that most human settlements are company kinds of factors have affected this stability. towns, and the extremely high mobility The question of what differences exist at the of northern labour forces (Heleniak 1999; regional or intra-regional level in terms of Motrich 2006; Petrov 2010). On the other instability/stability also remains unanswered. hand, some researchers believe that the Societal changes in the post-Soviet period, presence of northern indigenous peoples which followed the collapse of the Soviet who continue to utilize resources in Union and has seen the implementation of Tamara Litvinenko, Kazuhiro Kumo POST-SOVIET PERIOD CHANGES IN... market reforms, have resulted in clear and of the mineral resource industry in widening differences between regions in Chukotka (Lomakina 2002; Minakir 2006; the North, within individual regions, and Lomakina 2009), and characteristics of at the local level (Pilyasov 1996). Because the development of Chukotka from the demo-economic system in the North a sociodemographic perspective and is dependent on firms that utilize natural compared with other Far Eastern regions resources (Petrov 2010), to understand (Zheleznov-Chukotskiy et al. 2005; Motrich the aforementioned issues, it is necessary 2006; Sidorkina 2014). Despite the existence ustainability to identify spatial regularities concerning of such studies, Chukotka remains the Arctic S the ways that resource utilization affects region on which the least research has been population. Furthermore, with regard to conducted (Arctic Council 2013). This study, 67 ethnic regions, it is also essential to clarify therefore, is aimed at understanding what what sort of roles ethnic factors have played sort of interrelationships exist between the in this process of societal change. transformation of nature resource utilization at different local areas and population STUDY SUBJECTS, METHODS, AND DATA dynamics. In this respect, it supplements previous research by classifying This study covers the Chukotskii Autonomous transformation in settlements from the Okrug (Chukotka). Chukotka is located in impact of resource utilization and listing the far northeast of Eurasia, and juts out up criteria that constitute causes of stability between the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic and instability of local systems and human Sea. Around half of the Okrug is located settlements. Preliminary survey results from north of the Arctic Circle, and the climate the study have already been published is harsh. Chukotka contains 10% of Russia’s (Litvinenko and Murota 2008; Litvinenko estimated gold reserves, 16% of its estimated 2013). The goal of this paper is to analyze tin reserves, and unique biological resources. the empirical data obtained in more detail It also Russia’s most sparsely populated and draw out general rules and scientific region. Besides non-indigenous people, interpretations from the data. most of whom are Russian, the region is also home to 16 indigenous minorities of Besides official statistics, this study also the North, who possess distinctive cultures employs, as its data, documents in the and use the resources in a traditional way possession of regional or local government that has remained unchanged for centuries bodies, archives from companies and other (www.chukotka.org 2014). sources, and interviews carried out during on-site surveys of regional and local experts The objectives of the study are to shed and corporate representatives. The authors light on (1) the characteristics of changes in carried out on-site surveys in August 2007 population dynamics in the entire Chukotka in the Iultinskiy district and in August 2007 region and at the intra-regional level that and June 2016 in the town of Anadyr and have occurred as a result of transformation Anadyrskiy district . of natural resource utilization in the post- Soviet period and are due to the impact of Our method to study the interrelationships existing objective and subjective factors, (2) between resource utilization and population the roles that ethnic factors have played in dynamics at the intra-regional and local this process, and (3) conditions that have levels consisted of several steps (stages): caused stability and instability of local socioeconomic systems and settlements. 1) Stage 1: Statistical survey. Included in this stage is the analysis of official statistics The Far-Eastern economists and economic for the purpose of shedding light on the geographers have conducted various interrelationships between population studies. These include studies on the natural dynamics at the regional, intra-regional, resource development process in north- and local levels and ethnic composition eastern Russia during the 1990s reform (indigenous peoples as a percentage of the period (Pilyasov 1996), the development total population) during the post-Soviet GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 03 (11) 2017 period. At this stage, the post-Soviet time conjunction with the establishment of new periods were determined (economic- resource-utilizing enterprises and labour crisis period, economic-growth period, migration during the post-Soviet period. and period from 2009 until now), and the development of resource utilization sector 3) Stage 3: The survey data are processed was investigated statistically. and generalization of the research findings from Stage 1 and Stage 2 is performed. Here ustainability 2) Stage 2: On-site survey of human we produced a map showing differences in S settlements and dominant companies population dynamics that occurred within the in company towns. The purpose of this region. We also classified changes in human 68 survey was to shed light on the impact that settlements during the post-Soviet period changes in resource-utilizing enterprises and produced lists concerning the following have on population dynamics and points: (1) settlement status, (2) characteristics residential dynamics. Another objective of population dynamics including the was to show that there are differences population migration process, (3) ethnic in impact depending on the form of composition, (4) interrelationship between resource utilization (whether based on resource utilization and employment. By traditional industries that utilize renewable generalizing the results of the investigations, bioresources, or the mining sector which we present criteria that constitute causes of uses exhaustible mineral resources) stability and instability in local socioeconomic and ethnic composition (whether non- systems and human settlements. indigenous or indigenous peoples are dominant). DEVELOPMENT OF CHUKOTKA DURING THE SOVIET ERA: OVERVIEW At this stage, we identify settlements that have been abandoned by surveying It was during the 1920s that the Soviet regional or local experts and comparing government and the Soviet-style management maps of settlements from the Soviet system was established in Chukotka. Later, the era with modern maps, identify the sedentary and nomadic economies practiced reasons why these settlements have by the indigenous peoples were gradually been abandoned. Here, in addition to combined into state-run cooperatives, a performing a questionnaire survey of the process that was already completed by 1950 aforementioned regional and local experts (Vasil’ev et al. 1996). According to a population and company representatives, we analyzed census carried out in 1939, 69% of the total the company materials to find out new populace were Chukchi, Evens,
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