DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Is Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis Is Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Evolution of Male Form and Function in Nightshade Flowers Gwendolyn Veronica Davis Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge - Wolfson College This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2019 The Evolution of Male Form and Function in Nightshade Flowers Gwendolyn Veronica Davis The overall objective of this study is to investigate the diversity of anther form (male floral organs) in the genus Solanum to allow greater understanding of the relationship between anther form and buzz pollination. This project takes a multidisciplinary approach to investigating the anther traits found within the genus Solanum. We bring together both morphological and developmental genetic approaches. These constitute the two halves of this thesis. In the morphological section (chapter 2) the epidermal cell surface of the anthers of Solanum is examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This is the first study to examine many of these species with SEM, and the first to focus specifically on the presence, location and type of epidermal cell outgrowths on the anther surface. How anther shape varies throughout the genus is examined by measurement and analysis of anther dimensions of living and herbarium specimens. These anther dimension measurements are subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and then analysed in a phylogenetic context using phylomorphospace approaches. The way in which anthers are arranged with respect to one another within a flower, whether separate or in a fused anther cone, is recorded and plotted onto the phylogeny to identify independent evolutions of the anther cone trait. The method of attachment between the anthers in fused anther cones is examined through SEM to better understand from a morphological perspective how this trait is created at a microscale, also shedding light on potential aspects of the trait’s evolution. The molecular section (chapter 3) of the thesis approaches the investigation of an important anther trait from a developmental genetic perspective. This trait is the fused anther cone of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), which is held together by a mesh of trichomes along the edges of the anthers. This work aims to better understand this trait by identifying genes responsible for its development. A candidate gene approach is taken, focusing on the R2R3 Myb subgroup 9 family of transcription factors. Function of the tomato members of this family is investigated through ectopic expression in tobacco and expression analysis during stages of floral development using semi qRTPCR. This study has contributed significantly towards the understanding of the diversity of anther traits found in the genus Solanum from a morphological, evolutionary and developmental genetic perspective and paves the way for further studies which investigate the importance of these anther traits to the interactions of buzz-pollinating insects with these plants. Declaration This thesis is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except for as declared in the preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit.. Gwendolyn Veronica Davis, 24 October 2018 Acknowledgements There are so many people without whom this thesis could not have come into being. First and foremost: Professor Beverley Glover, without whom the project could not have happened at all, and who went above and beyond to help me. For reading draft after draft after draft and teaching me throughout the PhD to be a better researcher, a stronger and more organized person, to be a better writer and presenter, and in general to be overall a better, more rounded scientist . Dr Sandy Knapp: the queen of nightshade flowers, for imparting some of her expansive knowledge of the genus Solanum to me and teaching me how to manage the herbarium specimens with which I worked for the project. Thank you to the entirety of the Glover Lab who have been present during my time here. But special mention should go to: Chiara: for teaching me with her vast knowledge of molecular biology and troubleshooting experiments I could have sworn were impossible. You were an amazing help from start to finish who really helped mould my laboratory work. Edwige for her also great molecular expertise and guidance. Erin for being such an excellent work companion throughout – I shall miss our lab bench banter. Róisín for being such a lab wit, Gabriela for your cheeky smiles, Chris twirling his moustache as he imparted sage wisdom, Carlos: The statistical superhero, thank you for all your help during the analysis of my morphological data. Matthew: thank you for caring for my plants throughout (and reminding me when they were flowering/dying) your expertise was essential to the production of this project. I always enjoyed our chats and you were always full of excellent advice. Thank you especially to Hamish who not only helped me with his computer wizardry as a co-worker but who gave me a place to stay with his wonderful family (and with wonderful food!) whilst doing the last bit of my writing. I hope that when your write up comes along it is as smooth as you helped make parts of mine! Every member of the lab has created such a lovely atmosphere within which to work and I thank everyone for the help and support given throughout this process. Thank you also to the non-lab friends and family who helped make this project possible. Special thanks to Marco for reading aloud papers to me when I was too tired to read them and to Maria for being the greatest ally from beginning to end. Abstract The overall objective of this study is to investigate the diversity of anther form (male floral organs) in the genus Solanum to allow greater understanding of the relationship between anther form and buzz pollination. This project takes a multidisciplinary approach to investigating the anther traits found within the genus Solanum. We bring together both morphological and developmental genetic approaches. These constitute the two halves of this thesis. In the morphological section (chapter 2) the epidermal cell surface of the anthers of Solanum is examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This is the first study to examine many of these species with SEM, and the first to focus specifically on the presence, location and type of epidermal cell outgrowths on the anther surface. How anther shape varies throughout the genus is examined by measurement and analysis of anther dimensions of living and herbarium specimens. These anther dimension measurements are subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and then analysed in a phylogenetic context using phylomorphospace approaches. The way in which anthers are arranged with respect to one another within a flower, whether separate or in a fused anther cone, is recorded and plotted onto the phylogeny to identify independent evolutions of the anther cone trait. The method of attachment between the anthers in fused anther cones is examined through SEM to better understand from a morphological perspective how this trait is created at a microscale, also shedding light on potential aspects of the trait’s evolution. The molecular section (chapter 3) of the thesis approaches the investigation of an important anther trait from a developmental genetic perspective. This trait is the fused anther cone of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), which is held together by a mesh of trichomes along the edges of the anthers. This work aims to better understand this trait by identifying genes responsible for its development. A candidate gene approach is taken, focusing on the R2R3 Myb subgroup 9 family of transcription factors. Function of the tomato members of this family is investigated through ectopic expression in tobacco and expression analysis during stages of floral development using semi qRTPCR. This study has contributed significantly towards the understanding of the diversity of anther traits found in the genus Solanum from a morphological, evolutionary and developmental genetic perspective and paves the way for further studies which investigate the importance of these anther traits to the interactions of buzz-pollinating insects with these plants. Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1 1.1: Angiosperm diversity and plant reproduction ..............................................................1 1.2: Buzz pollination is a highly specialised form of pollination ........................................3 1.3 The genus Solanum ........................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2: ANTHER MORPHOLOGY IN THE GENUS SOLANUM .......................................10 2.1: Overview .....................................................................................................................10 2.2: Introduction .................................................................................................................11
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Alien Vascular Flora of Tuscany (Italy)
    Quad. Mus. St. Nat. Livorno, 26: 43-78 (2015-2016) 43 The alien vascular fora of Tuscany (Italy): update and analysis VaLerio LaZZeri1 SUMMARY. Here it is provided the updated checklist of the alien vascular fora of Tuscany. Together with those taxa that are considered alien to the Tuscan vascular fora amounting to 510 units, also locally alien taxa and doubtfully aliens are reported in three additional checklists. The analysis of invasiveness shows that 241 taxa are casual, 219 naturalized and 50 invasive. Moreover, 13 taxa are new for the vascular fora of Tuscany, of which one is also new for the Euromediterranean area and two are new for the Mediterranean basin. Keywords: Vascular plants, Xenophytes, New records, Invasive species, Mediterranean. RIASSUNTO. Si fornisce la checklist aggiornata della fora vascolare aliena della regione Toscana. Insieme alla lista dei taxa che si considerano alieni per la Toscana che ammontano a 510 unità, si segnalano in tre ulteriori liste anche i taxa che si ritengono essere presenti nell’area di studio anche con popolazioni non autoctone o per i quali sussistono dubbi sull’effettiva autoctonicità. L’analisi dello status di invasività mostra che 241 taxa sono casuali, 219 naturalizzati e 50 invasivi. Inoltre, 13 taxa rappresentano una novità per la fora vascolare di Toscana, dei quali uno è nuovo anche per l’area Euromediterranea e altri due sono nuovi per il bacino del Mediterraneo. Parole chiave: Piante vascolari, Xenofte, Nuovi ritrovamenti, Specie invasive, Mediterraneo. Introduction establishment of long-lasting economic exchan- ges between close or distant countries. As a result The Mediterranean basin is considered as one of this context, non-native plant species have of the world most biodiverse areas, especially become an important component of the various as far as its vascular fora is concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • Plantaginaceae)
    Telopea 11(3) 276–292 New Australian species and typifications in Veronica sens. lat. (Plantaginaceae) Barbara G. Briggs1 and Friedrich Ehrendorfer2 1Botanic Gardens Trust Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia. Email: [email protected] 2Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A–1030, Vienna, Austria. Email: [email protected] Abstract Four Australian species of Veronica sens. lat. are newly described and illustrated; lectotypes are selected for other species and synonyms. In V. ‘sect. Derwentia’ (Raf.) B.G.Briggs (in Garnock-Jones et al. submitted) we informally recognise three clades: the Derwentia clade, the V. formosa clade and the V. calycina clade. A second species of the V. formosa clade, V. continua, is newly described; both V. continua and V. formosa being Tasmanian endemics. New Australian mainland taxa of the V. calycina clade are V. grosseserrata, V. sobolifera and V. subtilis; types and synonyms are listed for V. brownii, V. calycina, V. distans, V. gracilis, V. hillebrandii, V. notabilis, V. novae-hollandiae, V. parnkalliana and V. plebeia. From V. sect. Hebe, typification and synonyms are provided for V. densifolia. Introduction Veronica and related genera of the Veroniceae were, until recently, regarded as members of the Scrophulariaceae. The results of DNA analyses have, however, led to drastic changes in the circumscription of the family and the reclassification of Veronica as a member of the Plantaginaceae (Olmstead & Reeves 1995, Olmstead et al. 2001, Albach et al. 2005). Such analyses have also made clear that Veronica is paraphyletic if Southern Hemisphere genera such as Derwentia, Parahebe, Hebe and Chionohebe are recognised (Albach & Chase 2001, Wagstaff et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Starch Granule Evidence for the Earliest Potato Use in North America
    Starch granule evidence for the earliest potato use in North America Lisbeth A. Louderbacka,1 and Bruce M. Pavlikb aNatural History Museum of Utah, Anthropology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108; and bRed Butte Garden and Arboretum, Conservation Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 Edited by Dolores R. Piperno, Smithsonian Institution, Fairfax, VA, and approved May 16, 2017 (received for review April 3, 2017) The prehistory of wild potato use, leading to its domestication and Study Site: Archaeological Context diversification, has been well-documented in, and confined to, South NCS is a deeply stratified site at the base of a south-facing sand- America. At least 20 tuber-bearing, wild species of Solanum are stone cliff at an elevation of 1,900 m (37°46.200′ N, 111°40.812′ W) known from North and Central America, yet their importance in (Fig. 2). Excavations of NCS occurred between 2004 and 2008, ancient diets has never been assessed from the archaeological re- uncovering numerous hearths and pits and abundant stone tools, cord. Here, we report the earliest evidence of wild potato use in faunal assemblages, and botanical remains (14). The excavations North America at 10,900–10,100 calendar years (cal) B.P. in the form revealed seven cultural strata, dating from 11,500 to 150 cal B.P. of well-preserved starch granules extracted from ground stone tools Thirty-five radiocarbon dates were obtained on various materials at North Creek Shelter, southern Utah. These granules have been (bone/collagen, dentin, wood/charcoal, fruits/seeds; Table S1), Solanum jamesii identified as those of Torr.
    [Show full text]
  • Trees, Shrubs, and Perennials That Intrigue Me (Gymnosperms First
    Big-picture, evolutionary view of trees and shrubs (and a few of my favorite herbaceous perennials), ver. 2007-11-04 Descriptions of the trees and shrubs taken (stolen!!!) from online sources, from my own observations in and around Greenwood Lake, NY, and from these books: • Dirr’s Hardy Trees and Shrubs, Michael A. Dirr, Timber Press, © 1997 • Trees of North America (Golden field guide), C. Frank Brockman, St. Martin’s Press, © 2001 • Smithsonian Handbooks, Trees, Allen J. Coombes, Dorling Kindersley, © 2002 • Native Trees for North American Landscapes, Guy Sternberg with Jim Wilson, Timber Press, © 2004 • Complete Trees, Shrubs, and Hedges, Jacqueline Hériteau, © 2006 They are generally listed from most ancient to most recently evolved. (I’m not sure if this is true for the rosids and asterids, starting on page 30. I just listed them in the same order as Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II.) This document started out as my personal landscaping plan and morphed into something almost unwieldy and phantasmagorical. Key to symbols and colored text: Checkboxes indicate species and/or cultivars that I want. Checkmarks indicate those that I have (or that one of my neighbors has). Text in blue indicates shrub or hedge. (Unfinished task – there is no text in blue other than this text right here.) Text in red indicates that the species or cultivar is undesirable: • Out of range climatically (either wrong zone, or won’t do well because of differences in moisture or seasons, even though it is in the “right” zone). • Will grow too tall or wide and simply won’t fit well on my property.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from an Inventory of the Ames, Iowa, Flora (1859-2000) William R
    NCRPIS Publications and Papers North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station 2001 Lessons From an Inventory of the Ames, Iowa, Flora (1859-2000) William R. Norris Western New Mexico University Deborah Q. Lewis Iowa State University Mark P. Widrlechner United States Department of Agriculture, [email protected] Jimmie D. Thompson Richard O. Pope Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ncrpis_pubs Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Botany Commons, and the Entomology Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ncrpis_pubs/74. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NCRPIS Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. lour. Iowa Acad. Sci. 108(2):34-63, 2001 Lessons From an Inventory of the Ames, Iowa, Flora (1859-2000) WILLIAM R. NORRIS1, DEBORAH Q. LEWIS2*, MARK P. WIDRLECHNER3, JIMMIED. THOMPSON4 and RICHARD 0. POPE5 .i 1Department of Natural Sciences, Western New Mexico University, Silver City, New Mexico 88061 2Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1020 3U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1170 419516 515 Ave., Ames, Iowa 50014 5Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3140 A botanical survey of the vascular flora of the "planning and zoning jurisdiction" of the city of Ames, Iowa (i.e., the area within a boundary 3.2 km beyond the current city limits) was compiled from 1990 to 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of North Central Texas Flora of North Central Texas
    SHINNERS & MAHLER’S FLOR A OF NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS GEORGE M. DIGGSIGGS,, JJR.. BBARNEY L. LIPSCOMBIPSCOMB ROBERT J. O’KENNON D VEGETATIONAL AREAS OF TEXAS MODIFIED FROM CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF TEXAS (HATCH ET AL. 1990). NEARLY IDENTICAL MAPS HAVE BEEN USED IN NUMEROUS WORKS ON TEXAS INCLUDING GOULD (1962) AND CORRELL AND JOHNSTON (1970). 1 PINEYWOODS 2 GULF PRAIRIES AND MARSHEs 3 POST OAK SAVANNAH 4 BLACKLAND PRAIRIES 5 CROSS TIMBERS AND PRAIRIES 6 SOUTH TEXAS PLAINS 7 EDWARDS PLATEAU 8 ROLLING PLAINS 9 HIGH PLAINS 10 TRANS-PECOS, MOUNTAINS AND BASINS D VEGETATIONAL AREAS OF NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D SHINNERS & MAHLER’S ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS Shinners & Mahler’s ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS IS PUBLISHED WITH THE SUPPORT OF: MAJOR BENEFACTORS: NEW DOROTHEA L. LEONHARDT FOUNDATION (ANDREA C. HARKINS) BASS FOUNDATION ROBERT J. O’KENNON RUTH ANDERSSON MAY MARY G. PALKO AMON G. CARTER FOUNDATION MARGRET M. RIMMER MIKE AND EVA SANDLIN INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT: AUSTIN COLLEGE BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXAS SID RICHARDSON CAREER DEVELOPMENT FUND OF AUSTIN COLLEGE OTHER CONTRIBUTORS: PEG AND BEN KEITH FRIENDS OF HAGERMAN NAT IONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SUMMERLEE FOUNDATION JOHN D.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics, Diversity, Genetics, and Evolution of Wild and Cultivated Potatoes
    Bot. Rev. (2014) 80:283–383 DOI 10.1007/s12229-014-9146-y Systematics, Diversity, Genetics, and Evolution of Wild and Cultivated Potatoes David M. Spooner1,6 & Marc Ghislain2 & Reinhard Simon3 & Shelley H. Jansky1 & Tatjana Gavrilenko4,5 1 USDA Agricultural Research Service, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1590, USA; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Genomics & Biotechnology Global Program, Centro International de la Papa (CIP), SSA Regional Office, CIP ILRI Campus, Old Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 25171, Nairobi 00603, Kenya; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Integrated IT and Computational Research Unit, International Potato Center, Avenida La Molina 1895, La Molina, Lima, Peru; e-mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Biotechnology, N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR), Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 42- 44, 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia; e-mail: [email protected] 5 St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia 6 Author for Correspondence; e-mail: [email protected] Published online: 19 December 2014 # The New York Botanical Garden (outside the USA) 2014 Abstract The common potato, Solanum tuberosum L., is the third most important food crop and is grown and consumed worldwide. Indigenous cultivated (landrace) potatoes and wild potato species, all classified as Solanum section Petota, are widely used for potato improvement. Members of section Petota are broadly distributed in the Americas from the southwestern United States to the Southern Cone of South America. The latest comprehensive taxonomic treatment of section Petota was pub- lished by John (Jack) Hawkes in 1990; it recognized seven cultivated species and 228 wild species, divided into 21 taxonomic series.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Coulter's Californian Exsiccata
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 37 Issue 1 Issue 1–2 Article 2 2019 Plantae Coulterianae: Thomas Coulter’s Californian Exsiccata Gary D. Wallace California Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Wallace, Gary D. (2020) "Plantae Coulterianae: Thomas Coulter’s Californian Exsiccata," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 37: Iss. 1, Article 2. Available at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol37/iss1/2 Aliso, 37(1–2), pp. 1–73 ISSN: 0065-6275 (print), 2327-2929 (online) PLANTAE COULTERIANAE: THOMAS COULTER’S CALIFORNIAN EXSICCATA Gary D. Wallace California Botanic Garden [formerly Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden], 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711 ([email protected]) abstract An account of the extent, diversity, and importance of the Californian collections of Thomas Coulter in the herbarium (TCD) of Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, is presented here. It is based on examination of collections in TCD, several other collections available online, and referenced literature. Additional infor- mation on historical context, content of herbarium labels and annotations is included. Coulter’s collections in TCD are less well known than partial duplicate sets at other herbaria. He was the first botanist to cross the desert of southern California to the Colorado River. Coulter’s collections in TCD include not only 60 vascular plant specimens previously unidentified as type material but also among the first moss andmarine algae specimens known to be collected in California. A list of taxa named for Thomas Coulter is included.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Nomenclature and Taxonomy an Horticultural and Agronomic Perspective
    3913 P-01 7/22/02 4:25 PM Page 1 1 Plant Nomenclature and Taxonomy An Horticultural and Agronomic Perspective David M. Spooner* Ronald G. van den Berg U.S. Department of Agriculture Biosystematics Group Agricultural Research Service Department of Plant Sciences Vegetable Crops Research Unit Wageningen University Department of Horticulture PO Box 8010 University of Wisconsin 6700 ED Wageningen 1575 Linden Drive The Netherlands Madison Wisconsin 53706-1590 Willem A. Brandenburg Plant Research International Wilbert L. A. Hetterscheid PO Box 16 VKC/NDS 6700 AA, Wageningen Linnaeuslaan 2a The Netherlands 1431 JV Aalsmeer The Netherlands I. INTRODUCTION A. Taxonomy and Systematics B. Wild and Cultivated Plants II. SPECIES CONCEPTS IN WILD PLANTS A. Morphological Species Concepts B. Interbreeding Species Concepts C. Ecological Species Concepts D. Cladistic Species Concepts E. Eclectic Species Concepts F. Nominalistic Species Concepts *The authors thank Paul Berry, Philip Cantino, Vicki Funk, Charles Heiser, Jules Janick, Thomas Lammers, and Jeffrey Strachan for review of parts or all of our paper. Horticultural Reviews, Volume 28, Edited by Jules Janick ISBN 0-471-21542-2 © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 3913 P-01 7/22/02 4:25 PM Page 2 2 D. SPOONER, W. HETTERSCHEID, R. VAN DEN BERG, AND W. BRANDENBURG III. CLASSIFICATION PHILOSOPHIES IN WILD AND CULTIVATED PLANTS A. Wild Plants B. Cultivated Plants IV. BRIEF HISTORY OF NOMENCLATURE AND CODES V. FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN THE CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF CULTIVATED AND WILD PLANTS A. Ambiguity of the Term Variety B. Culton Versus Taxon C. Open Versus Closed Classifications VI. A COMPARISON OF THE ICBN AND ICNCP A.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plant Flora of Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument Phase II Report
    Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plant Flora of Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument Phase II Report By Dr. Terri Hildebrand Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT and Dr. Walter Fertig Moenave Botanical Consulting, Kanab, UT Colorado Plateau Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit Agreement # H1200-09-0005 1 May 2012 Prepared for Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument Southern Utah University National Park Service Mojave Network TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # Introduction . 4 Study Area . 6 History and Setting . 6 Geology and Associated Ecoregions . 6 Soils and Climate . 7 Vegetation . 10 Previous Botanical Studies . 11 Methods . 17 Results . 21 Discussion . 28 Conclusions . 32 Acknowledgments . 33 Literature Cited . 34 Figures Figure 1. Location of Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument in northern Arizona . 5 Figure 2. Ecoregions and 2010-2011 collection sites in Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument in northern Arizona . 8 Figure 3. Soil types and 2010-2011 collection sites in Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument in northern Arizona . 9 Figure 4. Increase in the number of plant taxa confirmed as present in Grand Canyon- Parashant National Monument by decade, 1900-2011 . 13 Figure 5. Southern Utah University students enrolled in the 2010 Plant Anatomy and Diversity course that collected during the 30 August 2010 experiential learning event . 18 Figure 6. 2010-2011 collection sites and transportation routes in Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument in northern Arizona . 22 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # Tables Table 1. Chronology of plant-collecting efforts at Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument . 14 Table 2. Data fields in the annotated checklist of the flora of Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument (Appendices A, B, C, and D) .
    [Show full text]
  • University Botanic Garden Annual Report 2013-2014 Director’S Report
    University Botanic Garden Annual Report 2013-2014 Director’s Report This year we rethought the Garden’s senior staff structure, and put plans and people in place to develop a research-focused collections strategy. Having now seen a full calendar year through as Director of the new collections strategy coming in to play next year, we will be able to Garden, it is interesting to see how our activities and priorities change play our full role in these challenges as a unique collection-based plant with the seasons. It is clear that spring and summer are our busiest science research organisation. times, and there is a palpable sense of excitement in the Garden after January as new life begins to return to the plantings and the visitors The second senior post that we established is that of Head of Estates and start to flood in. Late spring and early summer see the education team Operations. Mr Carl Tatterton is joining us in January 2015 to fill this role, at the peak of business, welcoming several schools on educational and brings a good deal of experience of managing similarly complex visits every day and running a variety of adult courses throughout the sites as a result of a 30 year career in the British Army. Our intention is week. By late summer the combined effect of thousands of visitors and that this dedicated post will allow us to progress a range of projects such little rain begin to take their toll, and the horticulture team are as those to enhance café capacity, the quality and appearance of our noticeably stretched to maintain the Garden at its usual peak of boundaries, and visitor service facilities particularly at the Station Road horticultural excellence.
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Extinction of Mutualistic Species – an Analysis of Ornithophilous Angiosperms in New Zealand
    DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CO-EXTINCTION OF MUTUALISTIC SPECIES An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand Sandra Palmqvist Degree project for Master of Science (120 hec) with a major in Environmental Science ES2500 Examination Course in Environmental Science, 30 hec Second cycle Semester/year: Spring 2021 Supervisor: Søren Faurby - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences Examiner: Johan Uddling - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences “Tui. Adult feeding on flax nectar, showing pollen rubbing onto forehead. Dunedin, December 2008. Image © Craig McKenzie by Craig McKenzie.” http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/1200543Tui2.jpg Table of Contents Abstract: Co-extinction of mutualistic species – An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand ..................................................................................................... 1 Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Samutrotning av mutualistiska arter – En analys av fågelpollinerade angiospermer i New Zealand ................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 2. Material and methods ............................................................................................................... 7 2.1 List of plant species, flower colours and conservation status ....................................... 7 2.1.1 Flower Colours .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]