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In Situ Conservation of Wild Plant Species a Critical Global Review

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In Situ Conservation of Wild Plant Species a Critical Global Review IPGRI TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 11 In situ In conservation ofIn wildsitu plant conservation species a critical global review of good practices of wild plant species species plant wild of V.H. Heywood and M.E. Dulloo Technical Bulletin No. Technical 11 IPGRI is a Future Harvest Centre supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) IPGRI is a Future Harvest Centre supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) IPGRI ISBN-13: 978-92-9043-698-0 ISBN-10: 92-9043-698-0 IPGRI Technical Bulletins are published by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute with the intention of putting forward definitive recommendations for techniques in genetic resources. They are specifically aimed at National Programme and genebank personnel. Previous titles in this series: A protocol to determine seed storage behaviour T.D. Hong and R.H. Ellis IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 1, 1996. Molecular tools in plant genetic resources conservation: a guide to the technologies A. Karp, S. Kresovich, K.V. Bhat, W.G. Ayad and T. Hodgkin IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 2, 1997. Core collections of plant genetic resources Th.J.L. van Hintum, A.H.D. Brown, C. Spillane and T. Hodgkin IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 3, 2000. Design and analysis of evaluation trials of genetic resources collections Statistical Services Centre and University of Reading IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 4, 2001. Accession management: combining or splitting accessions as a tool to improve germplasm management efficiency N.R. Sackville Hamilton, J.M.M. Engels, Th.J.L. van Hintum, B. Koo and M. Smale IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 5, 2002. Forest tree seed health J.R. Sutherland, M. Diekmann and P. Berjak IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 6, 2002. In vitro collecting techniques for germplasm conservation V.C. Pence, J.A. Sandoval, V.M. Villalobos A. and F. Engelmann IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 7, 2002. Análisis Estadístico de datos de caracterización morfológica T.L. Franco y R. Hidalgo IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 8, 2002. A methodological model for ecogeographic surveys of crops L. Guarino, N. Maxted and E.A. Chiwona IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 9, 2005. Molecular markers for genebank management D. Spooner, R. van Treuren and M.C. de Vicente IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 10, 2005. Copies can be obtained in PDF format from IPGRI’s Web site (www.ipgri.cgiar.org) or in printed format by sending a request to [email protected]. ofIn wildsitu plant conservation species a critical global review of good practices V.H. Heywood¹ and M.E. Dulloo² ¹ Centre for Plant Diversity and Systematics, School of Plant Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK ² International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese, Rome, Italy The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an independent international scientific organization that seeks to improve the well-being of present and future generations of people by enhancing conservation and the deployment of agricultural biodiversity on farms and in forests. It is one of 15 Future Harvest Centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. IPGRI has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through four programmes: Diversity for Livelihoods, Understanding and Managing Biodiversity, Global Partnerships, and Improving Livelihoods in Commodity-based Systems. The international status of IPGRI is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2005, had been signed by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine. Financial support for IPGRI’s research is provided by more than 150 donors, including governments, private foundations and international organizations. For details of donors and research activities please see IPGRI’s Annual Reports, which are available in printed form on request from [email protected] or from IPGRI’s Web site (www.ipgri.cgiar.org). The geographical designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IPGRI or the CGIAR concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Similarly, the views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of these organizations. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. Citation: Heywood VH, Dulloo ME. 2005. In situ conservation of wild plant species: a critical global review of best practices. IPGRI Technical Bulletin 11. IPGRI, Rome, Italy. ISBN-13: 978-92-9043-698-0 ISBN-10: 92-9043-698-0 IPGRI Via dei Tre Denari 472/a 00057 Maccarese Rome, Italy © International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 2005 Introduction to the Series The Technical Bulletin series is targeted at scientists and technicians managing genetic resources collections. Each title will aim to provide guidance on choices while implementing conservation techniques and procedures and in the experimentation required to adapt these to local operating conditions and target species. Techniques are discussed and, where relevant, options presented and suggestions made for experiments. The Technical Bulletins are authored by scientists working in the genetic resources area. IPGRI welcomes suggestions of topics for future volumes. In addition, IPGRI would encourage, and is prepared to support, the exchange of research findings obtained at the various genebanks and laboratories. In situ conservation of wild plant species – a critical global review of good practices v Contents Foreword vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Part I: Concept, approach and actors of species-based in situ conservation 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 The concept of in situ conservation 3 1.2 Aims and purpose of in situ conservation of target species 5 1.3 Species-based or ecosystem-based approach to in situ conservation? 8 1.4 Putting species-based in situ conservation in the context of the ecosystem approach 10 1.5 In situ species conservation and global change 13 1.6 The costs of conservation 15 1.7 The international mandate: treaties and conventions 18 1.8 Regional and national mandates 24 1.9 Initiatives of the UN and other international agencies 25 Part II: In situ conservation methodologies 35 2.0 The components of a conservation strategy 35 2.1 Priority-setting for target species 35 2.2 Planning, design and setting up in situ conservation areas 49 2.3 Management and monitoring of in situ conservation areas and populations 73 2.4 Incorporating the conservation strategy into national biodiversity strategy and action plans 83 2.5 Available guidelines on in situ conservation of wild species 84 Part III: Global survey of in situ conservation activities—good practices and case studies 85 3.0 Introduction 85 3.1 Main findings 85 3.2 Rare and endangered (Red List) species 89 3.3 Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) 98 3.4 Forestry species 101 vi IPGRI TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 11 3.5 Crop wild relatives 104 3.6 Fruit trees and shrubs 106 3.7 Ornamentals 108 3.8 Miscellaneous target groups 109 3.9 Global Environment Facility (GEF) projects that involve in situ conservation of target species 111 Part IV: The way forward, conclusions and recommendations 117 4.0 The way forward 117 4.1 Conclusions and recommendations 119 Appendix 1: IPGRI’s new vision and mission 125 Appendix 2: IUCN/SSC plant conservation strategy 2000–2005 127 Appendix 3: In situ conservation guidelines 133 Appendix 4: IPGRI’s networks 139 Endnotes 141 References 145 In situ conservation of wild plant species vii Foreword Jan Engels (IPGRI) and Douglas Williamson (FAO) Plants are of fundamental importance to life on earth. They form the backbone of Earth’s ecosystems and provide a wide range of ecosystem goods and services. The benefits they provide include food, medicines, genetic material for crop improvement, clothing and shelter, and they have great economic and cultural value. They thus make an important contribution to human well-being. Over the last hundred years the trends observed in the loss of plant biodiversity have been a matter of great concern. Despite all the efforts made to conserve plant diversity, the situation today is still very alarming. Up to one-quarter of the estimated 400 000 species of plants are believed to be threatened worldwide. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which came into force in December 1993, has been the major global instrument to rally world-wide efforts for the effective conservation of biological diversity. It calls for mechanisms to be put in place for both in situ and ex situ conservation (see Articles 8 and 9). A Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) has subsequently been developed and was adopted at the Sixth Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the CBD held in The Hague in April 2002 (Decision VI/9). This strategy provides an innovative framework of 16 outcome-oriented targets aimed at achieving a series of measurable targets by 2010, of which targets 7, 8 and 9 relate to in situ and ex situ conservation of target species. Target 7 of the GSPC calls for “60% of the world’s threatened species to be conserved in situ”. This is taken to mean that populations of the species are effectively conserved in protected areas or through other in situ management measures.
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