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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00586-0 - Hans von Bulow: A Life for Music Kenneth Birkin Frontmatter More information

HANS VON BULOW¨

A Life for Music

Drawing upon an extensive selection of rare letters, reviews and memoirs, Kenneth Birkin sets Hans von Bulow’s¨ work as a recitalist, chamber-music artist and orchestral conductor at the centre of a dis- turbed and eventful life. Bulow’s¨ Zukunftsmusik advocacy and ruthless criticism of performance standards in Berlin and Munich antagonised a musical ‘establishment’ nonetheless spellbound by his keyboard and orchestral mastery. Birkin pays particular attention to the Tristan and Meistersinger premieres, Cosima’s desertion, the European and Amer- ican tours and operatic activities in Hamburg and Hanover, as well as Bulow’s¨ pedagogic activities and forays into musical journalism. The book makes liberal use of Bulow’s¨ correspondence, published and unpublished, which personalises the narrative. Contemporary com- ments and reviews, translated here for the ﬁrst time, give the reader an insight into critical and public reaction. An extensive Appendix records the dates and venues of all Bulow’s¨ public appearances, as both pianist and conductor.

kenneth birkin is an internationally recognised Richard Strauss scholar, and is the author of ‘Friedenstag’ and ‘Daphne’ (1989), Ara- bella (1989)andBritish Music: Elgar and After (1997), and the editor of Stefan Zweig – Joseph Gregor Correspondence 1921–1938 (1991). His work has appeared in many journals including Music & Letters, Opera Magazine, The Musical Times and Tempo. He has written and pre- sented programmes for BBC Radio 3, and is the librettist of British composer John Joubert’s three-act opera Jane Eyre.

HANS VON BULOW¨ A Life for Music

by KENNETH BIRKIN

cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb28ru,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

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c Kenneth Birkin 2011

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First published 2011

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Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Birkin, Kenneth. Hans von Bulow¨ : a life for music / by Kenneth Birkin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-1-107-00586-0 (hardback) 1.Bulow,¨ Hans von, 1830–1894. 2. Conductors (Music) – Germany – Biography. I. Title. ml422.b9b57 2011 780.92 –dc22 [b] 2011006855 isbn 978-1-107-00586-0 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

List of illustrations page vii Preface ix Abbreviations of sources quoted in the text xii Principal libraries consulted xvii

1 Overture: Dresden, Leipzig, Stuttgart (1830–1848) 1 2 The student years: Leipzig, Berlin (1848–1850) 17 3 Decision time: Weimar, Zurich¨ (1850–1851) 31 4 Weimar apprenticeship (1851–1853) 46 5 The young virtuoso: Austro-Hungary (1853–1854) 65 6 Polish interlude: Chocieszewice (1854–1855) 81 7 The pedagogue: Berlin i (1855–1857) 91 8 ‘Gallant Hotspur’: Berlin ii (1857–1859) 110 9 Rebel maturity: Berlin iii (1859–1864) 131 10 The Wagner years: Munich (1864–1869) 150 11 A new start: Florence (1869–1873) 180 12 Triumph and betrayal – on tour: England and Russia (1873–1875) 203 13 Transatlantic adventure (1875–1876) 232 14 Convalescent interlude (June 1876 – September 1877) 247 15 Bulow¨ redux: Hanover, Glasgow (1877–1878) 256 16 Kapellmeister in Hanover (1877–1879) 267

vi Contents 17 Intendant in Meiningen (1880–1885) 287 18 The Philharmonic years i: Hamburg, Bremen, Berlin (1886–1889) 322 19 The Philharmonic years ii: America again, domestic crisis (1889–1890) 341 20 The Philharmonic years iii: Hamburg, Berlin (1890–1892) 350 21 The Philharmonic years iv:ﬁnale(1892–1894) 374

Afterword: Bulow¨ and Bayreuth 385 Appendix: Bulow¨ performance chronology 387 Select bibliography 700 Index 704

Illustrations

1 Eduard von Bulow.¨ From Heinrich Reimann, Hans von Bulow:¨ sein Leben and sein Wirken (Berlin, 1908), p. 24 page 13 2 The young touring virtuoso. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz Musikabteilung mit Mendelssohn-Archiv. Sign. 4357 38 3 A corner of nineteenth-century Weimar Bulow¨ would have recognised: the Wittumspalais, with the old Music School on the right. Author’s collection 48 4 Lowenberg¨ Concert, 20 December 1863. Handschriftenabteilung, Wurttembergische¨ Landesbibliothek Stuttgart 146 5 Advertisement: prospectus for the Royal Munich Music School (1868–9). Signale fur¨ die Musikalische Welt, September 1868,p.793 170 6 Chamber-music concert in Florence (9 January 1871). Meininger Museen, Sign. Prz 4944c 189 7 The three Bs [B, B,B](HansvonBulow,¨ Guiseppe Buonamici and Walter Bache). From Constance Bache, Brother Musicians (London, 1901) 214 8 Hans Bronsart von Schellendorff – Hanover Intendant. Osterreichische¨ Nationalbibliothek: Bildarchiv Sign. Pf 523.929 248 9 The Meiningen Orchestra with Bulow¨ in the Meiningen Theatre. From Reimann, Hans von Bulow¨ 294 10 Marie von Bulow¨ (1885). Meininger Museen. Sign. xiii 3543/D143 300 11 Hans von Bulow:¨ Meiningen Intendant. Meininger Museen. Sign. xiii 3389/VB 399a 302

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viii List of illustrations 12 Meiningen Theatre (Bulow’s¨ concert venue) before it was burned down on 7 May 1908 (caption from actress Adele` Sandrock, ‘What if those walls could speak?’– Wenn es reden konnte?¨ ). Author’s collection 306 13 The Meiningen Orchestra in Vienna: Speidel revenge concert. Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna 314 14 Cecile´ Mutzenbecher. From H. Mutzenbecher, C´ecile Mutzenbecher und Hans von Bulow¨ (Hamburg, 1963) 329 15 Bulow’s¨ fourth double Ninth Symphony performance (Berlin, 6 March 1889). Author’s collection 339 16 Berlin Philharmonic concert, 7 December 1891. Author’s collection 361 17 Bismarck entertains Bulow¨ at Friedrichsruh (1 April 1892). From Christian Wilhelm Allers, Unser Bismarck (1892) 366 18 ‘Des Volkes Hort’ autograph of Bulow’s¨ Bismarck/ ‘Eroica’ Hymn. Osterreichische¨ Nationalbibliothek: Musiksammlung. Sign. Mus. hS 305171 367 19 Caricature celebrating the opening of the New Bechstein Hall in Berlin (4 October 1892). In the foreground Paderewski is recognisable among aspirants for virtuoso honours; Cerberus [Bechstein, Wolff and Richter (?)] guards the lair. To the right, the performers include d’Albert, Brahms, Rubinstein, Bulow¨ (at the piano) Bruch and Joachim; to the left, the critics (Otto Leßmann, Alexander Moszkowski and Ernst Taubert). Wilhelm Tappert (‘Abandon hope all ye who enter here’) surveys the scene from above. Osterreichische¨ Nationalbibliothek: Musiksammlung. Sign. 396.316–DM, Jg. 46, 1892,No.39 Neue Berliner Musikzeitung 371 20 Three great nineteenth-century keyboard giants. This monument, destined for Vienna’s Hochschule fur¨ Musik und Darstellende Kunst, was temporarily installed in the Bosendorfersaal¨ (1912) pending completion of the new Hochschule building. The Liszt bust is by Zumbusch, the representations of Rubinstein and Bulow¨ from Hans Eisenfest; the present whereabouts of the monument are unknown. Meininger Museen. Sign. xiii 3397/D119 383

Preface

Hans von Bulow¨ is known to posterity as the man whose wife left him for his friend Richard Wagner; and as the first conductor of Tristan and Die Meistersinger. But to reduce him to a footnote of Wagnerian biography does scant justice to the memory of one whose influence on nineteenth- and twentieth-century musical performance and practice was seminal. Bulow¨ was a complex personality; a restless, driven individual, ‘possessed’ by music and a slave, albeit a willing slave, to his art. A multi-talented multi-achiever, he led a turbulent, often pain-racked existence. His journalistic, editorial, educative, pedagogic and compositional activities all find a place here, but it is as a self-styled ‘reproductive’ artist that he made his greatest impact. His was a life circumscribed by music: his work in the concert hall, at the keyboard, on the podium and in the opera house is the focus of this book. Public concerts, often exclusive to Haus und Hof, were of limited access to the general public in the nineteenth century. Enlightened experiments such as those at Lowenberg¨ or Sondershausen were the exception rather than the rule. Orchestral music, in particular, was the prerogative of the wealthy few. It is in this context that Bulow’s¨ touring activities in his self- styled capacity as ‘Court musician to their Majesties the German People’ should be evaluated. Nineteenth-century audiences were hearing works such as the ‘Eroica’ or the ‘Ninth’ for the first time or, in a Bulow¨ performance, in a new and revelatory manner. Bulow¨ was a man with a mission; his deeds on behalf of the New Weimar School, the Meiningen Beethoven campaign, the Beethoven Sonata cycles and Brahms championship of the 1880s are legendary. In the recital room, together with Anton Rubinstein, he bestrode the nineteenth-century pianistic world. Significantly enough, Bulow¨ was one of the very few contemporary virtuosi regularly, and pub- licly, to participate in chamber music: his patent delight in collegial music making is the ultimate measure of the man, and the musician. Bulow’s¨ famously ‘apparent’ anti-Semitism is not enlarged upon here. He was raised in a society, and belonged to a class, nominally antipathetic ix

x Preface to Judaic inﬂuence; it was an inherited phenomenon, a deplorable reality of German nineteenth-century life. His stance ‘agin’, however, excluded many Jewish friends and colleagues whom he valued and admired. While Wagnerian prejudice fed his aversion in the mid 1860s, age inevitably tem- pered his views. Inveigled into signing that invidious Foerster/Wolzogen document of 1880, he instantly regretted his action, and tried to withdraw. Clerical extremism in its wake cured him ‘of the anti-Semitic sickness’. He would have been appalled at the Holocaust: his whole nature revolted at crimes against humanity. The life of a performer naturally revolves round tour venues and dates; they are essential to the story. Signiﬁcant works are mentioned in the main text – programme detail will be found in the concert listings Appendix. The names of great metropolitan centres have been anglicised; but in general, historic nineteenth-century town names have been retained – Preßburg (Bratislava), Oedenburg (Sopron), Reval (Tallinn) etc. Buda (Ofen) and Pesth are registered as Budapest after the union of 1873. Frankfurt am Main is referred to simply as Frankfurt; Frankfurt an der Oder is always named as such. Russian dates have been transposed from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar for the sake of continuity. Sources for concert listings in the Appendix include the Marie von Bulow¨ (incomplete) programme collection (Stabi Berlin Mus D 1815 (1–6) rara); ‘memoirs’, belles-lettres, music journals and periodicals, Bulow¨ letters (published and unpublished), local newspapers, concert programmes and library archives Europe-wide. There are thousands of extant Bulow¨ letters; I have drawn on a selection of these, both published and unpublished, in an attempt to tell the story in Bulow’s¨ own words. Deployment of contemporary reportage – news- paper reviews, periodicals, collegial correspondences and memoirs – aims to depict Bulow¨ in action as an interpretative artist, to assess the manner, nature and quality of his performances and to measure critical reception of his work. All translations, unless otherwise indicated, are my own. It remains to thank colleagues and friends, Europe-wide, who have made sources available for study. They are too numerous to mention by name. I am especially indebted to Hofrat Dr Thomas Leibnitz, Magister Christa Traunsteiner and the staff of the Osterreichische¨ Nationalbibliothek Musik- sammlung in Vienna, to Maren Golz (Meiningen), Kate Taylor (RSNO Glasgow), Morag Mackie (Glasgow), Almut Boehme (Edinburgh), Bill Hetterick (New York), Helma Luitgart-Kantop (Hechingen), Raymond Holden (London), Evelyn Liepsch and Irene Kaminiarz (Weimar), David Gallagher (BBC, London), Joy and Karl Stapleton (Birmingham) and MarenColeman(Deeping).ThanksarealsoduetoVickiCooperand

Preface xi Rebecca Taylor, my patient and ever supportive editors at Cambridge Uni- versity Press, Tom O’Reilly and my copy-editor, Kay McKechnie; last but not least, to my wife, Ingeborg, whose patient support and help in clari- fying aspects of Bulow’s¨ highly expressive, and often idiomatic, German, have been invaluable.

kenneth birkin, vienna, june 2010

Abbreviations of sources quoted in the text

AD Ackroyd, Peter. Dickens, London, Sinclair-Stevenson, 1990 BBM Bache, Constance. Brother Musicians: Reminiscences of Edward and Walter Bache, London, Methuen, 1901 BC Citron, Pierre (ed.). Berlioz correspondance générale 1851–1855, Paris, Flammarion 1983 BGB Bulow/Gr¨ adener¨ unpublished Letters (15 June 1855– 17 January 1865), Handschriften Sammlung der Wienbibliothek, Sign i.N 161.745 BGM Blaukopf, Herta (ed.). Gustav Mahler Briefe, Vienna, Paul Zsolnay Verlag, 1982 BHG Bobeth,´ Marek. Hermann Goetz: Leben und Werk, Winterthur, Amadeus Verlag, 1996 BLB La Mara (ed.). Briefwechsel zwischen Franz Liszt und Hans von Bulow¨ , Leipzig, Breitkopf u. Hartel,¨ 1898 BSB Schuh, Willi (ed.). ‘Bulow–Strauss¨ Briefwechsel’, Strauss Jahrbuch, 1954 CMB Mutzenbecher, Heinrich. Cécile Mutzenbecher und Hans von Bulow¨ , Gesellschaft der Bucherfreunde¨ zu Hamburg, 1963 CWBD Waldberg, Max von (ed.). Cosima Wagners Briefe an ihre Tochter Daniela von Bulow¨ 1866–1885, Stuttgart and Berlin, 1933 CWL Schad, Martha (ed.). Cosima Wagner/Ludwig II Briefe, Munich, Piper, 1996 CWTB Gregor-Dellin, Martin and Dietrich Mack (eds.). Cosima Wagner: Die Tage Bucher¨ 1869–1883, 4 vols., Munich, Piper, 1976 (rev. 1982) DJK Ehrlich, Heinrich. Dreißig Jahre Kunstlerleben¨ , Berlin, Hugo Steinitz Verlag, 1893 DML Dorn, Heinrich. Aus Meinen Leben, Berlin, B. Behr, 1870

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Abbreviations xiii EFP Ehrlich, Cyril. First Philharmonic, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1995 EHvB Eckart, Richard Graf Du Moulin. Hans von Bulow¨ , Munich, Rosl¨ & Cie, 1921 ENB Eckart, Richard Graf Du Moulin (ed.). Hans von Bulow¨ neue Briefe, Munich, Drei Masken Verlag, 1927 FLM Lamond, Frederic. The Memoirs of Frederic Lamond, Glasgow, Maclellan, 1949 GFL Grossmann, Stephan. Ferdinand Lassalle, Berlin, Ullstein, 1919 GML Gutmann, Albert. Aus dem Wiener Musikleben: Kunstler¨ Einnerungen, Vienna, Gutmann, 1914 HBB Hinrichsen, Hans-Joachim (ed.). Hans von Bulow¨ die Briefe an Johannes Brahms, Tutzing, Schneider, 1994 HHvB Haas, Frithjof. Hans von Bulow:¨ Leben und Wirken, Wilhelmshaven, Florian Noetzel Verlag, 2002 HRA Richter, Hans. Unpublished Letters, Hans Richter Archiv Gyor¨ KMH Karbusicky, Vladimir. Mahler in Hamburg, Hamburg, von Bockel Verlag, 1996 KWB Birkin, Kenneth. ‘Une organisation musicale des plus rares’, Richard Strauss-Blatter¨ , 47,June2002 KWF Kapp, Julius. Richard Wagner und die Frauen, Berlin, Schuster u. Loefﬂer, 1912 LCSK Litzmann, Berthold. Clara Schumann: Ein Kunstlerleben¨ nach Tagebuchern¨ und Briefe, 3 vols., Leipzig, Breitkopf u. Hartel,¨ 1908 LCT Lott, R. Allen. ‘A continuous trance’, Journal of Musicology, 12/4, Autumn 1994 LMHvB La Mara. H. v. Bulow¨ (Neubearb. Einzeldruck aus den Musikalischen Studienkopfen),¨ Leipzig, Breitkopf u. Hartel,¨ 1911 LMI Slonimsky, Nicolas. Lexicon of Musical Invective, University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 1905 LMR La Mara. Anton Rubinstein (Musikalische Studienkopfe),¨ Leipzig, Breitkopf u. Hartel,¨ 1911 LWB Strobel, Otto (ed.). Konig¨ Ludwig II und Richard Wagner Briefwechsel, 5 vols.; supplementary volume: Neue Urkunden zur Lebensgeschichte Richard Wagners 1864–1882, Karlsruhe, Braun, 1939

xiv Abbreviations MCW Meglitsch, Christina. ‘Aus “Clavierland Wien”’ Diss. Musik-Universitat,¨ Vienna, Feb. 2003, Sig. i.N. 161.744 MHBG Muller,¨ Herta and Hofmann, Renata (eds.). Johannes Brahms im Briefwechsel mit Georg II von Sachsen-Meiningen und Helene, Freifrau von Heldburg, Tutzing, Schneider, 1991 MiDL La Mara (Marie Lipsius). Durch Musik und Leben im Dienste des Ideals,Leipzig,Breitkopfu.Hartel,¨ 1917 MKB La Mara. Marie von Mouchanoff-Kalergis in Briefen an ihre Tochter, Leipzig, Breitkopf u. Hartel,¨ 1907 MMK Muller,¨ Herta. Die Meininger Kommen, Meininger Museen, 1999 MML Damrosch, Walter. My Musical Life,NewYork,Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923 MvB Bulow,¨ Marie von (ed.). Hans von Bulow¨ Briefe, vols. i–vii, Leipzig, Breitkopf u. Hartel,¨ 1895–1908 MvBAS Bulow,¨ Marie von (ed.). Hans von Bulow:¨ Ausgewahlte¨ Schriften 1850–1892, 2 vols., Leipzig, Breitkopf u. Hartel,¨ 1911 MvBLB Bulow,¨ Marie von. Hans von Bulows¨ Leben dargestellt aus seinen Briefen,Leipzig,Breitkopfu.Hartel,¨ 1921 MvBLW Bulow,¨ Marie von. Hans von Bulow¨ in Leben und Wort, Stuttgart, J. Englehorns Nachfolger, 1925 MvBPB Bulow,Marievon(ed.).‘B¨ ulow/Pohl¨ Briefe’, Die Neue deutsche Rundschau, 5, 1894 MvBSB Bulow,Marievon(ed.).‘HansvonB¨ ulow/Briefe¨ an Max Seifriz: ein musikalisches Lebensbild’, Die neue deutsche Rundschau, 17, 1906 OGG Ochs, Siegfried. Geschehenes, Gesehenes, Leipzig and Zurich,¨ Grethlein & Co., 1922 PABvB Pfeiffer, Theodore. Studien bei Hans von Bulow¨ , Berlin and Leipzig, Luckhart, 1894,andJose´ Vianna da Motta’s Nachtrag, 1896 PBHF Poschinger, Heinrich Ritter von. Furst¨ Bismarck und seine Hamburger Freunde, Hamburg, Richter, 1903 PCS Egert, Paul. Peter Cornelius ausgewahlte¨ Schriften und Briefe (Klassiker der Tonkunst), Berlin, Bernhard Hahnefeld Verlag, 1938 PGS Pohl, Richard. Gesammelte Schriften, Leipzig, Schlicke, 1883–4, vols. i–ii RST Schumann, Robert. Tagebucher¨ , vol. iii, 1831–1847, Leipzig, VEB Verlag, 1982

Abbreviations xv SBE Schuh, Willi (ed.). Richard Strauss: Briefe an die Eltern, Zurich,¨ Atlantis Verlag, 1954 SCW Sittard, Josef. Geschichte des Musik- und Concertwesens in Hamburg von 14 Jh bis Gegenwart, Altona, Reher, 1890 SHBA Schenkman, Walter. ‘Hans von Bulow¨ in America’, The Clavier, 29/10, December 1990 SNW Schorn, Adelheid von. Das nachklassische Weimar,Weimar, Verlag Gustav Kiepenbauer, 1912 SSB Schuh, Willi (ed.). Richard Strauss Betrachtungen und Erinnerungen,Zurich,¨ Atlantis, 1949 SthF Sudth¨ uringer¨ Forschung No. 25, Beilage zur Musikgeschichte Hans von Bulows¨ Meininger Jahre, Staatliche Museen, Meiningen, 1981 SthFK Sudth¨ uringer¨ Forschung No. 28, Beitrage¨ zum Kolloquium Hans von Bulow¨ , Staatliche Museen, Meiningen, ed. Herta Muller¨ and Verona Gerasch, 1994 ULBC Szelinsky, Georg. Universum Lexicon der Bade und Curorte von Europa, Vienna, c. 1900 VBE Venzoni, Hjalmar. ‘Erinnerungen an Hans von Bulow’,¨ Neue Musikzeitung,November1904 WFL Walker, Alan. Franz Liszt, vols. i–iii, London, Faber & Faber, 1983–97 WGS Kapp, Julius (ed.). Richard Wagner Gesammelte Schriften und Briefe, vol. 12, Leipzig, Hesse & Becker Verlag, c. 1914 WLE Weingartner, Felix. Lebenserinnerungen, Vienna and Leipzig, 1923 WMB Scholz, Hans. Richard Wagner – Mathilde Maier 1862–1878, Leipzig, Theodor Weicher Verlag, 1930 WML Wagner, Richard. Mein Leben, ed. Martin Gregor-Dellin, Munich, Paul List, 1963 WvB Thode, Daniela (ed.). Richard Wagner Briefe an Hans von Bulow¨ , Jena, Eugen Diederich, 1916 ZGB Zabel, Eugen. Hans von Bulow¨ Gedenkblatter¨ aus seinem letzten Lebensjahre, Hamburg, Lucus Grafe¨ u. Sillem, 1894 ZMa Schorn, Adelheid von. Zwei Menschenalter Erinnerungen und Briefe,Berlin,S.FischerVerlag,1901

newspapers and periodicals AAZ Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung AdMZ Allgemeine deutsche Musik Zeitung

xvi Abbreviations AMZ Allgemeine Musik Zeitung AMsZ Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung BBC Berliner Borsencurier¨ BH Budapesti Hirlap BHa Bohemia BMZ Berliner Musikzeitung BT Berliner Tagesblatt CT Chicago Times DB Dalibor DJM Dwight’s Journal of Music DPr Die Presse FMD Freund’s Music & Drama HbC Hamburgischer Correspondent HMZ Hamburgische Musikzeitung HWP Humorist u. Wiener Punch MMR Monthly Musical Record MWB Musikalisches Wochenblatt NBMZ Neue Berliner Musikzeitung NBZ Neue Berliner Zeitung NdMZ Neue deutsche Musik Zeitung NMZ Neue Musikzeitung NZfM Neue Zeitschrift fur¨ Musik PbZ Preßburger Zeitung PL Pester Lloyd POZ Pester Ofner Zeitung RT Regensburger Tagesblatt SdZ Suddeutsche¨ Zeitung SfMW Signale fur¨ die Musikalische Welt TGH The Glasgow Herald TMC The Musical Courier TMS The Musical Standard TMT The Musical Times TMTJ The Musical Trades Journal TT The Times VZ Vossische Zeitung WATZ Wiener Allgemeine Theaterzeitung WFB Wiener Fremdenblatt WmZ Weimarische Zeitung WZ Wiener Zeitung

Principal libraries consulted

Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Stiftung Preussische Kulturbesitz, Musik- abteilung (Stabi-B); Humbolt Universitats¨ Bibliothek, Berlin; the British Library, London; the Bodleian Library, Oxford; Cambridge Univer- sity Library; National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; Reuter Wagner Museum, Eisenach; the Mitchell Library, Glasgow; Library & Archive Royal Scottish Orchestra, Glasgow (RSOA); Glasgow University Library; Hans Richter Archiv, Gyor¨ (HRA); Carl von Ossietzky Staats und Univer- sitats¨ Bibliothek, Hamburg (SuBH); Staatsbibliothek Hannover (StabiH); Hohenzollerische Heimat Bucherei¨ Hechingen; Stadtbibliothek St Gallen Vadiana (SGA); Staatliche Museen Meiningen (MM); Wurttembergische¨ Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart (WLbS); Anna Amalia Bibliothek, Weimar; Goethe Schiller Archiv, Weimar (GSA); Thuringisches¨ Hauptstaatsarchiv, Weimar (ThstA); Osterreichische¨ National Bibliothek Musiksammlung, Wien (ONB);¨ Wien Bibliothek (WB); Archiv der Gesellschaft der Musik- freunde, Wien; Musik-Universitat,¨ Wien.

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